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Intermolecular Forces,
Liquids & Solids
Liquids & Solids
Chapter 11
Overview
Intermolecular Forces
Liquids
Phase Changes
Vapor Pressure
Phase Diagrams
Solids -- Structure
Solids
particles close together
locked into relative positions
(crystalline
strong interactions
(interparticle !orces
Liquids
particles !arther apart
mo"ile relative to each other
#eaker interactions "et#een
particles
Remember
$as Liquid
+ E
- E
condensation
vapori%ation
condensation
! -
"apori#ation
! $
Liquid
Solid
+ E
- E
!ree%ing
melting
%ree#ing
! -
melting
! $
Intermolecular Forces
Ion-Dipole Forces
occur "et#een ions and dipoles
"et#een charged particles and neutral, polar covalent
particles
Dipole-Dipole Forces
occur "et#een t#o dipoles
"et#een t#o, neutral, polar covalent particles
Ion & 'ipole Force
(() & *)) k+,mol
+
O
H
-
+
+
'ipole & 'ipole Force
(- & .- k+,mol
+ +
/0ydrogen 1onding2 Force
(( & .- k+,mol
+
+
polar molecule non&polar
molecule
+
+
Induced 'ipole &
Induced 'ipole Force
()4)- & () k+,mol
London 'ispersion
Strength of Forces
(
Ion - Dipole
(
)ydrogen Bonding*
(
Dipole - Dipole
(
Dipole - Induced Dipole
(
London Dispersion
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
0e (4*
5e .647
8r 964-
:r 1.)4;
<e 1**41
1oiling =oints o! 5o"le $ases
>emp
:
??
F
.
9-41
Cl
.
.794*
1r
.
77.4)
I
.
(-64*
1oiling =oints o! 0alogen 'iatomics
>emp
:
??
0
.
@ 767
0
.
S .1.
0
.
Se .71
0
.
>e .61
1oiling =oints o! $roup * 'ihydrides
>emp
:
??
$e0
(
19(
C0
(
1);
Si0
(
1*1
Sn0
(
What Does it Mean?
.
/
molecules
/
. and 0
1
molecules
0e atoms
F and 0
1
molecules
C
2
and Br
/
molecules
London Dispersion
ydrogen Bonding
London Dispersion
ydrogen Bonding
London Dispersion
"ro#erties of Liquids
Viscosity
resistance to !lo#
ease #ith #hich liquid particles move relative to one
another
related to attractive !orces "et#een particles
and structural properties o! the particles themselves
decreases #ith increasing energy (temperature o!
particles
Sur%ace Tension
energy required to increase the sur!ace area o! a liquid "y
a unit amount
a sphere produces the minimum sur!ace area
competition "et#een cohesive !orces vs adhesive !orces
cohesive forces tend to minimize surface area
adhesive forces tend to ma"imize surface area
high sur!ace tension re!lects strong cohesive !orces
capillary action && lo# sur!ace tension, strong adhesive
!orces
"hase $hanges
3nergy Changes
melting, solid to liquid
endothermic -- H
fusion
vapori%ation, liquid to gas
endothermic -- H
vaporization
condensation, gas to liquid
exothermic -- H
condensation
# - H
vaporization
!ree%ing, liquid to solid
exothermic -- H
freezin
# - H
fusion
"hase $hanges% cont&d
su"limation, solid to gas
endothermic -- H
sublimation
deposition, gas to solid
exothermic -- H
deposition
# - H
sublimation
"ro#erties of Liquids
liquid
solid
freezing -- exothermic
melting -- endothermic
liquid gas
vaporization -- endothermic
condensation -- exothermic
Tem
p
Tim
e
solid
liquid
gas
solid + liquid
in equilibrium
liquid + gas
in equilibrium
constant temp
&olecular Description
liquids have a distri"ution o! energies !or the liquid
molecules
at any temperature, some molecules have su!!icient
energy !or vapori%ation
the higher the temperature, the greater num"er o!
molecules #ith energy o! vapori%ation
at constant temperature, average energy o! molecules
is constant "ut in dynamic equili"rium
vapor pressure is the pressure e3erted "y vapori%ed
molecules #hen liquid and vapor states are in dynamic
equili"rium
Avaporation
Aquili"rium
Bapor =ressure
liquid
gas
Aq4 Bapor =ressure -- partial pressure
of gas over a liquid at equilibrium
/
. or
/
S
BrCl or Cl
/
BrCl or Cl
C
2
or C
/
/
.
BrCl
Cl
C
/
"ap
-ater ! $2;4< 789mol = >;;(
solid
vapor
solid liquid
liquid vapor
Structures of Solids
Anit Cells
characteristic 7&dimensional repeating unit o!
a crystalline su"stance
Layered as BBBBBBBB or
BBCBBC
Physical Properties of
Solids:
solid liquid
melting && endothermic
!ree%ing && e3othermic
solid gas
su"limation && endothermic
deposition && e3othermic
?elting =ointD !emperature at which
the cr"stal lattice brea#s down
H
fusion
= H
free$ing
melting free$ing
Which one of each #air will have the higher
melting #oint?
0aF or 0aI
Cl or I
.
/
or Br
/
0aCl or BrCl
/
S or
/
.
0aF
Cl
Br
/
0aCl
/
.
Ionic cations & anions
?etallic metal atoms
?olecular molecules
5et#ork atoms
8morphous irregular net#orks
Types of Solids:
!"pes %nits
5et#ork Solid
'iamond
5et#ork Solid
$raphite
NaCl
Na
Cl