Bi ton: C mt ngi i giao hng, cn i giao hng tai n

thnh ph. Xut pht ti mt thnh ph no i qua cc

thnh ph khc giao hng v tr v thnh ph ban u.
Mi thnh ph ch n 1 ln khong cch t mt thnh ph
n cc thnh ph khc l xc nh. Gi thit rng, mi
thnh ph u c ng i n cc thnh ph cn li.
Khong cch gia hai thnh ph c th l khong cch a
l, c th l cc ph di chuyn hoc thi gian di chuyn. Ta
gi chung l di. Hy tm mt chu trnh (mt ng i
khp kn tha mn iu kin trn) sao cho tng di cc
cnh l nh nht, hay ni cch khc l tm mt phng n c
gi tr nh nht.

Mt cch tng qut, c th khng tn ti mt ng i gia
hai thnh ph a v b no . Trong trng hp ta cho
ng i o gia a v b vi di bng
Bi ton ny c nhiu ng dng rt quan trng. Th d mt
my hn cc im c iu khin bi my tnh. Nhim v
ca n l hn mt s im d nh trn mt tm kim loi.
Ngi th hn bt u t mt im bn ngoi tm kim loi
v kt thc ti chnh im ny, do tm kim loi phi c
di chuyn n im cn hn c a vo v tr hn ( tng
t nh ta a tm vi vo u mi kim ca my khu). Cn
tm mt phng n di chuyn tm kim loi sao cho vic di
chuyn t nht.
Hnh nh sau minh ha bi ton trn:



.


Vi phng php vc cn ta xt tt c cc chu trnh, mi chu
trnh tnh tng di cc cnh ca n ri chn mt chu trnh
c tng di nh nht.
Tuy nhin chng ta cn xt tt c (n-1)! chu trnh. Tht vy
do mi chu trnh i qua tt c cc nh (thnh ph) nn ta c
nh mt nh. T nh ny ta c n-1 cnh ti n-1 nh khc
nn ta c n-1 cch chn cnh u tin ca chu trnh. Sau khi
chn c cnh u tin chng ta c n-2 cch chn cnh
th hai, do ta c (n-1)(n-2) cch chn hai cnh. C l
lun nh vy ta s c (n-1)! cch chn chu trnh khc nhau.
V l mt thut ton vi thi gian ln hn hm m.
p dng k thut tham lam ta c:
B1: Sp xp cc cnh theo th t tng ca di
B2: Xt cc cnh c di t nh n ln a vo chu
trnh
B3: Mt cnh s c a vo chu trnh s tha mn:
Khng to thnh mt chu trnh con
Khng to thnh mt nh c cp >= 3
Lp li bc ba cho n khi c mt chu trnh.




Th d: cho bi ton TSP vi 6 nh c cho bi cc ta
sau:
c(1,7) d(15,7)

b(4,3) e(15,4)

a(0,0) f(18,0)
6 thnh ph c tt c 15 cnh. l cc cnh ab, ac, ad, ae,
af, bc, bd, be, bf, cd, ce, cf, de, df, ef. di cc cnh y
l khong cch Euclide trong cnh de = 3 l nh nht nn
de c chn vo chu trnh. K n l 3 cnh ab,bc ef u
c di 5 c 3 cnh u tha mn hai iu kin ni t rn
nn u c chn vo chu trnh, cnh c di nh nht k
tip l ac = 7.08 nhng khng th a cnh ny vo chu
trnh v n s to ra chu trnh con (abca) cnh df cng b l
do tng t. Cnh be cng c xem xt ri cng b loi do
to ra nh b v nh e c cp 3, tng t chng ta cng loi
bd. cd l cnh tip theo c xt v c chn cui cng ta
c chu trnh abcdefa vi tng di l 50. y ch l mt
phng n tt. Phng n ti u l chu trnh acdefba vi
tng di l 48.39

c(1,7) d(15,7) c(1,7) d(15,7)


b(4,3) (15,4)e b(4,3) (15,4) e


a(0,0) f(18,0) a(0,0) f(18,0)
Thut ton:
void Tsp
{ chutrinh = 0 // sp xp cc cnh trong E theo th
t tng ca di
Gia = 0
while E<>0 do
{ if(cnh c th chn) //khng to thnh chu trnh
Chutrinh = chutrinh + [e]
Gia = gia + dica e
}
E = E [e]
}
phc tp ca thut ton:
Vi th n nh y ta c n(n-1)/2 cnh. Hn na thut
ton ch ph thuc vo vic sp xp theo s khng gim theo
di ca cc cnh. Nn phc tp ca thut ton c O(n) nu
chn phng php sp xp QuickSort.