Chapter Three:

Stoichiometry: Calculations with

Chemical Formulas and Equations


Overview
Chemical Equations
Patterns/Reactions
Atomic/Molecular Weights
Moles/Molar Mass
Empirical/Molecular Formulas
Quantitative Relationships
Limiting Reactants/Theoretical Yields
Chemical Equations
chemical sentences
reactants and products described by formulas or
symbols combined with punctuation
2 H
2(g)
+ O
2(g)
2 H
2
O
(l)

reactant
formulas
product
formula
coefficients
physical state
react to form
atoms can be neither created nor destroyed
all equations must be balanced with the same number
of atoms on both sides of the reaction arrow
H
2
O + O
2
H
2
O
2
unbalanced
2 H & 3 O 2 H & 2 O
2H
2
O + O
2
2H
2
O
2
balanced
4 H & 4 O = 4 H & 4 O
unbalanced
balanced
two formula units
one formula unit
H
2
O O
2
H
2
O
2

Examples
CH
3
OH
(l)
+ O
2(g)
CO
2(g)
+
H
2
O
(l)

Na
(s)
+ H
2
O
(l)
NaOH
(aq)
+
H
2(g)

HBr
(aq)
+ Ba(OH)
2(aq)
H
2
O
(l)
+
BaBr
2(aq)

2 2 4 3
2 2 2
2
2
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Because elements are grouped by chemical
properties, their reactions can also be
grouped:
alkali metals and water
2K
(s)
+ 2H
2
O
(l)
2KOH
(aq)
+ H
2(g)

specific
2M
(s)
+ 2H
2
O
(l)
2MOH
(aq)
+ H
2(g)

general
Combustion in air
C
3
H
8(g)
+ O
2(g)
CO
2(g)
+ H
2
O
(l)
3 4 5
C
x
H
y
+ O
2(g)
CO
2(g)
+ H
2
O
(l)

specific
general
hydrocarbon
Combination Reactions
2Mg
(s)
+ O
2(g)
2MgO
(s)

X + Y XY
specific
general
Decomposition Reactions
CaCO
3(s)


CaO
(s)
+ CO
2(g)

XY X + Y
specific
general
Name the Reaction
PbCO
3(s)
PbO
(s)
+ CO
2(g)

decomposition
C
(s)
+ O
2(g)
CO
2(g)

combination
2NaN
3(s)
2Na
(s)
+ 3N
2(g)

decomposition
2C
2
H
6(g)
+ 7O
2(g)
4CO
2(g)
+ 6H
2
O
(l)

combustion
Atomic and Molecular Masses
Amu scale
defined by assigning the mass of
12
C as 12 amu exactly


1 amu = 1.66054 x 10
-24
g
1 g = 6.02214 x 10
23
amu
Average Atomic Masses

12
C 98.892% abundant
13
C 1.1108% abundant
(0.98892)(12 amu) + (0.01108)(13.00335 amu) = 12.011
amu
atomic mass
Formula and Molecular Masses
sum of all atomic masses in the formula of an ionic or
molecular compound
vitamin C C6H8O6
6 x 12.0 = 72.0 amu
8 x 1.0 = 8.0 amu

6 x 16.0 = 96.0 amu
176.0 amu
formula mass of vitamin C
(often called molecular mass)
Percentage Composition
Calculate the percent mass that each type
of atom contributes to a molecule
% X = (no. X atoms)(X amu) x 100
formula mass cmpd
C
6
H
8
O
6


% C = (6)(12.01amu) x 100 = 40.94% C
176.0 amu
% H = (8)(1.01amu) x 100 = 4.59% H
176.0 amu
% O = (6)(16.00 amu) x 100 = 54.55% O
176.0 amu
The Mole
We can measure masses in amu but how do we
relate that to mass in grams? We define a
quantity of atoms a mole which has the same
mass in grams as the mass of the element in amu.

So how many atoms does it take to make, say,
1.00 g of H?

1.0 g H x 1 atom H @ 6.0 x 10
23
atoms of H
1.7 x 10
-24
g H

12.0 g C x 1 atom C @ 6.0 x 10
23
atoms of C
2.0 x 10
-23
g C

a mole
Avogadros Number
6.02214 x 10
23
units/mole

No. of atoms per mole of an element
No. of molecules per mole of molecular cmpd.
No. of formula units per mole of ionic cmpd.
No. of cows per mole of cows
Memorize this number & what it means!
1 C atom = 12 amu 1 mole C atoms = 12 g
1 Mg atom = 24 amu 1 mole Mg atoms = 24 g
1 CO molecule = 28 amu 1 mole CO molecules = 28 g
1 NaCl fm. unit = 58 amu 1 mole NaCl fm.units = 58g
Molar Mass
From this information we can define something
called the molar mass (MM) of an atom (or
molecule or formula):

from the equality: 1 mole C = 12.0 g C
we define the molar mass of a substance

12.0 g C = MM or Molar Mass
1 mole C (Atomic Mass)
(Molecular Mass)
(Formula Mass)
conversion factor
Problems
Practice Ex. 3.9:
How many mole in 508 g of NaHCO
3
?
Given: MM = 84.02 g/mol NaHCO
3
508 g NaHCO
3

508 g NaHCO
3
x 1 mole = 6.05 mole NaHCO
3

84.02 g NaHCO
3

How many formula units of NaHCO
3
?
Given: 6.02 x 10
23
form. units/mole NaHCO
3

6.05 mole NaHCO
3
x 6.02 x 10
23
fm. units = 3.6 x 10
24
fm.
1 mole units NaHCO
3

Molar Mass converts between moles and
grams of a substance

Avogadros number converts between moles
of a substance and atoms (or molecules or
formula units) of that substance
These are very important conversion
factors, know & understand them!
Problems
How many moles of vitamin C are contained in 5.00 g of
vitamin C? C
6
H
8
O
6
176.0 g/mol

17.5 mg of cocaine (C
17
H
21
NO
4
) per kg of body weight
is a lethal dose. How many moles is that? How many
molecules?

In 25 g of C
12
H
30
O
2
THC (tetrahydrocannibinol) how
many moles are there? How many molecules are there?
How many C atoms are there?
How many moles of O are contained in 1.50
moles of C
6
H
5
NO
3
?

How many grams of nitrogen are contained
in 70.0 g of C
6
H
5
NO
3
? How many atoms?

Calculate the number of H
atoms in 50.0 mg of
acetominophen, C
8
H
9
O
2
N.
Determination Empirical Formulas
simplest ratio of atoms
change g of each element to moles or
assume 100 grams of substance & change
the % of each element to moles
change the mole ratio of atoms to the
simplest ratio by dividing by the smallest
number of moles
Practice Ex. 3.12:
5.325 g methyl benzoate contains 3.758 g C, 0.316 g H,
1.251 g O. Determine empirical formula.
3.758 g C x 1 mole = 0.313 mol C
12.01 g
0.316 g H x 1 mole = 0.313 mol H
1.01 g
1.251 g O x 1 mole = 0.0782 mol O
16.00 g
C
0.313
H
0.313
O
0.0782
C
4
H
4
O
Determination of Molecular Formulas
actual ratio of atoms
determine the empirical formula
divide the actual molar mass by the
empirical formula mass to get n
multiply the mole ratio in the empirical
formula by n
Practice Ex. 3.13:
Ethylene glycol is composed of 38.7% C, 9.7% H &
51.6% O by mass. Its true molar mass is 62.1 g/mol.
What are the empirical and molecular formulas?
38.7 g C x 1 mole = 3.23 mole C
12.0 g
9.7 g H x 1 mole = 9.60 mole H
1.01 g
51.6 g O x 1 mole = 3.22 mole O
16.0 g
C
3.23
H
9.60
O
3.22

CH
3
O
empirical formula
n = 2
molecular formula
C
2
H
6
O
2
Formulas from Combustion Data
Formulas determined from products of
combustion products
Menthol is composed of C, H, and O. A 0.1005 g sample
of menthol is combusted, producing 0.2829 g of CO
2
and
0.1159 g H
2
O. What is the empirical formula?
C
x
H
y
O
z
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
0.1005 g 0.2829 g 0.1159 g
Calculate moles CO
2
& C; moles H
2
O & H
0.2829 g CO
2
x 1 mol x 1 mol C = 0.00643 mol C
44.0 g 1 mol CO
2

0.1159 g H
2
O x 1 mol x 2 mol H = 0.0129 mol H
18.0 g 1 mol H
2
O
total mass of C + H = 0.0902 g
mass of O = 0.1005 g - 0.0902 g = 0.0103 g O x 1 mol =
16.0 g
6.44 x 10
-4
mol O
total mass of all C, H & O
C
0.00643
H
0.0129
O
0.000644

C
10
H
20
O
0.00643 mol C 0.0129 mol H 6.44 x 10
-4
mol O
If the MM is 156 g/mol, what is the molecular formula?
n=1 therefore molecular formula is C
10
H
20
O
(empirical formula mass 156 g/mol)
Quantitative Stoichiometry
Determination of quantities from balanced
chemical reaction equations
mole ratios from balanced chemical equation
convert between species
if quantities are given for more than one reactant,
the limiting reactant must be determined
Given the following balanced equation:

1Mg(OH)
2
+ 2HCl 1MgCl
2
+ 2H
2
O

Calculate the number of moles of HCl required to
react completely with 0.42 mol of Mg(OH)
2


0.42 mol Mg(OH)
2
x 2 mol HCl = 0.84 mol HCl
1 mol Mg(OH)
2



The mole ratio comes from the balanced chemical
equation

How many grams of MgCl
2
can be produced?

0.42 mol Mg(OH)
2
x 1 mol MgCl
2
x 95.3 g MgCl
2

1 mol Mg(OH)
2
1 mol


= 40.0 g MgCl
2


Theoretical Yield -- maximum
amount that can be produced
General Sequence of Conversion:
grams of
reactant
moles of
reactant
MM reactant
moles of
product
mole
ratio
grams of
product
MM product
Practice Ex. 3.14:
How many grams of O
2
can be prepared
from 4.50 g of KClO
3
?

2KClO
3
2KCl + 3O
2

4.50 g KClO
3
x 1 mol x 3 mol O
2
x 32.0 g O
2
= 1.76 g O
2

122.6 g 2 mol KClO
3
1 mol
Limiting Reactant
given a non-stoichiometric amount of both
reactants, you will have to determine which is the
limiting reagent or reactant

example: you have 10 bicycle frames and 16 bicycle
wheels and you need to put them together to produce as
many bicycles as possible, how many bicycles can be
produced, what is the limiting reagent, and how much
excess reagent do you have left over?
Balanced Equation

1 (mole) frame + 2 (moles) wheels 1 (mole) bicycles
[10 (moles) frames] [16 (moles) wheels] [8(moles) bicycles]
Limiting Reactant -- will produce the least amount of
product
10 mol frames x 1 mol bicycles = 10 bicycles
1 mol frames
16 mol wheels x 1 mol bicycles = 8 bicycles
2 mol wheels
limiting reactant
Practice Ex. 3.16:
A mixture of 1.5 mol of Al and 3.0 mol of Cl
2
react.
What is limiting & how many moles of AlCl
3
are
formed?
2Al
(s)
+ 3Cl
2(g)
2AlCl
3(s)

1.5 mol 3.0 mol
1.5 mol Al x 2 mol AlCl
3
= 1.5 mol AlCl
3

2 mol Al
3.0 mol Cl
2
x 2 mol AlCl
3
= 2.0 mol AlCl
3

3 mol Cl
2

1.5 mol