EFFORTLESS

ENGL I SH
LEARN TO SPEAK ENGLISH LIKE A NATIVE
LUYN NI TING ANH NH NGI BN NG
LEARN TO SPEAK ENGLISH LIKE A NATIVE
LUYN NI TING ANH NH NGI BN NG
Bn quyn cun sch ny c chuyn nhng cho Cng ty C phn
sch MCBooks c quyn pht hnh ti Vit Nam. Bt c s sao chp no
khng c s ng ca Cng ty C phn sch MCBooks u l bt hp
php v vi phm lut xut bn Vit Nam, lut bn quyn quc t, v cng
c Berne v bo h bn quyn s hu tr tu.
Mi kin ng gp ca Qu c gi xin gi v:
Ban Bin tp sch ngoi ng The Windy - Cng ty C phn sch MCBooks
26/245 Mai Dch - Cu Giy - H Ni - T: 04.37921466
Email: thewindy@mcbooks.vn
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thewindythewindy
EFFORTLESS
ENGL I SH
A.J. HOGE
LEARN TO SPEAK ENGLISH LIKE A NATIVE
LUYN NI TING ANH NH NGI BN NG
NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA H NI
NHM THE WINDY: BIN DCH
Chng
1
Mt phng php hc ting Anh tt hn 08
Chng
2
Vn ca trng lp 21
Chng
3
Tm l cn quan trng hn ng php v t vng 35
Chng
4
Nim tin quyt nh thnh cng ca bn trong ting Anh 48
Chng
5
Ting Anh l mt mn th thao vt l 56
Chng
6
S dng cc mc tiu ln mang tnh thc t to ng
lc thnh cng
66
Chng
7
Lp trnh no ca bn hc ting Anh thnh cng 72
Chng
8
Tr em hc tt nht - ng c Effortless English
TM
85
Chng
9
Quy tc u tin: Hc theo cm t - khng hc n l 91
Chng
10
Quy tc th hai: Hc ng php s hn ch kh nng ni
ca bn
102
Chng
11
Quy tc th ba: Hc bng tai khng phi hc bng mt 112
Chng
12
Quy tc th t: Lp li l cha kha nm vng k nng
ni ting Anh
126
Mc lc
Chng
13
Quy tc th nm: Hc ng php mt cch trc quan v t
nhin
135
Chng
14
Quy tc th su: Hy hc ting Anh thc t v tm b
nhng cun gio trnh
147
Chng
15
Quy tc th by: Hc ting Anh vi cc cu chuyn hp
dn
158
Chng
16
K hoch ting Anh thng ngy ca bn 171
Chng
17
Sc mnh ca c sch gii tr 183
Chng
18
B quyt c k nng vit ting Anh tt 189
Chng
19
Ti sao li khng nn luyn ni 199
Chng
20
Ting Anh l ngn ng Thng mi quc t 208
Chng
21
Lm th no c nhng bi thuyt trnh ting Anh y
tnh thuyt phc
214
Chng
22
Ting Anh gip kt ni bn vi th gii 223
Chng
23
Nguyn tc v s mnh ca Effortless English 230
Mc lc
v
LI GII THIU
Tha qu v c gi!
Hi nhp quc t & Ci cch gio dc. Tuy hai m mt,
tuy mt m hai. Mun hi nhp c phi ci cch gio dc.
V, ch c con ngi mang tm thi i th mi hi nhp y
v bnh ng c. Mun hi nhp c trc tin phi
bit ting Anh.
Ti ng ngng khi cm trn tay quyn Learn to speak
English like a native - Luyn ni ting Anh nh ngi bn
ng ca thy A.J Hoge. Thy A.J Hoge l mt ging vin c
bng Master of TESOL - tng ging dy nhiu trng
i hc trn th gii. Thy A.J.Hoge nghin cu v pht
trin thnh cng mt phng php hc tp gip nng cao kh
nng ni ting Anh, l phng php Efortless English.
Phng php ny c cc chuyn gia ngn ng hng u th
gii nh gi l mt trong nhng phng php t hc ting
Anh hay nht trn th gii, dnh cho nhng ai hc ting Anh
nh l mt ngn ng th hai, v cun sch Learn to speak
English like a native - Luyn ni ting Anh nh ngi bn ng
l cun sch u tin ca thy c Cng ty C phn sch
MCBooks pht hnh ti Vit Nam. Cun sch chnh l chic
cha kha hc ting Anh. Cng c ti cng ng ngng v
sng t c rt nhiu iu hu ch v phng php ging dy
v hc tp hiu qu ca Efortless English.
Thc ra ti mun i tn phng php hc Efortless
English sang Enjoying English, v rng hn l Enjoying
Learning.
Mi lm nm qua ti b hn chuyn mn c hc
- tin s ton l v chuyn sang chuyn su v o to k nng
v
sng. Ti dy cng nghin cu v cng phu tm s hc o v
phng php ging dy hin i.
Ni hc m chi, chi m hc th d, nhng bin
php thc hin n li qu kh.Thc s n khi c d
lp ca thy A.J. Hoge v phng php Efortless English
ti mi hiu thu o l mun c hc m chi, chi m hc
th phi thay i t gc ngi thy phi dy m chi, chi
m dy. Vic MCBooks hp tc vi A.J. Hoge l mt vic lm
ng khch l ca cc bn tr MCBooks, khi c nhn rng,
phng php Efortless English s to ra mt phng thc hc
mi, mt phong cch sng mnh m v ch ng ton nng
cho th h tr.
Bn ang c trong tay mt quyn sch khng ch nng
cao trnh ting Anh, m l phng php hc thoi mi
hiu qu - enjoy learning, v hn th na, y l mt cm
nang Sng Sung Sng Enjoy Living. Hy bin n thnh
mt cm nang sng gi u ging.
Chng ti xin cm n qu v c gi quan tm v trn
trng gii thiu cun sch hng dn hc ting Anh c lc
ny ti qu v.
Chc cc bn gt hi c nhiu thnh cng hn na,
gii ting Anh, sng mnh m, hnh phc vi cun sch gi
tr ny.
TS. Phan Quc Vit
Ngi sng lp, Ch tch HQT Tm Vit Group
Tc gi - Din gi, MC truyn hnh
Ph Ch tch Hip hi Pht trin Vn ha Doanh nghip Vit Nam
LI GII THIU
Chng
1
Mt phng php hc
ting Anh tt hn
Luyn ni ting Anh nh ngi bn ng
9
A.J. Hoge
K
hi bn ang cm trn tay cun sch ny, c th bn
ang mun giao tip bng ting Anh. C th bn
thm ch theo hc lp ting Anh no ri. C th bn cn
ting Anh y nhanh mc thng tin trong cng vic
hay s nghip, hoc bn ang c ao c i du hc hay du
lch nc ngoi. Bn cng bit , ting Anh l cha kha trong
kinh doanh quc t v du lch quc t. Vy cho php ti c
hi bn mt s iu ny nh.
Bn c thy lo lng hay ngi ngng khi ni ting Anh
khng? Bn c phi c gng hiu ai ang ni g vi bn
khng mc d hc ting Anh c nhiu nm ri? Bn c
ngi ngng v pht m hay lo lng v vic bn ni qu chm?
Bn c cm thy tht vng khi m mnh u t nhiu thi
gian hc ting Anh song vn khng th ni c ting Anh
khng? Bt k mc tiu t ra l g, bn c thy kh s dng
ting Anh trong cng vic, du lch, v hc tp khng? i khi
bn vn cm thy mnh s
khng bao gi ni tt ting
Anh ng khng?
Nu bn tr li c,
ngha l khng phi ch ring
bn gp phi nhng vn
ny u nh. Thc t, bn l
trng hp kh in hnh.
Hu ht nhng ngi hc
ting Anh u c cm gic
ny. Nhng ngi trng
thnh hc ting Anh thng
b p lc v tht vng v kh
10
Efortless English
Learn To Speak English Like A Native
nng ni ca mnh. Mt s ngi hon ton tuyt vng v cm
thy mnh s khng bao gi ni c ting Anh. Khng phi v
kh nng ngn ng km, m v ging nh bn vy, h hc
sai phng php.
Bn c th hc ni ting Anh t nhin mt cch d dng.
Bn c th s dng ting Anh hiu qu trong cng vic, du
lch, v hc tp. Khi , bn s cm thy thoi mi v t tin khi
bn ni ting Anh. Thc t, vi kinh nghim dy ting Anh lu
nm, ti gip hng ngn hc sinh trn khp th gii tr
thnh nhng ngi ni ting Anh tri chy.
Phng php hc ca ti l g? Ti s dng phng
php dy m mnh xy dng trong Efortless English
TM
.
Efortless English
TM
cho php bn hc ting Anh mt cch
t nhin v nng ng- cch m tr em hc trc khi i hc.
Thng thng, cc lp hc ting Anh tp trung qu nhiu vo
kim tra, sch v, im thi, v trnh , hc sinh qun mt
mc ch mnh ngi hc trong lp lm g. Hc sinh qun
mt cc mc tiu thc t ca vic hc l c mt s nghip
thnh cng hay c c hi du lch quc t hp dn.
Vi Efortless English
TM
bn s khng bao gi qun mc
tiu chnh ca vic hc mt ngn ng chnh l giao tip.
Thay vo , bn hc cch ni ting Anh nhanh v chnh xc.
Effortless ngha l g?
Ti hiu nu bn hoi nghi c bit l bn ang c hc
ting Anh theo cch truyn thng. Bn b b buc vo cc gi
Luyn ni ting Anh nh ngi bn ng
11
A.J. Hoge
hc: nh cc danh sch t vng, hc ng php, v c cc cun
sch nhm chn. Bn ang ngh Lm cch no ni ting
Anh c d dng y?
Quay li khong thi gian 15 nm trc khi ti bt u
dy hc, hc sinh ca ti u hng th khi giao tip bng ting
Anh. V ti cng thy hng th khi gip cc em. Khi ti
dy theo phng php thng thng. Ti s dng gio trnh
v tp trung vo dy ng php. Ti ngh y l cch tt nht
dy v khng c hc sinh no than phin v n c.
Ti vn nh mt hc sinh rt thng minh ca mnh
Venezuela tn l Gladys. Gladys rt quyt tm hc ni ting
Anh. Gladys l mt hc sinh ni bt trong lp v vic chm
hc. C b lun ngi chnh gia hng u tin. Ti cn c mt
bc nh chp gng mt nhit huyt v lun ti ci ca c
b. Gladys ghi chp rt chi tit, lng nghe tng t ti ni. C b
cn hc nh na. Mi ngy Gladys dnh hn 4 ting hc theo
gio trnh ting Anh. C b cn c gng hc 50 t mi bng
cch ghi nh cc danh sch t. Gladys l hc sinh xut sc v
ti tin c b s thnh cng.
Tuy nhin, su thng sau c
b vn hu nh khng ni c
ting Anh. Ging ni ca c b
do d v khng t nhin. C b
thng xuyn mc li ng php
trong nhng cu n gin nht. Pht m
nghe kh hiu. C b vn suy ngh bng
ting Ty Ban Nha ri c dch sang ting
Anh khi ni. T nht l, Gladys
12
Efortless English
Learn To Speak English Like A Native
cm thy lo lng mi khi c b phi ni ting Anh. Vic ni
ting Anh thc s l mt tri nghim kh khn i vi c b.
Gladys cc k tht vng. Sau nhiu n lc, c b khng
ci thin c my. L gio vin trc tip ging dy, ti cng
rt tht vng. Ti chc rng Gladys s ci thin nhanh v khng
hiu ti sao Gladys li khng thnh cng. Ti dy ng theo
cc phng php truyn thng. Ti s dng cc sch gio
khoa tiu chun v hot ng lp hc tiu chun. Gladys l
mt hc tr thng minh, k lut, v dt khot, nhng k nng
ni ting Anh ca c b khng ci thin c my.
Tht bun, ti pht hin
ra rng Gladys khng phi l
ngi duy nht trong lp b
nh vy. Cc em cng lp
cng khng ni tt ting
Anh. iu khin ti tht
vng nh th n l mt s
tht bi hon ton ca mt gio
vin. Nhng khi ti hi cc ng nghip tr gip, ha ra
tt thy cc gio vin u vng phi cng chung vn ny-
rt t hc sinh ni tt ting Anh. Khi ti nhn ra iu g
sai- i vi cc phng php chun mc trong ging dy ting
Anh. iu ti t nht i vi ti l mi ngi li chp nhn
vn ny nh mt iu bnh thng. Cc gio vin khc
khng quan tm ti s km tin b ca hc sinh. Cc gio vin
s dng phng php ging nhau v nhn c kt qu km
nh nhau.
nhiu ni trn th gii, hc sinh hc ting Anh trong
Luyn ni ting Anh nh ngi bn ng
13
A.J. Hoge
nhiu nm. Nhng a s u khng hc tt mn ting Anh.
Sau nhiu nm hc, cc em vn gp vn v giao tip ting
Anh thc t. Cc em cm thy lo lng v ngi ngng khi ni
ting Anh.
Sau vi nm dy Gladys, ti nhn cng vic tr ging
gio vin ting Anh ti Nht Bn. Ti rt thch th v sn sng
gip cc hc tr tr hc ting Anh. Ti vn cn nh ngy
u tin ln lp Nht Bn. Ti ngi trc lp cnh gio vin
chnh l ngi Nht. Khi hc sinh vo lp, cc em thy ti v
ci khc khch c v lo lng. Cc em ngi xung v tip tc
ngoi mt nhn ti mt cch ngi ngng. Cc em nhn rt ng
yu v y s t m.
Sau lp hc bt u. Gio vin chnh vit mt cu
ting Anh ln bng. Ti khng nh chnh xc, hnh nh l The
litle girl goes to school. Gio vin ch vo cu v ni bng
ting Nht. Hc sinh cm ly sch v v bt u vit li. Mi
ngi u c v rt nghim tc.
Sau , gio vin khoanh trn t goes. C y ch
vo t v tip tc ni ting Nht. C y ni g bng ting
Nht. Hc sinh vit li nhanh cc li ging vo v. Cui cng
gio vin k mt ng thng t goes ti t girl. V sau
ni mt hi cng bng ting Nht.
Bui hc c th din ra cho n khi ht gi. Gio vin
k cc ng thng, vng trn, v vung. C y s dng cc
mu phn khc nhau. V c y li tip tc ging bng ting Nht.
Ti hon ton bi ri. Ti l mt ngi ni ting Anh bn
x, v ti ang ngi trong mt lp dy ting Anh. Nhng ti
khng th hiu chuyn g ang xy ra trong lp hc (ngoi tr
14
Efortless English
Learn To Speak English Like A Native
mt cu ting Anh c ghi trn bng ). Ti t ngh, gio
vin ang ni chuyn g m nhiu vy? N ch l mt cu thi
m. Nhng gio vin dnh c ting ng h phn tch,
l gii, chia tch mt cu n gin. Cui cng khi kt thc bui
hc, gio vin mi ti pht m to cu ln. Ti c cu
vi ln, v l cu ting Anh duy nht m cc hc sinh hc
c vo ngy hm .
M hnh ny lp li i lp li nhiu ngy. Hng ngy, ti
nhn thy s nhit huyt v tr t m ca cc hc sinh bin mt
dn. Cc em dn b chn nn. Cc em b p lc v bi ri. Hng
ngy cc em ghi bi ging vo v, ch yu l bng ting Nht.
Ti khng th hiu ti sao mt lp ting Anh m li dy ch
yu bng ting Nht. Trong lp hc, hc sinh nghe ging bng
ting Nht trong khong 90% thi gian hoc nhiu hn. Cc em
nghe rt t ting Anh. Hi sao cc em khng bao gi hc ni!
Chnh v th nn cc em hay b tht vng v bi ri.
Thnh tht m ni, ti rt bun khi bit rng cc nh
trng lm mt i tnh yu hc tp "t nhin ca hc sinh.
Tht khng khip khi phi chng kin cc em tr nn bun
chn, tht vng, v p lc. V su thng sau , khng ai trong
s cc hc sinh c th ni chuyn vi ti, thm ch d ch l
cuc hi thoi n gin nht. Tnh hung ny din ra rt ph
bin trong cc lp hc ting Anh trn ton th gii.
Nhng kinh nghim ca ti vi Gladys v kinh nghim
ging dy ti Nht Bn thuyt phc ti rng phng php
gio dc ting Anh truyn thng cn phi thay i. Ti bit
phi l mt cch thc tt hn gip hc sinh ni ting Anh.
V vy, ti bt u tm kim mt phng php tt hn. Ti
Luyn ni ting Anh nh ngi bn ng
15
A.J. Hoge
c khng bit bao cc cun sch v ging dy ting Anh.
Ti lun c gng th cc phng php mi trong lp hc ca
ti. Ti c cc nghin cu. Ti i du lch v dy ting Anh
nhiu t nc khc nhau trn th gii.
iu lm ti ngc nhin l cc nghin cu thc t ch
h tr rt nh cho cc phng php ging dy truyn thng.
Nh ngn ng hc Stephen Krashen- i hc Nam California
chia s rng: "Chng ti c c ngn ng khi chng ti hiu
nhng g mi ngi k cho chng ti bit v hiu c nhng
g chng ta c m khng cn c tnh ghi nh." Nu hu ht
chng ta bit, theo trc gic, rng cch tt nht hc ting
Anh l hc mt cch t nhin, ti t hi, ti sao rt nhiu gio
vin v hc sinh vn la chn s dng cc phng php khng
t nhin, khng hiu qu, v lc hu?
Cui cng, ti tr li trng hc v ly bng thc s
(TESOL) Ging dy ting Anh cho nhng ngi ni ngn ng
khc. Trong hnh trnh , ti nghin cu v pht hin ra
mt phng php mi, s tr thnh c s cho chng trnh
Efortless English
TM
.
Ti cng thc hin nghin cu ca mnh. Ti tm kim
nhng ngi ni ting Anh tt, nhng ngi hc ting Anh khi
trng thnh. Bt c khi no ti tm thy mt ngi nh
vy, ti phng vn h. Theo thi gian, ti tm c cc m
hnh cho nghin cu ca mnh. Hu ht nhng ngi ni ting
Anh thnh cng l hc vin c lp, h hc ni ting Anh ngoi
trng hc. Hu ht trong s h u s dng cc phng php
tng t nhau, ging nh cc phng php trong nghin cu
thc s ca ti. H u trnh s dng cc phng php truyn
16
Efortless English
Learn To Speak English Like A Native
thng vn s dng trong hu ht cc trng hc.
Ti thay i cch ging dy ca mnh, v khi s
dng nhng chin lc mi trong cc lp hc ca mnh, cc
hc sinh ca ti tin b nhanh chng. iu ny tht ng ngc
nhin! Cc em hc cch ni rt d dng v nhit tnh. V thm
ch cc em cn cm thy hng th vi vic hc ni na! Sau
nhiu nm tm kim v th nghim, cui cng ti tm ra
c cc phng php hiu qu.
Effortless English hm nay
Trong nhng nm qua, ti tip tc th nghim v ci
thin cc phng php ny, pht trin
h thng Efortless English
TM
. Ti
t chc chng trnh bao gm by
nguyn tc cn thit cho vic hc ting
Anh, t gip cc hc sinh ni ting Anh
tri chy. xy dng thnh cng cho cc
lp hc ca mnh, ti to ra cc kha
hc luyn pht m v bt u cung cp
trc tuyn cho hc sinh hc ting
Anh trn ton th gii. Cc bi hc m
thanh ca ti hin ang l sch a bn
chy nht ti 25 quc gia.
Ngoi ra, ti thnh lp Cu lc
b Efortless English" to cng ng
hc tp ting Anh quc t, ti hc vin
Luyn ni ting Anh nh ngi bn ng
17
A.J. Hoge
c th giao tip vi cc thnh vin khc. Ti mun to ra mt
mi trng khuyn khch s t tin v thnh cng vi ting
Anh, v c rt nhiu ngi hc phi u tranh vi s lo lng,
xu h, tht vng v s hi khi ni chuyn bng ting Anh.
Trong thc t, i vi nhiu ngi, cm xc tiu cc l iu ti
t nht khi ni ting Anh.
Trong cu lc b Efortless English Club
TM
ca chng ti,
hc sinh c th tng tc trn cc din n v ni chuyn vi
nhau trc tuyn. y l mt cng ng rt tch cc v ng
khch l, ni mi ngi c th t do "chi cng ting Anh,"
khng ngi mc li ting Anh, v giao tip m khng phi ngi
ngng. Theo quan im ca ti, th chng ti c cc thnh vin
tt nht trn th gii. Mi thnh vin u tp trung khng ch
vo s thnh cng ca ring mnh, m cn gip cc thnh vin
khc t c thnh cng ca h. Kt qu l to nn mt "gia
nh" h tr vi nhng ngi hc v cc nh qun l quc t.
Cun sch ny l ngun ti liu qu bu cho cc hc
vin mun ni ting Anh mt cch thnh tho. Cun sch gip
bn ni c ting Anh mt cch d dng, tri chy v t tin.
Trong cun sch ny, bn s hc cch pht trin s t tin khi
ni, v c phng php hiu qu ni ting Anh tri chy.
Bn cng s tm hiu cch s dng ting Anh thng tin
trong s nghip v t c thnh cng m bn mun.
Trong nhng chng k tip, ti s m t chi tit h
thng Efortless English
TM
, gii thch trit l ng sau n, v
cho bn bit l do ti sao tm l v phng php li rt quan
trng cho vic hc ngn ng. Ti cng s ni cho bn bit
chnh xc lm th no s dng phng php t c
mc tiu ca bn.
18
Efortless English
Learn To Speak English Like A Native
Hy tham gia cng ti v tn hng hnh trnh. Bn thc
s khng c g lo s khi dng s dng h thng gio dc c.
V vy, hy qun i nhng p lc, cng thng, lo s, v chn
nn. Ti ha vi cc bn rng h thng hc tp t nhin ny s
mang li nhiu nim vui, s thn thin, v trn y nng lng
- tri ngc vi hu ht lp hc kiu truyn thng. Khng c
p lc no- m ch c s khuyn khch v h tr thn thin.
Hy tin ti. Ti gip rt nhiu sinh vin khp ni
trn th gii ... v by gi ti mong mun gip bn. Ti ha ti s
lun lun lm ht sc mnh gip bn ni ting Anh xut sc.
Khng phi ting Anh "Li bing"
Vy Effortless English
TM
l g"? T Effortless" khng c ngha
l ting Anh li bing. Ngc li, "Effortless English" l kt qu n lc
hng ngy ca bn. Hc theo h thng ca ti, cc bn s tin b nhanh
v ni tt ting Anh mt cch t nhin v "d dng" (khng gng p,
khng cng thng, do d, hay lo lng).
Ni cch khc, "effortless" l kt qu ch khng phi khi u.
Mc tiu ca bn l ni ting Anh mt cch d dng. Bn mun t ni ra
ting Anh, khng cn suy ngh, khng dch ting, m khng phi lo lng
hay do d. Bn mun ni ting Anh ging nh ting m ca mnh. Ni
d dng l kt qu cui cng, v i khi phi mt rt nhiu n lc ni
ting Anh d dng!
Luyn ni ting Anh nh ngi bn ng
19
A.J. Hoge
Tuy nhin, bn c th tn dng trit nhng n lc . V d
m ti mun cp y l v d v mt vn ng vin hay ngh s
"in the zone". "In the zone" c ngha l thc hin mt cch xut sc v
d dng. Khi mt vn ng vin "in the zone" mc mt, ngha l
h ang lm vic rt chm ch - tiu hao nhiu nng lng, c gng, v
hon ton tp trung. Tuy nhin, khi h thy thch th, thoi mi v hon
ton tp trung, th h li cm thy d
dng. Khng c cm gic p buc v
cng thng, vv...
Trn thc t, Effortless
English
TM
c ly cm hng t
tng ca o gio "wu wei"
hay cn gi l n lc khng
mt nhc. l mt trng thi
tri chy, m bn c th tn
nhiu n lc nhng n hon
ton t nhin, khng mt
nhc, hay p buc.
Vn l Effortless English
TM
khng phi l s li bing, sa
cha nhanh, hay gian ln... m l tm kim trng thi "n lc khng mt
nhc" hay "wu wei." Effortless English c ngha l bn ni ting Anh lu
lot. Bn khng u tranh khi bn ni. Bn s khng cm thy lo lng
hay cng thng. Bn khng phi lo ngh v cc quy tc ng php hoc
phi dch sang ting Anh.
Khi bn ni ting Anh d dng, bn truyn t tng ca bn
20
Efortless English
Learn To Speak English Like A Native
mt cch r rng. Bn th hin cm xc ca mnh mt cch mnh m.
Bn tp trung vo vic kt ni vi nhng ngi khc, ch khng phi
vic lin kt cc ng t ra sao. Bn hon ton tn hng qu trnh ni
ting Anh khi bn lm vic, du lch v hc tp.