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MC LC

Chng I. Ma trn nh thc



1. Ma trn ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.1. Khi nim ma trn....................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Cc php ton trn ma trn ......................................................................................... 6
1.3. Cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn ...................................................................... 14
1.4. Ma trn bc thang v bc thang rt gn .................................................................... 15
1.5. Ma trn kh nghch.................................................................................................... 16

2. nh thc........................................................................................................................ 19
2.1. Ma trn con cp k...................................................................................................... 19
2.2. nh ngha nh thc................................................................................................. 19
2.3. Cc tnh cht c bn ca nh thc ........................................................................... 20
2.4. nh l Laplace v khai trin nh thc.................................................................... 22
2.5. nh l Laplace m rng .......................................................................................... 23
2.6. ng dng nh thc tm ma trn nghch o ............................................................ 28
2.7. Hng ca ma trn ...................................................................................................... 29

Bi tp trc nghim chng I............................................................................................. 32

Chng II. H phng trnh tuyn tnh

1. H phng trnh tng qut ............................................................................................. 35
1.1. nh ngha................................................................................................................. 35
1.2. H Cramer ................................................................................................................. 36
1.3. Gii h tng qut bng phng php Gauss ............................................................. 39
1.4. iu kin c nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh............................................... 41

2. H phng trnh thun nht ........................................................................................... 43
2.1. nh ngha................................................................................................................. 43
2.2. Nghim c bn ca h phng trnh thun nht ....................................................... 44
2.3. Cu trc nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh...................................................... 46

Bi tp trc nghim chng II............................................................................................ 47

Chng III. Khng gian vector

1. Khi nim khng gian vector ......................................................................................... 49
1.1. nh ngha................................................................................................................. 49
1.2. Tnh cht ca khng gian vector ............................................................................... 49
1.3. Cc v d v khng gian vector................................................................................. 49
1.4. Khng gian vector con .............................................................................................. 50

2. S c lp tuyn tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh................................................................. 50
2.1. T hp tuyn tnh...................................................................................................... 50
2.2. c lp tuyn tnh v ph thuc tuyn tnh .............................................................. 52
2.3. H vector trong R
n
..................................................................................................... 54

3. S chiu, c s ca khng gian vector........................................................................... 55
3.1. Khng gian sinh bi mt h vector ........................................................................... 55
3.2. S chiu v c s ...................................................................................................... 56

4. Ta ca vector ........................................................................................................... 58
4.1. Ta ca vector i vi mt c s......................................................................... 58
4.2. Ta ca vector trong cc c s khc nhau ........................................................... 60

Bi tp trc nghim chng III .......................................................................................... 62





Chng IV. nh x tuyn tnh

1. Khi nim nh x tuyn tnh .......................................................................................... 64
1.1. nh ngha................................................................................................................. 64
1.2. Nhn v nh ca nh x tuyn tnh ........................................................................... 65

2. Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh........................................................................................ 67
2.1. Khi nim ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh.................................................................. 67
2.2. nh l chuyn i ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh.................................................... 72
2.3. Thut ton tm ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh........................................................... 73

3. Tr ring Vector ring.................................................................................................. 74
3.1. Ma trn ng dng .................................................................................................... 74
3.2. a thc c trng v phng trnh c trng........................................................... 75
3.3. Tr ring, vector ring ............................................................................................... 76
3.4. Khng gian con ring................................................................................................ 78
3.5. nh l Cayley Hamilton ....................................................................................... 81

4. Cho ha ma trn vung ................................................................................................ 82
4.1. Khi nim ma trn cho ha c ............................................................................ 82
4.2. iu kin ma trn cho ha c.............................................................................. 82
4.3. Ma trn lm cho ha ma trn vung........................................................................ 82
4.4. Thut ton cho ha ma trn vung.......................................................................... 83

Bi tp trc nghim chng IV.......................................................................................... 86

Chng V. Dng ton phng

1. Khi nim dng ton phng......................................................................................... 89
1.1. Dng song tuyn tnh ................................................................................................ 89
1.2. Dng ton phng..................................................................................................... 90
1.3. Dng ton phng chnh tc ..................................................................................... 91

2. a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc bng cho ha trc giao .............................. 93
2.1. Khng gian Euclide................................................................................................... 93
2.1.1. nh ngha........................................................................................................... 93
2.1.2. Chun ca mt vector.......................................................................................... 93
2.1.3. C s trc chun ................................................................................................. 93
2.2. Thut ton cho ha trc giao................................................................................... 95
2.2.1. Ma trn trc giao................................................................................................. 95
2.2.2. Thut ton............................................................................................................ 96

3. a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc bng cc thut ton khc ............................. 99
3.1. Thut ton Lagrange ................................................................................................. 99
3.2. Thut ton Jacobi .................................................................................................... 101
3.3. Thut ton bin i s cp ma trn i xng.......................................................... 103

4. Nhn din ng v mt bc hai.................................................................................. 105
4.1. Nhn din ng bc hai ........................................................................................ 105
4.1.1. nh ngha......................................................................................................... 105
4.1.2. Phn loi ng bc hai .................................................................................... 105
4.1.3. Rt gn ng Conic ........................................................................................ 105
4.2. Nhn din mt bc hai............................................................................................. 107
4.2.1. nh ngha......................................................................................................... 107
4.2.2. S lc v lut qun tnh Sylvester v dng ton phng xc nh du .......... 107
4.2.3. Phn loi mt bc hai ........................................................................................ 109
4.2.4. Rt gn mt bc hai .......................................................................................... 110

Bi tp trc nghim chng V ......................................................................................... 111

p n Bi tp trc nghim.............................................................................................. 116

Ti liu tham kho............................................................................................................ 117
Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


5
Chng I
MA TRN NH THC

1. MA TRN

1.1. Khi nim ma trn

nh ngha 1

Mt ma trn (matrix) A c cp m n trn l mt h thng gm m n s thc
ij
a
( 1, 2,..., ; 1, 2,..., i m j n = = ), c sp thnh bng gm m dng v n ct
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
...
...
...
n
n
m m mn
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
1


( )

.

Ma trn A nh trn c vit gn l ( )
ij m n
A a

= .
Cc s thc
ij
a c gi l cc phn t ca ma trn ( )
ij m n
a

nm dng th i v ct th j .
Ma trn c tt c cc phn t u bng 0 c gi l ma trn khng.

Cp s ( , ) m n c gi l kch thc ca ma trn A. Hai ma trn c cng kch thc c gi l
cng cp.
Tp hp cc ma trn cp m n trn c k hiu l ( )
m n
M

.

V d 1. Xt ma trn
1 2 5
0 3 6
A
1



( )
, ta c
2 3
( ) A M

v

11
1 a = ,
12
2 a = ,
13
5 a = ,
21
0 a = ,
22
3 a = ,
23
6 a = .

nh ngha 2

Xt ma trn ( ) ( )
ij m n m n
A a M

= .
Khi m n = , ta gi A l ma trn vung cp n . K hiu ( )
ij n n
a

, ( )
n n
M

c vit gn l ( )
ij n
a
v ( )
n
M .
Khi 1 m = , ta gi
11 1 1
( ) ( )
n n
A a a M

= l ma trn dng.
Khi 1 n = , ta gi
11
1
1
( )
m
m
a
A M
a





( )
l ma trn ct.
Khi 1 m n = = , ta gi
11 1 1
( ) ( ) A a M

= l ma trn 1 phn t.

nh ngha 3

ng cho cha cc phn t
11 22
, ,...,
nn
a a a ca ma trn vung ( )
ij n
A a = c gi l ng
cho chnh ca A, ng cho cn li c gi l ng cho ph.

Ma trn vung ( )
ij n
A a = c tt c cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho chnh u bng 0 c gi
l ma trn cho (diagonal matrix), k hiu l
11 22
diag( )
nn
A a a a = .
Ma trn cho cp n gm tt c cc phn t trn ng cho chnh u bng 1 c gi l ma trn
n v cp n (Identity matrix), k hiu l
n
I hay I .

Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


6
Ma trn vung c tt c cc phn t nm pha di (tng ng, trn) ng cho chnh u bng 0
c gi l ma trn tam gic trn (tng ng, di).

Ma trn vung c tt c cc cp phn t i xng vi nhau qua ng cho chnh bng nhau c
gi l ma trn i xng.

V d 2.
3 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 6
A
1





( )
,
1 0 0
0 5 0
0 0 0
B
1





( )
l cc ma trn cho;

2
1 0
0 1
I
1



( )
,
3
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
I
1





( )
l cc ma trn n v;
1 2
0 0
C
1



( )
,
3 1 2
0 1 0
0 0 2
D
1





( )
l cc ma trn tam gic trn;

1 0
2 5
E
1



( )
,
3 0 0
4 0 0
1 5 2
F
1





( )
l cc ma trn tam gic di;

1 2
2 5
G
1



( )
,
3 4 1
4 1 0
1 0 2
H
1





( )
l cc ma trn i xng.

nh ngha 4

Hai ma trn ( )
ij
A a = v ( )
ij
B b = c gi l bng nhau khi v ch khi chng cng cp v
( , )
ij ij
a b i j = , k hiu l A B = .

V d 3. Cho hai ma trn
1
2
x y
A
z t
1



( )
v
1 0 1
2 3
B
u
1



( )
.
Ta c A B = khi 0, 1, 2, 2, 3 x y z u t = = = = = .


1.2. Cc php ton trn ma trn

1.2.1. Php cng v tr hai ma trn

Cho hai ma trn ( )
ij m n
A a

= v ( )
ij m n
B b

= , ta nh ngha

( )
ij ij m n
A B a b

=

V d 4.
1 0 2 2 0 2 1 0 4
2 3 4 5 3 1 7 0 3
1 1 1




=




( ) ( ) ( )
,
1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 0
2 3 4 5 3 1 3 6 5
1 1 1




=




( ) ( ) ( )
.

Nhn xt
Php cng ma trn c tnh cht giao hon v tnh cht kt hp.
Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


7
1.2.2. Php nhn v hng

Cho ma trn ( )
ij m n
A a

= v s , ta nh ngha
( )
ij m n
A a

=
V d 5.
1 1 0 3 3 0
3
2 0 4 6 0 12
1 1




=




( ) ( )
,
2 6 4 1 3 2
2
4 0 8 2 0 4
1 1



=




( ) ( )
.

Ch

Php nhn v hng c tnh phn phi i vi php cng ma trn.

Ma trn 1.A A = c gi l ma trn i ca ma trn A.

V d 6.
1 2 9 8 5 10 18 16
5 4 0 2 2 8 20 0 4 16
2 4 1 4 10 20 2 8
1 1 1 1







=





( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

13 6
16 16
8 12
1





( )
.

V d 7. Cho
2 7
3 9
A
1



( )
v
6 2
8 4
B
1



( )
. Tm ma trn X tha
2
2 4 2 X I A B = .
Gii. Ta c:

2
2 4 2 X I A B =
2
2 2 4 X A B I =
2
1
2
2
X A B I =

2 7 6 2 1 0
1
2
3 9 8 4 0 1
2
X
1 1 1




=




( ) ( ) ( )
2 7 3 1 2 0
3 9 4 2 0 2
X
1 1 1




=




( ) ( ) ( )
.

Vy
7 6
7 5
X
1



( )
.



1.2.3. Php nhn hai ma trn

Cho hai ma trn ( )
ij m n
A a

= v ( )
jk n p
B b

= , ta nh ngha

( )
ik m p
AB c

=

trong
1 1 2 2
... ( 1,..., ; 1,..., )
ik i k i k in nk
c a b a b a b i m k p = = = .

Ch

iu kin php nhn AB thc hin c l s ct ca ma trn A (ma trn trc) bng s dng
ca ma trn B (ma trn sau).

Nhn xt

S dng ca ma trn tch AB bng s dng ca ma trn A, s ct ca ma trn tch AB bng s ct
ca ma trn B .








Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


8
S nhn hai ma trn A v B :




V d 8.
( )
4
1 2 3 5 (1.4 2.5 3.6) (32)
6
1


= =





( )
,
( ) ( )
3 4 5
1 2 (1.3 2.6) (1.4 2.7) (1.5 2.8)
6 7 8
1



( )
(15 18 21) = ,

1 2 2 0 1.2 2( 1) 1.0 2.0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0.2 0.( 1) 0.0 0.0 0 0
1 1 1 1




= =




( )( ) ( ) ( )
,

2 0
1 1 1 4 4
1 1
2 0 3 7 9
1 3
1

1 1




=



( ) ( )


( )
.

V d 9. Cho ma trn
1 2 3
4 5 6
A
1



( )
. Thc hin cc php tnh sau: 1)
3
AI ; 2)
2
I A.
Gii
1)
3
1 0 0
1 2 3 1 2 3
0 1 0
4 5 6 4 5 6
0 0 1
AI
1

1 1



= =



( ) ( )


( )
; 2)
2
1 0 1 2 3 1 2 3
0 1 4 5 6 4 5 6
I A
1 1 1



= =




( )( ) ( )
.

V d 10. Cho hai ma trn
1 0 1
2 2 0
3 0 3
A
1





( )
v
1 2 1
0 3 1
2 1 0
B
1






( )
.
Thc hin cc php tnh sau: 1) AB ; 2) BA.

Gii
1)
1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 1
2 2 0 0 3 1 2 2 0
3 0 3 2 1 0 9 3 3
AB
1 1 1







= =





( )( ) ( )
.
2)
1 2 1 1 0 1 2 4 2
0 3 1 2 2 0 3 6 3
2 1 0 3 0 3 0 2 2
BA
1 1 1







= =





( )( ) ( )
.
dngi dngi
ct k ct k
Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


9
Nhn xt

Tch ca hai ma trn khc khng c th l mt ma trn khng.
Php nhn hai ma trn khng c tnh cht giao hon.

Tnh cht

Cho cc ma trn A, B , C v s . Gi thit rng cc php tnh u thc hin c, ta c:

i) ( ) ( ) AB C A BC = (tnh cht kt hp);

ii) ( ) A B C AB AC = (tnh cht phn phi bn tri);

iii) ( ) A B C AC BC = (tnh cht phn phi bn phi);

4i) ( ) ( ) ( ) AB A B A B = = ;

5i)
n m
AI A I A = = , vi ( )
m n
A M

.

V d 11. Thc hin php tnh sau:
1 2 2 3 0 5 2 3
1 3 5 4 7 2 5 4
A
1 1 1 1




=




( )( ) ( )( )
.
Gii. Ta c:
12 11 25 20 13 9
13 9 4 13 17 22
A
1 1 1




= =




( ) ( ) ( )
.
Cch khc

1 2 0 5 2 3
1 3 7 2 5 4
A
l 1 1 1


l


=

l


l ( ) ( ) ( )
l
1 3 2 3
6 1 5 4
1 1




=




( )( )
13 9
17 22
1




( )
.

V d 12. Thc hin php tnh
1 1 2 0 1 3 2 1 2 1
2 3 0 1 2 1 1 0 2 1
1 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 0 2
A
1 1 1 1







=





( )( )( )( )
.
Gii. Ta c:

5 1 4 2 1 2 1
3 8 3 1 0 2 1
7 7 14 3 1 0 2
A
1 1 1







=





( )( )( )
1 9 8 1 24
23 0 10 1 3
35 21 28 2 42
1 1 1







= =





( )( ) ( )
.
Cch khc
Thc hin php nhn t phi sang tri ta c:

1 1 2 0 1 3 7
2 3 0 1 2 1 3
1 1 4 2 1 3 2
A
1 1 1







=





( )( )( )
1 1 2 3 24
2 3 0 1 3
1 1 4 11 42
1 1 1







= =





( )( ) ( )
.


1.2.4. Ly tha ma trn vung

Cho ma trn ( )
n
A M .
Ly tha ma trn A c nh ngha theo quy np nh sau:

0 1 1
, , . . ( )
k k k
n
A I A A A A A AA k

= = = =

Nu A khc ma trn khng v \ {0; 1} k sao cho (0 )
k
ij n
A = th A c gi l ma trn ly
linh. S , 2 k k b nht sao cho (0 )
k
ij n
A = c gi l cp ca ma trn ly linh A.
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


10
V d 13. Ma trn
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
A
1





( )
l ly linh cp 3 v:
2
3
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 (0 )
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ij
A
1 1 1






= =





( )( ) ( )
,
3
3
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 (0 )
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ij
A
1 1 1






= = =





( )( ) ( )
.

Tnh cht
i) [(0 ) ] (0 )
k
ij n ij n
= , ( )
k
n n
I I = , k .
ii) . , ( ), ,
k m k m
n
A A A A M k m

= .
iii) ( ) , ( ), ,
km k m
n
A A A M k m = .

Ch

Nu
11 22
diag( )
nn
A a a a = th
11 22
diag( )
k k k k
nn
A a a a = .
Nu , ( )
n
A B M tha AB BA = (giao hon) th cc hng ng thc quen thuc cng ng vi
A, B . Khi AB BA th cc hng ng thc khng cn ng na.

V d 14. Xt ma trn cho
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 2
A
1





( )
, ta c:

2
2 2
2
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 ( 1) 0
0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 2
A
1 1 1 1





= = =





( )( ) ( ) ( )
,
3
3 3
3
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 ( 1) 0
0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 8 0 0 2
A
1 1 1 1





= = =





( )( ) ( ) ( )
.

V d 15. Xt hai ma trn
3 5
1 2
A
1



( )
v
2 5
1 3
B
1



( )
, ta c:

2
AB BA I = = ,

2 2
2
3 5 2 5 5 0 25 0
( )
1 2 1 3 0 5 0 25
A B
l 1 1 1 1


l


= = =

l


l ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
l
,

2 2
2 2
3 5 3 5 2 5 2 5
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3
A AB B
1 1 1 1




=




( ) ( )( ) ( )



14 25 2 0 9 25 25 0
5 9 0 2 5 14 0 25
1 1 1 1




= =




( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
.

Suy ra
2 2 2
( ) 2 A B A AB B = .

Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


11
V d 16. Xt hai ma trn
1 2
1 0
A
1



( )
v
2 1
4 3
B
1



( )
, ta c:

10 7 3 4
2 1 7 8
AB BA
1 1



= =




( ) ( )
,

2 2
2
1 2 2 1 3 3 24 18
( )
1 0 4 3 5 3 30 24
A B
l 1 1 1 1

l


= = =

l


l ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
l
,

2 2
2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
2 2
1 0 1 0 4 3 4 3
A AB B
1 1 1 1



=




( ) ( )( ) ( )


3 2 20 14 8 5 31 21
1 2 4 2 20 13 25 17
1 1 1 1



= =




( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
.

Suy ra
2 2 2
( ) 2 A B A AB B .
V d 17. Cho hm s
3 2
( ) 2 4 f x x x = v ma trn
1 1
0 1
A
1



( )
. Tm ma trn
2
( ) f A I .
Gii. Ta c:
2
1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 0 1 0 1
A
1 1 1




= =




( )( ) ( )
,
3
1 1 1 2 1 3
0 1 0 1 0 1
A
1 1 1




= =




( )( ) ( )
.
Suy ra:

2
1 3 1 2 1 0
( ) 2 4
0 1 0 1 0 1
f A I
1 1 1




=




( ) ( ) ( )
2 6 4 8 1 0 1 2
0 2 0 4 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1




= =




( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
.

V d 18. Tm ma trn
5
( ) D ABC = , trong :
2 1 3 0 0 1
, ,
1 0 8 1 1 2
A B C
1 1 1




= = =




( ) ( ) ( )
.
Gii. Ta c:
1 0
0 3
ABC
1



( )
.
Vy
5
5
5
1 0 ( 1) 0 1 0
0 3 0 243 0 3
D
1 1 1



= = =




( ) ( ) ( )
.

V d 19. Tm ma trn
2011
2
( ) I A , vi
2 0
1 0
A
1



( )
.

Gii. Ta c:
2
1 0 2 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 1
I A
1 1 1




= =




( ) ( ) ( )


2
2 2
1 0 1 0 1 0
( )
1 1 1 1 0 1
I A I
1 1 1




= = =




( )( ) ( )


1005
2010 2 1005
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) I A I A I I
l
= = =
l
l
.
Vy
2011
2 2
1 0 1 0
( ) .
1 1 1 1
I A I
1 1




= =




( ) ( )
.

Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


12
V d 20. Cho ma trn
cos sin
sin cos
A


1



( )
. Tm ,
n
A n .
Gii
Ta c:

0
1 0 cos 0 sin0
0 1 sin0 cos 0
A


1 1




= =




( ) ( )
,
1
cos1 sin1
sin1 cos1
A A


1

= =



( )
,

2
cos sin cos sin
sin cos sin cos
A


1 1




=




( )( )
2 2
2 2
cos sin 2sin cos
2sin cos cos sin


1



( )
cos2 sin2
sin2 cos 2


1



( )
.

Gi s
cos sin
sin cos
k
k k
A
k k


1



( )
( )

Vi 1 n k = , t ( ) ta c:

1
cos sin cos sin
sin cos sin cos
k
k k
A
k k

1 1




=




( )( )
cos( 1) sin( 1)
sin( 1) cos( 1)
k k
k k


1




( )
.

Vy
cos sin
,
sin cos
n
n n
A n
n n


1



( )
.

V d 21. Cho ma trn
40
( )
ij
A a = c cc phn t ( 1)
i j
ij
a

= . Tm phn t
25
ca ma trn
2
A .
Gii
Phn t
25
cn tm l tch dng th 2 ca A v ct th 5 ca A.

Cc phn t trn dng th 2 ca A l:
2 1
21
( 1) 1 a

= = ,
22
1 a = ,,
2 39
1 a = ,
2 40
1 a = .

Cc phn t trn ct th 5 ca A l:
1 5
15
( 1) 1 a

= = ,
25
1 a = ,,
39 5
1 a = ,
40 5
1 a = .
Vy
25
40
1.1 1( 1) ... ( 1).1 1( 1) 40 = =

so ha ng
.

V d 22. Cho ma trn
100
( )
ij
A a = c cc phn t ( 1) .
i
ij
a j = . Tm phn t
76
ca ma trn
2
A .
Gii
Phn t
76
cn tm l tch dng th 7 ca A v ct th 6 ca A.

Cc phn t trn dng th 7 ca A l:
7
71
( 1) .1 1 a = = ,
72
2 a = ,,
7 99
99 a = ,
7 100
100 a = .

Cc phn t trn ct th 6 ca A l:
1
16
( 1) .6 6 a = = ,
26
6 a = ,,
99 6
6 a = ,
100 6
6 a = .
Vy
76
6(1 2 3 4 ... 99 100) 300 = = .

V d 23. Cho ma trn
100
( )
ij
A a = c cc phn t ( 1) .3
i j
ij
a = . Tm phn t
34
ca ma trn
2
A .
Gii
Phn t
34
cn tm l tch dng th 3 ca A v ct th 4 ca A.

Dng th 3 ca A l
2 3 99 100
( 3 3 3 ... 3 3 )

Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


13
Ct th 4 ca A l
4 4 4 4 4
( 3 3 3 ... 3 3 )
T

Vy
4 2 3 99 100
34
3 (3 3 3 ... 3 3 ) =
100 5
4 100
1 ( 3) 3
3 .3. (1 3 )
1 ( 3) 4

= =

.


1.2.5. Php chuyn v

Cho ma trn ( )
m n
A M

. Ma trn chuyn v (Transposed matrix) ca A, k hiu l


T
A , l mt
ma trn cp n m nhn c t A bng cch chuyn tt c cc dng trong A thnh cc ct
tng ng ca
T
A . Php bin i ma trn A thnh ma trn
T
A c gi l php chuyn v.

V d 24. Ma trn chuyn v ca
1 2 3
4 5 6
A
1



( )
l
1 4
2 5
3 6
T
A
1





( )
.
Tnh cht

i) ( )
T T T
A B A B = , , ( )
m n
A B M

.

ii) ( ) .
T T
A A = , ( ),
m n
A M

.

iii) ( )
T T
A A = , ( )
m n
A M

.

4i) ( )
T T T
AB B A = , ( ), ( )
m n n p
A M B M

.

V d 25. Cho hai ma trn
1 1
0 2
3 2
A
1





( )
v
0 1 2
1 0 3
B
1



( )
.
1) Tnh ( )
T
AB ; 2) Tnh
T T
B A v so snh kt qu vi ( )
T
AB .
Gii
1) Ta c:
1 1 1 1 1
0 1 2
0 2 2 0 6
1 0 3
3 2 2 3 12
AB
1 1



= =



( )


( ) ( )


1 1 1 1 2 2
( ) 2 0 6 1 0 3
2 3 12 1 6 12
T
T
AB
1 1







= =





( ) ( )
.

2) Ta c:

0 1
1 0 3
, 1 0
1 2 2
2 3
T T
A B
1



= =



( )


( )


0 1 1 2 2
1 0 3
1 0 1 0 3
1 2 2
2 3 1 6 12
T T
B A
1 1


1



= =



( )


( ) ( )
.

Vy ( )
T T T
B A AB = .
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


14
1.3. Cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn

1.3.1. nh ngha

Cho ma trn ( )
ij m n
A a

= ( 2) m . Ta gi php bin i s cp dng trn A l mt trong cc dng


sau

1) Hon v dng i v dng k cho nhau A tr thnh B :
i k
d d
A B

.

2) Nhn dng i vi s 0 A tr thnh C :
i i
d d
A C

.

3) Thay dng i bi tng dng i vi ln dng k A thnh D :
i i k
d d d
A D

.

Ch

i) Trong dng 3), s thc c th l 0.
ii) Trong thc hnh ta thng lm gp
i i k
d d d
A E

.

iii) Tng t, ta cng c cc php bin i s cp trn ct ca ma trn.

V d 26. Dng cc php bin i s cp trn dng a ma trn sau y v ma trn tam gic trn:
2 1 1
1 2 3
3 1 2
A
1





( )
.
Gii. Ta c:
1 2
2 1 1 1 2 3
1 2 3 2 1 1
3 1 2 3 1 2
d d
A

1 1







=





( ) ( )



2 2 1 3 3 2
3 3 1
2
3
1 2 3 1 2 3
0 5 7 0 5 7
0 5 7 0 0 0
d d d d d d
d d d


1 1













( ) ( )
.

V d 27. Dng cc php bin i s cp a ma trn sau y v ma trn n v:
1 1 1
1 2 2
2 1 2
B
1





( )
.
Gii. Ta c:
3 3 2
1 1 1 1 1 0
1 2 2 1 2 0
2 1 2 2 1 1
c c c
B

1 1







=





( ) ( )



2 1 2 3 3 2
3 3 1
1 1 2
2 2
2 1
3
1
3
1 1 0 1 0 0
0 3 0 0 1 0
0 3 1 0 0 1
d d d d d d
d d d
d d d
d d


1 1












( ) ( )
.


1.3.2. Ma trn s cp

Ma trn thu c t ma trn n v
n
I bi ng mt php bin i s cp dng hay ct c gi l
ma trn s cp.
Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


15
V d 28. Chng t rng cc ma trn sau y l s cp:
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
A
1





( )
,
1 0 0
0 5 0
0 0 1
B
1





( )
v
1 0 0
2 1 0
0 0 1
C
1





( )
.
Gii. Ta c:

1 3
3
1 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 0
c c
I A

1 1






= =





( ) ( )
,

2 2
5
3
1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 5 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
d d
I B

1 1






= =





( ) ( )
,

2 2 1
2
3
1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 2 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
d d d
I C

1 1






= =





( ) ( )
.

Do cc ma trn , , A B C thu c t ma trn n v
3
I bi ng mt php bin i s cp dng hay
ct nn l cc ma trn s cp.


1.4. Ma trn bc thang v bc thang rt gn

1.4.1. Ma trn bc thang
nh ngha

Trong mt ma trn, mt dng c tt c cc phn t u bng 0 c gi l dng bng khng hay
dng khng.

Trong mt ma trn, phn t khc 0 u tin tnh t tri sang phi ca mt dng c gi l phn t
c s ca dng .

Ma trn bc thang l ma trn khc khng c cp m n ( , 2) m n tha c hai iu kin sau

1) Cc dng bng khng pha di cc dng khc khng;

2) Phn t c s ca mt dng bt k nm bn phi phn t
c s ca dng pha trn dng .

V d 29.
Cc ma trn sau l bc thang:
n
I ,
1 0 2
0 0 3
0 0 0
A
1





( )
,
0 1 2 3
0 0 4 5
0 0 0 1
B
1





( )
.
Cc ma trn sau khng phi l bc thang:
0 2 7
0 3 4
0 0 5
C
1





( )
,
2 3 5
0 0 0
0 1 3
D
1





( )
,
0 3 5
0 0 0
5 0 0
E
1





( )
.

nh l
Mi ma trn u c th a c v ma trn bc thang bng mt s hu hn cc php bin i
s cp.
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


16
1.4.2. Ma trn bc thang rt gn
nh ngha
Ma trn bc thang rt gn l ma trn bc thang c phn t c s ca mt dng bt k u bng 1 v
l phn t khc 0 duy nht ca ct cha phn t .

V d 30. Cc ma trn
n
I ,
1 3 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
A
1





( )
,
0 1 0 3
0 0 1 2
0 0 0 0
B
1





( )
l cc ma trn bc thang rt gn.
Ma trn
1 2 3
0 0 1
C
1



( )
khng phi l bc thang rt gn.


1.5. Ma trn kh nghch

1.5.1. nh ngha

Ma trn vung A cp n c gi l kh nghch nu tn ti ma trn vung cng cp B sao cho
n
AB BA I = = .
Ma trn B l duy nht v c gi l ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A, k hiu l
1
B A

= .

Ch
i)
1 1
( ) A A

=
ii) Nu ma trn B l ma trn nghch o ca A th A cng l ma trn nghch o ca B .

V d 31.
2 5
1 3
A
1



( )
v
3 5
1 2
B
1



( )
l hai ma trn nghch o ca nhau v
2
AB BA I = = .
V d 32. Cho bit ma trn
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
A
1





( )
tha ng thc:
3 2
3 3
(0 )
ij
A A A I = . Tm
1
A

.
Gii. Ta c:
3 2 3 2
3 3 3
(0 )
ij
A A A I A A A I = =
2
3 3
( ) A A A I I = .
Vy
1 2
3
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
A A A I


= =





( )
.

V d 33. Cho ( )
n
A M l ma trn ly linh cp k .
Chng minh rng
1 1
( ) ...
k
n n
I A A A I

= .
Gii. Ta c:
1 1 1 2
( )( ... ) ( ... ) ( ... )
k k k k
n n n
I A A A I A A I A A A A

=
(0 )
k
n n ij n n
I A I I = = = .
Suy ra
1
...
k
n
A A I

l nghch o ca ( )
n
I A .

Vy
1 1
( ) ...
k
n n
I A A A I

= .

Ch

i) Nu ma trn vung A c t nht 1 dng (hay 1 ct) bng khng th khng kh nghch.
Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


17
ii)
1
I I

= ;
1 1 1
( ) AB B A

= .

iii) Nu 0 ac bd th

1
1
.
a b c b
d c d a
ac bd

1 1




=




( ) ( )


V d 34. Cho hai ma trn
2 5
1 3
A
1



( )
v
2 1
3 2
B
1



( )
.
Thc hin cc php tnh: 1)
1
( ) AB

; 2)
1 1
B A

.
Gii
1) Ta c:
1 1
1
2 5 2 1 19 12
( )
1 3 3 2 11 7
AB

l 1 1 1

l


= =

l


l ( )( ) ( )
l
7 12 7 12
1
11 19 11 19
19.7 11.12
1 1




= =




( ) ( )
.

2) Ta c:
1
3 5 3 5
1
1 2 1 2
2.3 1.5
A

1 1




= =




( ) ( )
,
1
2 1 2 1
1
3 2 3 2
2.2 3.1
B

1 1




= =




( ) ( )



1 1
2 1 3 5 7 12
3 2 1 2 11 19
B A

1 1 1




= =




( )( ) ( )
.


1.5.2. Thut ton tm ma trn nghch o bng php bin i s cp trn dng

Cho ma trn ( )
n
A M , ta tm
1
A

(nu c) nh sau
Bc 1. Lp ma trn
( )
n
A I bng cch ghp
n
I vo bn phi ca A.
Bc 2. Dng php bin i s cp trn dng a
( )
n
A I v dng
( )
A B

(vi A l ma trn bc
thang rt gn).
Khi :
i) nu
n
A I

th ta kt lun A khng kh nghch;


ii) nu
n
A I

= th ta kt lun A kh nghch v
1
A B

= .

V d 35. Tm ma trn nghch o (nu c) ca
1 5
2 10
A
1



( )
.
Gii. Ta c:

( )
2 2 1
2
2
1 5 1 0 1 5 1 0
2 10 0 1 0 0 2 1
d d d
A I

1 1




=




( ) ( )
.
Do
2
1 5
0 0
A I
1



( )
nn ma trn A khng kh nghch.

V d 36. Tm ma trn nghch o (nu c) ca
1 5
1 5
B
1



( )
.
Gii. Ta c:
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


18
( )
2 2 1
2
1 5 1 0 1 5 1 0
1 5 0 1 0 10 1 1
d d d
B I

1 1




=




( ) ( )



1 1
1 1 2
2 2
1
2
2
1
10
1 1
2 0 1 1 1 0
2 2
0 10 1 1 0 1 1 1
10 10
d d
d d d
d d

1

1


( )



( )
.
Vy
1
5 5
1
1 1
10
B



( )
.

V d 37. Tm nghch o (nu c) ca ma trn
1 1 1
1 0 1
2 1 0
C
1





( )
.
Gii. Ta c:
( )
2 2 1
3 3 1
2 3
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 0
2 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 0 1
d d d
d d d
C I


1 1







=






( ) ( )


1 1 2
3 3 2
2 2
1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 2 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 1
d d d
d d d
d d






( )
.
Vy ma trn C khng kh nghch.

V d 38. Tm nghch o ca ma trn
1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1
D
1


( )
.
Gii. Ta c:
( )
4
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
D I
1



( )
3 3 4
2 3 2
1 1 2 4
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
d d d
d d d
d d d d



1




( )
.

Vy
1
1 1 1 2
0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1
D


( )
.









Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


19
2. NH THC
2.1. Ma trn con cp k

nh ngha
Cho ma trn ( ) ( )
ij n n
A a M = .

Ma trn vung cp k c lp t cc phn t nm trn giao ca k dng v k ct ca A c gi
l ma trn con cp k ca A.

Ma trn
ij
M c cp 1 n thu c t A bng cch b i dng th i v ct th j c gi l ma
trn con ca A ng vi phn t
ij
a .

V d 39. Xt ma trn
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
A
1





( )
, ta c cc ma trn con ng vi cc phn t
ij
a l:

11
5 6
8 9
M
1



( )
,
12
4 6
7 9
M
1



( )
,
13
4 5
7 8
M
1



( )
,

21
2 3
8 9
M
1



( )
,
22
1 3
7 9
M
1



( )
,
23
1 2
7 8
M
1



( )
,

31
2 3
5 6
M
1



( )
,
32
1 3
4 6
M
1



( )
,
33
1 2
4 5
M
1



( )
.


2.2. nh ngha nh thc

nh thc (determinant) ca ma trn ( )
ij n
A a = , k hiu l detA hay | | A , l mt s thc c
nh ngha quy np theo n nh sau

Nu 1 n = th
11 11
detA a a = = .

Nu 2 n = th
11 12
11 22 12 21
21 22
det
a a
A a a a a
a a
= = .

Nu 3 n th
11 11 12 12 1 1
det ...
n n
A a A a A a A =

trong
1
1 1
( 1) det( ) ( 1, 2,..., )
j
j j
A M j n

= = .

Ch

i) det 1
n
I = , det(0 ) 0
ij n
= .

ii) Quy tc su ng cho (Quy tc Sarius):


=






(ba phn t nm trn cc on ni th nhn vi nhau).

Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


20
V d 40. Tnh nh thc ca cc ma trn sau:
1)
3 2
1 4
A
1



( )
; 2)
1 2 1
3 2 1
2 1 1
B
1





( )
.
Gii
1)
3 2
det 3.4 1.( 2) 14
1 4
A

= = = .
2)
1 1 1 2 1 3
2 1 3 1 3 2
det 1.( 1) 2( 1) ( 1)( 1)
1 1 2 1 2 1
B


= 3 2.1 ( 1).7 12 = = .

Cch khc. S dng quy tc su ng cho, ta c:

det 1.( 2).1 2.1.2 3.1.( 1) B = 2.( 2)( 1) 3.2.1 1.1.1 12 = .

V d 41. Tnh nh thc ca ma trn
0 0 3 1
4 1 2 1
3 1 0 2
2 3 3 5
A
1


( )
.
Gii. Ta c:

11 12 13 14
det 0. 0. 3. ( 1). A A A A A =
1 3 1 4
13 14
3( 1) det ( 1) det M M

=

4 1 1 4 1 2
3 3 1 2 3 1 0 49
2 3 5 2 3 3

= = .


2.3. Cc tnh cht c bn ca nh thc
Cho ma trn ( )
n
A M , ta c cc tnh cht c bn sau

2.3.1. Tnh cht 1
det( ) det
T
A A =
V d 42.
1 2 1 3
2
3 4 2 4
= = .

2.3.2. Tnh cht 2
Nu hon v hai dng (hay hai ct) cho nhau th nh thc i du.

V d 43.
1 3 2
2 2 1
1 1 1

1 1 1
2 2 1
1 3 2

=
1 1 1
2 2 1 .
3 1 2

=

H qu
nh thc c t nht hai dng (hay hai ct) ging nhau th bng 0.

V d 44.
3 3 1
2 2 1 0
1 1 7
= ;
2 3
2 5
2 5
1 0
1
x x x
y y
y y
= .
Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


21
2.3.3. Tnh cht 3
Nu nhn mt dng (hay mt ct) vi s thc th nh thc tng ln ln.

V d 45.
3.1 0 3.( 1) 1 0 1
2 1 2 3 2 1 2
3 1 7 3 1 7

= ;
3 3
3 3
3 3
1 1
1 ( 1) 1
1 1
x x x x x
x y y x y y
x z z z z

.

H qu
nh thc c t nht 1 dng (hay 1 ct) bng khng th bng 0.
nh thc c 2 dng (hay 2 ct) t l vi nhau th bng 0.

V d 46.
2
3 2
0 1
0 0
0
x
x y
x y
= ;
6 6 9
2 2 3 0
8 3 12

=

.

2.3.4. Tnh cht 4

Nu nh thc c mt dng (hay mt ct) m mi phn t l tng ca hai s hng th ta c th tch
thnh tng hai nh thc.

V d 47.
3 3 3
3 3 3
1 1 1 1 0
;
1 1 1
x x x x x x
x y y x y y x y y
z z z z z z

=


2 2
2 2
2 2
cos 2 3 sin 2 3 1 2 3
sin 5 6 cos 5 6 1 5 6 .
1 8 9 sin 8 9 cos 8 9
x x
x x
x x
=

2.3.5. Tnh cht 5
nh thc s khng i nu ta cng vo mt dng (hay mt ct) vi ln dng (hay ct) khc.

V d 48. Dng tnh cht 5, a nh thc sau v dng tam gic trn:
1 2 3
1 2 1
2 3 4
= .
Gii. Ta c:
2 2 1 3 3 1
2
1 2 3 1 2 3
0 4 2 0 4 2
2 3 4 0 1 2
d d d d d d
= =

3 3 2
1
4
1 2 3
0 4 2
3
0 0
2
d d d
=

.

V d 49. S dng cc tnh cht tnh nh thc
2 2
2 2
2 2
x
x
x
= .
Gii. Ta c:
1 1 2 3
4 4 4
2 2
2 2
d d d d
x x x
x
x


=
1 1 1
( 4) 2 2
2 2
x x
x
=
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


22

2 2 1
3 3 1
2
2
2
1 1 1
( 4) 0 2 0 ( 4)( 2) .
0 0 2
d d d
d d d
x x x x
x


= =




Ch
Trong tnh cht 5, dng (hay ct) m ta mun thay i th khng c nhn vi bt k s thc no
khc 1.


2.4. nh l Laplace v khai trin nh thc

Cho ma trn ( )
ij n
A a = . Gi ( 1) det( )
i j
ij ij
A M

= l phn b i s ca phn t
ij
a , ta c
khai trin Laplace nh sau

Khai trin theo dng th i

1 1 2 2
1
det ...
n
i i i i in in ij ij
j
A a A a A a A a A
=
= =



Khai trin theo ct th j

1 1 2 2
1
det ...
n
j j j j nj nj ij ij
i
A a A a A a A a A
=
= =



V d 50. Tnh nh thc
1 0 0 2
2 0 1 2
1 3 2 3
3 0 2 1
= bng hai cch:
1) khai trin theo dng 1; 2) khai trin theo ct 2.
Gii
1) Khai trin theo dng 1, ta c
0 1 2 2 0 1
1.1. 3 2 3 ( 1).2. 1 3 2 3
0 2 1 3 0 2
= = .
2) Khai trin theo ct 2, ta c

1 0 2
( 1).3. 2 1 2 3
3 2 1
= = .

Nhn xt
Khi tnh nh thc, ta nn khai trin Laplace theo dng (hay ct) c cha nhiu phn t 0 nht.

V d 51. p dng tnh cht v khai trin Laplace, hy tnh nh thc
1 1 1 2
2 1 1 3
1 2 1 2
3 3 2 1

.
Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


23
Gii. Ta c
2 2 1
3 3 1
4 4 1
2
3
1 1 1 2
0 3 1 1
0 1 2 0
0 0 1 5
d d d
d d d
d d d




=


3 1 1
1 2 0 34
0 1 5

= =

khai trie n cot 1
.


Cc kt qu c bit cn nh
nh thc ca ma trn cho v tam gic c tnh theo cng thc:


11 22 11 22
det[diag( )] ...
nn nn
a a a a a a =



11 12 1 11
22 2 21 22
11 22
1 2
... 0 ... 0
0 ... ... 0
...
0 0 ... ...
n
n
nn
nn n n nn
a a a a
a a a a
a a a
a a a a
= =




2.5. nh l Laplace m rng (khai trin nh thc theo k dng hay k ct)
Cho ma trn ( )
ij n
A a = . Xt k dng v k ct nh sau:
1 2
...
k
i i i < < < v
1 2
...
k
j j j < < <

Gi nh thc ca ma trn con cp k gm cc phn t nm trn k dng v k ct xt trn l
1 1 1 2 1
2 1 2 2 2
1 2
k
k
k k k k
i j i j i j
i j i j i j
i j i j i j
a a a
a a a
a a a
=



nh thc ca ma trn con cp n k nhn c t A bng cch b i k dng v k ct trn
c gi l nh thc con b ca .

i lng
1 2 1 2
... ...
( 1)
k k
i i i j j j


=

c gi l phn b i s ca .

nh l
nh thc ca mt ma trn vung bng tng ca tch mi nh thc rt ra t k dng (hay k ct)
vi phn b tng ng ca chng.

V d 52. Xt ma trn
1 1 1 2
2 1 1 3
1 2 1 2
3 3 2 1
A
1


( )
.
Chn hai dng 2 v 3, hai ct 1 v 4, ta c nh thc
2 3
1 2
= .

B i hai dng v hai ct chn, ta c nh thc
1 1
3 2
= .
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


24
Phn b i s ca l i lng
2 3 1 4
1 1
( 1) 1
3 2


= = = .
V d 53. p dng nh l Laplace m rng, hy tnh nh thc
1 1 1 2
2 1 1 3
1 2 1 2
3 3 2 1

.
Gii. Ta khai trin Laplace theo hai dng 1 v 2.

T hai dng ny ta lp c su nh thc con cp hai:

1
1 1
3
2 1
= =

,
2
1 1
1
2 1
= = ,
3
1 2
1
2 3
= = ,


4
1 1
2
1 1
= =

,
5
1 2
5
1 3
= =

,
6
1 2
1
1 3
= = .

Su phn b i s tng ng vi su nh thc con trn l:


1 2 1 2
1
1 2
( 1) 5
2 1


= = ,
1 2 1 3
2
2 2
( 1) 4
3 1

= = ,


1 2 1 4
3
2 1
( 1) 7
3 2


= = ,
1 2 2 3
4
1 2
( 1) 5
3 1

= = ,



1 2 2 4
5
1 1
( 1) 5
3 2


= = ,
1 2 3 4
6
1 2
( 1) 3
3 3

= = .

Vy
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
34 = = .

V d 54. Tnh nh thc ca ma trn
1 2 3 4 5
5 0 0 3 0
4 5 1 2 3
3 1 2 1 4
2 0 0 4 0
A
1





( )
.
Gii. Khai trin Laplace theo hai dng 2 v 5. T hai dng ny ta ch lp c mt nh thc con cp
hai khc khng l
5 3
14
2 4
= = .
Phn b i s tng ng l

2 5 1 4
2 3 5
( 1) 5 1 3 10
1 2 4

= = .
Vy det . 140 A = = .



Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


25
Cc kt qu c bit cn nh

Dng chia khi
Nu A, C l hai ma trn vung v O l ma trn khng th ta c

det . det
A B A O
A C
O C B C
= =
Dng tch
Nu A v C l hai ma trn vung cng cp th ta c

det( ) det . det AB A B =

V d 55. Tnh nh thc
1 2 3 4
3 2 7 19
0 0 3 0
0 0 4 1

.

Gii. nh thc cho c dng chia khi.

Vy
1 2 3 0
. ( 8).( 3) 24
3 2 4 1
= = =

.

V d 56. Tnh nh thc
1 2 3 4 5
5 0 0 3 0
4 5 1 2 3
3 1 2 1 4
2 0 0 4 0
= .
Gii. Hon v ct v dng nh sau:

2 4 1 5
1 4 3 2 5 2 4 0 0 0
5 3 0 0 0 5 3 0 0 0
4 2 1 5 3 4 2 1 5 3
3 1 2 1 4 3 1 2 1 4
2 4 0 0 0 1 4 3 2 5
c c d d
= = .

nh thc thu c c dng chia khi.

Vy
1 5 3
2 4
. 2 1 4 ( 14).10 140
5 3
3 2 5
= = = .

V d 57. Cho hai ma trn
1 1 1
2 0 3
1 2 3
A
1





( )
v
2 1 4
2 1 3
1 2 1
B
1





( )
. Tnh det( ) AB .
Gii. Ta c:
1 1 1 2 1 4
det( ) 2 0 3 . 2 1 3 3
1 2 3 1 2 1
AB

= =

.
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


26
V d 58. Tnh nh thc
1 1 1 2 1 4 3 1 4
2 0 3 2 1 3 0 1 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1
T
1 1 1







=





( )( )( )
.
Gii. Ta c:
1 1 1 2 1 4 3 1 4
2 0 3 . 2 1 3 . 0 1 2 21
1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1

= =

.

V d 59. Gii phng trnh
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1
0 15 0 3 0
3 24 4
1 3
x
x
x
x x
x x x

= .
Gii. Hon v ct 1 v ct 5, ta c:
0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0
3
3 15 0 0 0 1 1 0 . 0
1
4 24 3 3 15
3 1
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x x
x x x

= =

2 2
( 1)( 3) 0 0 1 3 x x x x x x = = = = .

V d 60. Tnh nh thc cp n sau:
1
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
n
a a a
a
a
a

=

.
Gii. Cng tt c cc dng vo dng 1, ta c nh thc tam gic
0 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
n
n
a
a
a
=

.
Vy
1
.
n
n
n a

= .
V d 61. Tnh nh thc cp n sau:
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
n
a a
a a
a a
a
a

.

Gii. Xem ct th nht c dng (1 1 0 0 0 0 0)
T
a ta tch nh thc thnh tng
n n n
A B = , trong :

Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


27
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
n
a
a a
a a
A
a
a

,
0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
n
a a
a a
a a
B
a
a

.

i vi
n
A , ly dng th hai tr dng th nht ta c
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
n
a
a
a a
A
a
a

.

Khai trin
n
A theo ct th nht, ta c
1 n n
A A

= .

Lp lun tng t, ta c
1 1
... 1
n n
A A A

= = = = .

Khai trin
n
B theo ct th nht, ta c
1 n n
B a

= .

Suy ra:

1
1
n n
a

=
2
2 2
1 (1 ) 1
n n
a a a a

= =


2 1
1
... 1 ...
n
a a a

= =
2 1
1 ... (1 )
n
a a a a

= .

Vy
2 1
1 ...
n n
n
a a a a

= .

V d 62. Tnh nh thc cp n sau:
4 3 0 0 0
1 4 3 0 0
0 1 4 3 0
0 0 1 4 0
0 0 0 0 4
n
=

.
Gii. Khai trin
n
theo ct th nht, ta c
1
3 0 0 0 0
1 4 3 0 0
0 1 4 3 0
4
0 0 1 4 0
0 0 0 0 4
n n
=

.

Khai trin tip nh thc cp 1 n trn theo dng th nht, ta c

1 2
4 3
n n n
= (1).
Bin i (1), ta c:
2
1 1 2 2 3
3( ) 3 ( )
n n n n n n
= =
2
2 1
... 3 ( ) 3
n n
= = = (2).

Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


28
Bin i (1) theo cch khc, ta c:

1 1 2 2 1
3 3 ... 3 1
n n n n
= = = = (3).

Vy, t (2) v (3) ta c
1
3 1
2
n
n

= .


2.6. ng dng nh thc tm ma trn nghch o

2.6.1. iu kin ma trn vung kh nghch

nh l
Ma trn vung A l kh nghch khi v ch khi

det 0 A

V d 63. Tm iu kin ca tham s m ma trn sau kh nghch:
2
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1
T
m m m
A
m m m
1 1 1




=




( )( ) ( )
.
Gii. Ta c:
5 2
2
1 0 1 0
det ( 1) .
0 1 1 1
m m m
A m m
m m m

= =


Vy A kh nghch
0
det 0
1.
m
A
m
'
1
1

!
1
1
+



2.6.2. Thut ton tm ma trn nghch o
Cho ma trn ( )
n
A M . tm
1
A

, ta thc hin cc bc sau



Bc 1. Tnh detA. Khi :
1) nu det 0 A = th ta kt lun A khng kh nghch;
2) nu det 0 A , ta lm tip bc 2.

Bc 2. Tnh ma trn ph hp (adjunct matrix) adj ( )
T
ij n
A A
l
=
l
l
ca A, trong
( 1) det( )
i j
ij ij
A M

= .

Bc 3. Ma trn nghch o ca A l
1
1
.adj
det
A A
A

=

V d 64. Tm ma trn nghch o (nu c) ca
1 2 1
1 1 2
3 5 4
A
1





( )
.
Gii. Ta c det 0 A = . Vy A khng kh nghch.

V d 65. Cho ma trn
2 5
3 4
A
1



( )
. Tm
1
A

.
Gii
Ta c det 7 0 A = , suy ra A kh nghch.

Tnh ma trn ph hp:
Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


29
11 12 21 22
4, 3, 5, 2 A A A A = = = =
2 2
4 3 4 5
( ) adj ( )
5 2 3 2
T
ij ij
A A A
1 1

l

= = =

l
l

( ) ( )
.

Vy
1
4 5
1 1
.adj
3 2
det 7
A A
A

= =



( )
.

V d 66. Cho ma trn
1 2 1
0 1 1
1 2 3
A
1





( )
. Tm
1
A

.
Gii
det 2 0 A A = kh nghch.
Ta c:
11 12 13
1 1 0 1 0 1
1, 1, 1,
2 3 1 3 1 2
A A A = = = = = =


21 22 23
2 1 1 1 1 2
4, 2, 0,
2 3 1 3 1 2
A A A = = = = = =


31 32 33
2 1 1 1 1 2
1, 1, 1
1 1 0 1 0 1
A A A = = = = = =


3
1 1 1 1 4 1
( ) 4 2 0 adj 1 2 1
1 1 1 1 0 1
ij
A A
1 1







= =





( ) ( )
.
Vy
1
1 4 1
1 1
.adj 1 2 1
det 2
1 0 1
A A
A


= =





( )
.



2.7. Hng ca ma trn

2.7.1. nh thc con cp k
nh ngha
Cho ma trn ( )
ij m n
A a

= . nh thc ca ma trn con cp k ca A c gi l nh thc con cp


k ca A.

nh l
Nu ma trn A c tt c cc nh thc con cp k u bng 0 th cc nh thc con cp cao hn k
cng bng 0.

2.7.2. Hng ca ma trn

nh ngha

Cp cao nht ca nh thc con khc 0 ca ma trn A c gi l hng ca ma trn A, k hiu l
( ) r A .

Nu A l ma trn khng th ta quy c ( ) 0 r A = .

Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


30
V d 67. Ma trn
1 2 1 3
1 1 1 0
1 5 3 6
A
1





( )
c tt c 12 nh thc con cp mt,
2 2
3 4
. 18 C C = nh thc
con cp hai v
3
4
4 C = nh thc con cp ba.
Cc nh thc con cp ba l:
1 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 2 1 3
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 5 3 1 5 6 1 3 6 5 3 6

= = = =

.
Do c
1 2
3 0
1 1
=

nn ( ) 2 r A = .

Nhn xt

Hng ca ma trn khng thay i khi ta hon v dng hay ct.

Nu ( )
ij m n
A a

= khc khng th 1 ( ) min{ , }. r A m n



c bit, nu A l ma vung cp n th
( ) det 0 r A n A =

V d 68. Cho ma trn
1 2
0 3 2
2 1
m
A
m
1






( )
. Chng t rng ma trn A c hng bng 3 vi mi m .
Gii. Ta c
2
det 2 3 8 0, A m m m = < .
Vy ( ) 3, r A m = .

2.7.3. Thut ton tm hng ca ma trn

Bc 1. a ma trn cn tm hng v dng bc thang.

Bc 2. S dng khc khng ca ma trn bc thang chnh l hng ca ma trn cho.


V d 69. Cho ma trn
1 3 4 2
2 5 1 4
3 8 5 6
A
1





( )
. Tm ( ) r A .
Gii. Bin i s cp dng trn ma trn A, ta c:

2 2 1
3 3 1
2
3
1 3 4 2
0 1 7 0
0 1 7 0
d d d
d d d
A


1





( )
3 3 2
1 3 4 2
0 1 7 0
0 0 0 0
d d d
1





( )
.
Vy ( ) 2 r A = .
V d 70. Cho ma trn
2 1 1 3
0 1 0 0
0 1 2 0
0 1 1 4
B
1



( )
. Tm ( ) r B .

Gii. Bin i s cp trn ma trn B , ta c:

Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


31
2 1 1 3
0 1 0 0
0 0 2 0
0 0 1 4
B
1



( )
2 1 1 3
0 1 0 0
.
0 0 2 0
0 0 0 8
1



( )

Vy ( ) 4 r B = .

Ch
Trong trng hp tham s cc ct u, ta kh a ma trn v dng bc thang. Khi , ta hon v
ct ca ma trn sao cho tham s cc ct cui, ri a v dng bc thang.

V d 71. Cho ma trn
1 1 3
2 2 0
2 1 3
m
A m
m
1





( )
. Tm gi tr ca tham s m ( ) 2 r A = .


Gii. Bin i s cp trn ma trn A, ta c:

1 3
3 1 1
0 2 2
3 1 2
c c
m
A m
m





( )
3 3 1
3 1 1
0 2 2
0 0 1
d d d
m
m
m

1





( )
.
Vi 1 m = , ta c:
3 1 2
0 3 2 ( ) 2
0 0 0
A r A
1





( )
.
Vi 2 m = , ta c:
3 1 1 3 1 1
0 0 2 0 0 2 ( ) 2
0 0 3 0 0 0
A r A
1 1







=





( ) ( )
.

Vy 2 1 m m = = .
V d 72. Ty theo gi tr ca m , tm hng ca ma trn
1 2 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 2 2 1 1
m
A
m
1




( )
.
Gii. Bin i s cp trn ma trn A, ta c:
1 5
2 4
1 1 1 2 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 2 2 1
c c
c c
m
A
m



( )

2 2 1
3 3 1
4 4 1
1 1 1 2 1
0 2 2 1 1
0 2 1 2 2
0 0 1 0 2
d d d
d d d
d d d
m
m



1



( )



3 3 2
4 4 3
1 1 1 2 1
0 2 2 1 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1
d d d
d d d
m
m m
m m


1




( )
.

Vy vi 1 m = ta c ( ) 3 r A = v 1 m ta c ( ) 4 r A = .


Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


32
BI TP TRC NGHIM CHNG I

Cu 1. Cho ma trn
7 8
( ) A M

. Php nhn thc hin c l:


A.
7
. AI ; B.
8
. I A; C.
8 7
. . I AI ; D.
7 8
. . I AI .

Cu 2. Cho hai ma trn
1 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
A
1





( )
v
0 1 1
2 3 1
B
1



( )
. Ma trn X tha . X A B = l:
A.
1 2
1 0
0 1
1





( )
; B.
1 1
1 0
2 1
1





( )
; C.
1 1 0
2 0 1
1



( )
; D.
1 1 2
1 0 1
1



( )
.

Cu 3. Cho hai ma trn
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
A
1





( )
v diag( ) B a b c = . Ma trn tch . AB l:
A.
2 3
. 4 5 6
7 8 9
a b c
AB a b c
a b c
1





( )
; B.
2 3
. 4 5 6
7 8 9
a a a
AB b b b
c c c
1





( )
;

C.
2 3
. 4 5 6
7 8 9
a
AB b
c
1





( )
; D.
1 2 3
. 4 5 6
7 8 9
c
AB b
a
1





( )
.

Cu 4. Cho hai ma trn
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
A
1





( )
v diag( ) B a b c = . Ma trn tch . B A l:
A.
2 3
. 4 5 6
7 8 9
a b c
B A a b c
a b c
1





( )
; B.
2 3
. 4 5 6
7 8 9
a a a
B A b b b
c c c
1





( )
;

C.
2 3
. 4 5 6
7 8 9
a
B A b
c
1





( )
; D.
1 2 3
. 4 5 6
7 8 9
c
B A b
a
1





( )
.

Cu 5. Cho ma trn
4 7 1 0 2 7
1 2 0 1 1 4
A
1 1 1




=




( )( )( )
. Ma trn
2011
A l:
A.
2011
15 4
56 15
A
1



( )
; B.
2011
15 56
4 15
A
1




( )
;

C.
2011
15 15
4 56
A
1



( )
; D.
2011
15 56
15 4
A
1




( )
.

Chng 1. nh thc Ma tran


33
Cu 6. Cho ma trn
100
( ) A M , trong cc phn t dng th i l
100
i
C ( 1,...,100) i = .
Phn t
1j
a ( 1,...,100) j = ca
2
A l:
A.
100
2 ; B.
100
100.2 ; C.
100
100(2 1) ; D.
100
100(2 1) .

Cu 7. Cho ma trn
3 0 1
6 2 2
9 3 0 2
15 5 1 0 7
m
m m
A
m m
m
1



( )
. Gi tr ca tham s m ( ) 3 r A = l:
A. 0 m = ; B. 1 m = ; C.
0
1
m
m

; D.
0
1
m
m

.

Cu 8. Cho ma trn
1 1 2
2 3 1 2 3
4 5 1 4 2 7
2 2 2 4
m
m m m
A
m m m
m
1


( )
. Gi tr ca tham s m ( ) 2 r A = l:
A. 0 m = ; B. 1 m = ; C. 2 m = ; D. 3 m = .

Cu 9. nh thc ca ma trn
n
I ( ) l:
A. ; B. ; C. n; D.
n
.

Cu 10. Cho ma trn
0 1 2 0
7 3 4 1
1 2 7 0
0 4 4 0
A
1


( )
. Gi tr ca detA l:
A. 4 ; B. 4 ; C. 8 ; D. 8 .

Cu 11. Cho ma trn
1 2 0 0 0
5 6 1 2 4
3 4 0 0 0
9 10 0 0 3
7 8 0 2 7
A
1





( )
. Gi tr ca detA l:
A. 12 ; B. 12 ; C. 6; D. 6 .

Cu 12. Cho
1 2 1 2
0 1 2 3
2 0 1 1
A
1






( )
v
1 2 1 2
1 2 3 1
0 1 1 3
B
1





( )
. Gi tr ca det( . )
T
AB l:

A. 100 ; B. 100 ; C. 125 ; D. 125 .

Cu 13. Cho
2 2 5 12
3 1 3
3 1 3
m
m m m
m m m

=

. Gi tr ca tham s m 0 < l:
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


34
A. 0 m ; B. 4 m < ; C.
0
4
m
m

<

; D. 0 4 m < < .

Cu 14. Phng trnh
2
1 1
1 1 1
0
1 4 1 1
7 8 9 5
x x
x

= c nghim l:
A.
1
2
x
x

; B.
1
2
x
x

; C.
2
1
x
x

; D.
2
1
x
x

.

Cu 15. Phng trnh
3 2 4
2 6 2 0
4 2 3
x
x
x

=

c nghim l:
A.
2
7
x
x

; B.
7
2
x
x

; C.
2
7
x
x

; D.
2
7
x
x

.

Cu 16. Cho ma trn
2 4 3
4 6 3
3 3 1
m
A m
m
1






( )
. Gi tr ca tham s m A kh nghch l:
A.
1
2
m
m
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
; B.
1
2
m
m
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
;

C.
1
3
m
m
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
; D.
1
3
m
m
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
.
Chng 2. He phng trnh tuyen tnh


35
Chng II
H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH

1. H PHNG TRNH TNG QUT

1.1. nh ngha

Mt h gm m phng trnh bc nht cha n n
j
x ( 1, 2,..., ) j n =

11 1 12 2 1 1
21 1 22 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
...
...
...
n n
n n
m m mn n m
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+

( ) I

trong , cc h s , ( 1, 2,..., ; 1, 2,..., )
ij i
a b i m j n = = ,
c gi l h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut (hay gi ngn gn l h phng trnh tuyn tnh).

Ta gi:
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
( )
n
n
m n
m m mn
a a a
a a a
A M
a a a


( )

l ma trn h s,

1
2
1 1
( ) ( )
i m m
m
b
b
B b M
b

1


= =


( )

l ma trn ct ca h s t do

v
1
2
1 1
( ) ( )
j n n
n
x
x
X x M
x

1


= =


( )

l ma trn ct ca n.

Khi , h phng trnh ( ) I c vit di dng ma trn l

AX B =

1
2
n


( )

c gi l mt nghim ca h ( ) I nu A B = .
Ngha l, khi thay
1 1 2 2
, ,...,
n n
x x x = = = vo ( ) I th tt c cc ng thc u c tha mn.

Quy c
cho gn, ta vit nghim di dng
1 2
( ; ;...; )
n
= .

V d 1. Xt h phng trnh
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
2 3
2 4 4
2 4 3
2 7 5
x x x x
x x x
x x
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+

Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


36
Ta c:
1 1 2 4
2 1 4 0
0 2 7 0
A
1





( )
,
4
3
5
B
1





( )
,
1
2
3
4
x
x
X
x
x
1


( )
v (1; 1; 1; 1) = l mt nghim ca h.


1.2. H Cramer

1.2.1. nh ngha
H Cramer l mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh c s phng trnh bng vi s n v nh thc ca ma
trn h s khc khng.

V d 2. H
2 4
3 6 4
5 5
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
l h Cramer; h
2 3
2 3 1
4 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
khng phi l h Cramer.


1.2.2. nh l Cramer (Quy tc Cramer)

Cho h Cramer AX B = , ( )
n
A M v det 0 A .

H Cramer AX B = c nghim duy nht l

det
( 1, 2,..., )
det
j
j
A
x j n
A
= =

trong , cc ma trn
j
A nhn c bng cch thay ct th j ca A bi ct cc h s t do B .

V d 3. Gii h phng trnh
1 2 3
2 3
1 2 3
2 1
3 3
2 1
x x x
x x
x x x
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+

Gii. Ta c:
2 1 1
0 1 3 det 4
2 1 1
A A
1


= =





( )
,
1 1
1 1 1
3 1 3 det 12
1 1 1
A A
1


= =





( )
,
2 2
2 1 1
0 3 3 det 24
2 1 1
A A
1


= =





( )
,
3 3
2 1 1
0 1 3 det 4
2 1 1
A A
1


= =





( )
.

Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l:

1 2 3
1 2 3
det det det
3; 6; 1
det det det
A A A
x x x
A A A
1


= = = = = =



( )
.

V d 4. Gii h phng trnh
2 4
3 6 4
5 5
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+

Chng 2. He phng trnh tuyen tnh


37
Gii. Ta c:
1 2 1
1 3 6 det 75
5 1 1
A A
1


= =





( )
,
1 1
4 2 1
4 3 6 det 75
5 1 1
A A
1


= =





( )
,
2 2
1 4 1
1 4 6 det 75
5 5 1
A A
1


= =





( )
,
3 3
1 2 4
1 3 4 det 75
5 1 5
A A
1


= =





( )
.

Vy h c nghim duy nht l ( ; ; ) (1; 1; 1) x y z = .


1.2.3. Bin lun s nghim ca h dng Cramer

Cho h AX B = , ( )
n
A M v ma trn A cha tham s m .
Ta c cc trng hp sau

Trng hp 1. Nu det 0 A th h c nghim duy nht.

Trng hp 2. Nu det 0 A = v {1, 2,..., } j n sao cho det 0
j
A th h v nghim.

Trng hp 3. Nu det 0 A = v det 0
j
A = ( 1, 2,..., ) j n = th h c th c v s nghim hoc
v nghim. Khi , ta gii det 0 A = tm tham s m v thay vo h gii trc tip.

V d 5. Tm iu kin ca tham s m h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht:
2
8 7 1
3 2 4
5 1
5 2 2
mx z t m
x my z t m
mz t m
z mt m
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Gii. Ta c:
2 2
0 8 7
3 2 4
det ( 25)
0 0 5
0 0 5
m
m
A A m m
m
m
1


= =



( )
.

Vy h c nghim duy nht khi det 0 0 A m .

V d 6. Tm iu kin ca m h phng trnh
( 1) 2
( 1) 0
m x y m
x m y
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
c nghim.
Gii. Ta c:
1 1
det ( 2)
1 1
m
A A m m
m
1

= =



( )
.

Suy ra det 0 2 0 A m m = = = .

Vi 2 m = , h phng trnh tr thnh 0 x y = (v s nghim).

Vi 0 m = , h phng trnh tr thnh
2
0
x y
x y
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
(v nghim).
Vy h c nghim khi 0 m .

Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


38
V d 7. Bin lun s nghim ca h phng trnh
2
1 mx y z
x my z m
x y mz m
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1 =
1
+

Gii. Ta c:
2
1 1
det 1 1 ( 2)( 1)
1 1
m
A m m m
m
= = det 0 2 1 A m m = = = .

Vi
2
1
m
m
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
, ta c det 0 A . Suy ra h c nghim duy nht.

Vi 1 m = , h tr thnh 1 x y z = . Suy ra h c v s nghim.

Vi 2 m = , h tr thnh:
2 1 0 0 0 3
2 2 2 2
2 4 2 4
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
1 1
= = 1 1
1 1
+ +


Suy ra h phng trnh v nghim.

V d 8. Bin lun s nghim ca h phng trnh
( 7) 12 6
10 ( 19) 10 2
12 24 ( 13) 0
m x y z m
x m y z m
x y m z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+

Gii. Ta c:

7 12 6
det 10 19 10
12 24 13
m
A m
m

=




7 12 6
10 19 10
2 2 0 1
m
m
m m

=

19 12 6
30 19 10
0 0 1
m
m
m

=




19 12
(1 )
30 19
m
m
m

=

2
( 1)( 1) m m = .

Suy ra det 0 1 A m = = .

Vi 1 m , ta c det 0 A . Suy ra h c nghim duy nht.

Vi 1 m = , h phng trnh tr thnh:

8 12 6 1 8 12 6 1
10 18 10 2 5 9 5 1
12 24 14 0 6 12 7 0
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
1 1
= = 1 1
1 1
+ +


Chng 2. He phng trnh tuyen tnh


39

8 12 6 1
4 2 1
2 1
x y z
x z
x z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
. Suy ra h v nghim.

Vi 1 m = , h phng trnh tr thnh:
6 12 6 1 6 12 6 1
10 20 10 2 5 10 5 1
12 24 12 0 2 0
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
1 1
= = 1 1
1 1
+ +



6 12 6 1
60 1
12 1
x y z
x
x
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
. Suy ra h v nghim.

Ch
Trong v d 8, khi 1 m = th
1 2 3
det det det det 0 A A A A = = = = nhng h v nghim.


1.3. Gii h tng qut bng phng php Gauss

Xt h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut
AX B = ( ) I .

Gi A l ma trn m rng, c xc nh nh sau

( )
11 12 1 1
21 22 2 2
1 2
n
n
m m mn m
a a a b
a a a b
A A B
a a a b
1


= =



( )

.

gii h ( ) I bng phng php Gauss (cn c gi l phng php bin i s cp trn dng), ta
thc hin cc bc sau

Bc 1. Lp ma trn m rng A.

Bc 2. a A v bc thang bi cc php bin i s cp trn dng.

Bc 3. Vit li h v gii ngc t di ln trn.

Ch
Trong qu trnh thc hin bc 2, nu:

i) c hai dng t l th ta xa i mt dng;

ii) c dng no bng khng th ta xa i dng ;

iii) c t nht mt dng dng (0 0 | ) b ( 0) b th ta kt lun h ( ) I v nghim.

V d 9. Gii h phng trnh sau bng phng php Gauss
2 1
3 3
2 1
x y z
y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+



Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


40
Gii
Ma trn m rng l
( )
2 1 1 1
0 1 3 3
2 1 1 1
A A B
1

= =






( )
.
a ma trn A v dng bc thang:
3 3 1
2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
0 1 3 3 0 1 3 3
2 1 1 1 0 0 2 2
d d d
1 1














( ) ( )
.

H phng trnh cho tr thnh:
2 1 3
3 3 6
2 2 1
x y z x
y z y
z z
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
1 1
= = 1 1
1 1
+ +


Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l ( 3; 6; 1) .

V d 10. Gii h phng trnh
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
5 2 5 3 3
4 3 2 1
2 7 = 1
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
1
+

Gii
Ma trn m rng l
( )
5 2 5 3 3
4 1 3 2 1
2 7 1 0 1
A A B
1

= =






( )
.

a ma trn A v dng bc thang:

2 2 1
3 3 1
5 4
5 2
5 2 5 3 3
0 13 5 2 7
0 39 15 6 11
d d d
d d d
A


1






( )
3 3 2
3
5 2 5 3 3
0 13 5 2 7
0 0 0 0 10
d d d
1






( )
.

Nhn thy dng 3 ca A c dng (0 0 | ) b ( 0) b .

Vy h phng trnh cho v nghim.

V d 11. Gii h phng trnh
2 3 5 1
3 2
2 5 4 6 1
x y z t
x y z t
x y z t
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+

Gii. Ta c:

1 2 3 5 1
1 3 1 1 2
2 5 4 6 1
A
1






( )
1 2 3 5 1 1 2 3 5 1
0 1 2 4 3 0 1 2 4 3
0 1 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 0
1 1














( ) ( )
.

H phng trnh tr thnh
2 3 5 1
2 4 3
x y z t
y z t
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+


Lc ny h gm c 2 phng trnh v 4 n nn ta c th chn x , y lm n chnh v z , t lm n ph.
Chng 2. He phng trnh tuyen tnh


41
t z = , t = v th vo h ta c
7 7 13
3 2 4
x
y


'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+


Vy h phng trnh cho c v s nghim di dng
7 7 13
3 2 4
( , )
x
y
z
t


'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1

!
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1+
.

V d 12. Gii h phng trnh
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
6 2 5 2 = 4
2 12 6 18 5 5
3 18 8 23 6 2
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
'
1

1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+

Gii. Ta c:

1 6 2 5 2 4
2 12 6 18 5 5
3 18 8 23 6 2
A
1






( )
1 6 2 5 2 4 1 6 2 5 2 4
0 0 2 8 1 3 0 0 2 8 1 3
0 0 2 8 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 7
1 1














( ) ( )
.

H phng trnh tr thnh
1 2 3 4 5
3 4 5
5
6 2 5 2 4
2 8 3
7
x x x x x
x x x
x
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+


t
2
x = ,
4
x = v th vo h ta c
1
3
5
6 3
5 4
7
x
x
x

'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+


Vy h phng trnh cho c v s nghim di dng ( 6 3 ; ; 5 4 ; ; 7) ( , ) .

Ch
Trong trng hp h c v s nghim, ta gi nghim cha tham s l nghim tng qut. Cho tham s
gi tr c th, ta c nghim ring.


1.4. iu kin c nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut

1.4.1. nh l Kronecker Capelli

H phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut AX B = ( ) I c nghim khi v ch khi
( ) ( ) r A r A =

trong , ( )
m n
A M

v A l ma trn m rng.

Ch
i) ( ) ( ) r A r A .
ii) Nu ( ) ( ) r A r A n = = (s n) th h ( ) I c nghim duy nht.
iii) Nu ( ) ( ) r A r A n = < th h ( ) I c v s nghim, trong c n r n t do c ly nhng
gi tr ty .
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


42
V d 13. Tm iu kin ca m h phng trnh sau c v s nghim:
2
2 1
2 5 3 5
3 7 6
x y z
x y z
x y m z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1 =
1
+

Gii. Ta c:
2
1 2 1 1
2 5 3 5
6 3 7
A
m
1

=






( )
2 2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
0 1 1 3 0 1 1 3
3 0 0 1 3 0 0 4 m m
1 1















( ) ( )
.

Nhn thy 2 ( ) 3 r A nn h c v s nghim khi:
2
( ) ( ) 2 4 0 r A r A m = = = .

Vy, vi 2 m = th h c v s nghim ph thuc vo 1 tham s.

V d 14. Tm iu kin ca m h phng trnh sau v nghim:
2
3 1
2 6 ( 1) 4
4 12 (3 ) 3
x y z
x y m z
x y m z m
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1 =
1
+

Gii. Ta c:

2
1 3 1 1
2 6 1 4
3 4 12 3
A m
m m
1






( )
2
1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1
0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2
1 0 0 0 3 0 0 1
m m
m m m
1 1












( ) ( )
.
Nu 3 m = th ( ) ( ) 2 r A r A = = h c v s nghim (loi).
Nu 1 m = th ( ) 1 3 ( ) r A r A = < = h v nghim (nhn).
Vy h cho v nghim khi 3 m .

Ch

i) Khi tm iu kin ca tham s h phng trnh v nghim, ta c th tm iu kin h c
nghim. Sau , ta kt lun ngc li.

ii) Nu ma trn m rng A c cc ct u cha tham s th ta c th i ct trong ma trn A (khng
c i vi ct h s t do).

V d 15. Bin lun s nghim ca h phng trnh
2
2 3 2 (5 3) 1
( 1) 3 2 ( ) 4
mx y z t m
x y z m t m
m x y z m m t
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1 =
1
+


Gii. Ta c:

2
1 1 1
2 3 2 5 3 1
4 1 3 2
m m
A m m
m m m
1







( )
1 3
2
1 1 1
2 3 2 5 3 1
4 2 3 1
c c
m m
m m
m m m







( )



3 3 2
2 2 1
2
2
1 1 1
0 1 2 2 5 5 1
3 0 0 3 4 3
d d d
d d d
m m
m m m
m m m m


1






( )
.
Chng 2. He phng trnh tuyen tnh


43
Nu 3 m = th ( ) ( ) 2 r A r A = = h c v s nghim.

Nu 3 m th ( ) ( ) 3 r A r A = = h c v s nghim.


1.4.2. iu kin hai h phng trnh c nghim chung

Mun tm iu kin ca tham s hai h phng trnh c nghim chung, ta ghp chng thnh mt
h ri i tm iu kin ca tham s h chung c nghim.

V d 16. Tm iu kin ca tham s m hai h phng trnh sau c nghim chung:
2 1
7 5
x y z t m
x y z t m
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
v
2 5 2 2 2 1
3 7 3 3 1
x y z t m
x y z t
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+


Gii. Hai h phng trnh c nghim chung khi h phng trnh sau c nghim:
2 1
7 5
2 5 2 2 2 1
3 7 3 3 1
x y z t m
x y z t m
x y z t m
x y z t
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Ta c:
1 1 1 1 2 1
1 7 5 1
2 5 2 2 2 1
3 7 3 3 1
m
m
A
m
1




( )
1 1 1 1 2 1
0 6 4 2 3 1
0 3 0 0 2 1
0 4 0 0 6 2
m
m
m
m
1




( )

1 1 1 1 2 1
0 6 4 2 3 1
0 0 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 10 2
m
m
m
m
1




( )
.
Suy ra
1
( ) ( ) 10 2 0
5
r A r A m m = = = .
Vy hai h phng trnh cho c nghim chung khi
1
5
m = .




2. H PHNG TRNH THUN NHT

2.1. nh ngha

H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht l trng hp c bit ca h phng trnh tng qut, c dng

11 1 12 2 1
21 1 22 2 2
1 1 2 2
... 0
... 0
... ... ... ... ...
... 0
n n
n n
m m mn n
a x a x a x
a x a x a x
a x a x a x
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+
( ) II

t
1
(0 )
i m
O

= , h ( ) II c vit li di dng ma trn l


AX O =

Ch

i) Do ( ) ( ) r A r A = nn h ( ) II lun c nghim.

ii) c bit, h ( ) II lun c nghim
0
(0; 0;...; 0) X = . Khi ,
0
X c gi l nghim tm thng
ca ( ) II .
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


44
Nhn xt

Khi m n = v det 0 A th ( ) II c duy nht nghim tm thng.

Khi m n = v det 0 A = th ( ) II c v s nghim.

V d 17. Tm iu kin ca tham s m h phng trnh sau c duy nht nghim tm thng:
2
3 ( 5) 0
( 2) 0
4 ( 2) 0
x m y m z
m y z
y m z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+


Gii. H phng trnh c duy nht nghim tm thng khi:
2
3 5
det 0 0 2 1 0
0 4 2
m m
A m
m

2
0
3( 4 ) 0
4.
m
m m
m
'
1
1

!
1
1
+


V d 18. Tm gi tr ca tham s m h sau c v s nghim:
(1 ) 0
( 1) 2 0
2 3 0
x y m z
m x y z
x my z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+

Gii. Ta c
1 1 1
1 1 2
2 3
m
A m
m
1





( )
.

H cho c v s nghim khi:

1 1 1
det 0 1 1 2 0
2 3
m
A m
m

= =

0 1 1
2 1 2 0
2 3
m
m
m m

=


0 1 1
( 2) 0 1 1 0
1 3
m
m m
m

2
0
( 2)( 2 )
2.
m
m m m
m




2.2. Nghim c bn ca h phng trnh thun nht

V d 19. Xt h phng trnh
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 2 0
2 3 4 0
3 4 6 3 0
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
( )
Ta c:
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
2 3 4 1 0 1 0 3
3 4 6 3 0 0 0 0
A
1 1






=





( ) ( )
.
H ( ) tr thnh
1 2 3 4
2 4
2 2 0
3 0
x x x x
x x
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

Chng 2. He phng trnh tuyen tnh


45
Vy h ( ) c v s nghim di dng
1 1 2
2 2
1 2
3 1
4 2
2 5
3
( , )
x
x
x
x

'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1

!
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1+
.

Khi , ta c cc khi nim sau

1) Nghim
1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( 2 5 ; 3 ; ; ) ( , ) X = c gi l nghim tng qut ca h ( ) .

2) Bin i nghim tng qut, ta c
1 2 1 2
( 2; 0; 1; 0) ( 5; 3; 0; 1) ( , ) X =
Hai nghim
1
( 2; 0; 1; 0) X = v
2
( 5; 3; 0; 1) X = c gi l nghim c bn ca h ( ) .
3) H nghim
1 2
{ , } X X c gi l h nghim c bn ca ( ) .

Tng qut

1) Nu ( ) r A r n = < (s n) th h ( ) II c nghim tng qut X l

1 1 1 2
2 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1
2 2
( , ,..., )
( , ,..., )
.............................
( , ,..., )
( , ,..., )
.............
n r
n r
r r n r
n r
r
r
n n r
x
x
x
x
x
x



'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
1
1

!
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+

( )

2) Thay
1 2
1, 0,..., 0
n r

= = = vo ( ) , ta c nghim c bn
1 1 2
( (1, 0,..., 0); (1, 0,..., 0);...; (1, 0,..., 0); 1; 0;...; 0).
r
X =
Thay
1 2
0, 1,..., 0
n r

= = = vo ( ) , ta c nghim c bn
2 1 2
( (0,1,..., 0); (0,1,..., 0);...; (0,1,..., 0); 0; 1;...; 0).
r
X =
..
Thay
1 2
0, 0,..., 1
n r

= = = vo ( ) , ta c nghim c bn
1 2
( (0, 0,...,1); (0, 0,...,1);...; (0, 0,...,1); 0; 0;...; 1).
n r r
X

=

3) H
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n r
X X X

c gi l h nghim c bn ca ( ) II .
Khi , ta c
1 1 2 2
...
n r n r
X X X X

=

V d 20. Tm nghim c bn v nghim tng qut ca h phng trnh
0
2 2 0
x y z
x y z
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

Gii. Ta c:
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 0 3 4
A
1 1



=




( ) ( )
.
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


46
H cho tng ng vi
0
3 4 0
x y z
y z
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

Cho 1 z = , ta c mt nghim c bn l
1
1 4
; ; 1
3 3
X
1

=


( )
.
Vy nghim tng qut ca h l:

1
1 1
3 3
4 4
( )
3 3
1
x
x
X X y y
z
z

1 '
1
1
= 1

1 1

1
1

1
1
= = = !

1
( ) 1


1 =

1

1 ( )
1+
.

Ch

trnh cc nghim c bn dng phn s, ta c th chn n ph v tham s thch hp khi tm
nghim c bn.

V d 21. Tm nghim c bn v nghim tng qut ca h phng trnh
2 0
2 2 0
x y z t
x y z t
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

Gii. Ta c:
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
2 1 2 1 0 3 4 3
A
1 1



=




( ) ( )
.
H cho tng ng vi
2 0
3 4 3 0
x y z t
y z t
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+


Ln lt thay 3 z = , 0 t = v 0 z = , 1 t = vo h ta c hai nghim c bn l:
1
(1; 4; 3; 0) X = v
2
( 1; 1; 0; 1) X = .

Vy nghim tng qut ca h l:
1 1 2 2 1 2
1 1
4 1
3 0
0 1
x
y
X X X
z
t

1 1 1











= =









( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1
2
4
( , )
3
x
y
z
t


'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1

!
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1+
.


2.3. Cu trc nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh

Trong phn ny, ta xt hai h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut v tuyn tnh thun nht u c v
s nghim lin kt vi nhau nh sau

AX B = ( ) I v AX O = ( ) II
trong
1 1 1
( ), ( ) , ( ) , (0 )
m n j n i m i m
A M X x B b O

= = = v ( ) ( ) r A r A n = < .

nh l
Nu X l nghim tng qut ca h ( ) II v
0
X l mt nghim ring ca h ( ) I th
0
X X l
nghim tng qut ca h ( ) I .
Chng 2. He phng trnh tuyen tnh


47
V d 22. Gii h phng trnh
2 4
2 2 2
x y z t
x y z t
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
( )
Gii. Xt h phng trnh thun nht lin kt vi h ( ) nh sau:

2 0
2 2 0
x y z t
x y z t
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
( )
Trong v d 21, ta bit h ( ) c nghim tng qut l
1 2
1 2
1 2
1
2
4
( , )
3
x
y
z
t


'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1

!
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1+
.
Mt khc, h ( ) c mt nghim ring l
0
(0; 0; 0; 2) X = .
Vy nghim tng qut ca h ( ) l
1 2
1 2
1 2
1
2
4
( , )
3
2
x
y
z
t


'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1

!
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1+











BI TP TRC NGHIM CHNG II

Cu 1. Nghim ca h phng trnh
4 5 1
2 7 11 2
3 11 6 1
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
l:
A. (15; 4; 0) ; B. (94; 25; 1) ;
C. (15 79 ; 4 21 ; ) ( ) ; D. (15 79 ; 4 21 ; ) ( ) .

Cu 2. H phng trnh
2( 1) ( 10)
( 2) 2
m x m y m
mx m y m
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
c duy nht mt nghim khi v ch khi:

A. 2 m = ; B. 2 m ;
C. 2 m = ; D. 2 m .

Cu 3. Gi tr ca tham s m h phng trnh
2 (7 ) 2
2 4 5 1
3 6 3
x y m z
x y z
x y mz
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+

c v s nghim l:

Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


48
A. 1 m = ; B. 1 m = ;
C. 7 m = ; D. 7 m = .

Cu 4. Nghim ca h phng trnh
3 2 3
2 2 7
x y z
x y z
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
l:
A. (3; 2 ; ) ( ) ; B. (1 ; 0; ) ( ) ;
C. (2; 3; ) ( ) ; D. (2; 3 2 ; ) ( ) .

Cu 5. S nghim c bn ca h
3 2 2 0
2 7 6 0
4 39 34 0
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
l:
A. 0 nghim; B. 1 nghim;
C. 2 nghim; D. 3 nghim.

Cu 6. S nghim c bn ca h
0
2 0
3 3 3 0
5 5 0
x y z t
x y z t
x y z t
x y z t
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1+
l:

A. 1 nghim; B. 2 nghim;
C. 3 nghim; D. 4 nghim.

Cu 7. Cho bit
0
(1; 1; 1) X = l nghim c bn ca h
2 0
3 4 0.
x y z
x y z
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

Nghim tng qut ca h
2 0
3 4 7
x y z
x y z
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
l:

A. ( 1; 2; 3) ( ) ; B. (1 ; 3; 4) ( ) ;
C. ( 2; 3; 1) ( ) ; D. ( 1; 3 ; 1) ( ) .

Cu 8. Bit ( 13; 1; 4; 0) , (10; 0; 3; 1) l hai nghim c bn ca h
3 4 2 0
3 0.
x y z t
x y z t
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

Nghim tng qut ca h
3 4 2 3
3 2
x y z t
x y z t
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
l:

A. (10 13 ; 1; 4 3 1; ) ( , ) ;

B. (10 13 ; 1; 3 4 ; 1) ( , ) ;

C. ( 13 10 1; ; 4 3 1; ) ( , ) ;

D. ( 13 10 ; 1; 4 3 ; 1) ( , ) .
Chng 3. Kho ng gian vector


49
Chng III
KHNG GIAN VECTOR

1. KHI NIM KHNG GIAN VECTOR

1.1. nh ngha
Cho tp V khc rng, xt hai php ton cng v nhn v hng sau:

( , ) ; ( , ) .
V V V V V
x y x y x x



Ta ni V cng vi hai php ton trn l mt khng gian vector (vector space vit tt l kgvt) trn
, hay khng gian vector, nu tha 8 tnh cht sau:

1) ( ) ( ), , , x y z x y z x y z V = ;
2) : , V x x x x V = = ;
3) , ( ) : ( ) ( ) x V x V x x x x = = ;
4) , , x y y x x y V = ;
5) ( ) , , , x y x y x y V = ;
6) ( ) , , , x x x x V = ;
7) ( ) ( ), , , x x x V = ;
8) 1. , x x x V = .

Ch
i) Mi phn t thuc V c gi l mt vector; mi phn t thuc c gi l mt v hng.
ii) Vector V l duy nht v c gi l vector khng.
iii) ( ) x V c gi l vector i ca vector x V v mi vector x c mt vector i duy nht.

1.2. Tnh cht ca khng gian vector V
1) 0.x = , x V
2) ( 1). x x = , x V
3) . = ,
4) . 0 x x = = = ( , ) x V
5) . . , x x x = = ( ; , ) x V
6) . . , 0 x y x y = = ( , ; ) x y V

1.3. Cc v d v khng gian vector
1) Tp hp

1 2
( ; ;...; ) , 1, 2,...,
n
n i
x x x x x i n = = = cc b s thc l mt khng gian vector
vi hai php ton:
1 1 2 2
( ; ;...; )
n n
x y x y x y x y = ,

1 2
( ; ;...; ) ( , , )
n
n
x x x x x y = .

i
x c gi l thnh phn th i ca vector
1 2
( ; ;...; )
n
n
x x x x = .
Vector khng thuc
n
l (0; 0;...; 0) = .

2) Gi [ ]
n
P x l tp hp cc a thc h s thc theo bin x c bc nh hn hay bng n . Mi phn t
p hay ( ) [ ]
n
p x P x c dng:
2
0 1 2
( ) ...
n
n
p x a a x a x a x = ( , 0,1, 2,..., )
i
a i n = .
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


50
[ ]
n
P x l mt khng gian vector vi hai php ton:
( ( ), ( )) ( ) ( ) p x q x p x q x v ( , ( )) ( ) p x p x ( ) .
Vector khng thuc [ ]
n
P x l
2
0 0 0 ... 0
n
x x x = .

3) Tp hp nghim ca mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht vi hai php ton cng v nhn v
hng l mt khng gian vector.

4) Tp hp ( )
m n
V M

= vi hai php ton cng ma trn v nhn v hng l mt kgvt.



1.4. Khng gian vector con
nh ngha
Cho khng gian vector V , tp hp W V c gi l khng gian vector con (vectorial subspace)
ca V nu W cng l mt khng gian vector.

Nhn xt
Cho khng gian vector V , tp hp W V l kgvt con ca V nu:
( ) x y W , , , x y W .

V d.
Tp hp { , } W V = l kgvt con ca kgvt V .
Tp hp

( ; ; 0;...; 0) , W = l kgvt con ca
n
.

2
khng l kgvt con ca
3
v
2
(1; 2) u = nhng
3
u .



2. S C LP TUYN TNH PH THUC TUYN TNH

2.1. T hp tuyn tnh

nh ngha

Trong khng gian vector V , xt n vector
i
u ( 1, 2,..., i n = ).
Tng
1 1 2 2
1
... ( )
n
n n i i i
i
u u u u
=
=

c gi l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca n vector


i
u . Nu
1
( )
n
i i i
i
x u
=
=

th ta ni vector x c biu din (hay biu th) tuyn tnh qua n


vector
i
u (hay h vector
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
u u u ).

V d 1. Tm biu din tuyn tnh (nu c) ca vector (1; 7; 4) x = qua hai vector
1
(1; 3; 2) u = v
2
(2; 1; 1) u = .
Gii. Gi s vector x c biu din tuyn tnh qua
1
u v
2
u .
Suy ra, tn ti
1 2
, sao cho
1 1 2 2
x u u =
hay
1 2
(1; 7; 4) (1; 3; 2) (2; 1; 1) =
1 2
1
1 2
2
1 2
2 1
3
3 7
2.
2 4


'
1
=
1
'
1 1 =
1 1
=
! !
1 1 =
1 1
+
= 1
1
+

Vy
1 2
3 2 x u u = .
Chng 3. Kho ng gian vector


51
V d 2. Tm biu din tuyn tnh (nu c) ca vector (1; 3; 1) x = qua hai vector
1
(1; 1; 0) u = v
2
(2; 1; 0) u = .
Gii. Gi s vector x c biu din tuyn tnh qua
1
u v
2
u .
Suy ra, tn ti
1 2
, sao cho
1 1 2 2
x u u =
hay
1 2
(1; 3; 1) (1; 1; 0) (2; 1; 0) =
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 1
3
0 0 1



'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
(h phng trnh v nghim).
Vy vector x khng c biu din tuyn tnh qua
1
u v
2
u .

V d 3. Trong khng gian
2
[ ] P x , tm biu th tuyn tnh ca vector
2
( ) 4 3 2 f x x x = qua h hai
vector:
2
( ) 1 3 u x x x = v
2
( ) 7 5 v x x x = .
Gii. Gi s ( ) f x c biu th tuyn tnh qua ( ) u x v ( ) v x .
Suy ra, tn ti
1 2
, sao cho
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) f x u x v x =
hay

2 2 2
1 2
4 3 2 ( 1 3 ) (7 5 ) x x x x x x =

2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
4 3 2 ( 7 ) ( 5 ) (3 ) x x x x =

1 2
1
1 2
2
1 2
1
7 4
2
5 3
1
.
3 2
2


'
' 1
1
=
1
1
=
1
1
1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
1 1
=
= 1 1
1 1
+ 1+

Vy
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
f x u x v x = .

V d 4. Tm m vector (1; ; 5) u m = c biu th tuyn tnh qua hai vector
1
(1; 3; 2) u = v
2
(2; 1; 1) u = .
Gii. Gi s u c biu th tuyn tnh qua
1 2
, u u .
Suy ra, tn ti , a b sao cho
1 2
u au bu =
hay
(1; ; 5) (1; 3; 2) (2; 1; 1) m a b =
2 1 3
3 1
2 5 8.
a b a
a b m b
a b m
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
1 1
= = 1 1
1 1
+ +

Vy 8 m = v
1 2
3 u u u = .

V d 5. Trong
4
, Tm m
1
u l t hp tuyn tnh ca
2 3 4
, , u u u trong :
1 2
(1; 1; 0; 1), ( ; ; 1; 2) u u m m = = ,
3 4
(0; 2; 0; ), (2; 2; ; 4) u m u m = = .
Gii. Gi s
1
u l t hp tuyn tnh ca
2 3 4
, , u u u . Suy ra, , , a b c sao cho
1 2 3 4
u au bu cu =
0 2 1
2 2 1
1 0 0
2 4 1
m
m
a b c
m
m
1 1 1 1










=










( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
.
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


52
Yu cu bi tng ng vi h phng trnh sau c nghim:
2 1
2 2 1
0
2 4 1
ma c
ma b c
a mc
a mb c
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Ta c:
( )
0 2 1
2 2 1
1 0 0
2 4 1
m
m
A B
m
m
1



( )

0 2 1 1 0 0
0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 2 1
0 4 2 1 0 4 2 1
m m
m m
m m m m
1 1





















( ) ( )


2
1 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 2
1 0 0 4 2
m
m
m m
1



( )
2
3 2
1 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 2
0 0 0 4 2
m
m
m m m
1



( )
(iu kin:
2
2 0 m ).

Vy
1
u l t hp tuyn tnh ca
2 3 4
, , u u u th:
( )
3 2
2
2 2 8 4 0
( )
2 0
m m m
r A r A B
m
'
1
=
1
1
=
!
1

1
1+
1 1 3 m m = = .


2.2. c lp tuyn tnh v ph thuc tuyn tnh

nh ngha
Trong khng gian vector V , xt n vector
i
u ( 1, 2,..., i n = ).
H cha n vector
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
u u u c gi l c lp tuyn tnh (vit tt l ltt) nu
1
n
i i
i
u
=
=

th
0, 1, 2,...,
i
i n = = .
H cha n vector
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
u u u khng phi l c lp tuyn tnh th c gi l ph thuc tuyn
tnh (vit tt l pttt).

V d 6. Trong
2
, xt s c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh ca h vector
1 2
{ (1; 1), (2; 3)} A u u = = = .
Gii. Ta c:
1 1 2 2 1 2
(1; 1) (2; 3) (0; 0) u u = =
1 2 1
1 2 2
2 0 0
3 0 0.


' '
1 1 = =
1 1

! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +

Vy h A l c lp tuyn tnh.

V d 7. Trong
3
, xt s c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh ca h gm 3 vector sau:
1 2 3
{ ( 1; 3; 2), (2; 0; 1), (0; 6; 5)} B u u u = = = = .
Gii. Ta c:
3
1 2 3
1
( 1; 3; 2) (2; 0; 1) (0; 6; 5) (0; 0; 0)
i i
i
u
=
= =


Chng 3. Kho ng gian vector


53

1 2
1 3
1 2 3
2 0
3 6 0
2 5 0



'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
( )
H ( ) c ma trn h s
1 2 0
3 0 6
2 1 5
A
1





( )
.
Do ( ) 2 3 r A = < nn h ( ) c nghim khng tm thng.
Vy h B l ph thuc tuyn tnh.

V d 8. Trong
2 3
( ) M

, xt s c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh ca h:


1 2 0 2 3 0 0 1 0
, ,
3 0 1 4 0 1 2 0 1
W A B C
' ' 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1


= = = =
! !


1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
Gii. Ta c:
2 3
(0 )
ij
aA bB cC

= ( , , ) a b c

2 0
2 3 0
3 4 2 0
0
a b
a b c
a b c
a b c
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1

!
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1+
( )
Do h ( ) c v s nghim nn h W ph thuc tuyn tnh.

Cch khc
Do
2 3
2 (0 )
ij
A B C

= nn h W ph thuc tuyn tnh.



V d 9. Trong [ ]
n
P x , xt s ltt hay pttt ca h:
2 1
1 2 3 1
{ 1, , ,..., , }
n n
n n
U u u x u x u x u x

= = = = = = .
Gii. Ta c:
1
1
( )
n
i i i
i
u

=
=


2 1
1 2 3 1
... 0 0 ... 0
n n n
n n
x x x x x x

= .
ng nht thc, ta c
1 2 3 1
... 0
n n

= = = = = = .
Vy h vector U l c lp tuyn tnh.

V d 10. Trong
2
[ ] P x cho h 3 vector
2 2 2
1 2 3
{ 2 ; 1; } V f x f x x f x x m = = = = .
Tm m h V ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Gii. Ta c:

1 1 2 2 3 3
f f f =

2 2 2 2
1 2 3
(2 ) ( 1) ( ) 0 0 0 x x x x x m x x =

2 2
1 2 3 2 3 2 3
(2 ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 0 x x m x x = .

Yu cu bi tng ng vi h phng trnh sau c nghim khng tm thng:
1 2 3
2 3
2 3
2 0
0
0 m



'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+


Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


54
Ngha l:
( )
2 1 1
0 1 1 0 2 1 0 1
0 1
m m
m
= = = .

nh l
H cha n vector l ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi tn ti trong h mt vector l t hp tuyn
tnh ca 1 n vector cn li.

H qu
Nu h c vector khng th h ph thuc tuyn tnh.

Nu c mt b phn ca h ph thuc tuyn tnh th h pttt.

V d 11.
Trong
3
, xt h
1 2 3
{ (0; 0; 0), (1; 0; 1), (0; 1; 2)} A u u u = = = = .
Do
1 2 3
1. 0. 0. u u u = nn h A l ph thuc tuyn tnh.

Trong
4
[ ] P x , xt h
2 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
{ ; 3 ; ( 1) ; } B v x v x v x v x = = = = = .
Ta c b phn
2 2
1 2
{ ; 3 } v x v x = = l pttt nn h B l pttt.
Tht vy, h B pttt do
1 2 3 4
3. 1. 0. 0. v v v v = .


2.3. H vector trong R
n
nh ngha
Trong
n
, xt m vector
1 2
( , ,..., )
i i i in
u a a a = ( 1, 2,..., ) i m = .
Ma trn ( )
ij m n
A a

= gm m dng tng ng vi m vector c gi l ma trn dng ca h m


vector
1 2
{ , ,..., }
m
u u u .

V d 12. H
1 2
{ (1; 1; 2), (4; 2; 3)} u u = = c ma trn dng l
1 1 2
4 2 3
A
1




( )
.
nh l
Trong
n
, gi s h W gm m vector v c ma trn dng l ( )
m n
A M

.

H vector W l c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi ( ) r A m = .

H vector W l ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi ( ) r A m < .

H qu
Trong
n
, h cha nhiu hn n vector th ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Trong
n
, h cha n vector l c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi

det 0 A

V d 13. Trong
2
, xt s ltt hay pttt ca h vector sau: {( 1; 2; 0), (2; 1; 1)} B = .
Gii. Ta c:
1 2 0 1 2 0
2 1 1 0 5 1
A
1 1




=




( ) ( )
.
Do ( ) 2 r A = nn h B l c lp tuyn tnh.

Chng 3. Kho ng gian vector


55
V d 14. Trong
3
, xt s ltt hay pttt ca h vector sau: {( 1; 2; 0), (1; 5; 3), (2; 3; 3)} B = .
Gii. Ta c:
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0
1 5 3 0 7 3 0 7 3
2 3 3 0 7 3 0 0 0
A
1 1 1







=





( ) ( ) ( )
.

Do ( ) 2 3 r A = < nn h B ph thuc tuyn tnh.

V d 15. Trong
3
, tm iu kin ca m h {( ; 1; 1), (1 4 ; 3; 2)} m m m pttt.
Gii. Ta c:
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 4 3 2 3 1 4 2 0 1 1
m m m
A
m m m m m m
1 1 1




=




( ) ( ) ( )
.

Vy h cho l ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi:
( ) 2 1 r A m < = .

V d 16. Trong
3
, bin lun s ltt v s pttt ca h {( ; 1; 1), (1; ; 1), (1; 1; )} W m m m = .
Gii. Ta c:
2
1 1
1 1 det ( 2)( 1)
1 1
m
A m A m m
m
1


= =





( )
.

H W l c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi:
det 0 2 1 A m m .

H W l ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi:
det 0 2 1 A m m = = = .



3. S CHIU, C S CA KHNG GIAN VECTOR

3.1. Khng gian sinh bi mt h vector

nh ngha

Trong kgvt V cho h gm m vector
1 2
{ , , , }
m
S u u u = .

Tp hp tt c cc t hp tuyn tnh ca S c gi l khng gian con sinh bi S , k hiu l
S < .
Vy
1
( )
m
i i i
i
S v V v u
=
' '
1 1
1 1
< = =
! !
1 1
1 1 + +



Nu S < V = th ta gi S l h sinh ca V hay V c sinh ra bi h S .

V d 17. Trong
2
, cho h
1 2
{ (1; 0), (0; 1)} S u u = = = .
Gi
2
v , vi ( ; ) v x y = , ta c:
1 2
( ; 0) (0; ) . . v x y x u y u v = = S < .
Mt khc, do
2
S < nn S <
2
= .
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


56
V d 18. Trong
3
, cho h
1 2
{ (1; 0; 1), (0; 1; 1)} S u u = = = .
Gi v S < , vi ( ; ; ) v x y z = , ta c:
1 2
( ; ; ) ( , ) v u u = = .
Vy
3
{ ( ; ; ) ( , )} S x < = = .

V d 19. Chng t h vector
1 2
{ (1; 1; 1), (0; 1; 1)} W u u = = = khng phi l h sinh ca
3
.
Gii. Ly vector
3
(0; 0; 1) v = . Ta c:
1 1 2 2
v u u =
1 2
(0; 0; 1) (1; 1; 1) (0; 1; 1) =

1
1 2
1 2
0
0
1



'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
(h phng trnh v nghim).
Suy ra v W < . Vy W khng phi l h sinh ca
3
.

V d 20. Cho h phng trnh thun nht
0
0
x y z t
x y z t
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
c hai nghim c bn l
1 2
(0; 1; 0; 1), (0; 1; 1; 0) X X = = .

Gi X l mt nghim bt k ca h phng trnh trn, ta c:
1 1 2 2 1 2
( , ) X X X = .
Vy
1 2
, X X l khng gian vector cha tt c cc nghim ca h phng trnh trn, v c gi l
khng gian nghim.


3.2. S chiu v c s

nh ngha

Khng gian vector V c gi l c n chiu (n dimension), nu tn ti n vector c lp tuyn
tnh v khng c bt k h c lp tuyn tnh no cha nhiu hn n vector.
K hiu s chiu ca khng gian vector V l dimV .

H gm n vector c lp tuyn tnh trong khng gian vector V c n chiu c gi l mt c s
(basic) ca V .

Quy c
Khng gian zero { } W = ch cha 1 vector khng c s chiu l 0.

Ch
i) Khng gian vector c s nhiu hu hn c gi l khng gian vector hu hn chiu.

ii) Khng gian vector m trong ta c th tm c v s vector c lp tuyn tnh c gi l
khng gian vector v hn chiu. Trong phm vi chng trnh, ta khng xt loi khng gian ny.


nh l
Nu h S l mt c s ca khng gian n chiu V th S V < = .

V d 21. Trong
2
, xt h vector
1 2
{ (1; 1), (0; 1)} F u u = = = .
Chng 3. Kho ng gian vector


57
Do
1 1
det 1 0
0 1
1



( )
nn h F l c lp tuyn tnh.
Mt khc, xt vector
2
( ; ) v a b = ta c
1 2
( ) v au a b u = .
Suy ra h
1 2
{ , , } u u v l ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Vy
2
dim 2 = v h vector F l mt c s ca
2
.

Ch
i) Trong
n
, h vector
1 2
{ ( ; ;...; ), 1, 2,..., }
n i i i in
E e a a a i n = = =
trong 1
ij
a = nu i j = , 0
ij
a = nu i j l mt c s ca
n
v dim
n
n = . H
n
E
c gi l c s chnh tc ca
n
.
ii) Trong
n
, mi h gm n vector ltt u l c s.

iii) Mt khng gian vector hu hn chiu c th c nhiu c s v s vector trong cc c s l
khng i.

V d 22. Trong
2
[ ] P x , xt h
2
1 2 3
{ 1, , } S f f x f x = = = = .
Nhn thy h S l c lp tuyn tnh.
Xt
2
[ ] f P x vi
2
0 1 2
f a a x a x = , ta c:
2
0 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 3
. . . { 1, , , } f a f a f a f f f x f x f = = = = l pttt.
Vy
2
dim [ ] 3 P x = v S l mt c s ca
2
[ ] P x .

Tng qut, ta c
dim [ ] 1,
n
P x n n

=

Nhn xt
Trong
n
, gi A l ma trn dng to bi m vector ca h S .

Ta c dim ( ) S r A n < = .
Nu dim S k < = th mi h gm k vector ltt ca S u l c s ca S < .

V d 23. Trong
4
, cho h vector {(1; 2; 3; 4), (2; 4; 9; 6), (1; 2; 5; 3), (1; 2; 6; 3)} S = .
Tm s chiu ca khng gian sinh S < .
Gii. Ma trn dng ca 4 vector l
1 2 3 4
2 4 9 6
1 2 5 3
1 2 6 3
A
1


( )
.

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
0 0 3 2 0 0 3 2
0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0
A
1 1












( ) ( )
.
Vy, do ( ) 3 r A = nn dim 3 S < = .
V d 24. Trong
4
, cho h vector
1 2 3
{ ( 2; 4; 2; 4), (2; 5; 3; 1), ( 1; 3; 4; 1)} W u u u = = = = .
Xc nh s chiu v tm mt c s ca W < .
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


58
Gii. Ta c:
2 4 2 4 1 2 1 2
2 5 3 1 0 1 5 3
1 3 4 1 0 1 5 3
A
1 1







=





( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
0 1 5 3 ( ) 2
0 0 0 0
r A
1





( )
.
Do h
1 2
{ , } u u l c lp tuyn tnh nn:
dim 2 W < = v mt c s ca W < l
1 2
{ , } F u u = .
Ta thng chn h {(1; 2; 1; 2), (0; 1; 5; 3)} lm c s.

V d 25. Tm iu kin ca m h 4 vector sau l c s ca
3
[ ] P x :
3 3 2 2
1 2 3 4
{ , , 1, 2 4 } F f x f mx x f mx f x x m = = = = = .
Gii. Ta c
3
dim [ ] 4 P x = .
Do
3
[ ] f P x c dng
3 2
3 2 1 0
f a x a x a x a = tng ng vi mt b s
3 2 1 0
( ; ; ; ) a a a a , nn ta
lp c ma trn dng ca h F l
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
0 2 4
m
A
m
m
1


( )
.
Vy F l c s ca
3
[ ] P x khi v ch khi det 0 2 A m .



4. TA CA VECTOR

4.1. Ta ca vector i vi mt c s

nh l
Trong khng gian vector n chiu V , cho mt c s c sp th t
1 2
{ , , , }
n
B u u u = . Khi ,
mi vector v ca V u vit c mt cch duy nht di dng t hp tuyn tnh ca n vector
trong B .

Quy c
T y v sau, khi ni n mt c s l ta ngm hiu rng c s c sp th t.

nh ngha
Trong khng gian vector V , cho c s
1 2
{ , , , }
n
B u u u = . Theo nh l trn, x V u vit
c mt cch duy nht di dng
1 1 2 2
1
... ( )
n
n n i i i
i
x u u u u
=
= =


k hiu l
1
2
[ ]
B
n
x


( )

v ta gi n l ta ca x trong c s B .

Quy c
Trong
n
, ta vit c s chnh tc
n
E l E , v vit [ ]
E
x l [ ] x .

Chng 3. Kho ng gian vector


59
V d 26. Trong
2
, cho c s
1 2
{ (2; 1), (1; 1)} B u u = = = v vector (3; 5) x = . Tm [ ]
B
x .
Gii. Gi [ ]
B
a
x
b
1



( )
, ta c:
1 2 1 2
3 2 1
[ ] [ ] [ ]
5 1 1
x au bu x a u b u a b
1 1 1



= = =




( ) ( ) ( )


2 3
8 7
,
5
3 3
a b
a b
a b
'
1 =
1
= =
!
1 =
1
+
.
Vy
8 7
[ ]
3 3
T
B
x
1

=


( )
.

V d 27. Trong
4
[ ] P x , cho
4 3
f x x = . Tm [ ]
A
f , bit c s A l:


2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
1, 1, ( 1) , ( 1) , ( 1) f f x f x f x f x = = = = = .

Gii. Gi
1 2 3 4 5
[ ] ( )
T
A
f = , ta c:

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
f f f f f f =

4 3 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) . x x x x x x =

ng nht cc h s, ta c:
1 2 3 4 5 1
2 3 4 5 2
3 4 5 3
4 5 4
5 5
0 2
2 3 4 0 7
3 6 0 9
4 1 5
1 1





' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1
= = 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
1 1
= = 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1 + +


Vy [ ] (2 7 9 5 1)
T
A
f = .

V d 28. Trong
2
, xt hai c s:
1 1 2
{ (1; 0), (0; 1)} B u u = = = ,
2 1 2
{ (2; 1), (1; 1)} B v v = = = .
Cho bit
2
1
[ ]
2
B
x
1



( )
. Tm
1
[ ]
B
x .
Gii. Gi [ ]
a
x
b
1



( )
v
1
[ ]
B
x



( )
, ta c:


2
1 2
1
2
2
B
x x v v
1

l

= =

l
l

( )

2 1 4
2 [ ]
1 1 1
a
x
b
1 1 1 1



= =




( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
.


1
1 2
[ ]
B
x x u u

= =



( )
4 1 0 4
1 0 1 1

1 1 1 '
1 =
1


=
!


1 =
( ) ( ) ( ) 1
+


Vy
1
4
[ ]
1
B
x
1



( )
.


Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


60
4.2. Ta ca vector trong cc c s khc nhau

4.2.1. Ma trn chuyn c s

Trong khng gian vector n chiu V , cho hai c s
1 1 2 2 1 2
{ , ,..., }, { , ,..., }
n n
B u u u B v v v = = .
Ma trn
( )
1 1 1
1 2
[ ] [ ] ... [ ]
B B n B
v v v c gi l ma trn chuyn c s t c s
1
B sang c s
2
B , k
hiu l
1 2
B B
P

.
c bit, trong
n
, ta c
( )
2
1 2
[ ] [ ]...[ ]
E B n
P v v v

= l ma trn ct ca cc vector theo th t


trong c s
2
B .

V d 29. Trong
2
, tm ma trn chuyn
1 2
B B
P

vi hai c s:
1 1 2
{ (1; 0), (1; 1)} B u u = = = ,
2 1 2
{ (1; 2), (3; 1)} B v v = = = .
Gii. Gi
1
1
[ ]
B
a
v
b
1



( )
v
1
2
[ ]
B
c
v
d
1



( )
, ta c:

1
1
1 1 1 1 1
[ ]
2 0 1 2 2
B
a
a b v
b
1 1 1 ' 1
1 =
1


= =
!


1 =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
+
.

1
2
3 1 1 4 4
[ ]
1 0 1 1 1
B
c
c d v
d
1 1 1 ' 1
1 =
1


= =
!


1 =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
+
.
Vy
1 2
1 4
2 1
B B
P



( )
.

V d 30. Trong
2
[ ] P x , tm hai ma trn
F G
P

v
G F
P

vi hai c s:

2
1 2 3
{ 1, , } F f f x f x = = = = ,
2
1 2 3
{ 1, , 1} G g g x x g x = = = = .
Gii
Tm
F G
P

. Ta c:
1 1 1
[ ] (1 0 0)
T
F
g f g = = ,
2 2 3 2
[ ] (0 1 1)
T
F
g f f g = = ,
3 1 2 3
[ ] (1 1 0)
T
F
g f f g = = .
Vy
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 1 0
F G
P





( )
.
Tm
G F
P

. Ta c:
1 1 1
[ ] (1 0 0)
T
G
f g f = = ,
2 1 3 2
[ ] ( 1 0 1)
T
G
f g g f = = ,
3 1 2 3 3
[ ] ( 1 1 1)
T
G
f g g g f = = .
Vy
1 1 1
0 0 1
0 1 1
G F
P





( )
.


Chng 3. Kho ng gian vector


61
nh l
Trong khng gian vector n chiu V cho ba c s
1
B ,
2
B v
3
B .
Ta c:
i) ( 1, 2, 3)
i i
B B n
P I i

= = ; ii)
1 3 1 2 2 3
.
B B B B B B
P P P

= ; iii)
1 2 2 1
1
( )
B B B B
P P


= .

H qu
Trong
n
, ta c:
1 2 1 2 1 2
1
. ( )
B B B E E B E B E B
P P P P P


= =

V d 31. Da vo h qu, gii li v d 29.
Gii. Ta c:
( )
1 2 1 2
1
1
1 1 1 3 1 4
0 1 2 1 2 1
B B E B E B
P P P


1 1 1




= = =




( ) ( ) ( )
.


4.2.2. Cng thc i ta
Trong khng gian vector n chiu V , cho hai c s
1 2
, B B v vector x V . Ta c cng thc i
ta l

1 1 2 2
[ ] .[ ]
B B B B
x P x

=

V d 32. Trong
3
, xt hai c s
1
B v
2
B .
Cho bit
2 1
1 1 2
0 1 3
0 0 2
B B
P





( )
v
1
1
[ ] 2
3
B
v
1





( )
. Tm
2
[ ]
B
v .
Gii. Ta c:
2 2 1 1
1 1 2 1 5
[ ] .[ ] 0 1 3 2 11
0 0 2 3 6
B B B B
v P v

1 1 1







= = =





( )( ) ( )
.

Vy
2
[ ] (5 11 6)
T
B
v = .

V d 33. Trong
2
, cho c s {(1; 2), (3; 4)} A = v vector (3; 2) x = . Tm [ ]
A
x .
Gii. Ta c:
1
1 3 3 4 3 3 3
1 1
[ ] .[ ]
2 4 2 2 1 2 4
10 5
A A E E
x P x

1 1 1 1 1



= = = =




( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
.
V d 34. Trong
2
, xt hai c s: {(2; 3), (1; 2)} A = v {(3; 2), (2; 5)} B = .
Cho bit [ ] (1 2)
T
B
x = , tm [ ]
A
x .
Gii. Ta c ma trn chuyn c s l:
1
1
2 1 3 2 4 9
1
( ) .
3 2 2 5 13 4
7
A B E A E B
P P P


1 1 1



= = =




( ) ( ) ( )
.
Vy
4 9 1 22
1 1
[ ] .[ ]
13 4 2 5
7 7
A A B B
x P x

1 1 1



= = =




( )( ) ( )
.
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


62
BI TP TRC NGHIM CHNG III

Cu 1. Gi tr m
1
(2; 4; 2 7) u m m = l t hp tuyn tnh ca
2
(1; 2; 3) u = v
3
(3; 8; 11) u = l:
A. 1 m = ; B. 1 m = ; C. 7 m = ; D. 7 m = .

Cu 2. Gi tr m
1
(2; 4; 3 13) u m m = l t hp tuyn tnh ca
2
(1; 2; 3) u = ,
3
(1; 1; 1) u =
v
4
(1; 3; 5) u = l:
A. 1 m = ; B. 1 m = ; C. 7 m = ; D. 7 m = .

Cu 3. Trong
2
[ ] P x , gi tr m
1
u x m = l t hp tuyn tnh ca
2
2
2 3 u x = v
2
3
1 u x x = l:
A. 2 m = ; B. 2 m = ; C.
1
2
m = ; D.
1
2
m = .

Cu 4. Gi tr m vector
1
(1; 2; 3) u m = l t hp tuyn tnh ca
2
( 1; ; 1) u m m = v
3
(1; 1; 1 ) u m = l:
A. 1 m = ; B. 2 m = ; C.
2
1
m
m

; D.
1
2
m
m

.

Cu 5. Gi tr ca m h
1
(1; 2; 3) u m = ,
2
( 1; ; 1) u m m = v
3
(1; 1; 1 ) u m = ph
thuc tuyn tnh l:
A. 1 m = ; B. 2 m = ; C.
2
1
m
m

; D.
1
2
m
m

.

Cu 6. Gi tr ca m h ba vector sau y ph thuc tuyn tnh ( ; 1; 3; 4) m , ( ; ; 2; 6) m m m v
(2 ; 2; 6; 10) m m l:
A. 0 1 m m = = ; B. 0 2 m m = = ;

C. 2 1 m m = = ; D. 2 0 1 m m m = = = .

Cu 7. Gi tr m cc vector sau to thnh mt c s ca
3

(1; 2; ), ( ; 2 3; 3 3), (4; 3 7; 5 3) m m m m m m l:
A.
4
3
3
m m ; B.
4
3
3
m m ;
C.
3
4
4
m m ; D.
3
4
4
m m .

Cu 8. Gi tr ca m vector (3; ; ) x m m W = vi
1 2
(1; 1; 0), (2; 0; 1) W u u = < = = l:
A. 1 m = ; B. 1 m = ; C. 7 m = ; D. 7 m = .

Cu 9. iu kin ca m vector (1; 1; ) x m W = vi
1 2 3
(1; 1; 0), (2; 0; 1), (1; 1; 1) W u u u = < = = = l:
A. 0 m ; B. 1 m ; C. 2 m ; D. 3 m .
Chng 3. Kho ng gian vector


63
Cu 10. Ta ca (1; 2) x = trong c s {(1; 4), ( 2; 5)} B = l:
A.
1
1
2
13
1



( )
; B.
2
1
1
13
1



( )
; C.
9
1
2
13
1



( )
; D.
9
1
2
13
1



( )
.

Cu 11. Cho {(3; 4), ( 2; 1)} A = , {(1; 3), (1; 2)} B = l hai c s ca
2
v [ ] (1 2)
T
A
x = .
Ta ca vector x trong c s B l:
A.
8
9
1



( )
; B.
8
9
1



( )
; C.
0
1
1



( )
; D.
1
1
1



( )
.

Cu 12. Trong
3
cho c s {(1; 1; 1), (1; 0; 1), (0; 1; 2)} A = . Ma trn chuyn c s
A E
P

l:
A.
1 2 1
1
1 2 1
2
1 0 1
1





( )
; B.
1 2 1
1
1 0 1
2
1 2 1
1





( )
; C.
1 2 1
1
1 2 1
2
1 0 1
1





( )
; D.
1 1 1
1
2 2 0
2
1 1 1
1





( )
.

Cu 13. Ta ca vector (2; 3; 6) x = trong c s {(1; 2; 3), (1; 3; 4), (2; 4; 7)} A = l:
A. [ ] ( 1 1 1)
T
A
x = ; B. [ ] (1 1 1)
T
A
x = ;

C. [ ] (26 35 58)
T
A
x = ; D. [ ] (17 37 60)
T
A
x = .

Cu 14. Ta ca vector (2; 1; 0) x = trong c s {(1; 1; 1), (1; 2; 1), (2; 1; 1)} B = l:
A.
1
1
7
5
8
1





( )
; B.
1
1
7
5
8
1





( )
; C.
1
1
7
5
8
1





( )
; D.
1
1
7
5
8
1





( )
.
Cu 15. Vector x thuc khng gian nghim ca h phng trnh
0
2 4 0
5 2 0
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
l:
A. (1; 1; 3) x = ; B. ( 1; 1; 2) x = ; C. (3; 3; 6) x = ; D. (3; 3; 6) x = .

Cu 16. S chiu khng gian nghim W ca h phng trnh
2 4 0
4 8 2 2 3 0
x y z t u
x y z t u
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
l:
A. dim 2 W = ; B. dim 3 W = ; C. dim 4 W = ; D. dim 5 W = .
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


64
Chng IV
NH X TUYN TNH

1. KHI NIM NH X TUYN TNH

1.1. nh ngha

Cho X , Y l hai khng gian vector trn .
nh x : T X Y c gi l nh x tuyn tnh t X vo Y nu tha mn hai iu kin sau:

1) ( ) ( ), , T x T x x X = ;
2) ( ) ( ) ( ), , T x y T x T y x y X = .

Ch
i) i vi nh x tuyn tnh, k hiu ( ) T x cn c vit l Tx .
ii) ( )
X Y
T = vi ,
X Y
ln lt l vector khng ca X , Y .
iii) Hai iu kin trong nh ngha trn tng ng vi

( ) , , , T x y Tx Ty x y X =

V d 1. Chng t nh x
3 2
: T c nh ngha

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
( ; ; ) ( ; 2 3 ) T x x x x x x x x = l nh x tuyn tnh.
Gii. Trong
3
, ta xt hai vector
1 2 3
( ; ; ) x x x x = v
1 2 3
( ; ; ) y y y y = .
Vi ty , ta c:

1 1 2 2 3 3
( ) ( ; ; ) T x y T x y x y x y =

1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2
( ; 2 2 3 3 ) x y x y x y x y x y =

1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2
( ; 2 3 ) ( ; 2 3 ) x x x x x y y y y y = Tx Ty = .
Vy nh x T l nh x tuyn tnh t
3
vo
2
.

V d 2. Chng t nh x f c cng thc ( ; ) ( ; 2 3 ) f x y x y y =
khng phi l nh x tuyn tnh t
2
vo
2
.
Gii. Trong
2
, xt hai vector (1; 2) u = v (0; 1) v = , ta c:
( ) (1; 1) (1 1; 2 3.1) (0; 5) f u v f = = = ,
( ) ( ) ( 1; 8) (1; 1) (0; 7) f u f v = =
( ) ( ) ( ) f u v f u f v .
Vy nh x f khng phi l nh x tuyn tnh t
2
vo
2
.

V d 3. Cc nh x sau y l cc nh x tuyn tnh t
2
vo
2
.

1) Php chiu vung gc xung trc Ox , Oy :
( ; ) ( ; 0) T x y x = , ( ; ) (0; ) T x y y = .

2) Php i xng qua trc Ox , Oy :
( ; ) ( ; ) T x y x y = , ( ; ) ( ; ) T x y x y = .

3) Php quay mt gc quanh gc ta O:
( ; ) ( cos sin ; sin cos ) T x y x y x y = .

Chng 4. Anh xa tuyen tnh


65
V d 4. Gi [ ; ] C a b l tp hp cc hm mt bin s lin tc trn [ ; ] a b . Trn [ ; ] C a b , xc nh php
ton cng hai hm s v nhn v hng th [ ; ] C a b l mt khng gian vector.
Khi , ta c:
( )
b
a
Tf f x dx =

l nh x tuyn tnh t [ ; ] C a b vo ;
( ) , [ ; ]
x
a
Sf f t dt x a b =

l nh x tuyn tnh t [ ; ] C a b vo [ ; ] C a b .

V d 5. Cho ( )
m n
A M

, ta c : , [ ]
n m
A A
T T x Ax = l nh x tuyn tnh.


1.2. Nhn v nh ca nh x tuyn tnh

1.2.1. nh ngha

Cho nh x tuyn tnh : f X Y .

Tp

( )
Y
x X f x = c gi l nhn ca f , k hiu l Ker( ) f .

Tp

( ) f x x X c gi l nh ca f , k hiu l Im( ) f .

1.2.2. Tnh cht
Cho nh x tuyn tnh : f X Y , ta c cc tnh cht sau

i) Ker( ) f l mt khng gian con ca X .

ii) Im( ) f l khng gian con ca Y .

iii) f l n nh khi v ch khi Ker( ) { }
X
f = .

4i) f l ton nh khi v ch khi Im( ) f Y = .

5i) Nu S X < = th ( ) Im( ) f S f < = .

V d 6. Cho nh x tuyn tnh
3 2
: f c nh ngha
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
( ; ; ) ( 4 ; ) f x x x x x x x x = .
Tm Ker( ) f v Im( ) f .
Gii
Tm Ker( ) f . Ta c:
1
1 2 3
1 2 3 2
1 2
3
2
4 0
( ; ; ) (0; 0) 2 ( )
0
x
x x x
f x x x x
x x
x

'
1
=
1
'
1 1 =
1 1
= =
! !
1 1 =
1 1
+
= 1
1
+

Vy
3
Ker( ) { (2 ; 2 ; ) , } f x = = .

Tm Im( ) f . Trong
3
, xt c s chnh tc ta c:

(1; 0; 0) (1 0 0; 1 0) (1; 1) f = = ,
(0; 1; 0) (0 1 0; 0 1) (1; 1) f = = ,
(0; 0; 1) (0 0 4; 0 0) ( 4; 0) f = = .
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


66
Do
3
(1; 0; 0), (0; 1; 0), (0; 0; 1) = nn:
Im( ) (1; 1), (1; 1), ( 4; 0) (1; 1), (1; 1) f = =

2
{ ( ; ) ( , )} y = = .

nh l
Gi s X v Y l hai khng gian vector hu hn chiu. Nu f l nh x tuyn tnh t X vo Y
th

dimKer( ) dimIm( ) dim f f X =

H qu
Cho nh x tuyn tnh : f X Y v dim dim X Y = .
Khi , ba iu sau y l tng ng:
i) f l song nh;
ii) f l n nh;
iii) f l ton nh.

V d 7. Cho nh x tuyn tnh
3 3
: f xc nh nh sau:
( ; ; ) ( ; ; ) f x y z mx y z x my z x y mz = .
Tm iu kin ca m f c nh x ngc
1
f

.
Gii. p dng h qu trn, ta c:
f c nh x ngc
1
f

khi v ch khi f l n nh.


Tng ng vi Ker( ) { } f = .
Tng ng vi h
0
0
0
mx y z
x my z
x y mz
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+
ch c nghim tm thng.
Tng ng
1 1
2
1 1 0
1.
1 1
m
m
m
m
m
'
1
1

!
1
1
+

Vy iu kin f c nh x ngc
1
f

l
2
1.
m
m
'
1
1
!
1
1
+



1.2.3. S khuyt v hng ca nh x tuyn tnh

a) nh ngha

Cho nh x tuyn tnh : f X Y .

S chiu ca Ker( ) f c gi l s khuyt ca f , k hiu l ( ) d f .

S chiu ca Im( ) f c gi l hng ca f , k hiu l ( ) r f .

b) Thut ton tm s khuyt v hng ca nh x tuyn tnh
Cho nh x tuyn tnh :
n m
f .
Tm s khuyt ca f
Bc 1. Gii h phng trnh thun nht ( ) f x = ( )
Bc 2. S chiu khng gian nghim ca ( ) l s khuyt ca f v cc nghim c bn lp thnh
mt c s ca Ker( ) f .
Chng 4. Anh xa tuyen tnh


67
Tm hng ca f
Bc 1. Trong
n
, ta chn mt c s
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
B u u u = v lp ma trn dng A ca h vector
1 2
{ ( ), ( ),..., ( )}
n
f u f u f u .
Bc 2. a A v ma trn bc thang A . Khi , s dng khc khng ca A l hng ca f v
cc vector dng tng ng trong A lp thnh mt c s ca Im( ) f .

V d 8. Cho nh x tuyn tnh
3 3
: f c nh ngha
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 2 3
( ; ; ) ( ; ; ) f x x x x x x x x x = .
Tm s khuyt v hng ca f .
Ch ra mt c s ca cc khng gian vector Ker( ) f v Im( ) f .
Gii
Tm s khuyt ca f . Ta c:

1 2 1
2 3 2
2 3 3
0
0 ( )
0
x x x
x x x
x x x

' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
1 1
= = 1 1
1 1
+ +
( )
Suy ra, nghim c bn ca ( ) l
1
( 1; 1; 1) X = .
Vy ( ) 1 d f = v mt c s ca Ker( ) f l {( 1; 1; 1)} .

Tm hng ca f . Trong
3
, xt c s chnh tc ta c:
(1; 0; 0) (1; 0; 0) f = , (0; 1; 0) (1; 1; 1) f = , (0; 0; 1) (0; 1; 1) f = .
Suy ra:
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0
A
1 1






=





( ) ( )
.

Vy ( ) 2 r f = v mt c s ca Im( ) f l {(1; 0; 0), (0; 1; 1)} .






2. MA TRN CA NH X TUYN TNH

T y v sau, ta ch xt loi nh x tuyn tnh :
n m
f .
Khi n m = , ta gi :
n n
f l ton t tuyn tnh hay cn gi l php bin i tuyn tnh.

2.1. Khi nim ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh

2.1.1. nh ngha
Cho nh x tuyn tnh :
n m
f v hai c s ca ,
n m
ln lt l
1 1 2
{ , , , }
n
B u u u = v
2 1 2
{ , , , }
m
B v v v = .
Ma trn
( )
2 2 2
1 2
( ) ( ) ... ( ) ( )
n m n
B B B
A f u f u f u M

l l l
=
l l l
l l l

c gi l ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f trong cp c s
1
B v
2
B , k hiu l
2
1
[ ]
B
B
f hay vit
n gin l A nu khng b nhm ln.
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


68
C th l, nu
1 11 1 21 2 31 3 1
2 12 1 22 2 32 3 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
( ) ...
( ) ...
( ) ...
m m
m m
n n n n mn m
f u a v a v a v a v
f u a v a v a v a v
f u a v a v a v a v
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+


th
2
1
11 12 1
21 22 2
31 32 3
1 2
...
...
... [ ]
...
n
n
B
n B
m m mn
a a a
a a a
a a a f
a a a
1





( )

.

Trng hp c bit

Nu :
n n
f l ton t tuyn tnh v
1 2
{ , , , }
n
B u u u = l mt c s ca
n
th ma trn ca
f trong cp c s B , B l
( )
1 2
( ) ( ) ... ( ) ( )
n n
B B B
A f u f u f u M
l l l
=
l l l
l l l


v k hiu [ ]
B
B
f c vit gn l [ ]
B
f .

V d 9.
1) nh x tuyn tnh :
n
f , ( ) ( ; 0;...; 0) f x x = c
1
[ ] (1 0 0)
n
E T
E
f = .

2) nh x tuyn tnh :
n
g ,
1 2 1
( ; ;...; )
n
g x x x x = c
1
[ ] (1 0 0)
n
E
E
g = .

3) Ton t tuyn tnh ng nht Id :
n n
, Id( ) x x = c [Id]
n
E n
I = .

V d 10. Cho nh x tuyn tnh
3 2
: f xc nh nh sau:
1 2 3 2 1 3
( ; ; ) ( ; 2 ) f x x x x x x = . Tm
2
3
[ ]
E
E
A f = .
Gii. Ta c:
2
1 1
0
( ) (1; 0; 0) (0; 1) [ ( )]
1
E
f e f f e
1

= = =



( )
2
2 2
1
( ) (0; 1; 0) (1; 0) [ ( )]
0
E
f e f f e
1

= = =



( )

2
3 3
0
( ) (0; 0; 1) (0; 2) [ ( )]
2
E
f e f f e
1

= = =



( )
.
Vy
0 1 0
1 0 2
A
1



( )
.

V d 11. Cho ton t tuyn tnh
3 3
: f xc nh nh sau:
1 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 3
( ; ; ) ( ; 2 ; 2 3 ) f x x x x x x x x x = . Tm
3
[ ]
E
A f = .
Gii. Ta c:
3
1 1
( ) (1; 0; 0) (1; 1; 1) [ ( )] (1 1 1)
T
E
f e f f e = = =

3
2 2
( ) (0; 1; 0) (0; 0; 2) [ ( )] (0 0 2)
T
E
f e f f e = = =

3
3 3
( ) (0; 0; 1) (0; 2; 3) [ ( )] (0 2 3)
T
E
f e f f e = = = .
Chng 4. Anh xa tuyen tnh


69
Vy
1 0 0
1 0 2
1 2 3
A
1





( )
.

V d 12. Cho nh x tuyn tnh
2 3
: f . Tm
3
2
[ ]
E
E
A f = , bit:
(1; 1) (0; 2; 1) f = v (2; 1) (3; 1; 1) f = .
Gii. Gi s ( ; ) (1; 1) (2; 1) x y a b = , ta c:
1 2
2
3 3
1 1
3 3
a x y
a b x
a b y
b x y
'
1
1
= '
1 1 =
1 1 1

! !
1 1 =
1 1
+ =
1
1
1+

( ; ) . (1; 1) . (2; 1) f x y a f b f =

2
.(0; 2; 1) .(3; 1; 1)
3 3 3 3
x y x y
1 1

=



( ) ( )


( ; ) ( ; ; ) f x y x y x y y = .
Vy
1 1
1 1
0 1
A
1





( )
.

V d 13. Cho ton t tuyn tnh
2 2
: f xc nh
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ; ) ( 2 ; 3 5 ) f x x x x x x = .
Tm
2
[ ]
E
B
f v [ ]
B
f vi c s {(1; 1), (2; 3)} B = .
Gii
Ta c:
2
(1; 1) (3; 2) [ (1; 1)] (3 2)
T
E
f f = =
2
(2; 3) (8; 9) [ (2; 3)] (8 9)
T
E
f f = = .
Vy
2
3 8
[ ]
2 9
E
B
f
1



( )
.

Ta c:
2 2
1
1
1 2 3 2
( )
1 3 1 1
B E E B
P P


1 1



= = =




( ) ( )
.
3 2 3 5
(1; 1) (3; 2) [ (1; 1)]
1 1 2 1
B
f f
1 1 1



= = =




( )( ) ( )

3 2 8 6
(2; 3) (8; 9) [ (2; 3)]
1 1 9 1
B
f f
1 1 1



= = =




( )( ) ( )
.
Vy
5 6
[ ]
1 1
B
f
1



( )
.




Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


70
2.1.2. Tnh cht ca nh x tuyn tnh

a) Nu :
n m
f l nh x tuyn tnh v
1
B ,
2
B l hai c s tng ng ca
n
,
m
th
2
1
( ) ([ ] )
B
B
r f r f =
v
2
2 1 1
[ ( )] [ ] .[ ]
B n
B B B
f x f x x =

b) Nu :
n m
f , :
n m
g , :
m k
h l cc nh x tuyn tnh v
1
B ,
2
B ,
3
B l cc
c s ca
n
,
m
,
k
th

( )
2 2
2 1 1 1
[( )( )] [ ] [ ] .[ ]
B B n
B B B B
f g x f g x x =
v
( )
2 3
3 1 2 1
[( )( )] [ ] .[ ] .[ ]
B B n
B B B B
f h x f h x x =

H qu

Cho ton t tuyn tnh :
n n
f v
1
B ,
2
B l hai c s ca
n
.
Nu tn ti
1
f

th
( )
2 2
1 1
1
1
[ ] [ ]
B B
B B
f f

=
v
( )
2
1 1 1
1
1
[ ( )] [ ] .[ ]
B n
B B B
f x f x x

=

V d 14. Cho nh x tuyn tnh
3 2
: f v 2 c s tng ng:
1
{(1; 0; 1), (0; 1; 1), (1; 1; 1)} B = ,
2
{(4; 3), ( 1; 1)} B = .
Cho bit
2
1
1 0 2
[ ]
0 1 1
B
B
f
1



( )
v (1; 2; 3) x = . Tm
2
[ ( )]
B
f x .
Gii. Ta c:
1 3
1
1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
B E
P

1 1







= =





( ) ( )



1 1 3
[ ] .[ ] ( 1 4 2)
T
B B E
x P x

= = .
Vy
2
2 1 1
1
1 0 2 3
[ ( )] [ ] .[ ] 4
0 1 1 2
2
B
B B B
f x f x
1


1 1



= = =



( ) ( )


( )
.
V d 15. Cho nh x tuyn tnh
2 3
: f c
3
2
1 3
0 2
4 3
E
E
f
1

l
=
l
l



( )
.
Tm ma trn
2
1
B
B
f
l
l
l
. Trong , hai c s tng ng l:

1 1 2
{ (1; 1), (1; 2)} B u u = = = ,
2 1 2 3
{ (1; 0; 1), (1; 1; 1), (1; 0; 0)} B v v v = = = = .
Gii. Ta c:
Chng 4. Anh xa tuyen tnh


71

3
3 2
2
1 1
1 3 2
1
[ ( )] .[ ] = 0 2 = 2
1
4 3 7
E
E E
E
f u f u
1 1


1


l
=
l
l

( )


( ) ( )

2 2 3 3
1 1
0 1 1 2 5
[ ( )] .[ ( )] 0 1 0 2 2
1 0 1 7 9
B B E E
f u P f u

1 1 1







= = =





( )( ) ( )
,

3
3 2
2
2 2
1 3 5
1
[ ( )] .[ ] = 0 2 = 4
2
4 3 10
E
E E
E
f u f u
1 1


1


l
=
l
l

( )


( ) ( )

2 2 3 3
2 2
0 1 1 5 6
[ ( )] .[ ( )] 0 1 0 4 4
1 0 1 10 15
B B E E
f u P f u

1 1 1







= = =





( )( ) ( )
.
Vy
2
1
5 6
2 4
9 15
B
B
f
1

l
=
l
l



( )
.

V d 16. Cho ton t tuyn tnh
2 2
: f xc nh
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ; ) ( 2 ; 3 ) f x x x x x x = .
Cho (1; 2) x = v c s {(4; 3), ( 1; 1)} B = .
Tm
1
[ ( )]
B
f x

v biu thc ca
1
1 2
( ; ) f x x

.
Gii. Nhn thy h
1 2
1 2
2 0
3 0
x x
x x
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
ch c nghim tm thng. Suy ra
1
Ker( ) { } f f

= .
Tm
1
[ ( )]
B
f x

.
Ta c:
2 2
1
1
4 1 1 1 3
( ) [ ]
3 1 3 4 11
B E E B B
P P x


1 1 1




= = = =




( ) ( ) ( )
.

1 1 2 3
(4; 3) ( 2; 5) [ (4; 3)]
3 4 5 14
B
f f
1 1 1




= = =




( )( ) ( )
,
1 1 1 1
( 1; 1) (1; 2) [ ( 1; 1)]
3 4 2 5
B
f f
1 1 1




= = =




( )( ) ( )


1
3 1 5 1
[ ]
14 5 14 3
B
A f A

1 1




= = =




( ) ( )
.
Vy
1 1
5 1 3 4
[ ( )] .[ ]
14 3 11 9
B B
f x A x

1 1 1




= = =




( )( ) ( )
.
Tm biu thc ca
1
1 2
( ; ) f x x

.
Ta c:
1
1
1 2 1 2 3 2
[ ] [ ]
1 3 1 3 1 1
f f

1 1 1



= = =




( ) ( ) ( )
.

Vy
1
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ; ) (3 2 ; ) f x x x x x x

= .
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


72
Ch
Ta c th kim chng li
1
f

trong v d 16 nh sau:
t
1 2
3 2 x x = v
1 2
x x = , ta c
1 2
( ; ) ( 2 ; 3 ) ( ; ) f x x = =
hay
1 2 1 2 1 2
(3 2 ; ) ( ; ) f x x x x x x = .
Vy
1
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ; ) (3 2 ; ) f x x x x x x

= .


2.2. nh l chuyn i ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh

nh l
Gi s
1
B ,
2
B l hai c s ca
n
v
1
B

,
2
B

l hai c s ca
m
.
Nu f l nh x tuyn tnh t
n
vo
m
th

2 1
2 2 1 1 1 2
[ ] .[ ] .
B B
B B B B B B
f P f P


=


Nhn xt
Nu t
1
1
1
B
B
f A

l
=
l
l
,
2
2
2
B
B
f A

l
=
l
l
,
1 2
B B
P P

= v
1 2
B B
P P

= th cng thc trong nh l tr


thnh
1
2 1
( ) . . A P A P

= .

S chuyn i ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh


Trng hp ring
Nu :
n n
f l ton t tuyn tnh, B l mt c s ca
n
v
E B
P P

= th
1
[ ] .[ ] .
B E
f P f P =

V d 17. Cho ton t tuyn tnh
3 3
: f c biu thc
( ; ; ) ( ; ; ) f x y z x y z x y z x y z = .
Tm [ ]
F
f , vi c s {(2; 1; 0), (1; 0; 1), ( 1; 0; 1)} F = .
Gii. Ta c:

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
E
f
1

l
=
l
l



( )
v
1
2 1 1 0 2 0
1
1 0 0 1 2 1
2
0 1 1 1 2 1
E F
P P P

1 1







= = =





( ) ( )
.
Suy ra:
0 2 0 1 1 1 2 1 1
1
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
2
1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
F
f
1 1 1






l
=
l
l



( )( )( )
.
Chng 4. Anh xa tuyen tnh


73
Vy
1 2 0
2 1 1
1 1 1
F
f
1

l
=
l
l



( )
.

V d 18. Cho nh x tuyn tnh
3 2
: f c biu thc ( ; ; ) ( ; ) f x y z x y z x y z = .
Tm ma trn ca f trong cp c s:
{(1; 1; 0), (0; 1; 1), (1; 0; 1)} B = v {(2; 1), (1; 1)} B

= .
Gii. Ta c:

2
3
1 1 1
[ ]
1 1 1
E
E
f
1



( )
v
3
1 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
E B
P P


= =





( )
,
2
2 1
1 1
E B
P P

1



= =



( )
.
Vy
( )
2
3
1
[ ] [ ]
E B
B E
f P f P

=

1 1 0 1
2 1 1 1 1
1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1

1

1 1



=



( ) ( )


( )


1 1 2 0 0 2 0 2
1 2 0 0 2 2 0 4
1 1 1




= =




( )( ) ( )
.


2.3. Thut ton tm ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh

Cho nh x tuyn tnh :
n m
f v hai c s ln lt l:
1 1 2
{ , , , }
n
B u u u = v
2 1 2
{ , , , }
m
B v v v = .

Bc 1. Tm cc ma trn sau:

( )
1 2
[ ] [ ] ...[ ]
m m m
E E m E
S v v v = (ma trn ct cc vector ca
2
B ),


( )
1 2
[ ( )] [ ( )] ...[ ( )]
n n n
E E n E
Q f u f u f u = .

Bc 2. Dng php bin i s cp trn dng a ma trn
( )
S Q v dng
( )
m
I A .
Khi ,
2
1
[ ]
B
B
f A = .

V d 19. Cho ton t tuyn tnh ( ; ) ( ; 2 ) f x y x y x y = .
Dng thut ton tm [ ]
B
f , vi c s {(2; 1), (1; 1)} B = .
Gii. Ta c
1 2
B B B = = .
2 1
1 1
S
1



( )
;
3 0 3 0
[ (2; 1)] , [ (1; 1)]
0 3 0 3
f f Q
1 1 1



= = =




( ) ( ) ( )
.
Suy ra:

( )
2 1 3 0 2 1 3 0
1 1 0 3 3 0 3 3
S Q
1 1



=




( ) ( )
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
2 1 3 0 0 1 1 2
1 1








( ) ( )
.
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


74
Vy
1 1
[ ]
1 2
B
f
1



( )
.

V d 20. Cho nh x tuyn tnh
3 2
: f c biu thc ( ; ; ) ( ; ) f x y z x y z x y z = .
Dng thut ton tm ma trn ca f trong cp c s sau:
{(1; 1; 0), (0; 1; 1), (1; 0; 1)} B = v {(2; 1), (1; 1)} B

= .
Gii. Ta c:
2 1
1 1
S
1



( )
,
(1; 1; 0) (2; 0)
(0; 1; 1) (0; 0)
(1; 0; 1) (0; 2)
f
f
f
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+

2 0 0
0 0 2
Q
1



( )
.
Suy ra:

( )
2 1 2 0 0
1 1 0 0 2
S Q
1


( )
2 0 4 0 4 1 0 2 0 2
0 1 2 0 4 0 1 2 0 4
1 1









( ) ( )
.
Vy
2 0 2
[ ]
2 0 4
B
B
f

1



( )
.

V d 21. Cho nh x tuyn tnh ( ; ) ( ; ; ) f x y x y y x x = .
Dng thut ton tm ma trn ca f trong cp c s sau:
{(1; 2), (3; 4)} B = v {(1; 0; 0), (1; 1; 0), (1; 1; 1)} A = .
Gii. Ta c:
1 1 1
0 1 1
0 0 1
S
1





( )
,
1 7
(1; 2) ( 1; 3; 1)
3 1
(3; 4) (7; 1; 3)
1 3
f
Q
f
1


'
1 =

1

= !


1 =
1
+

( )
.
Suy ra:
( )
1 1 1 1 7 1 0 0 2 6
0 1 1 3 1 0 1 0 4 2
0 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 1 3
S Q
1 1







=






( ) ( )
.
Vy
2 6
[ ] 4 2
1 3
A
B
f
1





( )
.




3. TR RING VECTOR RING

3.1. Ma trn ng dng

nh ngha

Hai ma trn vung cng cp A v B c gi l ng dng vi nhau nu tn ti ma trn kh
nghch P tha

1
. . B P AP =

Chng 4. Anh xa tuyen tnh


75
V d 22. Hai ma trn
1 0
6 1
A
1



( )
v
1 0
0 1
B
1



( )
l ng dng vi nhau v c ma trn
0 1
1 3
P
1



( )
kh nghch tha
1
. . B P AP

= .

Tnh cht
Hai ma trn ca mt ton t tuyn tnh trong hai c s khc nhau th ng dng vi nhau.



3.2. a thc c trng v phng trnh c trng

nh ngha

Cho ma trn ( )
n
A M . a thc bc n ca
( ) det( )
A n
P A I =

c gi l a thc c trng (characteristic polynomial) ca A v phng trnh ( ) 0
A
P = c
gi l phng trnh c trng ca A.

Cho ton t tuyn tnh :
n n
f . a thc bc n ca

( ) det( )
f n
P A I =

c gi l a thc c trng ca f (A l ma trn biu din f trong mt c s no ) v phng
trnh ( ) 0
f
P = c gi l phng trnh c trng ca f .

V d 23. Cho ma trn
1 2
3 4
A
1



( )
, ta c:
2
1 2
( ) 5 2
3 4
A
P

= =

.

nh l
Hai ma trn ng dng vi nhau th c cng a thc c trng.

V d 24. Cho ton t tuyn tnh ( ; ; ) ( ; ; ) f x y z x y y z z x = .
Tm phng trnh c trng ca f .
Gii. Gi [ ]
E
A f = , ta c
1 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
A
1





( )
.

Phng trnh c trng ca f l:
1 1 0
( ) 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1
f
P


= =

3 2
3 3 0 = .



Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


76
3.3. Tr ring, vector ring

3.3.1. Tr ring, vector ring ca ton t tuyn tnh

nh ngha
Cho ton t tuyn tnh :
n n
f .
S thc c gi l tr ring (eigenvalue) ca f nu tn ti vector
n
x v x sao cho
( ) f x x =

Vector x tha ( ) f x x = c gi l vector ring (eigenvector) ca f ng vi tr ring .

3.3.2. Tr ring, vector ring ca ma trn vung
nh ngha
Cho ma trn ( )
n
A M .
S thc c gi l tr ring ca ma trn A nu tn ti vector
n
x v x sao cho
[ ] [ ] Ax x =

Vector x tha [ ] [ ] Ax x = c gi l vector ring ca ma trn A ng vi tr ring .

V d 25. Cho ton t tuyn tnh
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ; ) (4 2 ; ) f x x x x x x = .
Xt s 3 = v vector (2; 1) x = , ta c:
( ) (2; 1) (6; 3) 3(2; 1) f x f x = = = = .
Vy (2; 1) x = l vector ring ca f ng vi tr ring 3 = .
Mt khc, ta c:
4 2 4 2 2 6
[ ] [ ][ ] [ ]
1 1 1 1 1 3
f f x x
1 1 1 1




= = = =




( ) ( )( ) ( )
.
Vy (2; 1) x = l vector ring ca [ ] A f = ng vi tr ring 3 = .


nh l
Cho ton t tuyn tnh :
n n
f v mt c s B ca
n
.
S thc l tr ring ca f khi v ch khi l tr ring ca [ ]
B
f .
Vector
n
x ( ) x l vector ring ca f ng vi tr ring khi v ch khi [ ]
B
x l vector ring
ca [ ]
B
f ng vi .

Ch
i) T y v sau, ta xem a thc c trng v phng trnh c trng ca ton t tuyn tnh f v ma
trn [ ]
B
f l nh nhau.
ii) Cc vector ring ca ma trn A ng vi cc tr ring khc nhau th c lp tuyn tnh.

Nhn xt

Ta c
[ ] [ ] ( )[ ] [ ]
n
Ax x A I x = = ( )

x l vector ring ca A th ( ) phi c nghim khng tm thng.
Suy ra det( ) 0
n
A I = .
Vy l nghim ca phng trnh c trng ( ) 0
A
P = .
Chng 4. Anh xa tuyen tnh


77
Thut ton tm tr ring v vector ring ca ma trn A

Bc 1. Gii phng trnh c trng ( ) 0
A
P = tm tr ring .

Bc 2. Gii h phng trnh thun nht ( )[ ] [ ] A I x = , nghim khng tm thng ca h l
vector ring ng vi .

V d 26. Cho ton t tuyn tnh
2 2
: f c ma trn biu din l
4 2
1 1
A
1



( )
. Tm tr ring v
vector ring ca f .

Gii. Phng trnh c trng l:
2
det( ) 0 A I =
2
4 2
0 5 6 0
1 1


= =

.

Suy ra
1 2
2, 3 = = l hai tr ring ca f .

ng vi
1
2 = , ta c:
1
1 2
2
2 2 0
( )[ ] [ ]
1 1 0
x
A I x
x

1 1 1




= =




( )( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
2 2 0
0
x x
x x
'
1 =
1

!
1 =
1
+


Chn
2 1
1 1 x x = = , ta c vector ring
1
(1; 1) u = .

Suy ra cc vector c dng (1; 1) ( 0) cng l vector ring.

ng vi
2
3 = , ta c:
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 0 0
A I
1 1




=




( ) ( )
2 2 1 2
( )[ ] [ ] 2 0 A I x x x = = .

Chn
2 1
1 2 x x = = , ta c vector ring
2
(2; 1) u = .

Suy ra cc vector c dng (2; 1) ( 0) cng l vector ring.

V d 27. Cho
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
A
1





( )
. Tm tr ring v vector ring ca A.
Gii. Phng trnh c trng:

2
0 1
0 1 0 0 (1 )( 1) 0
1 0

= =




1 2
1, 1 = = l hai tr ring ca A.

Vi
1
1 = , ta c:
1 3
1
2
1 0 1 1 0 1
0
0 2 0 0 1 0
0
1 0 1 0 0 0
x x
A I
x

1 1

'
1 =

1

= !


1 =
1
+

( ) ( )


Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


78
Chn
1 3
1 1 x x = = , ta c vector ring
1
(1; 0; 1) u = .
Suy ra cc vector c dng (1; 0; 1) ( 0) cng l vector ring.

Vi
2
1 = , ta c:
2
1 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0
A I
1 1







=





( ) ( )
1 3
0 x x = .

Chn
1 2 3
1, 0 1 x x x = = = , ta c vector ring
2
(1; 0; 1) u = .
Chn
1 2 3
0, 1 0 x x x = = = , ta c vector ring
3
(0; 1; 0) u = .

Suy ra cc vector c dng (1; 0; 1) v (0; 1; 0) ( , 0) cng l vector ring.

Ch
Do det( ) 0
n
A I = nn h phng trnh ( )[ ] [ ]
n
A I x = lun c v s nghim v mi
nghim c bn ca h l mt vector ring c th.
Ta gi vector ring c th ny l vector ring c s.



3.4. Khng gian con ring

nh l
Cho ton t tuyn tnh :
n n
f . Tp hp tt c cc vector
n
x tha ( ) , f x x =
(k c vector khng) l mt khng gian con ca
n
, k hiu l ( ) E .

nh ngha
Cho ton t tuyn tnh :
n n
f c tr ring . Khi , ( ) E c gi l khng gian con ring
(eigenvector space) ng vi .

Ch

i) H nghim c bn ca h phng trnh ( )[ ] [ ] A I x = cho ta h vector c s v to thnh mt
c s ca khng gian con ring (gi tt l khng gian ring) ( ) E .

ii) dim ( ) ( ) E n r A I = .

iii) Nu l nghim bi k ca ( ) 0
A
P = th dim ( ) E k .

V d 28. Trong v d 27, ta c:

T nghim c bn ca
1
( )[ ] [ ] A I x = ta suy ra vector c s l
1
(1; 0; 1) u = .
Vy ( 1) (1; 0; 1) E = v dim ( 1) 1 E = .

T nghim c bn ca
2
( )[ ] [ ] A I x = ta suy ra 2 vector c s l:
2
(1; 0; 1) u = v
3
(0; 1; 0) u = .
Vy (1) (1; 0; 1), (0; 1; 0) E = v dim (1) 2 E = .



Chng 4. Anh xa tuyen tnh


79
V d 29. Tm s chiu ca cc khng gian con ring ng vi cc tr ring ca ma trn
2 4 3
4 6 3
3 3 1
B
1





( )
.
Gii. Phng trnh c trng:

2 4 3
0 4 6 3 0
3 3 1
B I

= =



1 1 1 1 1 1
4 6 3 0 (1 ) 4 6 3 0
3 3 1 3 3 1




= =



0 1 1
(1 ) 2 6 3 0
0 3 1



2
1 1
(1 )(2 ) 0 ( 1)( 2) 0
3 1

= =

.

Suy ra
1 2
1, 2 = = l hai tr ring ca B .
Vi
1
1 = , ta c:

1
1 4 3 1 4 3
4 7 3 0 9 9
3 3 0 1 1 0
B I
1 1






=





( ) ( )
1 4 3 1 4 3
0 9 9 0 1 1 ( ) 2
0 3 3 0 0 0
r B I
1 1






=





( ) ( )
.
Vy
1 1
dim ( ) 3 ( ) 1 E r B I = = .
Vi
2
2 = , ta c:

2
4 4 3 1 1 0 1 1 0
4 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 1
3 3 3 1 1 1 0 0 0
B I
1 1 1






=





( ) ( ) ( )
.
Vy
2 2
dim ( ) 3 ( ) 1 E r B I = = .
V d 30. Tm c s ca cc khng gian ring ca ma trn
3 1 1
2 2 1
2 2 0
C
1





( )
.
Gii. Phng trnh c trng:
3 1 1 1 1 0
2 2 1 0 2 2 1 0
2 2 2 2




= =




1 1 0 1 1 0
(1 ) 2 2 1 0 (1 ) 0 4 1 0
2 2 0 4



= =



Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


80

2
1
(1 )( 2) 0
2.


Vi 1 = , ta c:
1 3
2
2 1 1 2 0 1
2 0
1. 2 1 1 0 0 0
0
2 2 1 0 1 0
x x
C I
x
1 1


'
1 =

1

= !


1 =
1
+

( ) ( )


Chn
1
1 x = , ta c vector ring c s l
1
(1; 0; 2) u = .
Vy (1) E c mt c s l
1
{ (1; 0; 2)} u = .

Vi 2 = , ta c:
1 2 3
2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
0
2. 2 0 1 0 2 1
2 0
2 2 2 0 0 0
x x x
C I
x x
1 1


'
1 =

1

= !


1 =
1
+

( ) ( )


Chn
2
1 x = , ta c vector ring c s l
2
(1; 1; 2) u = .
Vy (2) E c mt c s l
2
{ (1; 1; 2)} u = .

V d 31. Tm cc khng gian ring ca ton t tuyn tnh
( ; ; ) ( 3 3 ; 3 5 3 ; 3 3 ) f x y z x y z x y z x y z = .
Gii. Ta c
1 3 3
[ ] 3 5 3
3 3 1
f
1





( )
.
a thc c trng:
1 3 3 1 1 1
( ) 3 5 3 3 5 3
3 3 1 3 3 1
f
P




= =



2
1 1 1
(1 ) 0 2 0 (1 )( 2)
0 0 2

= =

.
Suy ra 2 = v 1 = l hai tr ring ca f .

Vi 2 = , ta c:
3 3 3 1 1 1
[ ] ( 2). 3 3 3 0 0 0
3 3 3 0 0 0
f I
1 1






=





( ) ( )
1 2 3
0 x x x = .

Chn
1 2 3 1
1, 0 1 (1; 0; 1) x x x u = = = = .

Chn
1 2 3 2
0, 1 1 (0; 1; 1) x x x u = = = = .
Vy
1 2
( 2) (1; 0; 1), (0; 1; 1) E u u = = =
3
{ ( ; ; ) ( , )} x = = .


Chng 4. Anh xa tuyen tnh


81
Vi 1 = , ta c:
2 3
1 2
0 3 3 0 1 1
0
[ ] 1. 3 6 3 1 1 0
0
3 3 0 0 0 0
x x
f I
x x
1 1

'
1 =

1

= !


1 =
1
+

( ) ( )


Chn
1 2 3 3
1 1, 1 (1; 1; 1) x x x u = = = = .
Vy
3
3
(1) (1; 1; 1) { ( ; ; ) ( )} E u x = = = = .


3.5. nh l Cayley Hamilton

nh l
Nu ton t tuyn tnh :
n n
f c ma trn biu din trong mt c s no l A v a thc
c trng l ( )
f
P th
( ) (0 )
f ij n
P A =

V d 32. Xt ton t tuyn tnh ( ; ) (4 2 ; ) f x y x y x y = , ta c:
4 2
[ ]
1 1
A f
1

= =



( )

2
( ) 5 6
f
P = .
Khi :
2
2
4 2 4 2 0 0
( ) 5 6
1 1 1 1 0 0
f
P A I
1 1 1




= =




( ) ( ) ( )
.

V d 33. Cho ma trn
7 0 3
0 2 0
3 0 1
A
1





( )
. Tnh detB , trong
7 6 5 4
3
10 14 4 8 B A A A A I = .
Gii. a thc c trng:
3 2
7 0 3
( ) 0 2 0 10 14 4
3 0 1
A
P

= =


3 2
3 3
10 14 4 (0 )
ij
A A A I =
7 6 5 4
3
10 14 4 (0 )
ij
A A A A =

3
8 0 0
8 0 8 0
0 0 8
B I
1


= =





( )
.
Vy
3
det 8 512 B = = .










Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


82
4. CHO HA MA TRN VUNG

Trong phn ny, ta xt ( )
n
A M l ma trn biu din ton t tuyn tnh :
n n
f trong mt
c s B no ca
n
.

4.1. Khi nim ma trn cho ha c

nh ngha
Ma trn ( )
n
A M c gi l cho ha c nu A ng dng vi ma trn ng cho D ;
ngha l, tn ti ma trn P kh nghch sao cho
1
. P AP D

=

Khi , ta ni ma trn P lm cho ha ma trn A.

V d 34. Ma trn
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 1
A
1





( )
l cho ha c, v c ma trn
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 1
P
1





( )
tha
1
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
P AP





( )
.

4.2. iu kin ma trn cho ha c

nh l 1
Ma trn ( )
n
A M l cho ha c khi v ch khi trong
n
c mt c s gm n vector ring
ca A.

H qu
Nu ma trn ( )
n
A M c n tr ring phn bit th cho ha c.

nh l 2
Gi s ma trn ( )
n
A M c k tr ring ( 1,..., )
i
i k = phn bit v ta t dim ( )
i i
n E = . Khi
, ba iu sau y l tng ng:

1) Ma trn A l cho ha c;

2) a thc c trng ca A c dng
1 2
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ...( )
k
n n n
A k
P = ;

3)
1 2
...
k
n n n n = .


4.3. Ma trn lm cho ha ma trn vung

Gi s ma trn ( )
n
A M cho ha c. Khi , tn ti ma trn P kh nghch tha
1
P AP D

= vi
1 2
diag( )
n
D = .

Xt ma trn kh nghch
1 2
([ ] [ ]...[ ])
n
P u u u = , trong

1 2
[ ] ( ) ( 1, 2,..., )
T
i i i ni
u i n = = .
Ta c:
1
P AP D AP PD

= =

Chng 4. Anh xa tuyen tnh


83

11 12 1 1
21 22 2 2
1 2
1 2
0 0
0 0
([ ] [ ]...[ ])
0 0
n
n
n
n n nn n
A u u u



1 1










=









( )( )







1 11 2 12 1
1 21 2 22 2
1 2
1 1 2 2
([ ] [ ]...[ ])
n n
n n
n
n n n nn
A u u u



1


( )




1 2 1 1 2 2
( [ ] [ ]... [ ]) ( [ ] [ ]... [ ])
n n n
Au Au Au u u u =

[ ] [ ] ( 1, 2,..., )
i i i
Au u i n = = .
Suy ra
i
l tr ring v
i
u l vector ring ng vi
i
ca A.

Kt lun

1) P l ma trn c cc ct l cc vector ring c s ca A.

2) Ma trn cho D gm cc tr ring tng ng vi cc vector ring trong ma trn P .

Nhn xt
Ta c:
1 1
P AP D A PDP

= =


2 1 1 2 1
( )( ) A PDP PDP PD P

= =


1 1
1 2
.[diag( )] .
k k k
n
A PD P P P

= =

Vy
1
1 2
. diag( ).
k k k k
n
A P P

=

V d 35. Xt ma trn A trong v d 31, ta c:

ng vi tr ring
1
2 = c 2 vector ring c s l
1
(1; 0; 1) u = ,
2
(0; 1; 1) u = .
ng vi tr ring
2
1 = c 1 vector ring c s l
3
(1; 1; 1) u = .
Suy ra
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1
P
1





( )
v
2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 1
D
1





( )
.

Khi , ta c:

10 10 1
. . A P D P

=

10
10
10
( 2) 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 ( 2) 0 1 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1





=





( ) ( ) ( )

1 1023 1023
1023 2047 1023
1023 1023 1
1






( )
.


4.4. Thut ton cho ha ma trn vung

cho ha ma trn ( )
n
A M ta thc hin cc bc sau

Bc 1. Gii phng trnh 0 A I = tm tr ring thc ca A.

Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


84
Trng hp A khng c tr ring thc no th ta kt lun A khng cho ha c.

Trng hp A c n tr ring thc phn bit th A cho ha c.
Ta lm tip bc 3 (b qua bc 2).

Trng hp A c k tr ring thc phn bit
i
( 1,..., i k = ) vi
i
l nghim bi
i
n ca
0 A I = th nu:
i)
1 2
...
k
n n n n < , ta kt lun A khng cho ha c;
ii)
1 2
...
k
n n n n = , ta lm tip bc 2.

Bc 2. Vi mi
i
, ta tm ( ) dim ( )
i i i i
r A I r E n r = = .
Trng hp nu c mt
i
m dim ( )
i i
E n < th ta kt lun A khng cho ha c.
Trng hp nu dim ( )
i i
E n = vi mi
i
th A cho ha c.
Ta lm tip bc 3.

Bc 3. Lp ma trn P c cc ct l cc vector c s ca ( )
i
E .
Khi ,
1
P AP D

= vi D l ma trn cho c cc phn t trn ng cho chnh ln lt l


i

(mi
i
xut hin lin tip
i
n ln).

V d 36. Ma trn C trong v d 30 c tr ring bi hai l 2 = .
Do dim (2) 1 2 E = < nn C khng cho ha c.

V d 37. Cho ha (nu c) ma trn
1 0
6 1
A
1



( )
.
Gii. Ta c:
1 0
0
6 1

=

1
1
A

cho ha c.
1 = :
1 1
2 0
( ) 0 (0; 1)
6 0
A I x u
1

= = =



( )
.
1 = :
1 2 2
0 0
( ) 3 0 (1; 3)
6 2
A I x x u
1

= = =



( )
.
Suy ra
0 1
1 3
P
1



( )
v
1 0
0 1
D
1



( )
.
Vy
1
1 0
0 1
P AP



( )
.

V d 38. Cho ma trn
3 0
8 1
A
1



( )
. Tnh
2011
A .
Gii. Ta c:
3 0
0
8 1

=

1
3
A

cho ha c.
1 = :
1 1
4 0
( ) 0 (0; 1)
8 0
A I x u
1

= = =



( )
.
Chng 4. Anh xa tuyen tnh


85
3 = :
1 2 2
0 0
( ) 2 0 (1; 2)
8 4
A I x x u
1

= = =



( )
.
Ta c:
1
0 1 1 0
,
1 2 0 3
P D P AP D

1 1




= = =




( ) ( )
.

Vy
2011 2011 1
A PD P

=
2011
2011 2011
1 0 0 1 2 1 3 0
1 2 1 0 0 3 2 2.3 1
1 1 1 1



= =



( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
.

V d 39. Cho ha ma trn
4 2 1
6 4 3
6 6 5
A
1





( )
.
Gii. Ta c:
4 2 1 4 2 1
6 4 3 0 6 4 3 0
6 6 5 0 2 2




= =




2
4 1 1
1
6 1 3 0 ( 1)( 2) 0
2.
0 0 2

= =



ng vi 1 = (nghim n), ta c:
3 2 1 3 0 1
1. 6 5 3 0 1 1
6 6 4 0 0 0
A I
1 1







=





( ) ( )

1 3
1
2 3
3 0
(1; 3; 3) dim (1) 1
0
x x
u E
x x
'
1 =
1
= =
!
1 =
1
+
.

ng vi 2 = (nghim bi 2), ta c:
2 2 1 2 2 1
2 6 6 3 0 0 0
6 6 3 0 0 0
A I
1 1







=





( ) ( )



2
1 2 3
3
(1; 0; 2)
2 2 0 dim (2) 2
(0; 1; 2)
u
x x x E
u
'
1 =
1
= =
!
1 =
1
+
.

Do dim (1) dim (2) 3 E E = nn A cho ha c.

Vy
1
1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 2
P AP





( )
, vi
1 1 0
3 0 1
3 2 2
P
1





( )
.




Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


86
BI TP TRC NGHIM CHNG IV

Cu 1. Ma trn
3
2
[ ]
E
E
f ca nh x tuyn tnh
2 3
: f c biu thc ( ; ) (3 ; 2 ; 5 ) f x y x x y y = l:
A.
3
2
3 0
[ ] 1 2
0 5
E
E
f
1





( )
; B.
3
2
3 0
[ ] 1 2
1 5
E
E
f
1





( )
;
C.
3
2
3 1 0
[ ]
0 2 5
E
E
f
1



( )
; D.
3
2
3 1 1
[ ]
0 2 5
E
E
f
1



( )
.

Cu 2. Ma trn ca ton t tuyn tnh
3 3
: f c biu thc
( ; ; ) (3 ; 2 ; 3 ) f x y z x y z x y y z = l:
A.
3 1 1
[ ] 1 2 0
1 1 3
f
1





( )
; B.
3 1 1
[ ] 1 2 1
1 0 3
f
1





( )
;
C.
3 1 1
[ ] 1 2 0
0 1 3
f
1





( )
; D.
3 1 0
[ ] 1 2 1
0 1 3
f
1





( )
.

Cu 3. Cho ton t tuyn tnh ( ; ) (2 ; 3 ) f x y x y y = v c s {(1; 2), ( 1; 3)} B = .
Ma trn [ ]
B
E
f l:

A.
6 0
1
4 1
5
1



( )
; B.
6 0
1
4 5
5
1



( )
; C.
2 4
4 7
1



( )
; D.
3 1
1
0 2
6
1



( )
.

Cu 4. Cho ton t tuyn tnh
2 2
: f tha (1; 2) ( 4; 3) f = v (3; 4) ( 6; 7) f = .
Ma trn ca f trong c s chnh tc l:
A.
4 6
3 7
1




( )
; B.
1 3
2 4
1



( )
; C.
2 3
1 1
1



( )
; D.
2 1
3 1
1



( )
.

Cu 5. Ton t tuyn tnh ( ; ) ( ; 2 ) f x y x y x y = c ma trn trong c s {(2; 1), (1; 1)} B = l:

A.
1 1
1 2
1



( )
; B.
2 1
1 1
1



( )
; C.
2 1
1 1
1



( )
; D.
3 0
0 3
1



( )
.

Cu 6. Cho ton t tuyn tnh
2 2
: f c ma trn ca f i vi c s {(1; 0), (1; 1)} B = l

1 2
3 4
A
1



( )
. Biu thc ca f l:

A. ( ; ) ( 2 ; 3 4 ) f x y x y x y = ; B. ( ; ) ( ; ) f x y x x y = ;

C. ( ; ) (4 2 ; 3 ) f x y x y x y = ; D. ( ; ) (4 2 ; 3 ) f x y x y x y = .


Chng 4. Anh xa tuyen tnh


87
Cu 7. Cho nh x tuyn tnh
2 3
: f tha (2; 1) (1; 1; 3) f = v (1; 1) (2; 1; 0) f = .
Biu thc ca f l:

A. ( ; ) ( ; ; ) f x y x x y x y = ; B. ( ; ) ( ; ; ) f x y x x y x y = ;

C. ( ; ) ( ; ; ) f x y x y x x y = ; D. ( ; ) ( ; ; ) f x y x y y x y = .

Cu 8. Cho nh x tuyn tnh
2 3
: f c biu thc ( ; ) ( 2 ; 2 4 ; 0) f x y x y x y = .
Khng nh ng l:

A. ( ) 1 r f = , ( ) 1 d f = ; B. ( ) 1 r f = , ( ) 2 d f = ;

C. ( ) 2 r f = , ( ) 0 d f = ; D. ( ) 2 r f = , ( ) 1 d f = .

Cu 9. Cho nh x tuyn tnh
3 2
: f c biu thc ( ; ; ) ( 2 ; ) f x y z x y y = .
Khng nh ng l:

A. ( ) 1 r f = , ( ) 1 d f = ; B. ( ) 1 r f = , ( ) 2 d f = ;

C. ( ) 2 r f = , ( ) 0 d f = ; D. ( ) 2 r f = , ( ) 1 d f = .

Cu 10. Cho ton t tuyn tnh
4 4
: f c biu thc
( ; ; ; ) ( ; 4 ; 2 3 ; 4 7 ) f x y z t x my mx y y z t z t = .
Gi tr ca m f khng phi n nh l:

A. 2 m = ; B. 3 m = ; C. 2 m = ; D. 3 m = .

Cu 11. Cho hai ton t tuyn tnh t
2
vo
2
nh sau:
( ; ) ( ; ) f x y x y x = v ( ; ) ( ; 2 ) g x y x x y = .
Ma trn [ 2 ]
E
f g l:

A.
1 1
[ 2 ]
1 4
E
f g
1



( )
; B.
1 1
[ 2 ]
1 4
E
f g
1




( )
;
C.
1 1
[ 2 ]
1 4
E
f g
1



( )
; D.
1 1
[ 2 ]
1 4
E
f g
1



( )
.

Cu 12. Cho ton t tuyn tnh ( ; ) (2 ; 4 3 ) f x y x y x y = v vector (2; 2) v = .
Ta ca
1
( ) f v

trong c s chnh tc l:
A.
2
1
6
5
1



( )
; B.
2
1
6
5
1



( )
; C.
6
1
2
5
1



( )
; D.
6
1
2
5
1



( )
.

Cu 13. Cho ma trn
1 2
4 3
A
1



( )
v
7 6 5 2
4 5 B A A A A = .
S dng nh l Cayley Hamilton tm B , ta c:
A.
4 8
16 12
B
1



( )
; B.
4 16
8 12
B
1



( )
;
C.
9 8
16 17
B
1



( )
; D.
9 16
8 17
B
1



( )
.
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


88
Cu 14. Ma trn
2 1
3 1
P
1



( )
cho ha ma trn
2 2
3 1
A
1



( )
thnh:
A.
1 0
0 4
1



( )
; B.
4 0
0 1
1



( )
; C.
5 0
0 20
1



( )
; D.
20 0
0 5
1



( )
.

Cu 15. Ma trn
1 1 0
0 1 0
5 3 2
A
1





( )
c a thc c trng ( )
A
P l:
A.
3
( ) 4 3
A
P = ; B.
3
( ) 4 3
A
P = ;

C.
3
( ) 3 2
A
P = ; D.
3
( ) 3 2
A
P = .

Cu 16. Cho ma trn
1 1 0
4 1 0
0 0 3
A
1





( )
c cc tr ring theo th t:
1 2 3
1, 3 = = = .
Ma trn P lm cho ha A l:
A.
1 1 0
0 2 0
2 0 1
P
1





( )
; B.
1 1 0
0 2 0
2 0 1
P
1





( )
;

C.
1 1 0
2 3 0
0 0 1
P
1





( )
; D.
1 1 0
2 2 0
0 0 1
P
1





( )
.
Chng 5. Dang toan phng


89
Chng V
DNG TON PHNG

1. KHI NIM DNG TON PHNG

1.1. Dng song tuyn tnh

nh ngha 1

nh x :
n n
f
( , ) ( , ) x y f x y
c gi l mt dng song tuyn tnh trn
n
nu f tuyn tnh theo tng bin x v y ; ngha l,
, ,
n
x y z , ta c:
i) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) f x y z f x z f y z = ;
ii) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) f x y z f x y f x z = ;
iii) ( , ) ( , ) f x y f x y = ;
4i) ( , ) ( , ) f x y f x y = .

Gi s ( , ) f x y l mt dng song tuyn tnh trn
n
. Xt mt c s
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
B u u u = ca
n
. Vi
hai vector , x y bt k thuc
n

1
n
i i
i
x u x
=
=

,
1
n
j j
j
y u y
=
=

,
ta c
1 1
( , ) ( , )
n n
i j i j
i j
f x y f u u x y
= =
=

.

t ( , )
ij i j
a f u u = , ta c

1 1
( , )
n n
i j i j
i j
f x y a x y
= =
=

(1)

Ma trn ( )
i j n
A a = c gi l ma trn ca dng song tuyn tnh f trong c s B , k hiu l
[ ]
B
A f = .
Ta quy c vit
1 1
( ) a a

= . Khi , dng song tuyn tnh f c vit li di dng ma trn



( , ) ([ ] ) . .[ ]
T
B B
f x y x A y = (2)

Ch
i) Khi c s khng c ch r th ta ngm hiu l c s chnh tc
n
E trong
n
.
ii) Dng song tuyn tnh thng c cho di dng (1).

V d 1. Xt dng song tuyn tnh
2 2
: f c biu thc
1 1 2 1 1 2
( , ) 2 3 f x y x y x y x y = vi
1 2
( ; ) x x x = ,
1 2
( ; ) y y y = .

T biu thc ca ( , ) f x y , ta xc nh c:
11 21 12 22
1 3
1, 2, 3, 0
2 0
a a a a A
1

= = = = =



( )
.
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


90
Khi , dng ma trn ca ( , ) f x y l:
( )
1
1 2
2
1 3
( , ) [ ] [ ]
2 0
T
y
f x y x Ay x x
y
1 1



= =




( )( )
.

V d 2. Xt dng song tuyn tnh
3 3
: f c ma trn ca f trong c s chnh tc l
0 1 2
3 4 5
6 7 8
A
1





( )
.
T ma trn A, ta c biu thc ca ( , ) f x y l:
1 2 1 3 2 1
( , ) 2 3 f x y x y x y x y =
2 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 3 3
4 5 6 7 8 x y x y x y x y x y
trong ,
3
1 2 3
( ; ; ) x x x x = v
3
1 2 3
( ; ; ) y y y y = .

Ch
Trong ma trn A ca dng song tuyn tnh f trn
n
, phn t
ij
a l h s ca s hng cha
i j
x y
( 1, 2,..., ; 1, 2,..., ) i n j n = = .

nh ngha 2
Dng song tuyn tnh f trn
n
c gi l i xng (tng ng, phn i xng) nu
( , ) ( , ), ,
n
f x y f y x x y =
(tng ng, ( , ) ( , ), ,
n
f x y f y x x y = ).

Nhn xt
Ma trn ca dng song tuyn tnh i xng (hay phn i xng) f trong mt c s bt k ca
n
l
i xng (hay phn i xng).

V d 3. Dng song tuyn tnh
1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
( , ) 3 2 2 f x y x y x y x y x y = l i xng v:
1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
( , ) 3 2 2 f x y x y x y x y x y =
1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
3 2 2 ( , ) y x y x y x y x f y x = = .
Khi , ma trn
3 2
[ ]
2 1
f
1



( )
cng l ma trn i xng.


1.2. Dng ton phng
nh ngha
Cho f l dng song tuyn tnh i xng trn
n
.
nh x
:
n
q
( ) ( , ) x q x f x x =

c gi l dng ton phng q trn
n
ng vi f .
Nu [ ]
B
A f = th A cng c gi l ma trn ca dng ton phng q trong c s B , v ta cng
vit l [ ]
B
A q = .
Khi , ta c
( ) ([ ] ) . .[ ]
T
B B
q x x A x =

Chng 5. Dang toan phng


91
V d 4. Cho dng song tuyn tnh i xng
2 2
: f ,
1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
( , ) 2 2 3 f x y x y x y x y x y = .
Khi , dng ton phng tng ng
2
: q c xc nh l:
1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
( ) 2 2 3 q x x x x x x x x x =
2 2
1 2 1 2
3 4 x x x x = .

V d 5. Tm dng ton phng ( ) q x . Bit ma trn ca q trong c s chnh tc l
1 1
1 2
A
1



( )
.
Gii. Ta c:

1 2
( ) ( ; ) [ ] . .[ ]
T
q x q x x x A x = =
( )
1
1 2 1 2
2
2
x
x x x x
x
1



( )


1 2 1 1 2 2
( ) ( 2 ) x x x x x x = .

Vy
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) 2 2 q x x x x x = .

Nhn xt

Trong v d 5, cc phn t
11
a v
22
a ca A ln lt l h s ca
2
1
x v
2
2
x ; tng hai phn t
12
a v
21
a l h s ca
1 2
x x .

V d 6. Tm ma trn ca dng ton phng
3
: q sau:
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3
( ) 2 3 4 6 q x x x x x x x x = .
Gii. Ta c:
11 22 33
2, 3, 1 a a a = = = ,
12 21
2 a a = = ,
13 31
0 a a = = ,
23 32
3 a a = = .
Vy ma trn cn tm l ma trn i xng
2 2 0
2 3 3
0 3 1
A
1





( )
.


1.3. Dng ton phng chnh tc
1.3.1. nh ngha
Trong
n
, dng ton phng
2 2 2 2
11 1 22 1
1
( ) ...
n
nn n ii i
i
q x a x a x a x a x
=
= =



c gi l dng ton phng chnh tc hay gi tt l dng chnh tc.

Ma trn ca dng chnh tc l
11 22
diag( )
nn
A a a a = .

V d 7. Trong
2
, cho dng chnh tc q c ma trn
1 0
[ ]
0 2
q
1



( )
.
Khi , biu thc ca q l:
1 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2
1 0
( ) ( ; ) [ ] [ ][ ] ( ) 2
0 2
T
x
q x q x x x q x x x x x
x
1 1



= = = =




( )( )
.

Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


92
V d 8. Trong
3
, dng chnh tc
2 2
1 2
( ) 5 q x x x = c ma trn
1 0 0
[ ] 0 5 0
0 0 0
q
1





( )
.


1.3.2. a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc

Phng php chung
Trong
n
, gi s dng ton phng ( ) q x c ma trn [ ] q A = .

Xt mt c s B bt k ca
n
. Gi
E B
P P

= , thc hin php i bin [ ] [ ] x P y = ta c:


( ) [ ] [ ] ( ) ( [ ]) ( [ ]) [ ] ( )[ ]
T T T T
q x x Ax q y P y A P y y P AP y = = = .

Nu ma trn
T
P AP c dng cho th ta ni dng ton phng ( ) q x c a v dng chnh tc
( ) q y . Khi , [ ]
T
B
q P AP = .
Vy, vic a mt dng ton phng v dng chnh tc l ta i tm mt ma trn P sao cho
T
P AP
l ma trn cho.

V d 9. Tm dng ton phng
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) 3 4 q x x x x x = trong
2
i vi c s
{(1; 2), (3; 1)} B = .
Gii. Ta c:
3 2 1 3 1 2
,
2 1 2 1 3 1
T
E B
A P P P

1 1 1



= = = =




( ) ( ) ( )



1 2 3 2 1 3 7 21
[ ]
3 1 2 1 2 1 21 38
T
B
q P AP
1 1 1 1



= = =




( )( )( ) ( )
.

Vy, i bin [ ] [ ] x P y = , ta c dng ton phng trong c s B l

2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) 7 38 42 q y y y y y = .

V d 10. Tm dng ton phng
2 2
1 2 1 2 2 3
( ) 2 4 4 f x x x x x x x = trong c s
{(1; 0; 0), ( 2; 1; 0), (2; 1; 1)} B = .
Gii. Ta c:
1 2 0 1 2 2
2 2 2 , 0 1 1
0 2 0 0 0 1
E B
A P P

1 1







= = =





( ) ( )


[ ]
T
B
f P AP =
1 0 0 1 2 0 1 2 2 1 0 0
2 1 0 2 2 2 0 1 1 0 2 0
2 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2
1 1 1 1







= =





( )( )( ) ( )
.

Vy, i bin [ ] [ ] x P y = , ta c dng ton phng trong c s B l

2 2 2
1 2 3
( ) 2 2 f y y y y = (dng chnh tc theo bin y ).




Chng 5. Dang toan phng


93
2. A DNG TON PHNG V DNG CHNH TC
BNG CHO HA TRC GIAO

2.1. Khng gian Euclide

2.1.1. nh ngha

Xt khng gian vector V trn . Mt quy lut cho tng ng cp vector , x y bt k thuc V vi
s thc duy nht, k hiu l x y (hay ( , ) x y ), tha mn bn tnh cht sau:
1) 0 x x v 0 x x x = = ;
2) x y y x = ;
3) ( ) , x y z x z y z z V = ;
4) , x y x y =
c gi l tch v hng ca x v y .

Khng gian vector V hu hn chiu trn vi tch v hng c nh ngha nh trn c gi
l mt khng gian Euclide.

V d 11. Trong khng gian vector
n
, ta xt tch v hng nh sau:
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
( ; ;...; ) ( ; ;...; ) ...
n n n n
x y x x x y y y x y x y x y = = .
Khi ,
n
vi tch v hng nh trn l mt khng gian Euclide.

Ch
T y tr i, khi ni n
n
th ta ngm hiu
n
l khng gian Euclide vi tch v hng nh
trong v d 11.


2.1.2. Chun ca mt vector

nh ngha
Trong khng gian Euclide V , s thc u u c gi l chun (hay di) ca vector u , k hiu
l u . Vector u c gi l vector n v nu 1 u = .

V d 12. Trong
3
cho vector (1; 2; 2) u = , ta c
2 2 2
1 ( 2) 2 3 u u u = = = .


2.1.3. C s trc chun

a) nh ngha


Trong khng gian Euclide n chiu V , ta nh ngha

Hai vector u v v c gi l trc giao vi nhau nu 0 u v = .
Mt c s c gi l c s trc giao nu cc vector ca c s l trc giao vi nhau tng i mt.

C s
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
B u u u = c gi l c s trc chun nu B l c s trc giao v
1 2
... 1
n
u u u = = = = .

Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


94
V d 13. Trong
2
, ta c:

1) H {(2; 1), ( 3; 6)} A = l c s trc giao.
2) H
2 2 2 2
; , ;
2 2 2 2
B
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1


=
! !


1 1

( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
l c s trc chun.

nh l
Mi khng gian Euclide n chiu u tn ti c s trc chun.


b) Thut ton trc chun ha Gram Schmidt

Trong khng gian Euclide n chiu V , xt mt c s
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
u u u ty . Ta xy dng c s trc
chun nh sau

Bc 1. Xy dng c s trc giao
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
v v v bng cch t:

1 1
v u = ,
2 1
2 2 1 2
1
u v
v u v
v
= ,
3 1 3 2
3 3 1 2 2 2
1 2
u v u v
v u v v
v v
= ,
..
1
2
1
n
n i
n n i
i
i
u v
v u v
v

=
=

.

Bc 2. Xy dng c s trc chun
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
w w w bng cch chun ha cc vector bc 2:
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
, , ,...,
n
n
n
v v v v
w w w w
v v v v
= = = = .

V d 14. Trong
3
, hy trc chun ha c s
1 2 3
{ (1; 0; 0), (0; 1; 1), (0; 1; 1)} B u u u = = = = .
Gii. Ta c
1 2
(1; 0; 0) (0; 1; 1) 1.0 0.1 0.1 0 u u = = = .
Tng t,
1 3 2 3
0 u u u u B = = l c s trc giao.

Trc chun ha c s B :

1
1
2 2 2
1
(1; 0; 0)
(1; 0; 0)
1 0 0
u
w
u
= = =

,
2
2
2 2 2
2
(0; 1; 1)
1 1
0; ;
2 2 0 1 1
u
w
u
1


= = =


( )

,

3
3
2 2 2
3
(0; 1; 1)
1 1
0; ;
2 2 0 1 ( 1)
u
w
u
1


= = =


( )

.

Vy c s trc chun l
( )
1 2 3
1 1 1 1
1; 0; 0 , 0; ; , 0; ;
2 2 2 2
W w w w
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1

= = = = ! !


1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.

Chng 5. Dang toan phng


95
nh l
Nu
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
W w w w = l mt c s trc chun ca khng gian Euclide n chiu V v u V th

1 1 2 2
1
...
n
n n i i
i
u u w w u w w u w w u w w
=
= =



H qu
Nu
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
W w w w = l mt c s trc chun ca khng gian Euclide n chiu V v u V th

( )
1 2
[ ]
T
W n
u u w u w u w =

V d 15. Trong
3
, hy trc chun ha c s sau:

1 2 3
{ (1; 1; 0), (0; 1; 1), (1; 1; 1)} B u u u = = = = .
Tm ta ca (1; 2; 3) u = trong c s trc chun .
Gii
Trc chun ha c s B . t:

1 1
(1; 1; 0) v u = = ,

2 1
2 2 1 2
1
u v
v u v
v
=
2
(0; 1; 1) (1; 1; 0)
(0; 1; 1) (1; 1; 0)
(1; 1; 0)

=



1 1 1
(0; 1; 1) (1; 1; 0) ; ; 1
2 2 2
1


= =


( )
,

3 1 3 2
3 3 1 2 2 2
1 2
u v u v
v u v v
v v
=
0 4 1 1 1 1 1
(1; 1; 1) (1; 1; 0) ; ; 1 ; ;
2 3 2 2 3 3 3
1 1

= =



( ) ( )
.

Trc chun ha cc vector
1 2 3
, , v v v :

1
1
1
1 1 1
(1; 1; 0) ; ; 0
2 2 2
v
w
v
1


= = =


( )
,

2
2
2
2 1 1 1 1 2
; ; 1 ; ;
3 2 2
6 6 6
v
w
v
1 1

= = =



( ) ( )
,

3
3
3
1 1 1 3 3 3
3 ; ; ; ;
3 3 3 3 3 3
v
w
v
1
1

= = =



( )
( )
.

Vy c s trc chun l
1 2 3
{ , , } W w w w = .

Ta ca vector (1; 2; 3) u = trong c s W l:
( )
1 2 3
[ ]
T
W
u u w u w u w =
1 3
2 3
2 6
T
1


=


( )
.

2.2. Thut ton cho ha trc giao

2.2.1. Ma trn trc giao

Ma trn vung P c gi l ma trn trc giao nu
1 T
P P

= .
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


96
Ch
i) Nu ( )
ij n
P a = l ma trn trc giao th
2
1
1
n
ij
i
a
=
=

( 1, 2,..., ) j n = .
ii) Nu W l c s trc chun ca
n
th
E W
P

l ma trn trc giao.



V d 16. Ma trn
2 0 0
1
0 1 1
2
0 1 1
P
1

=






( )
l ma trn trc giao v:
2 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0
1 1
. 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
2 2
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
T
P P
1 1
1









= =








( )
( )( )
.

Nhn xt
Trong chng 4, ta bit cch tm ma trn kh nghch P cho ha ma trn vung A; ngha l,
1
P AP

l ma trn cho. Do , nu ta tm c ma trn trc giao P th


T
P AP l ma trn cho.


2.2.2. Thut ton
Gi s dng ton phng ( ) q x trong
n
c ma trn l A.

Bc 1. Tm cc tr ring
i
( 1,..., ) i n = ca A v cc vector ring c s
i
u ca cc khng gian
ring ng vi
i
.
Bc 2. Trc chun ha Gram Schmidt
1
{ ,..., }
n
u u thnh c s trc chun
1
{ ,..., }
n
W w w = .
Bc 3. Ma trn trc giao l
( )
1 2
[ ] [ ] [ ]
E W n
P P w w w

= =

Khi , ma trn ca q trong c s W l

1 2
diag( )
T
n
P AP =

(nu
i
l nghim bi k ca ( ) 0
A
P = th lp li k ln lin tip).
i bin [ ] [ ] x P y = , ta c

2 2 2
1 1 2 2
( ) [ ] .[ ] .[ ] ...
T
W n n
q y y q y y y y = =

V d 17. a dng ton phng
2
2 1 2
( ) 3 4 q x x x x = trong
2
v dng chnh tc bng thut ton
cho ha trc giao.
Gii. Ma trn ca q trong c s chnh tc l
0 2
2 3
A
1



( )
.
Bc 1. Tm tr ring v vector ring c s.
Ta c:
2
2
det( ) 3 4
2 3
A I

= =

.
Suy ra ma trn A c hai tr ring l
1
1 = v
2
4 = .

Chng 5. Dang toan phng


97
1 1
1 2 1 2
( ) (2; 1)
2 4 0 0
A I u
1 1




= =




( ) ( )
,

2 2
4 2 2 1
( ) (1; 2)
2 1 0 0
A I u
1 1



= =




( ) ( )
.
Bc 2. Trc chun ha
1 2
{ , } u u .
Do
1 2
{ , } u u trc giao nn ta c:
1
1
1
1
(2; 1)
5
u
w
u
= = v
2
2
2
1
(1; 2)
5
u
w
u
= = .

Suy ra c s trc chun ca
2
l
1 2
{ , } W w w = .

Bc 3. Ma trn trc giao l
2 1
1
1 2
5
E W
P P

= =



( )
.
Khi
2 1 0 2 2 1 1 0
1
1 2 2 3 1 2 0 4
5
T
P AP
1 1 1 1



= =




( )( )( ) ( )
.
i bin:
1 1 2
1 1
2 2
2 1 2
2 1
2 1
1
5 5
[ ] [ ]
1 2 1 2
5
.
5 5
x y y
x y
x P y
x y
x y y
'
1
1
=
1
1 1 1
1

1


= =
!


1
( ) ( )( ) 1
=
1
1
1
+


Thay
1 2
, x x trong cng thc i bin trn vo ( ) q x , ta c dng chnh tc cn tm l
2 2
1 2
( ) 4 q y y y = .

Ch
i) Cc tr ring ca ma trn A ln lt ng vi vector ct ca P .

ii) Ta bit
1 2
diag( )
T
n
P AP = nn khng cn phi i bin c th thay vo dng
ton phng. Tuy nhin, ma trn trc giao P l rt quan trng trong cng thc i bin. Do , ta
cn phi ch ra ma trn P .

V d 18. Trong
3
, cho ma trn A ca dng ton phng ( ) q x c cc tr ring v vector ring c s
tng ng l
1 1
3, (1; 1; 1) u = = ,
2 2
6, ( 1; 1; 2) u = = v
3 3
8, ( 1; 1; 0) u = = .
Tm dng chnh tc ca q bng thut ton cho ha trc giao.

Gii. t:
1 1 1
1
(1; 1; 1) (1; 1; 1)
3
v u w = = = ,
2 1
2 2 1 2
1
( 1; 1; 2)
u v
v u v
v
= =
2
1
( 1; 1; 2)
6
w = ,

3 1 3 2
3 3 1 2 2 2
1 2
( 1; 1; 0)
u v u v
v u v v
v v
= =
3
1
( 1; 1; 0)
2
w = .

Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


98
Vy
2 1 3
1
2 1 3
6
2 2 0
P
1


( )
v i bin [ ] [ ] x P y = ta c dng chnh tc cn tm l
2 2 2
1 2 3
( ) 3 6 8 q y y y y = .

V d 19. a dng ton phng trong
3
sau y v dng chnh tc bng thut ton cho ha trc
giao:
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
( ) 3 6 3 4 8 4 q x x x x x x x x x x = .
Gii. Ma trn ca q l
3 2 4
2 6 2
4 2 3
A
1





( )
.
Ta c:

3 2 4
det( ) 0 2 6 2 0
4 2 3
A I


= =

3 2 4
2 6 2 0
0 14 2 7



=




3 10 4
2 2 2 0
0 0 7

3 10 7
(7 ) 0
2 2 2.



Vi 7 = , ta c
4 2 4 2 1 2
( 7 ) 2 1 2 0 0 0
4 2 4 0 0 0
A I
1 1







=





( ) ( )
.

Suy ra hai vector c s ca (7) E l
1 2
(1; 0; 1), (0; 2; 1) u u = = .

Vi 2 = , ta c
5 2 4 1 4 1
( 2 ) 2 8 2 0 2 1
4 2 5 0 0 0
A I
1 1







=





( ) ( )
.

Suy ra vector c s ca ( 2) E l
3
(2; 1; 2) u = . t:

1 1 1
1
(1; 0; 1) (1; 0; 1)
2
v u w = = = ,

2 1
2 2 1 2 2
1
1 1 1
; 2; ( 1; 4; 1)
2 2
3 2
u v
v u v w
v
1

= = =


( )
,


3 1 3 2
3 3 1 2 3 2 2
1 2
1
(2; 1; 2) (2; 1; 2)
3
u v u v
v u v v w
v v
= = = .

Vy
3 1 2 2
1
0 4 2
3 2
3 1 2 2
P
1



( )
v i bin [ ] [ ] x P y = ta c dng chnh tc l
2 2 2
1 2 3
( ) 7 7 2 q y y y y = .
Chng 5. Dang toan phng


99
3. A DNG TON PHNG V DNG CHNH TC
BNG CC THUT TON KHC (tham kho)

3.1. Thut ton Lagrange

Trong
n
, xt dng ton phng
2
1 1
( ) 2
n
ii i ij i j
i i j n
q x a x a x x
= <
=



Thut ton Lagrange l phng php nhm trc tip ln lt theo tng bin
i
x di dng tng bnh
phng. Sau , ta da vo cc tng bnh phng i bin.
Thng thng, ta t [ ] [ ] y Q x = v gi l i bin xui. Tip theo, ta gii
1
[ ] [ ] x Q y

= v gi l i
bin ngc. Khi , ma trn i bin s l
1
P Q

= .

3.1.1. Trng hp 1 ( ( ) q x c 1 h s 0
ii
a )

Bc 1. Gi s
11
0 a , ta tch tt c cc s hng cha
1
x trong ( ) q x v thm hoc bt c dng
( )
2
11 1 12 2 1 1 2
( ) ... ( ;...; )
n n n
q x a x x x q x x =

trong ,
1 2
( ;...; )
n
q x x cha ti a 1 n bin.

i bin xui:
1 1 12 2 1
...
n n
y x x x = ,
i i
y x = ( 2,..., ) i n = .

i bin ngc:
1 1 12 2 1
...
n n
x y y y = ,
i i
x y = ( 2,..., ) i n = .


Ta c ma trn i bin l
12 1
1
1 ...
0 1 ... 0
0 0 ... 1
n
P

1



( )

.

Khi , vi bin mi th ( ) q x tr thnh
2
11 1 1 2
( ) ( ;...; )
n
q y a y q y y = .

Bc 2. Tip tc lm nh bc 1 cho
1 2
( ;...; )
n
q y y , ta c ma trn i bin l
2
P , ...
Sau k bc th dng ton phng q s c dng chnh tc.

Ma trn i bin t u n bc cui cng l

1
...
k
P P P =

3.1.2. Trng hp 2 ( ( ) q x c h s 0,
ii
a i = )
Gi s
12
0 a , ta i bin ngc:
1 1 2 2 1 2
, , ( 3,..., )
i i
x y y x y y x y i n = = = = .
Khi , dng ton phng tr thnh
2 2
12 1 12 2
( ) 2 2 ... q y a y a y = v ta c h s ca
2
1
y khc 0.
Ta tr li trng hp 1.

Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


100
V d 20. Dng thut ton Lagrange a dng ton phng trong
3
sau y v dng chnh tc v
tm ma trn i bin P :
2 2
2 3 1 2 1 3
( ) 4 2 4 q x x x x x x x = .
Gii
Bc 1. Bin i:
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 3 1 3
( ) ( 2 ) 4 4 q x x x x x x x x x =
2 2 2
1 2 1 3 1 3
( ) 4 4 x x x x x x = .
i bin xui:
1 1 2
2 2
3 3
y x x
y x
y x
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+

i bin ngc:
1 1 2
2 2
3 3
x y y
x y
x y
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
+

ta c ma trn i bin l
1
1 1 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
P
1





( )
.

Khi , dng ton phng q i vi bin y l
2 2 2
1 1 2 3 1 2 3
( ) ( ) 4 4( ) q y y y y y y y y = ,

vi
2 2
1 1 2 3 1 2 3
( ) ( ) 4 4( ) q y y y y y y y = .

Bc 2. Bin i
2
1 1 2 3
( ) ( 2 ) q y y y y = .
i bin:
1 1 1 1
2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3
3 3 3 3
2 2
z y y z
z y y y y z z z
z y y z
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
1 1
= = 1 1
1 1
+ +
2
2 1 2
1 0 0
1 1 2 ( )
0 0 1
P q z z
1


= =





( )
.
Vy ma trn i bin ca c hai bc l:
1 2
0 1 2
1 1 2
0 0 1
P PP
1


= =





( )
v vi [ ] [ ] x P z = , dng chnh
tc ca q l
2 2
1 2
( ) q z z z = .

Cch khc
Trong thc hnh ta c th thc hin gp c hai bc nh sau:
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 3 1 3
( ) ( 2 ) 4 4 q x x x x x x x x x =
2 2
1 2 1 3
( ) ( 2 ) x x x x = .
i bin xui:
1 1 2 2 1 3 3 3
, 2 , y x x y x x y x = = = .
i bin ngc:
1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 3
2 , 2 , x y y x y y y x y = = = .
Vy ma trn i bin l
0 1 2
1 1 2
0 0 1
P
1





( )
v vi [ ] [ ] x P y = , dng chnh tc ca q l
2 2
1 2
( ) q y y y = .

Chng 5. Dang toan phng


101
V d 21. Dng thut ton Lagrange a dng ton phng trong
3
sau y v dng chnh tc v
tm ma trn i bin P :
1 2 1 3 2 3
( ) 2 2 6 f x x x x x x x = .
Gii. i bin ngc:
1 1 2
2 1 2 1
3 3
1 1 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
x y y
x y y P
x y
' 1
1
=
1

1

1

= = !


1
1
= 1
( )
1
+
.

Dng ton phng f i vi bin y l:

1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3
( ) 2( + )( )+2( + ) 6( ) f y y y y y y y y y y y =
2 2
1 2 1 3 2 3
2 2 4 +8 y y y y y y =

2 2 2 2
1 1 3 3 2 2 3 3
2( 2 ) 2 8 2 y y y y y y y y =
2 2 2
1 3 2 3 3
2( ) 2( 2 ) 6 y y y y y = .

i bin:
1 1 3 1 1 3
2 2 3 2 2 3 2
3 3 3 3
1 0 1
2 2 0 1 2
0 0 1
z y y y z z
z y y y z z P
z y y z
' ' 1
1 1
= =
1 1

1 1

1 1

= = = ! !


1 1
1 1
= = 1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.
Vy ma trn i bin l
1 2
1 1 3
1 1 1
0 0 1
P PP
1


= =





( )
v vi [ ] [ ] x P z = , dng chnh tc ca ca f l
2 2 2
1 2 3
( ) 2 2 6 f z z z z = .

Nhn xt
Do cch i bin trong thut ton Lagrange c th khc nhau nn dng chnh tc l khng duy nht.



3.2. Thut ton Jacobi

3.2.1. nh thc con chnh

Cho ma trn vung ( )
ij n
A a = . nh thc con cp k (1 ) k n
11 1
1
...
...
k
k
k kk
a a
D
a a
=
c gi l nh thc con chnh ca A.

V d 22. Ma trn
1 2 3
0 4 0
5 0 0
A
1





( )
c ba nh thc con chnh sau:
1
1 1 D = = ,
2
1 2
4
0 4
D

= = ,
3
det 60 D A = = .

3.2.2. nh thc D
i-1, j

Cho ma trn vung ( )
ij n
A a = . nh thc con
1, i j
D

cp 1 i ca A (1 ) j i n < l nh thc
c to thnh t 1 i dng u v 1 i ct u (sau khi b i ct th j ) ca A.
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


102
V d 23. Ma trn
1 2 3
0 4 0
5 0 0
A
1





( )
c ba nh thc con
1, i j
D

sau:


2 1, 1 1, 1
2 2 D D

= = = (dng 1 v ct 2),


3 1, 1 2, 1
2 3
12
4 0
D D

= = = (hai dng u v ct 2, 3 (b ct 1)),




3 1, 2 2, 2
1 3
0
0 0
D D

= = = (hai dng u v ct 1, 3 (b ct 2)).




3.2.3. Thut ton
Trong
n
, gi s dng ton phng ( ) q x c ma trn ( )
ij n
A a = v ng thi cc nh thc con
chnh 0
k
D ( 1,..., 1) k n = .

Bc 1. Tnh cc h s
1,
1
( 1)
i j
i j
ij
i
D
D

=

Bc 2. i bin theo cng thc:
1 1 21 2 31 3 41 4 1
2 2 32 3 42 4 2
...
...
................................................................

n n
n n
n n
x y y y y y
x y y y y
x y


'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Khi , ma trn i bin l
21 1
2
1 ...
0 1 ...
0 0 ... 1
n
n
P


( )


v dng chnh tc l

2 2 2 2 2 3
1 1 2 3
1 2 1
( ) ...
n
n
n
D D D
q y D y y y y
D D D

=

V d 24. Dng thut ton Jacobi a dng ton phng trong
3
sau v dng chnh tc:
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
( ) 2 17 4 12 16 q x x x x x x x x x x = .

Gii. Ma trn ca q l
2 2 6
2 1 8
6 8 17
A
1





( )
.
Cc nh thc con chnh ca A l:
1
2 D = ,
2
2 2
2
2 1
D

= =

,
3
det 6 D A = = .
Do
1
0 D ,
2
0 D nn ta s dng c thut ton Jacobi.


Chng 5. Dang toan phng


103
Cc h s
21 31 32
, , :

2 1, 1
2 1
21
1
2
( 1) 1
2
D
D


= = = ,
3 1, 1
3 1
31
2
2 6
1 8
( 1) 5
2
D
D

= = =

,
3 1, 2
3 2
32
2
2 6
2 8
( 1) 2
2
D
D


= = =

.
i bin:
1 1 21 2 31 3 1 1 2 3
2 2 32 3 2 2 3
3 3 3 3
5
2

x y y y x y y y
x y y x y y
x y x y

' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
1 1
= = 1 1
1 1
+ +


Khi , ta c dng chnh tc ca q l:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
1 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2
( ) ( ) 2 3
D D
q y D y y y q y y y y
D D
= = .

V d 25. Dng thut ton Jacobi a dng ton phng trong
3
sau v dng chnh tc:
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 3
( ) 2 3 4 f x x x x x x x x = .
Gii. Ma trn ca f l
4 3 4
1
3 2 0
2
4 0 2
A
1





( )
. Cc nh thc con chnh ca A l:
1
2 D = ,
2
4 3
1 1
3 2
4 4
D = = ,
3
4 3 4
1 17
3 2 0
8 4
4 0 2
D = = .
Cc h s
21 31 32
, , :
2 1, 1
2 1
21
1
3
( 1)
4
D
D

= = ,
3 1, 1
3 1
31
2
( 1) 8
D
D

= = ,
3 1, 2
3 2
32
2
( 1) 12
D
D

= = .
i bin
1 1 2 3
2 2 3
3 3
3
8
4
12

x y y y
x y y
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
1
1
+
, ta c dng chnh tc l
2 2 2
1 2 3
1
( ) 2 17
8
f y y y y = .


2.3. Thut ton bin i s cp ma trn i xng

Trong
n
, gi s dng ton phng ( ) q x c ma trn l A.
Bc 1. Thc hin mt s hu hn cc cp bin i s cp trn ma trn chia khi
( )
n
A I (mi cp
gm mt php bin i s cp dng v mt php bin i s cp ct cng kiu) a ma trn A
v dng cho
1 2
diag( )
n
. Khi ,
n
I s tr thnh
T
P .
Bc 2. i bin [ ] [ ] x P y = , ta c
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
( ) ...
n n
q y y y y = .
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


104
V d 26. Dng thut ton bin i s cp ma trn i xng, a dng ton phng trong v d 19 v
dng chnh tc.
Gii. Ta c:

( )
3
2 2 6 1 0 0
2 1 8 0 1 0
6 8 17 0 0 1
A I
1






( )
2 2 1
3 3 1
3
2 2 6 1 0 0
0 1 2 1 1 0
0 2 1 3 0 1
d d d
d d d


1






( )



2 2 1
3 3 1
3
2 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 2 1 1 0
0 2 1 3 0 1
c c c
c c c


1






( )
3 3 2
2
2 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 2 1 1 0
0 0 3 5 2 1
d d d
1






( )



3 3 2
2
2 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 3 5 2 1
c c c
1






( )


1 0 0 1 1 5
1 1 0 0 1 2
5 2 1 0 0 1
T
P P
1 1







= =





( ) ( )
.

i bin [ ] [ ] x P y = , ta c
2 2 2
1 2 3
( ) 2 3 q y y y y = .

V d 27. Dng thut ton bin i s cp ma trn i xng, a dng ton phng trong
3
sau v
dng chnh tc:
1 2 1 3 2 3
( ) 2 4 6 f x x x x x x x = .
Gii. Ma trn ca f l
0 1 2
1 0 3
2 3 0
A
1





( )
.
Ta c:

( )
3
0 1 2 1 0 0
1 0 3 0 1 0
2 3 0 0 0 1
A I
1






( )
1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 3 0 1 0
2 3 0 0 0 1
d d d
1






( )


1 1 2
2 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 3 0 1 0
1 3 0 0 0 1
c c c
1






( )

2 2 1
3 3 1
2
2
2 1 1 1 1 0
0 1 5 1 1 0
0 5 1 1 1 2
d d d
d d d


1






( )


2 2 1
3 3 1
2
2
2 0 0 1 1 0
0 2 10 1 1 0
0 10 2 1 1 2
c c c
c c c


1






( )
3 3 2
5
2 0 0 1 1 0
0 2 10 1 1 0
0 0 48 6 4 2
d d d
1






( )


3 3 2
5
2 0 0 1 1 0
0 2 0 1 1 0
0 0 48 6 4 2
c c c
1






( )
1 1 0 1 1 6
1 1 0 1 1 4
6 4 2 0 0 2
T
P P
1 1







= =





( ) ( )
.

i bin [ ] [ ] x P y = , ta c
2 2 2
1 2 3
( ) 2 2 48 f y y y y = .



Chng 5. Dang toan phng


105
4. NHN DIN NG V MT BC HAI

4.1. Nhn din ng bc hai

4.1.1. nh ngha
Trong mt phng Oxy , ng bc hai l tp hp tt c cc im ( ; ) M x y c ta tha phng
trnh

2 2
2 . 2 . 2 . 0 ax by c xy d x e y f = (1)

trong , , a b c khng ng thi bng 0.

V d 28. ng cong c phng trnh sau l ng bc hai
2 2
4 4 4 3 7 0 x y xy x y = .


4.1.2. Phn loi ng bc hai

a) Cc dng chnh tc ca ng conic
1)
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= (ng elip);
2)
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= (ng hyperbol);
3)
2
y px = hoc
2
x py = (ng parabol).

b) Phn loi
Trong Oxy , xt ng bc hai ( ) C c phng trnh (1).

t hai ma trn i xng:
Ma trn nh
a c
Q
c b
1



( )
ca dng ton phng
2 2
2 . ax by c xy v ma trn ln
a c d
Q c b e
d e f
1





( )
.

nh l
ng bc hai ( ) C l ng conic khi v ch khi

det 0 Q
Tnh cht
Nu ( ) C l ng conic th:
i) ( ) C l ng elip khi v ch khi det 0 Q ;

ii) ( ) C l ng hyperbol khi v ch khi det 0 Q < ;

iii) ( ) C l ng parabol khi v ch khi det 0 Q = .

Ch
Nu det 0 Q = th ( ) C khng phi l conic (c th l tch ca hai ng thng).


4.1.3. Rt gn ng conic

Bng cch xoay trc ta v tnh tin, ta a (1) v dng chnh tc.

Bc 1. a dng ton phng
2 2
2 ax by cxy v dng chnh tc
2 2
( ) ( ) x y (kh tch cho
xy ) bng php bin i trc giao (php quay trc).
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


106
Bc 2. i bin , x x a y y b

= = (tnh tin h ta ) mt cch thch hp phng
trnh ( ) C c dng chnh tc.

V d 29. Xc nh dng ca ng bc hai ( ) C c phng trnh
2 2
4 4 4 3 7 0 x y xy x y = .
Gii. Ta c:
1 2 2
3 25
2 4 det 0
2 4
3
2 7
2
Q Q
1




= =





( )
.
Suy ra ( ) C l ng conic.

Mt khc
1 2
det 0
2 4
Q Q
1

= =



( )
.
Vy ( ) C l ng parabol.

V d 30. Xc nh dng ca ng bc hai ( ) C c phng trnh
2 2
7 8 2 4 1 0 x y xy x y = .
Gii. Ta c:
1 4 1
4 7 2 det 4 0
1 2 1
Q Q
1



= =





( )
.
Suy ra ( ) C l ng conic.
Mt khc
1 4
det 9 0
4 7
Q Q
1

= = <



( )
.
Vy ( ) C l ng hyperbol.

V d 31. Xc nh dng ca ng bc hai ( ) C c phng trnh
2 2
4 4 8 0 x y x y = .
Gii. Ta c:
1 0 2
0 4 4 det 0
2 4 0
Q Q
1


= =





( )
.
Suy ra ( ) C khng phi l ng conic.
Bin i ( ) C :
2 2 2 2
4 4 8 0 ( 2) 4( 1) 0 x y x y x y = = ( 2 )( 2 4) 0 x y x y = .

Vy ( ) C l tch ca hai ng thng.

V d 32. Trong Oxy , vit phng trnh chnh tc ca conic ( ) C :
2 2
5 8 4 32 56 80 0 x y xy x y = .
Gii. Xt dng ton phng
2 2
( ; ) 5 8 4 q x y x y xy = .
Ma trn ca q l
5 2
2 8
Q
1



( )
. Ma trn Q c tr ring v vector ring c s tng ng l:
1 1
9, (1; 2) u = = v
2 2
4, ( 2; 1) u = = .
Chng 5. Dang toan phng


107
Trc chun ha cc vector ring c s, ta c ma trn trc giao
1 2
1
2 1
5
P
1



( )
.
i bin:
1 2
5 5
2 1
.
5 5
x x y
x x
P
y y
y x y
'
1
1
=
1
1 1

1

1


=
!


1
( ) ( ) 1

=
1
1
1
+

Thay vo phng trnh ca ( ) C , ta c:
2 2
144 8
9( ) 4( ) 80 0
5 5
x y x y

=

2 2
8 1
9 4 36
5 5
x y
1 1


=



( ) ( )
2 2
8 1
5 5
1
4 9
x y
1 1





( ) ( )
= .
i bin:
8
5
x x

= ,
1
5
y y

= .

Vy ( ) C l ng elip c phng trnh chnh tc
2 2
( ) ( )
1
4 9
x y

= .


4.2. Nhn din mt bc hai

4.2.1. nh ngha mt bc hai
Trong khng gian Oxyz , mt bc hai l tp hp tt c cc im ( ; ; ) M x y z c ta tha phng
trnh

2 2 2
2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 0 ax by cz d xy e xz f yz g x h y k z l = (2)

trong , , , , , a b c d e f khng ng thi bng 0.

V d 33. Trong
3
, mt ( ) S c phng trnh sau l mt bc hai:
2 2
3 3 10 2 14 13 0 x y xy x y = .

4.2.2. S lc v lut qun tnh Sylvester v dng ton phng xc nh du

a) Lut qun tnh Sylvester

Gi s l s cc s hng mang du + v p l s cc s hng mang du trong dng chnh
tc. Khi , s v p l nhng i lng bt bin, khng ph thuc vo php bin i khng suy bin
a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc.

Ch
i) S s c gi l ch s dng qun tnh ca dng ton phng.
ii) S p c gi l ch s m qun tnh ca dng ton phng.
iii) S s p c gi l ch s (hay k s) ca dng ton phng.

V d 34. Trong
2
, cho dng ton phng
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) 3 2 f x x x x x = .
Cch 1. Bin i
2 2
1 2 2
( ) ( ) 4 f x x x x = .
i bin
1 1 2 2 2
, y x x y x = = , ta c
2 2
1 2
( ) 4 f y y y = .
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


108
Cch 2. Bin i
2 2
1 2 1
1 4
( ) ( 3 )
3 3
f x x x x = .
i bin
1 1 2 2 1
3 , z x x z x = = , ta c
2 2
1 2
1 4
( )
3 3
f z z z = .
Nhn thy qua 2 cch bin i trn, dng chnh tc khc nhau nhng u c 1 s p = = .

b) Dng ton phng xc nh du

nh ngha
Trong
n
, gi s dng ton phng ( ) q x c ([ ]) r q n = .

Dng ton phng ( ) q x c gi l xc nh dng nu ( ) 0, ( )
n
q x x x .

Dng ton phng ( ) q x c gi l xc nh m nu ( ) 0, ( )
n
q x x x < .

Dng ton phng ( ) q x c gi l na xc nh dng (hay m) nu
( ) 0, ( ( ) 0, )
n n
q x x hay q x x .

Dng ton phng ( ) q x c gi l khng xc nh du nu n nhn c gi tr dng v gi tr m;
ngha l, ( ) q x thay i du.

Ch
Trong
n
, vic xt du dng ton phng q c ([ ]) r q n < (dng suy bin) l kh phc tp.
Ta khng xt y.

V d 35. Trong
2
, ta c:

2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) 3 2 q x x x x x = l xc nh dng v
2 2 2
1 2 2
( ) ( ) 2 0, ( ) q x x x x x x = .

2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) 4 4 f x x x x x = l na xc nh m v
2 2
1 2
( ) (2 ) 0, f x x x x = .

2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) g x x x x x = l khng xc nh du v (1; 1) 1 0 g = < v (1; 1) 1 0 g = .

nh l Sylvester

Trong
n
, dng ton phng xc nh dng khi v ch khi ma trn ca n c tt c cc nh thc
con chnh u dng; ngha l 0
k
D ( 1,..., ) k n = .

Trong
n
, dng ton phng xc nh m khi v ch khi ma trn ca n c cc nh thc con chnh
cp chn dng, cp l m; ngha l ( 1) 0
k
k
D ( 1,..., ) k n = .

V d 36. Dng nh l Sylvester, xt tnh xc nh du ca dng ton phng trong
3
sau:
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2
( ) 2 4 3 4 q x x x x x x = .

Gii. Ma trn ca q l
2 2 0
2 4 0
0 0 3
A
1





( )
v ( ) 3 r A = .

Ta c cc nh thc con chnh:
1
2 0 D = < ,
2
2 2
4 0
2 4
D

= =

,
3
det 12 0 D A = = < .
Vy ( ) q x xc nh m.

Chng 5. Dang toan phng


109
V d 37. Dng nh l Sylvester, xt tnh xc nh du ca dng ton phng trong
3
sau:
2 2 2
( ; ; ) 7 2 5 f x y z x y z xz = .
Gii. Ma trn ca f l
7 0 3
0 2 0
3 0 1
A
1





( )
v ( ) 3 r A = .
Ta c cc nh thc con chnh:
1 2 3
7 0, 14 0, 32 0 D D D = = = < .
Suy ra f khng xc nh dng v cng khng xc nh m.

Mt khc
(1; 0; 0) 7 0 f = v (0; 0; 1) 1 0 f = < .
Vy dng ton phng f khng xc nh du.


4.2.3. Phn loi mt bc hai

a) Cc dng chnh tc ca mt bc hai
1)
2 2 2 2
x y z R = (mt cu);
2)
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
x y z
a b c
= (mt elipsoid);
3)
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
x y z
a b c
= (hyperbolic 1 tng);
4)
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
x y z
a b c
= (hyperbolic 2 tng);
5)
2 2 2
2 2 2
0
x y z
a b c
= (nn eliptic);
6)
2 2
2 2
2
x y
z
a b
= (parabolic eliptic);
7)
2 2
2 2
2
x y
z
a b
= (parabolic hyperbolic);
8)
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= (mt tr eliptic);
9)
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= (mt tr hyperbolic);
10)
2
y px = hoc
2
x py = (mt tr parabolic).

Ch
Cc dng 8), 9) v 10) c gi l cc mt bc hai suy bin.

b) Phn loi

Cho ( ) S l mt bc hai c phng trnh di dng (2).
t ma trn nh v ma trn ln nh sau:
a d e
Q d b f
e f c
1





( )
v
a d e g
d b f h
Q
e f c k
g h k l
1


( )
.
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


110
nh l
Mt bc hai ( ) S l khng suy bin khi v ch khi

det 0 Q

Tnh cht
Nu mt bc hai ( ) S khng suy bin th:
i) ( ) S l mt elipsoid (k c elipsoid o) khi v ch khi ma trn dng ton phng Q xc nh
dng hay xc nh m;

ii) ( ) S l mt hyperpolic (1 tng hay 2 tng) khi v ch khi ma trn dng ton phng Q c ch
s 1 s p = ;

iii) ( ) S l mt parabolic eliptic (hay parabolic hyperpolic) khi v ch khi det 0 Q = .


4.2.4. Rt gn mt bc hai

Bng cch xoay trc ta v tnh tin, ta a (2) v dng chnh tc.

Bc 1. a dng ton phng
2 2 2
( ; ; ) 2 . 2 . 2 . q x y z ax by cz d xy e xz f yz = v dng chnh
tc
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x y z (kh cc tch cho) bng php bin i trc giao (php quay).

Bc 2. i bin: , , x x a y y b z z c

= = = (tnh tin h ta ) mt cch thch hp
phng trnh ( ) S c dng chnh tc.

V d 38. Xc nh dng ca mt bc hai ( ) S c phng trnh:
2 2 2
4 4 8 10 4 4 16 16 8 72 0 x y z xy xz yz x y z = .
Gii. Ta c:
4 5 2
5 4 2
2 2 8
Q
1





( )
v
4 5 2 8
5 4 2 8
2 2 8 4
8 8 4 72
Q
1




( )
.
Do ( ) 4 r Q = nn ( ) S khng suy bin.
Mt khc, det 0 Q = nn ( ) S l parabolic eliptic (hay parabolic hyperpolic).

V d 39. Xc nh dng ca mt bc hai ( ) S c phng trnh sau y ri vit phng trnh chnh tc:
2 2 2
22 28 15 8 112 184 30 343 0 x y z xy x y z = .
Gii. Ta c:
22 4 0
4 28 0
0 0 15
Q
1





( )
,
22 4 0 56
4 28 0 92
0 0 15 15
56 92 15 343
Q
1



( )
.
Do det 0 Q nn ( ) S khng suy bin.

Theo nh l Sylvester, ma trn Q c:
1 2 3
22 0; 600 0; 9000 0 D D D = = =
nn Q xc nh dng.
Suy ra ( ) S l mt elipsoid.


Chng 5. Dang toan phng


111
Ma trn Q c tr ring v vector ring c s tng ng l:
1 1 1
1
30, (1; 2; 0) (1; 2; 0)
5
u w = = = ,
2 2 2
1
20, ( 2; 1; 0) ( 2; 1; 0)
5
u w = = = ,
3 3 3
15, (0; 0; 1) (0; 0; 1) u w = = = .
Suy ra, ma trn trc giao l
1 2 0
1
2 1 0
5
0 0 5
P
1


( )
.
i bin:
1 2 2 1
, ,
5 5 5 5
x x y y x y z z

= = = .

Khi , ( ) S c phng trnh:
2 2 2
480 40
30( ) 20( ) 15( ) 30 343 0
5 5
x y z x y z

=

( )
2 2
2
8 1
1
5 5
1
2 3 4
x y
z
1 1






( ) ( )
= .

i bin:
8 1
, , 1
5 5
x x y y z z

= = = .

Vy ( ) S l mt elipsoid c phng trnh chnh tc
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 3 4
x y z

= .




BI TP TRC NGHIM CHNG V

Cu 1. Ma trn ca dng song tuyn tnh trn
2
xc nh bi
1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
( , ) 2 3 5 f x y x y x y x y x y =

trong c s {(2; 1), (1; 1)} B = l:
A.
13 10
14 1
1



( )
; B.
13 14
10 1
1



( )
; C.
12 10
9 2
1



( )
; D.
12 9
10 2
1



( )
.

Cu 2. Ma trn ca dng ton phng
2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
( ; ) 2 6 q x x x x x x = trong c s
{(1; 1), ( 1; 1)} B = l:
A.
5 5
5 9
1



( )
; B.
5 5
5 9
1



( )
; C.
5 5
1
5 9
2
1



( )
; D.
5 5
1
5 9
2
1



( )
.


Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


112
Cu 3. Ma trn trc giao l:
A.
3 2 2
1
0 1 2
6
3 1 2
1


( )
; B.
0 1 2
1
3 2 2
6
3 1 2
1


( )
;
C.
3 1 2
1
0 2 2
6
3 1 2
1


( )
; D.
3 1 2
1
3 2 2
6
0 1 2
1


( )
.

Cu 4. Trong
3
, dng ton phng s suy bin khi ta a v dng chnh tc l:

A.
2 2
1 2 3 1 3 1 2 2 3
( ; ; ) 4 2 q x x x x x x x x x = ;
B.
2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 3
( ; ; ) 4 4 2 4 q x x x x x x x x x x x = ;
C.
2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 3
( ; ; ) 2 q x x x x x x x = ;
D.
2 2
1 2 3 2 3 1 2
( ; ; ) 2 2 q x x x x x x x = .

Cu 5. Trong
2
, cho dng ton phng
2
1 2 2 1 2
( ; ) 3 4 q x x x x x = .
Bng php cho ha trc giao vi ma trn
2 1
1
1 2
5
P
1



( )
, ta a q v dng chnh tc l:
A.
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ; ) 4 q y y y y = ; B.
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ; ) 4 q y y y y = ;
C.
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ; ) 4 q y y y y = ; D.
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ; ) 4 q y y y y = .

Cu 6. Trong
2
, cho dng ton phng
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) 7 2 8 f x x x x x = .
Dng thut ton Lagrange vi ma trn i bin
1 0
2 1
P
1



( )
, ta a f v dng chnh tc l:
A.
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ; ) 2 f y y y y = ; B.
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ; ) 2 f y y y y = ;
C.
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ; ) 2 f y y y y = ; D.
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ; ) 2 f y y y y = .

Cu 7. Trong
2
, cho dng ton phng ( ) q x . Bng php cho ha trc giao vi
2 1
1
1 2
5
P
1



( )
,
ta a q v dng chnh tc
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ; ) 4 q y y y y = . Dng ton phng ( ) q x cho l:

A.
2
1 2 2 1 2
( ; ) 3 4 q x x x x x = ; B.
2
1 2 1 1 2
( ; ) 3 4 q x x x x x = ;
C.
2
1 2 1 1 2
( ; ) 3 4 q x x x x x = ; D.
2
1 2 2 1 2
( ; ) 3 4 q x x x x x = .

Cu 8. Trong
3
, cho dng ton phng ( ) f x . Bng php cho ha trc giao bi ma trn trc giao
1 0 3
1
0 10 0
10
3 0 1
1






( )
, ta a f v dng chnh tc
2 2 2
1 2 3
( ) 2 2 8 f y y y y = .
Dng ton phng ( ) f x cho l:
Chng 5. Dang toan phng


113
A.
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
( ; ; ) 7 2 6 f x x x x x x x x = ;
B.
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 3
( ; ; ) 7 2 6 f x x x x x x x x = ;
C.
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
( ; ; ) 7 2 6 f x x x x x x x x = ;
D.
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 3
( ; ; ) 7 2 6 f x x x x x x x x = .

Cu 9. Trong
3
, cho dng ton phng ( ) f x . Bng php cho ha trc giao vi c s trc chun
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
2; 2; 2 , 1; 1; 2 , 3; 3; 0
6 6 6
W
' '
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
1 1 + +

ta a f v dng chnh tc
2 2 2
1 2 3
( ) 3 6 8 f y y y y = . Dng ton phng ( ) f x cho l:
A.
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
( ; ; ) 36 36 30 24 12 12 f x x x x x x x x x x x x = ;
B.
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
( ; ; ) 36 36 30 12 24 12 f x x x x x x x x x x x x = ;
C.
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
( ; ; ) 36 36 30 12 12 24 f x x x x x x x x x x x x = ;
D.
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
( ; ; ) 30 36 36 24 12 12 f x x x x x x x x x x x x = .

Cu 10. Trong Oxy , cho ng bc hai ( ) C c phng trnh:
2 2
5 8 4 32 56 80 0 x y xy x y = .

Phn loi ng bc hai, ta c ( ) C l:

A. ng parabol; B. ng elip;

C. ng hyperbol; D. Khng phi l ng Conic.

Cu 11. Trong Oxyz , cho mt bc hai ( ) S c phng trnh:
2 2 2
22 28 15 8 112 184 30 343 0 x y z xy x y z = .
Phn loi mt bc hai, ta c ( ) S l:
A. Mt parabolic; B. Mt elipsoid;

C. Mt hyperbolic; D. Mt suy bin.

Cu 12. Trong Oxy , cho ng bc hai ( ) C c phng trnh:
2 2
6 2 2 ( 1) 0 x my xy x my m = .

iu kin ca m ( ) C l ng elip:

A. 1 m < ; B. 1 m ; C. 9 m ; D. 9 m < .

Cu 13. Trong Oxy , cho ng bc hai ( ) C c phng trnh:
2 2
6 2 2 ( 1) 0 x my xy x my m = .

iu kin ca m ( ) C l ng hyperbol:
A.
1
3
m
m
'
1 <
1
!
1
1
+
; B.
9
3
m
m
'
1 <
1
!
1
1
+
; C. 1 m < ; D. 9 m < .

Cu 14. Trong Oxyz , cho mt bc hai ( ) S c phng trnh:
2 2 2 2
5 4 2 2 2 4 2 1 0 x y m z xy xz myz x y mz = .

iu kin ca m ( ) S l mt parabolic:
Bai gia ng ai so Tuyen tnh


114
A.
5
4
m = ; B.
4
5
m = ; C.
5
4
m ; D.
4
5
m .

Cu 15. Trc chun ha c s {(3; 4), (6; 5)} B = trong
2
bi thut ton Gram Schmidt, ta
c:
A.
3 4 8 6
; , ;
5 5 13 13
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
! !


1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
; B.
3 4 12 5
; , ;
5 5 13 13
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
! !


1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
;

C.
4 3 3 4
; , ;
5 5 5 5
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
! !


1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
; D.
3 4 4 3
; , ;
5 5 5 5
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
! !


1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.

Cu 16. Trc giao ha c s {(12; 5), (3; 7)} B = trong
2
bi thut ton Gram Schmidt, ta
c:
A.
45 108
(12; 5), ;
169 169
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
! !

1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
; B.
495 1188
(12; 5), ;
169 169
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
! !

1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
;

C.
45 54
(12; 5), ;
58 29
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
! !

1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
; D.
495 594
(12; 5), ;
58 29
' ' 1
1 1
1 1
! !

1 1
( )
1 1
+ +
.

Cu 17. Trc giao ha Gram Schmidt c s B sau trong
3

{( 1; 2; 2), (1; 2; 2), (2; 2; 1)} B = , ta c:
A.
16 4 4 1 1
( 1; 2; 2), ; ; , 0; ;
9 9 9 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
! !


1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
; B.
1 1 16 4 4
( 1; 2; 2), 0; ; , ; ;
2 2 9 9 9
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
! !


1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
;

C.
16 4 4 1 1
( 1; 2; 2), ; ; , 0; ;
9 9 9 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
! !


1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
; D.
1 1 16 4 4
( 1; 2; 2), 0; ; , ; ;
2 2 9 9 9
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
! !


1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
+ +
.

Cu 18. Trc chun ha Gram Schmidt c s B sau trong
3

{(1; 2; 0), (1; 0; 2), (0; 2; 1)} B = , ta c:
A.
5 2 5 30 30 30 6 6 6
; ; 0 , ; ; , ; ;
5 5 15 6 30 3 6 6
' ' 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1



! !


1 1

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
;

B.
5 2 5 30 30 30 6 6 6
; ; 0 , ; ; , ; ;
5 5 15 30 6 3 6 6
' ' 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1



! !


1 1

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
;

C.
5 2 5 30 30 30 6 6 6
; ; 0 , ; ; , ; ;
5 5 15 30 6 3 6 6
' ' 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1



! !


1 1

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
;

D.
5 2 5 6 6 6 30 30 30
; ; 0 , ; ; , ; ;
5 5 3 6 6 15 30 6
' ' 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1



! !


1 1

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.

Cu 19. Trong
2
, cho c s {(3; 4), (4; 3)} B = c trc chun ha Gram Schmidt thnh W .
Ta ca (1; 2) x = trong W l:
Chng 5. Dang toan phng


115
A.
2 11
[ ]
5 5
T
W
x
1

=


( )
; B.
2 11
[ ]
5 5
T
W
x
1

=


( )
;

C.
11 2
[ ]
5 5
T
W
x
1

=


( )
; D.
11 2
[ ]
5 5
T
W
x
1

=


( )
.

Cu 20. Trong
2
, cho c s {(1; 2), (2; 3)} B = c trc chun ha Gram Schmidt thnh W .
Ta ca (1; 2) x = trong W l:
A.
0
[ ]
5
W
x
1



( )
; B.
5
[ ]
0
W
x
1



( )
; C.
0
[ ]
5
W
x
1



( )
; D.
5
[ ]
0
W
x
1



( )
.

Cu 21. Trong
3
, cho c s {( 1; 1; 2), (1; 3; 2), (2; 2; 1)} c trc chun ha Gram
Schmidt thnh W . Ta ca (1; 0; 0) x = trong c s W l:

A.
1 1 1
[ ]
6 3 2
T
W
x
1


=


( )
; B.
1 1 1
[ ]
6 2 3
T
W
x
1


=


( )
;

C.
1 1 1
[ ]
6 3 2
T
W
x
1


=


( )
; D.
1 1 1
[ ]
6 2 3
T
W
x
1


=


( )
.

Cu 22. Trong
3
, cho c s {(1; 0; 1), (1; 1; 0), (1; 1; 1)} c trc chun ha Gram Schmidt
thnh W . Ta ca (1; 0; 0) x = trong W l:
A.
1 1 1
[ ]
2 6 3
T
W
x
1


=


( )
; B.
1 1 1
[ ]
3 6 2
T
W
x
1


=


( )
;

C.
1 1 1
[ ]
2 3 6
T
W
x
1


=


( )
; D.
1 1 1
[ ]
3 2 6
T
W
x
1


=


( )
.



116



P N BI TP TRC NGHIM


Chng 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
D C A B B D D C

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
D A B C D A A B


Chng 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
D B B D B B A C


Chng 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A C D D A C B B

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A D B C B C D B


Chng 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A C B C A D D A

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
D C A B C A D D


Chng 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A B C B A C D B

9 10 11 12 13 14
A B B C B A

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
D B A C C B D A



117




TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Bi Xun Hi (ch bin) Trn Nam Dng Trnh Thanh o Thi Minh ng Trn Ngc
Hi, i s tuyn tnh, H KHTN TP. HCM 2000 (lu hnh ni b).

[2] Cng Khanh (ch bin) Nguyn Minh Hng Ng Thu Lng, Ton cao cp i s Tuyn
tnh (Ton 2), NXB HQG TP. HCM 2002.

[3] Hong c Nguyn (dch), Bi tp Ton hc cao cp (phn 1), NXB Gio Dc 1994.

[4] Hong Xun Snh Trn Phng Dung, Bi tp i s Tuyn tnh, NXB Gio Dc 2007.

[5] L S ng, Ton cao cp i s Tuyn tnh, NXB Gio Dc 2008.

[6] Nguyn Ph Vinh, Gio trnh Ton cao cp A2 C2, H Cng nghip TP. HCM (lu hnh ni
b).

[7] Nguyn Vit ng L Th Thin Hng Nguyn Anh Tun L Anh V, Ton cao cp Tp 2,
NXB Gio Dc 2007.

[8] Nguyn Vit ng L Th Thin Hng Nguyn Anh Tun L Anh V, Bi tp Ton cao
cp Tp 2, NXB Gio Dc 2009.

[9] Trn Lu Cng (ch bin) Nguyn nh Huy Hunh B Ln Nguyn B Thi Nguyn
Quc Ln ng Vn Vinh, Ton cao cp 2 i s Tuyn tnh, NXB Gio Dc 2007.

[10] Trng Vn Hng Phm Thnh Thng, Bi tp Khng gian vect, NXB Thanh Nin 2007.

[11] Alpha C. Chang, Kevin Wainwright, Fundamental methods of Mathematical Economics
Third, Edi. Mc.Graw-hill, Int. Edi. 1984.

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