CHUYN HO GLUCID CHUYN HO GLUCID

MC TIU
1. M t bng s cc con ng chuyn ho chnh ca glucid.
2. Xc nh vai tr to nng v to hnh ca glucid qua 2 con
ng HDP, HMP. Mi lin quan gia 2 con ng ny.
3. Trnh by chuyn ho ca fructose, galactose, acid uronic.
4. Xc lp mi quan h gia chuyn ho ca glucid, lipid v 4. Xc lp mi quan h gia chuyn ho ca glucid, lipid v
protid qua s tn to ng.
5. Nu mi quan h v c im chuyn ho glucid cc m.
6 Trnh by ngun gc s iu ho v nhng thay i bnh l 6. Trnh by ngun gc, s iu ho v nhng thay i bnh l
ca ng huyt.
I CNG I CNG I CNG I CNG
Glucid cung cp 70-80% nng lng cho c th ng g p g g g
vt
Glucose trong mu l ngun nhin liu chnh cho mi
hot ng sng, c ngun gc t s hp thu ng
tiu ha, t cc tin cht glycogen, fructose, galactose,
i id h h amino acid chuyn ha gan.
Hp thu glucose: Hp thu th ng gin n v protein
GLUT (glucose transporter) mng t bo GLUT (glucose transporter) mng t bo.
Gan l c quan chnh iu ha hm lng glucose mu
Glucose c d tr gan di dng glycogen ng g g g y g g
vt tng t nh amidon thc vt ( gan 3-6%, c
0.5%).
Ngun glucid: Ngun glucid:
-T thc vt: ch yu; tinh bt (go, ng, khoai), ng
sacarose (ma, c ci ng), maltose (mch nha), glucose
(nho) fructose (tri cy) (nho), fructose (tri cy)
-T ng vt: khng nhiu; lactose (sa), glycogen (gan, c)
Tiu ho glucid:
-Thu phn cc oligosacarid (OS) v poysacarid (PS) thnh
monosacarid (MS) khng b thu phn monosacarid (MS) khng b thu phn
-Bt u t ming (amylase nc bt), ch yu rut non (t
trng, phn trn hng trng)
S TNG QUT CHUYN HA GLUCID S TNG QUT CHUYN HA GLUCID
Rut non Rut non Gan Gan C v cc m khc C v cc m khc Rut non Rut non
Tinh b Tinh btt
--Amylase Amylase
TG TG
Gan Gan
Mu Mu
C v cc m khc C v cc m khc
Maltose, Maltotriose, Maltose, Maltotriose,
Ose Ose
Maltase Maltase
G G G G
Glycogen Glycogen
Glycogen Glycogen
G + G G + G
Saccarose Saccarose
G6P G6P GG G G GG
Saccarase Saccarase
F + G F + G
Lactose Lactose
Cht Cht
khc khc
CO CO
22
HH
22
OO
Lactose Lactose
Lactase Lactase
Gal + G Gal + G
Lactat Lactat
Gal + G Gal + G
Tiu ha Tiu ha
HP TH GLUCID HP TH GLUCID
ng Rut ng Rut
T bo T bo
M M
ng Rut ng Rut
Nim mc rut non Nim mc rut non
T bo T bo
Mu Mu
ATP ATP
GG
G6P G6P GG GG GG
ADP ADP PP
Kh ch tn Kh ch tn
Hexokinase Hexokinase
G G
G6P G6P GG GG GG
Kh ch tn Kh ch tn
Phosphatase Phosphatase
Khuch tn Khuch tn Khuch tn Khuch tn
PHN B GLUCID
Dng d tr: ng vt l glycogen
-Gan: t l cao nht (2,5-10%, c khi 10-12%), chung cho c
th th
-C: cha 1-3% glycogen; v khi lng c ln nn cha nhiu
glycogen nht (~1/2 tng lng glycogen c th); ch ring
cho c
Dng vn chuyn: ch yu l glucose; 15 g dch ngoi bo v Dng vn chuyn: ch yu l glucose; 15 g dch ngoi bo v
15 g dch ni bo
VAI TR CA CHUYN HO GLUCID
-To nng:
-Cung cp 60% tng nng lng c th
Ngun nng lng khng th thay th hon ton c -Ngun nng lng khng th thay th hon ton c
-To hnh:
-Cung cp cht tham gia cu trc t bo (ribose ca acid
nucleic; glucose, galactose trong polysacarid tp)
CHUYN HA GLUCID TRONG T BO CHUYN HA GLUCID TRONG T BO
HMP HMP
Glycogen Glycogen
GG
NADP NADP
++
NADPHH NADPHH
++
Rib 5 P Rib 5 P
G6PDH G6PDH
G 6 P G 6 P
THAB Steroid AN n cleosid THAB Steroid AN n cleosid
NADP NADP
++
NADPHH NADPHH
++
F1 F1--6 D P 6 D P
Lactose Lactose
Glucolipid/mng Glucolipid/mng
Gal Gal
THAB, Steroid, AN, nucleosid THAB, Steroid, AN, nucleosid
HDP HDP
Pyruvat Pyruvat
Hiu kh Hiu kh
Glucolipid/mng Glucolipid/mng
PS tp PS tp
a.Glucuronic kh a.Glucuronic kh
Ym Ym
HDP HDP
Hiu kh Hiu kh
a.Glucuronic kh a.Glucuronic kh
c, c o thi vi c, c o thi vi
Bil, steroid Bil, steroid
ActCoA ActCoA
Lactat Lactat
kh kh
O O
22
O A O A Lactat Lactat
2H 2H
HH
22
OO
HHTB HHTB
ATP ATP ADP ADP
KK
O.A O.A
+ Pvc + Pvc
Creatin P Creatin P Creatin Creatin
S PHN CT GLYCOGEN S PHN CT GLYCOGEN
GG
GIP GIP
GIP GIP
1
3
2
1/10 1/10
9/10 9/10
GIP GIP
oligotransferase oligotransferase
Phosphorylase Phosphorylase
1/10 1/10
9/10 9/10
11--6 glucosidase 6 glucosidase
HOT NG CA PHOSPHORYLASE HOT NG CA PHOSPHORYLASE
CH CH OH OH CH CH
22
OH OH
CH CH
22
OH OH
OO O O
OO O O R R
Gl
HO HO
HH
33
PO PO
44
Glycogen
(G)
n
CH CH
22
OH OH
OO
CH CH
22
OH OH
OO
Gl 1 P Gl 1 P
Glycogen Glycogen
OO
OO
P
OO RR
Glucose 1 P Glucose 1 P
G G - -1 P 1 P
Glycogen Glycogen
(G) (G)
nn--1 1
4 ATP 4 ATP 4 ADP 4 ADP PP PP
Phosphorylase kinase
4 ATP 4 ATP 4 ADP 4 ADP PP PP
Phosphorylase b Phosphorylase b
4 H 4 H
22
OO 4 Pvc 4 Pvc
Phosphorylase Phosphorylase aa
PP PP
Phosphorylase Phosphorylase aa
((hot hot ng ng) )
Phosphorylase phosphatase
Giai on 1:
Glycogen
GIP
phosphorylase
1
2
Con ng HDP
PG mutase
CH
2
OH
O
CH
2
O P
O
2
3 4
CH
2
O P
O
CH
2
OH
ATP
G6P
D G
3 4
PG
isomerase
F6P
G kinase
G6P
D-G
isomerase
F6P
P OH
2
C
O CH
2
O P
5 ATP
Phospho
fructose
G ase
Hexose kinase
aldolase
F 1-6DP
kinase
G 1
HH C = O C = O 6

Ch :
HH C = O C = O
l l
H H C C OH OH
l l
6
CH CH
22
O O PP
l l
C C = O = O
P 1,3,5
mt
chiu!!
l l
CH CH
22
O P O P
7 l l
CH CH
22
OH OH
PGA PDA
P.triose isomerase
OO
ll ll
C C -- HH
CH CH
2 2
0 0 -- PP
l l
G 2: PGA PDA
7
l l
HCOH HCOH
l l
l l
C = O C = O
l l
CH CH OH OH
7
CH CH
22
--O P O P
CH CH
22
OH OH
NAD
+
PGADH
NADHH
+
Pvc
3 PG 2 PG 8
NADHH
COO~ P COO~ P
l l
HCOH HCOH
COOH COOH
l l
HCOH HCOH
COOH COOH
l l
HCO HCO-- PP
9
10
l l
CH CH
22
O P O P
l l
CH CH
22
OO- - PP
l l
CH CH
22
OH OH
PG kinase
ATP
PG mutase
enolase
3-PG
10
11
1,3 diP-glycerat
3 PG
COOH COOH
l l
C=O C=O
COOH COOH
l l
CO~ P CO~ P
12
H
2
O
C O C O
l l
CH CH
33
ll ll
CH CH
22
ATP Pvc
Pyruvat kinase
PEP
a. pyruvic * P 12 l 1 chiu
Giai on 3 Giai on 3
COOH COOH
ll
a. PYRUVIC
ll
C = O C = O
ll
CH CH
HSC
O
A
CH CH
33
NADHH
+
T Phn ng 8
O
NAD
+
NADHH
+ 13
14
Y kh
COOH COOH
ll
CO
2
CH CH
33
ll
NAD
+
Ym kh
ll
HCOH HCOH
ll
CH CH
33
CO~SC CO~SC
OO
AA
AcetylCoA
NAD
+
CH CH
33
a. lactic
AcetylCoA
13: lactat dehydrogenase (LDH) y g ( )
14: phc hp pyruvate dehydrogenase
Nng lng tch tr c Nng lng tch tr c
NADHH
+
(8) a. HDP ym kh
(13)
F1-6 DP 2PGA
ATP
G
ATP
2Pyruvat 2Lactat
2ATP
2 ATP
(13)
(3)
ATP ATP
(5)
(9)
2ATP
(12)
2 ATP
2ATP 2ATP 2ATP 2ATP
b. HDP hiu kh
G6P G F1 6 DP
2NADHH
+
(8)
2PGA
2P t 2A tC A
2NADHH
+
(14)
K 20ATP
G6P
ATP
G
ATP
F1-6 DP
2PGA
2Pyruvat 2ActCoA
(9)
2ATP
(12)
2ATP
K 20ATP
34ATP
32 ATP ( 33 ATP t glycogen)
HDP ym kh to nng lng d tr t (2 ATP), vn l ngun
nng lng c gi tr khi: cung cp oxy b hn ch, c hot g g c g t cu g cp o y b c , c ot
ng mnh, m t/khng c ti th (hng cu, bch cu, vng
tu thn, thu tinh th, tinh hon)
C hot ng mnh NADH,H+ c to thnh bi 3 PGAD v
enzym trong chu trnh acid citric vt qu kh nng oxh ca
h hh b l / kh h h chi hhtb t l NADH,H
+
/NAD
+
tng kh pyruvat thnh
lactat chut rt
S phn pyruvat:
-Bin thnh ethanol (nm men, vi khun rut)
-Bin thnh oxaloacetat -Bin thnh oxaloacetat
THOI HO THEO CON NG HMP THOI HO THEO CON NG HMP
Ribose P Giai on 1: Oxy ho trc tip
G.6 P G NADPHH
+
CO
2
Giai on 2: Chu trnh pentose p
C
5
+ C
5
C
3
+ C
7
Transcetolase (2)
-
2
C
6
+ C
4
Transaldolase (3)
C
3
+ C
7
3
C
6
+ C
3
Transcetolase
C
4
+ C
5
2
2C
6
+ 1C
3
3C
4
5C
6
6C
5
THOI HO THEO CON NG HMP THOI HO THEO CON NG HMP
Giai on 1: NADP
+
NADPHH
+
CH
2
O P
G
O
G6PDH
CH
2
O P
O
O
ATP
G6P
G6PDH
6P-gluconolacton
+H
2
O
2
CH
2
O P
OH
NADPHH
+
NADP
+
COOH COOH
l l

CH CH
22
OH OH
l l
CHO CHO
CH CH
22
OH OH
l l
C O C O
CO
2
G6PDH
6P-gluconat
C C
l l
C = O C = O
C = O C = O
l l
C C
CHO CHO
l l
HCOH HCOH
HCOH HCOH
C = O C = O
l l
C C
l l
COOH
g
l l
C C
l l
l l
C C
l l
HCOH HCOH
HCOH HCOH
l l
CH CH O P O P
l l
C C
l l
CH CH O P O P
C C
l l
CH CH
22
O P O P
CH CH
22
O P O P
Ribulose 5 P
CH CH
22
O P O P
epimerase
CH CH
22
O P O P
Giai on 2: (HMP)
CHO CHO
l l
CC
CH CH
22
OH OH
l l
C C
l l
C C
l l
C = O C = O
l l
CC
l l
C C
l l
l l
C C
l l
Transcetolase
CH CH
22
O P O P
Ribose 5P
CH CH
22
O P O P
Xylulose 5P
Transcetolase
(TC)
CHO CHO
l l
CH CH
22
OH OH
l l
C = O C = O
C C
l l
CH CH
22
O P O P
l l
CC
l l

PGA
(C (C ))
33
l l
CH CH
22
O P O P
Sedoheptulose
Giai on 2: (HMP)
CHO CHO
l l
PGA
CHO CHO
Erythrose 4P
CH CH
22
OH OH
l l
C C
l l
l l
C C
l l
l l
C = O C = O
l l
CH CH
22
O P O P
C C
l l
CH CH
22
O P O P
CC
l l
( C ( C ))
33
CH CH
22
OH OH
l l
C = O C = O
TC
l l
CH CH
22
O P O P
l l
CC
l l
TC
Sedoheptulose
C C
l l
C C
l l
CH CH
22
O P O P
Fructose 6P
CHO CHO
l l
CH CH
22
OH OH
l l
C C
l l
CC
C C = O = O
l l
CC C C
l l
CH CH
22
O P O P
CC
l l
C C
l ll l
CH CH
22
O P O P
Erytrose 4P
Xylulose 5P
Transcetolase
CH CH
22
OH OH
l l
C = O C = O
l l
CHO CHO
l l
CH CH
22
OH OH
C C
l l
(C (C ))
22
22
l l
CH CH
22
O P O P
PGA
22
l l
CH CH
22
O P O P
Fructose 6 P
PGA
LIN QUAN GIA HMP V HDP
G6P G6P G6P
2NADPHH
+
CO
2
C5 (xylulose 5P) C5 (Ribose 5P)
4H
CO
2
4H
CO
2
C5 (xylulose 5P)
C3 (PGA)
S d h t l
C7
C5 (Ribose 5P)
a
C6 (Fructose 6P)
Sedoheptulose
C4 (Erytrose 4P)
C5 (xylulose 5P)
b
C6 (Fructose 6P)
( y )
C6 (G-6P) C3 (PGA) C6 (Fructose 6P)
c
6NADPHH
+
6NADP
+
3G6P 3 CO
2
F1-6DP
C6 (G6P)
3H
2
O 2 F6P
G6P
F6P
6G6P 6CO
2
12 NADPHH
+
12NADP
+
5G6 P
6H O
5G6 P
6H
2
O
Mi lin quan gia HDP v HMP: F-6P v PGA q g
1) Nu nhu cu Ribose 5P > NADPHH
+
thoi ho ch yu
theo HDP; F6G v PGA ly t ng phn to thnh
ribose 5P nh nhng phn ng ngc ca transcetolase ribose 5P nh nhng phn ng ngc ca transcetolase
v transaldolase
2) Nu nhu cu Rib 5P = NADPHH
+
theo giai on 1 ca
HMP
3) Nu nhu cu NADPHH
+
> Rib P theo giai on 1 v 2
ca HMP. HMP cung cp phn ln NADPHH
+
cho t bo, g p p ,
c bit gan v tuyn v (tng hp acid bo), v
thng thn (tng hp steroid)
iu ho HDP
-Hexokinase b c ch bi G6P (sn phm ca phn ng) e o ase b c c b G6 (s p ca p g)
-PKF-1 b c ch bi nng ATP cao, nng citrat cao; c
hot ho bi nng AMP cao, F2,6-DP
Pyruvat kinase c hot ho bi F1 6 DP (iu ho tin ti) -Pyruvat kinase c hot ho bi F1,6-DP (iu ho tin ti),
b c ch bi nng ATP cao
iu ho HMP
-G6PD: b c ch bi NADPH,H
+
; c hot ho bi NADP
+
: t
bo dng nhiu NADPH,H
+
NADPH,H
+
gim, NADP
+
tng
G6DP c hot hoHMP tng tng ti to NADPH H
+
G6DP c hot hoHMP tng, tng ti to NADPH,H
+
Tng hp glucid
G 1 P G-6 P
Tng hp glycogen t glucose
PG mutase
1
G
PG mutase
UTP
P P UDP G ATP
ADP
2
ATP
ADP
Glycogen
P P UDP G ATP
UDP
(G )
3
Glycogen
(G
n
)
(G
n+1
)
4
Glyc-nhnh
2 UDP-G-pyrophosphorylase
3 glycogen synthase
y
4 Amylo 1, 4 1, 6 trasglucosidase (AT)
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3
GS
4
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ATP
ADP
ki
Glycogen synthase khng th chuyn
G t UDP-G n glucose t do, m ch
c th ko di mch cacbon cn
GSI
GSD
kinase
Khng hot ng
Hot ng

on mi glycogenin, gn glucose
u tin vi OH ca tyrosin trn
glycogenin bi men glycogen
synthase khi u
phosphatase
Pvc
synthase khi u.
CH
2
OH
O
CH
2
OH
O
OH OH OH OH OH OH
l I l I I I
O
HN
O O
O
HO HO P P O O P P O O P P OH OH
22
C C
Il Il II II II II
O O O O OO
O P
O
N
O
2
UTP
O O O O OO
P P
OH OH OH OH OH OH
CH
2
OH
O
ADP
OH OH OH OH OH OH
l I l I I I
P P O O P P O O P P OH OH
22
C C
Il II II Il II II
C
2
O
O
O
O
N
HN
O
UDP
ATP
Il II II Il II II
O O O O O O
O
UDP G
CH
2
OH
O
CH
2
OH
O
CH
2
OH
O
CH
2
OH
O
O
O
CH
2
OH
O
O
CH
2
OH
O
O
CH
2
OH
O
O O O
n
O
O O O
n+1
TN TO GLUCID
GS
G1P Glycogen
G6P
Glucose
1
Lipid F6P
Phosphatase
G6P
Glucose
3
Phosphatase
5
Phosphatase
PGA
F1.6 DP
PDA
Glycerol AB
Bo dch
PGA
PEP
Ala AB

PYR
Lactat
12
CO
2
PYR
OA
+CO
2
Pyr
carboxylase
ActCoA
OA
CO
2
NADPHH
+
NADP
+
Asp Asp
Malat Malat
OA
ActCoA
Citrat
Isocitrat
CG Isocitrat
ActCoA
CG
Glu
Glu
CG
Isocitrat
Citrat
HSCoA
ADP+ Pv
ATP
Th ty
UDPG a) G.1-P Glycogen (1)
GS glycogen synthetase
Pvc
+
G (3) b) G-6P
Pvc
Glucose 6 Phosphatase
Pvc
_
F.6P (5)
c) F1.6DP
Pvc
F1.6DP Phosphatase Insulin
_
d) Pyruvat PEP (12)
P 12 gm 2 p/:
_
1) Pyruvat + CO
2
+ ATP O.A + ADP + Pvc
P 12 gm 2 p/:
1) Pyruvat CO
2
ATP O.A ADP Pvc
Pyruvat carboxylase (Th ty) d1
2) OA + GTP PEP + GDP + CO
2
PEP carboxykinase
(bo tng)
d2
ATP
ADP
GTP
P/ tng kt
Pyruvat + 2ATP PEP + 2ADP + Pvc
4.2 Tn to glucid
G
T lactat
a)
GIP UDPG glycogen
b)
G 6P
G
a)
GIP UDPG glycogen
b)
F.6P
Pvc
F1 6DP
c)
Lactat
Triose P
PGlycerat
NADHH
+
NAD
+
PGlycerat
PEP
CO
2
NADHH
Pyruvat
OA
d
2
Asp
cG glu
d)
Pyruvat Asp
cG
glu
OA
d
1
Chu tr Chu trnh Cori ( chu trnh acid lactic ) nh Cori ( chu trnh acid lactic )
Gan thn
C
Glucose
Ym kh
Hiu kh
Lactat
Gan
Mu
C
G
G6P
G6P G
G6P
G6P
Glycogen
Glycogen
Pyr Pyr
K
CO
2
H
2
O
Lactat Lactat Lactat
Q
TIN TRNH TN SINH GLUCOSE ( TIN TRNH TN SINH GLUCOSE (Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis) )
GLUCOSE
3 Phosphoglycerate 1 3 Diphosphoglycerate
Glyceraldehyde 3 P
Fructose 1,6 diP Fructose 6
P
Glucose 6 P
H
2
O P
i
Cytosol
GDP
+CO
NADH H
+
P.E.P
2 Phosphoglycerate
3 Phosphoglycerate 1,3 Diphosphoglycerate
NADH.H
+
NAD
+
CH
COOH
CH
2
COOH
CH
2
CH
2
C-O-P
GTP
+CO
2
NAD
+
NADH.H
1
Pyruvate Lactate
Lactate
dehydrogenase
CH
3
H C-OH
COOH
CH
3
C=O
COOH
Oxaloacetate
2
C=O
COOH
2
H C-OH
COOH
COOH
Malate
2
1
Aspartate
Pyruvate
AcetylCoA
CoASH
Mitochondria
KREBS
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
CoASH
2 PEP
carboxykinase
1 Malate dehydrogenase
-Ketoglutarate Malate
carboxykinase
Glutamate
* T * Tn to Glucose t aa. n to Glucose t aa.
G G6P G1P G G6P G1P
F6P F6P
Pvc Pvc
AA AA
aa
cc
F1 F1--6DP 6DP
Triose P Triose P Pglycerat Pglycerat
PEP PEP
ATP ATP
CCOO
22
NAD NAD
++
NADHH NADHH
++
d2 d2
ATP ATP
OA OA
22
BBo dch o dch
Malat Malat
Alat Alat
d1 d1
Ser Ser
Cys Cys
Asp Asp
Pyr Pyr OA OA Malat Malat
Ty th Ty th
Gly Gly
AA a. AA a.cetonic cetonic
Glu, Gln, Pro, Arg Glu, Gln, Pro, Arg
Ty th Ty th
Tn to Glucose t glycerol Tn to Glucose t glycerol
--T AB: khng th c v Pyruvat T AB: khng th c v Pyruvat C COO + ActCoA + ActCoA --T AB: khng th c v Pyruvat T AB: khng th c v Pyruvat C COO
22
+ ActCoA + ActCoA
(p 1 chiu) (p 1 chiu)
-- T glycerol T glycerol
(1) (1) (1) (1)
Glycerol Glycerol Glycerol P Glycerol P
NAD
+
NADHH
+
PDA
G F1-6DP
(1) Glycerol-Kinase (gan)
CHUYN HA FRUCTOSE CHUYN HA FRUCTOSE
Glycogen Glycogen
G6P G6P
GG- -1P 1P
Sorbitol Sorbitol GG
NADP NADP
++
NADPHH NADPHH
++
Aldolase Aldolase reductase reductase
F.6P F.6P
G6P G6P
SDH SDH
Sorbitol Sorbitol GG
NADHH NADHH
++
NAD NAD
++
Aldolase Aldolase
AA
F.1.6DP F.1.6DP
Fructokinase Fructokinase
Fructose Fructose
Hexokinase Hexokinase
NADHH NADHH
PDA PDA
AA
((khng khng
gan gan))
F.1P F.1P
Glyceraldehyd Glyceraldehyd
Aldolase B (ch gan) Aldolase B (ch gan)
PGA PGA
ng ng
Glyceraldehyd Glyceraldehyd PGA PGA
Bnh di truyn:
Thiu fructokinase: F-huyt , FNT
Kh d F d thi Ald l B/ F h t F NT
gg
phn phn
Khng dung np F do thiu Aldolase B/gan F-huyt , F NT
G-huyt lu ngy (tiu ng) : G, F sorbitol nhng m
khng chu nh hng ca insulin
Gly Gly
UDP UDP
CHUYN HA GALACTOSE CHUYN HA GALACTOSE
Glycolipid Glycolipid UDP UDP Gal Gal
GG G1P G1P
Gly Gly
GG
Lactose Lactose
UDPG UDPG
UHEpi UHEpi
Glycosaminglycan Glycosaminglycan
Glycoprotein Glycoprotein
Glycolipid Glycolipid UDP UDP - - Gal Gal
22
Gal Gal
UDPG UDPG
Gal 1P Gal 1P
y g y y g y
GG
11
ATP ATP ADP ADP
Lactase Lactase
Lactose Lactose
NADHH NADHH
++
NADHH NADHH
++
ALRe ALRe
NAD NAD
++
Galactitol Galactitol
1 Gal kinase 1 Gal kinase
Galactitol Galactitol
1. Gal.kinase 1. Gal.kinase
2. Gal UT: 2. Gal UT: Bnh galactose huyt Bnh galactose huyt Gal Gal- -huyt, Gal huyt, Gal NT, gan to, c thy tinh NT, gan to, c thy tinh
th th
Mannose Mannose MM- -6P 6P
F6P F6P G6P G6P
To acid URONIC To acid URONIC
Epimerase Epimerase
GG
2NAD 2NAD
++ 2NAD 2NAD
++
UDPGal UDPGal UDPG UDPG
Epimerase Epimerase
G1P G1P
2NAD 2NAD
2NADHH 2NADHH
++
HH
22
OO
2NADHH 2NADHH
++
UDP UDP--Galacturonat Galacturonat
UDPGlucuronat UDPGlucuronat
UDP UDP Galacturonat Galacturonat
PS tp PS tp
kh c kh c
PS tp PS tp
NG HUYT V IU HA NG HUYT NG HUYT V IU HA NG HUYT
GG CO CO
Thc n Thc n
L t t L t t GG HH OO
Gly Gly
(ni sinh) (ni sinh)
Ngoi Ngoi
sinh sinh
GG CO CO
22
Lactat Lactat GG
0,7 0,7--1,1 g/L 1,1 g/L
HH
22
OO
(ni sinh) (ni sinh)
MU MU Gan Gan Cc m (c, m, TK) Cc m (c, m, TK)
Gy Gy H: insulin ( H: insulin (TB TB ca ty ca ty))
Gy Gy H: adrenalin ( H: adrenalin (TTT TTT), glucagon ), glucagon (TB (TB cca t a ty) y) Gy Gy ad e a ( ad e a ( ), g ucago ), g ucago (( cca t a ty) y)
T4 = thyroxin ( T4 = thyroxin (gi gip p), glucocorticoid ( ), glucocorticoid (VTT VTT), hormon GH = tng ), hormon GH = tng
tr tr ng ng (y (yn), n), ACTH ( ACTH (yy nn).GC ).GC
Adrenalin Adrenalin ((gan, c gan, c) )
Glucagon ( Glucagon (gan gan))
Insulin Insulin
RR
C CH IU HA NG HUYT CA ADRENALIN V GLUCAGON C CH IU HA NG HUYT CA ADRENALIN V GLUCAGON
Glucagon ( Glucagon (gan gan))
Adenylcyclase Adenylcyclase
Insulin Insulin
((++))
RR
I
GG
TB Gan TB Gan
Protein Kinase I Protein Kinase I
P.Kinase A P.Kinase A
AMPv AMPv ATP ATP
II
GG
Phosphorylase Kinase I Phosphorylase Kinase I Phospho phospho. Phospho phospho.
rylazkinase A rylazkinase A rylazkinase A rylazkinase A
ATP ATP ADP ADP
Phosphorylase I Phosphorylase I Phosphorylase A Phosphorylase A
4 ATP 4 ATP 4 ADP 4 ADP
Glycogen Glycogen G1P G1P G6P G6P Glycogen Glycogen G1P G1P G6P G6P
GG
Gl Gl Glucagon Glucagon
A Adrenalin A Adrenalin
T4 T4
GC GC
ACTH ACTH
GH GH
ng huyt
II AA GC GC
Gly Gly
II
Rut Rut
AA, GC , GC
II
Gan Gan Mu Mu

(+) (+)

Gl Gl, , T4 T4
G 6P G 6P
GG
GG GG

AB AB
(+) (+)
I I

((--) ) II
(+) (+)
(( ))
(+) (+) ((--) ) GH GH
(+) (+) II
GG
GC GC
(+) (+)
II
(+) (+)
T4 T4
GC GC
GH GH
((--) )
((--) )
( ) ( )
II
(+) (+)
(( ))
((--) ) GC GC
(+) (+) II
((--))
GG
Gc Gc
(+) (+)
aa aa
Lactat glycerol Lactat glycerol Lipid Lipid
GH GH
M khc M khc
(( ))
M m M m
PHN B GLUCOSE TRONG CC DCH C TH PHN B GLUCOSE TRONG CC DCH C TH
GG
Rut Rut
Mu Mu > 1,6 g/l > 1,6 g/l
Thn Thn
Dch gian bo Dch gian bo
Ngng thn Ngng thn
Glycogen Glycogen
Oxi ha Oxi ha
M M Gan Gan C C
HORMONE KIM SOT S BIN DNG GLUCID HORMONE KIM SOT S BIN DNG GLUCID
INSULIN
Ngun gc: T bo o Langherhans tuyn ty
Tc ng sinh hc lm gim lng gl cose m Tc ng sinh hc lm gim lng glucose mu:
Kch thch cc tin trnh s dng glucose
Tng ng phn EM, chu trnh Krebs
Tng tng hp glycogen Tng tng hp glycogen
Tng tng hp triacylglycerol
Tng tng hp amino acid, protein
GLUCAGON
Ngun gc: T bo o Langherhans tuyn
ty
Tc ng sinh hc lm tng lng glucose mu:
h i h d l c ch cc tin trnh s dng glucose
Tng phn gii glycogen
EPINEPHRINE
Ngun gc: Vng ty tuyn thng thn
Tc ng sinh hc lm tng lng glucose
mu: mu:
c ch cc tin trnh s dng glucose
Tng phn gii glycogen
GLUCOCORTICOID GLUCOCORTICOID
Ngun gc: Vng v tuyn thng thn
Tc ng sinh hc lm tng lng glucose Tc ng sinh hc lm tng lng glucose
mu:
c ch cc tin trnh s dng glucose
Tng tng hp glucose t lactate, glycerol, acid Tng tng hp glucose t lactate, glycerol, acid
bo, amino acid...
C IM CHUYN HA GLUCID/CC M C IM CHUYN HA GLUCID/CC M
1. 1. Hng Hng cu cu: : Hng Hng cu cu c c Hb Hb, , khng khng th th ty ty
+ + Chuyn Chuyn ha ha G G theo theo ng ng phn phn (HDP) (HDP) lactat lactat
+ HMP + HMP NADPHH NADPHH
++
gi gi glutathion glutathion GG- -SH SH nguyn nguyn vn vn + + n n nh nh mng mng HC HC
Thiu Thiu G6PDH G6PDH HC HC d d v v
GG
Hexokinaz Hexokinaz thiu thiu : : 22--3 DPG 3 DPG i i lc lc Hb Hb--OO
22
OO
22
TB TB
G6P G6P G6P G6P

1.3 1.3--DPG DPG

2,3 2,3--DPG DPG ((gi gi dng dng Hb Hb) )
33--PG PG
H
2
O
ATP

PYR.Kinaz PYR.Kinaz thiu thiu 2,3 DPG 2,3 DPG i i lc lc

PYR HbO PYR HbO cp cp OO ti ti TB TB
Pvc
PYR HbO PYR HbO
22
cp cp OO
22
ti ti TB TB

Tinh bt Tinh bt
Glycogen Glycogen
C C
Mu Mu Gan Gan
G G 6P 6P C COO
22
+ H + H
22
OO
Glycogen Glycogen
Glycogen Glycogen
GG
GG
Lactat Lactat
Lactat Lactat
CO CO
22
No No
Glycogen Glycogen
HH
22
OO
G G C COO
22
No No
GG
A Glucuronic A Glucuronic
Sa Sa Lactose Lactose
(Kh c o thi steroid) (Kh c o thi steroid)
A.Glucuronic A.Glucuronic
PS tp PS tp
osamin osamin
a.uronic a.uronic
C C Gan Gan
GG
GG
C C Gan Gan
Glycogen Glycogen G 6P G 6P
Glycogen Glycogen G 6P G 6P
Pyruvat Pyruvat
Pyruvat Pyruvat
Ala Ala
Lactat Lactat Lactat Lactat
Ala Ala
Protein Protein
3. NO 3. NO--THN KINH THN KINH
G/ G/
OO
22
CO CO
22
GG
G/ G/mu mu
OO
22
HH
22
OO