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GIA CONG BANG TIA

LA IN
Nguyn nh Cng_hua_ckdl51
Cch y gn 200 nm, nh nghin cu ngi
Anh Toseph Priestley (1733 - 1809) trong th
nghim ca mnh pht hin thy c mt hiu qu
n mn vt liu gy ra bi s phng in.
LCH S PHAT TRIN
Trong na u th k 20, nhu cu v cc vt
liu lu mn tng ln khng ngng cc nc cng
nghip pht trin. Nhng vn l gia cng nhng
vt liu bng cng ngh thng thng th rt kh
khn, nhiu khi khng thc hin c
Phng php gia cng tia la in (Electric
Discharge Machining EDM) c pht trin
vo nm 1943 Lin X bi hai v chng ngi
Nga ti trng i hc Moscow l Gio s - Tin
s Boris Lazarenko v Tin s Natalya Lazarenko
Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l bn
ph chi tit tch vt liu bng ngun nng
lng nhit rt ln c sinh ra khi cho hai in
cc tin gn nhau. Trong hai in cc ny, mt
ng vai tr l dao v mt ng vai tr l phi
trong qu trnh gia cng.
LCH S PHAT TRIN
Cho n nay qu trnh EDM c pht trin
kh rng ri cc nc pht trin. Nhiu loi my hot
ng trong lnh vc EDM c sn xut vi nhiu
kiu khc nhau phc v nhng mc ch khc nhau.
N a quy v 2 dng sau:
+ Gia cng tia la in dng in cc nh hnh: Gi
tt l phng php xung nh hnh. in cc l mt
hnh khng gian bt k, n s in hnh ca mnh ln phi
to ra lng khun thng dng to hnh nhng chi tit
c l nhng khng thng.
+ Gia cng tia la in bng ct dy: in cc l
mt si dy kim loi mnh c qun lin tc v chy
dc theo mt contour xc nh.
LCH S PHAT TRIN
Trong qu trnh gia cng, dng c v chi tit l
hai in cc, trong dng c l catt, chi tit l ant
ca mt ngun in mt chiu c tn s 50 500kHz,
in p 50 300V v cng dng in 0,1 500A.
Hai in cc ny c t trong dung dch cch in
c gi l cht in mi.
Khi cho hai in cc tin li gn nhau th gia
chng c in trng. Khi in p tng ln th t b
mt cc m c cc in t phng ra, tip tc tng in
p th cht in mi gia hai in cc b ion ha lm
cho chng tr nn dn in, lm xut hin tia la in
gia hai in cc.
NGUYEN L GIA CONG
Nhit vng c tia la in ln rt cao, c
th t n 12.000
0
C, lm nng chy, t chy phn
kim loi trn cc dng. Trong qu trnh phng in,
xut hin s ion ha cc mnh v to nn p lc va
p rt ln, y phoi ra khi vng gia cng.
Ton b qu trnh trn xy ra trong thi gian rt
ngn t 10-4 n 10-7s. Sau mch tr li trng thi
ban u v khi in p ca t c nng ln n mc
phng in th qu trnh trn li din ra im
c khong cch gn nht.
NGUYEN L GIA CONG
Phoi cua qua trnh gia cong la nhng giot kim loai b
tach khoi cac ien cc va ong ac lai thanh nhng hat
nho hnh cau va b ay ra khoi vung gia cong bang luong
dung moi co ap suat cao.
Khi cac hat nay b ay ra khoi vung gia cong, khe
h gia hai ien cc ln ra va s phong ien khong con
na.
e tiep tuc gia cong can di chuyen hai ien cc lai
gan nhau va qua trnh lap lai lien tuc.
NGUYEN L GIA CONG
NGUYEN L GIA CONG
Gia cong bang tia la ien,
EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining),
la mot qua trnh tach kim loai bang
mot tia la ien trong thi gian rat
ngan vi cng o dong ien
ln gia dung cu cat va chi tiet.
Qua trnh EDM co the so
sanh vi mot phan thu nho cua
mot tia set va vao mot be mat tao
nen vung tap trung nhiet ln lam
nong chay be mat gia cong.
Gia cng EDM c th c phn loi nh sau:
- Gia cng xung nh hnh EDM (Die Sinking EDM
hay Ram-EDM)
- Gia cng vi EDM (Micro EDM)
- Gia cng EDM bng dy ct (Wire-cut EDM hoc
Wire EDM)
- Khoan EDM (EDM drilling)
- My ly mi tar b gy (Broken Tap Remover)
Thit b gia cng tia la in
NGUYEN L GIA CONG
Gia cng xung nh hnh EDM Gia cng EDM bng dy ct
Thit b gia cng tia la in
NGUYEN L GIA CONG
Thit b gia cng tia la in
NGUYEN L GIA CONG
My ly mi ta r gy
My khoan EDM
NGUYEN L GIA CONG XUNG NH HNH
NGUYEN L GIA CONG XUNG NH HNH
Chi tit gia cng lp trn bn my cng c,
cn in cc th gn vi u my. Mt ng c
servo DC hoc xylanh thy lc iu khin in
cc theo phng thng ng v duy tr mt v tr
thch hp ca in cc so vi chi tit gia cng.
V tr ny c iu chnh mt cch t ng
vi s chnh xc cc k nh h thng servo v
ngun cung cp. Trong qu trnh vn hnh my
thng thng in cc khng bao gi chm b mt
chi tit, gia chng c mt khe h phng in nh.
NGUYEN L GIA CONG XUNG NH HNH
C chi tit v in cc u ngm chm trong
dung dch in mi. Dung dch ny ng vai tr nh
cht cch in iu khin s phng tia la in.
Trong gia cng EDM cht in mi cng thc hin
chc nng ca mi trng lm ngui v lm gim
nhit cc k cao trong khe h phng in.

Quan trng hn, dung dch in mi c bm
vo theo khe h hnh cung y i nhng ht b xi
mn gia chi tit v in cc. S sc ra thch hp
lm cho qu trnh bc vt liu t hiu qu cao.
NGUYEN L GIA CONG XUNG NH HNH
NGUYEN L GIA CONG CAT DAY
Dng c (day)
Chi tiet
Hnd di chuyen
Dan hng di
Dan hng tren
Dung moi
Bien dang gia
cong
Ct dy tia la in l mt hnh thc c bit
ca gia cng tia la in. im khc nhau c bn
gia ct dy tia la in v xung in (gia cng
bng in cc thi) l thay v s dng nhng in
cc thi c hnh dng phc tp th trong WEDM
in cc l mt si dy c ng knh t 0,1
0,3mm.
Dy ny c cun lin tc v chy theo mt
bin dng cho trc, ct c b mt 2D v 3D
phc tp.
NGUYEN L GIA CONG CAT DAY
Dy ct c dn
hng thng qua hai c
cu dn hng bng kim
cng. Ty vo ng
knh ca dy m ng
knh trong ca l c cu
dn hng c gi tr ph
hp. Thng nh cung cp
km theo my chnh mt
s b c cu dn hng
thch hp cho vi loi c
ng knh dy ct.
A

NGUYEN L GIA CONG CAT DAY
- Gia cng bng in cc thi ngi ta s dng du lm
cht in mi th trong WEDM li dng nc kh
khong.
- Khi gia cng bng in cc thi, s phng in xy ra
gia mt u in cc vi chi tit gia cng cn khi gia
cng bng dy ct th s phng in xy ra gia mt bn
dy ct vi chi tit gia cng
- Vng phng in khi gia cng bng in cc thi bao
gm mt u v gc ca in cc. Cn vng phng in
khi gia cng bng dy ct ch bao gm mt 180
o
ca dy
cc khi n tin n ct chi tit gia cng.
Gia gia cng bng in cc thi v gia cng
bng dy ct c mt s khc bit nh sau:
SO SANH GIA CONG XUNG NH HNH VA CAT
DAY
NGUYEN L GIA CONG
NGUYEN L GIA CONG
KH NNG CNG NGH
B mt chi tit c gia cng EDM c th t
Ra = 0,63m khi gia cng th v Ra = 0,16m khi
gia cng tinh. Thng thng chnh xc gia cng
vo khong 0,01mm. cc my khoan ta EDM
chnh xc gia cng t n 0,0025mm.
Phng php ny c th gia cng nhng vt
liu kh gia cng m cc phng php gia cng
khng truyn thng khng lm c nh thp ti,
thp hp kim kh gia cng, hp kim cng. N cng
gia cng c cc chi tit h l c hnh dng phc
tp.
NGUYEN L GIA CONG
KH NNG CNG NGH
B mt chi tit c gia cng EDM c th t
Ra = 0,63m khi gia cng th v Ra = 0,16m khi
gia cng tinh. Thng thng chnh xc gia cng
vo khong 0,01mm. cc my khoan ta EDM
chnh xc gia cng t n 0,0025mm.
Phng php ny c th gia cng nhng vt
liu kh gia cng m cc phng php gia cng
khng truyn thng khng lm c nh thp ti,
thp hp kim kh gia cng, hp kim cng. N cng
gia cng c cc chi tit h l c hnh dng phc
tp.
- Gia cng c cc loi vt liu c cng ty
- in cc c th sao chp hnh dng bt k, ch to
v phc hi cc khun dp bng thp ti
- Ch to cc li sn, ry bng cch gia cng ng
thi cc l bng nhng in cc rt mnh.
- Gia cng cc l c ng knh rt nh, cc l su
vi t s chiu di trn ng knh ln.
- Do khng c lc c hc nn c th gia cng hu ht
cc loi vt liu d v, mm m khng s b bin
dng
- Do c du trong vng gia cng nn b mt gia cng
c ti trong du
u im
u nhc im
Bi v EDM n mn kim loi bng vic phng
tia la in thay cho cc dng c ct gt to phoi
nn cng vt liu khng tr thnh nhn t quyt
nh xem vt liu c th gia cng bng EDM hay
khng. Cc in cc kim loi hoc than ch mm c
th gia cng cc loi thp dng c ti hoc
tungsten carbide (cacbt vonfram). y l mt trong
nhng li ch hp dn ca vic s dng phng php
EDM. C th nhit luyn chi tit trc ri sau c
th gia cng bng EDM. iu ny loi b ri ro ca
nhng h hi v bin dng c th bin nhng chi tit
t tin thnh ph liu trong khi x l nhit
u nhc im
u im
Nhc im
- Phi v dng c (in cc) u phi dn in
- V tc ct gt thp nn phi trc gia cng
EDM thng phi gia cng th trc.
- Do vng nhit ti vng lm vic cao nn gy
bin dng nhit.
u nhc im
C th s dng phng php ny trong mt s
trng hp sau:
- Bin cng b mt chi tit lm tng kh nng
mi mn
- Ch to v phc hi cc khun dp ti v
khun bng hp kim cng
- Cc li sng, ry bng cch gia cng ng
thi cc l bng in cc rt mnh
- Mi phng, mi trn, mi sc hoc lm rng l
PHAM VI NG DUNG
- Gia cng cc l c ng knh nh 0,15mm
ca cc vi phun cao p c nng sut cao (t 15
n 30s/chic), gia cng l su t 60mm cho sai s
5m. Cc l 0,05mm 1mm vi chiu su ln
nh cc l lm mt trong cnh tuabin lm bng
hp kim siu cng, cc l su vi t s chiu di
trn ng knh ln n 67.
- Ly cc dng c b gy v kp trong chi tit
(bulng, tar)
- Gia cng khun mu v cc chi tit cn chnh
xc cao bng vt liu hp kim cng.
PHAM VI NG DUNG
PHAM VI NG DUNG
-Gia cong kim loai co o cng khong gii han (v da vao tnh chat vat ly).
-Co the thay the cho cac phng phap cat got truyen thong trong nhng trng hp ma
phng phap nay khong kinh te hoac khong at o chnh xac mong muon.
-Trong mot so trng hp, no co the giup loai bo nhng qui trnh trung gian nao o
nh : nhiet luyen, nan thang, sa bavia, lap chi tiet, dao..
San xuat dung cu Gia cong chi tiet kho
gia cong
Pham vi khac
Da o
cat
Vong
gang
Coi Mai
dung
cu
Lay dao, dung cu b gay
trong chi tiet
Khoan lo
nho
Cat chi
tiet
O CHNH XAC GIA CONG
o chnh xac phu thuoc vao nhng yeu to sau :
- o chnh xac cua may.
- Dung cu.
- Khe h phong ien.
- o nham be mat phu thuoc vao nang lng mot lan
phong ien.
Trong gia cng xung nh hnh, in cc dng
c ng vai tr cc k quan trng v chnh xc gia
cng mt phn ph thuc vo chnh xc ca in
cc. Vic la chn hp l vt liu in cc l mt yu
t quan trng.
iu ny khng nhng nh hng n chnh
xc gia cng, m cn nh hng n tnh kinh t
thng qua nng sut v hao mn in cc trung
bnh. Gi ca in cc c th chim 80% chi ph gia
cng.
O CHNH XAC GIA CONG
Dng c
Cc loi vt liu c th dng lm in cc
cho gia cng xung nh hnh thng l ng ,
ng volfram, bc-volfram, ng thau, volfram,
nhm, mlipen, hp kim cng, thp

Trong ng v ng-volfram l
thng dng nht. Cc loi vt liu volfram,
nhm, mlipen, hp kim cng, thp ch c
s dng trong mt s trng hp c bit.
Dng c
O CHNH XAC GIA CONG
Trn my ct dy ngi ta thng s dng
dy ct lm bng ng , ng thau, mlipen,
volfram, bc hay km c ng knh dy ct
thng t 0,1 0,3mm.
Cc dy ct c th c ph mt lp km,
oxyt km hoc graphit nng cao bn ca
dy cng nh ci thin kh nng sc cht in
mi vo khu vc ct.
O CHNH XAC GIA CONG
Dng c
Nhm b mt khi gia cng bng tia la in
O CHNH XAC GIA CONG
Trong qu trnh gia cng, do phng in m mt lng vt
liu trn b mt chi tit gia cng b bc i, li trn b mt
nhng vt nh li ti chng mp ln nhau. Kch thc ca cc vt
ny ph thuc ch yu vo nng lng sinh ra trong mt ln
phng. Theo l thuyt th nhm b mt c hnh thnh nh
trn hnh
nhm trc ht ph thuc vo nng lng ca mt ln
phng in. Mt phn din tch ca t to nn vt lm nn th tch
ca vt lm t l vi nng lng phng ra ca t
Nhm b mt khi gia cng bng tia la in
O CHNH XAC GIA CONG
Ngoi ra nhm cn ph thuc vo cng dng in
v tn s dng in
Nhm b mt khi gia cng bng tia la in
O CHNH XAC GIA CONG
Ngoi nhng yu t trn cn c nhng yu t khc
cng c nh hng n nhm nh: vt liu in cc,
cht lng ca dung dch in mi,

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