Chapter 10:

Gases
Overview
Pressure
Barometer & Atmospheric Pressure
Standard Conditions
Gas Laws
Boyles Law
Charles Law
Avogadros Law
Ideal Gas Law

Gas Laws under Two Conditions
Gas Densities
Darltons Law of Partial Pressure
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Molecular Effusion/Diffusion
Grahams Law
Deviation from Ideality
Characteristics
Solids
have own shape and volume
particles close together with strong
interaction
Liquids
have own volume but assume shape of container
particles farther apart but have moderate
interaction
Gases
assume shape and volume of container
particles far apart with little/no interaction
highly compressible
Pressure
P = F/A
Force in Newtons
Area in m
2

Barometer
P in N/m
2
= Pascal unit
1 x 10
5
N/m
2
= 1 x 10
5
Pa or 100 kPa
Standard Pressure
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 1.01325 x 10
5
Pa =
101.325 kPa (or torr)
h
when atmospheric force equals the force of the
column the atmospheric pressure is measured as h
force of the
atmosphere
force of the column
Gas Laws
Boyles Law
P 1/V constant T, n
volume increases as pressure decreases
Charles Law
V T constant P, n
volume increases as temperature increases
Avogadros Law
V n constant P, T
volume increases as moles of gas (n) increases
Ideal Gas Law
combines all gas laws PV = nRT
R = 0.0821 L-atm
mol-K
any volumes must be in liters
any temperatures must be in kelvin
any pressures must be in atmospheres

STP or SC -- standard temperature/pressure
P = 1 atm (same as 760 mm Hg)
T = 273 K (same as 0 C)
Problem 10.3: A flashbulb contains 2.4 x 10
-4
mol of
O
2
gas at 1.9 atm and 19C . What is the volulme?

PV = nRT or V = nRT
P

V = 2.4x10
-4
mol x

0.0821 L-atm x 292 K
mol-K
1.9 atm


V = 3.0 x 10
-3
L or 3.0 mL or 3.0 cm
3
Gas Laws Under Two Conditions
P
1
V
1
= P
2
V
2

T
1
T
2

Problem 10.4: Pressure in a tank is kept at 2.20 atm.
When the temp. is -15C the volume is 28,500 ft
3
.
What is the volume is the temp. is 31C
P
1
= P
2
= 2.20 atm T
1
= 258 K T
2
= 304 K
V
1
= 28,500 ft
3

V
2
= P
1
V
1
T
2

P
2
T
1

V
2
= 28,500 ft
3
x 304 K =
258 K
33,600 ft
3

Gas Densities
n = P from PV = nRT
V RT
n = moles x g/mol = g = d = PMM
V L L RT
d = PMM
RT
(atm)g
mol
L atm ( K)
mol K
Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
total pressure of a mixture = sum of each
partial pressure
P
T
= P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3
. . . .
each partial pressure = the pressure each gas
would have if it were alone
P
1
= n
1
RT P
2
= n
2
RT P
3
= n
3
RT
V
1
V
2
V
3


P
T
= n
1
RT

+ n
2
RT + n
3
RT = (n
1
+ n
2
+ n
3
) RT
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
volumes are the same
P
1
= n
1
therefore P
1
= n
1
P
T



P
T
n
T
n
T


n
1
= X
1
mole fraction

n
T


P
1
= X
1
P
T

Kinetic Molecular Theory
Gases consist of particles in constant,
random motion
Volume of gas particles is negligible
Attractive and repulsive forces are
negligible
Average kinetic energy is proportional to
temperature
Collisions are elastic
molecular speed
u = root mean square speed or speed of
molecule with average kinetic energy



R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol-K), T is temp. in K & MM is
molar mass
What is the rms speed of an He atom at 25C?
u = (3 x 8.314 kg-m
2
/s
2
-mol-K x 298 K)
1/2

( 4.00 x 10
-3
kg/mol )

u =


1.36 x 10
3
m/s
MM
3RT
u
Effusion/Diffusion
small molecules will effuse/diffuse faster than
large molecules
effusion





diffusion
Grahams Law
where r is rate of speed &
MM is the molar mass


Problem 10.14: Calculate the ratio of the
effusion rates of N
2
and O
2
.

1
2
2
1
r
r
MM
MM

07 . 1
2
2
2
2

N
O
O
N
MM
MM
r
r
r
N
2
= 1.07 r
O
2

Deviation from Ideality
Occurs at very high pressure or very low
temperature
Correction due to volume
ideal law assumes molecules have no volume
for molecules which are far apart, this is a good assumption
must correct for the volume of the molecules
themselves

Correction due to attraction of molecules
ideal law assumes the molecules have no
attraction to each other
for molecules which are far apart, this is a good assumption
must correct for actual attraction of molecules

correction for
molecular attraction
correction for
molecular volume
nb - V
nRT
v
a n
P
2
2