Introduction

For this coursework, two steel beams; one secondary, one primary and a column has been designed
according to Eurocode 3.

The figure shows the first floor of the structure, which in total consists of three. The secondary beam
designed is the one in the very centre of the structure, carrying load acting on the slab from three meters
from each side, transferring it to the primary beam it is connected to as a point load, which transfers the
load to the column, which finally transfers it with the moment acting on it due to eccentricity of the
structure to the foundation of the structure.

While designing the column, attention paid to the size of the primary and secondary beams, which are
connected to the column. Thickness of web and flange and the height and width of the sections were taken
in account, so the connections and design was possible and logical.

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 Design of Secondary Beam A-B to Eurocode 3

Ultimate Load
Ultimate Load is given by; 1.35 q + 1.50 q
gk = (2.5 + 0.2 + 0.8 + 1) = 4.5 kN/m2
qk = 3.5 kN/m2
1.35 gk + 1.50 qk = 11.325 kN/m2
 Assume S355 Steel is used

Loading on the Beam

There are secondary beams at each 3 meters, so each single beam will get 3 meters of the Ultimate Load
from the slab,
Loading on the Beam = 11.325 × 3 = 33.975 kN/m

Maximum Moment is given by q × l2 / 8 for a simply supported beam with a uniform loading,
MEd = 33.975 × 92 / 8 = 344 kN m
VEd = 33.975 × 9 / 2 = 152.8875 kN
 Assume the chosen beam to be Class 1

MC,Rd = Mpl,RD = Wpl × fy / γMO

Wpl = Mpl,Rd × γMO / fy
Wpl > MEd × γMO / fy
Plastic Modulus should be greater than MEd / fy × γMO
Wpl > MEd × γMO / fy
Wpl > 344 × 106 × 1 / 355 = 969.01 cm3
 Choose Section : 457 × 152 × 74UB

Section Properties
h = 462 mm b = 154.4 mm tw = 9.6 mm tf = 17 mm r = 10.2 mm Wpl = 1627 cm3
I = 32670 cm4 A = 94.5 cm2

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Class Determination of the Section
For Flanges
c = ( b – tw – 2 × r ) / 2
c = ( 154.4 – 9.6 – 2 × 10.2 ) / 2 = 62.20 mm
c / tf = 3.6588

For Web
c = ( h – 2 × tf – 2 × r ) / 2
c = ( 462 – 2 × 17 – 2 × 10.2 ) = 407.6 mm
c / tw = 42.4583

Flange thickness tf = 17 mm < 40 mm

hence from table 4.2 fy = 355 N/mm2
ε = ( 235 / fy ) 0.5 = 0.8136

From table 4.4

c / tf = 3.6588 < 9 × ε = 7.3224
c / tw = 42.4583 < 72 × ε = 58.57
The section is Class 1 As Assumed

Resisting Of Cross Section

Bending Resistance
MEd = 344 kN m
Mpl,Rd = Wpl × fy / γMO [ Plastic Moment Of Resistance ]
Mpl,Rd = 1627 × 103 × 355 / 1 = 577.58 kN m
Mpl,Rd > MEd

Shear Resistance
VEd = 152.8875 kN
Vpl,Rd = Av × ( fy × 30.5 ) / γMO [ Design Plastic Shear Resistance ]
Av = A – 2 × b × tf + ( tw + 2 × r ) × tf
Av = 9450 – 2 × 154.4 × 17 + ( 9.6 + 2 × 10.2 ) × 17 = 4710.40 mm2
Av > n × hw × tw = 1 × = ( 462 – 2 × 17 ) × 9.6 = 4108.80 mm2
Av = 4710.40 mm2
Vpl,Rd = 4710.40 × ( 355 / 30.5 ) / 1
Vpl,Rd = 965.4405 kN > 152.8875 kN

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Bending and Shear
Check : VED < 0.5 × Vpl,Rd
152.8875 < 0.5 × 965.4405
No Check For Bending & Shear is Required,

Shear Buckling Resistance

hw / tw = 428 / 9.6 = 44.58 < 72 × ε / η = 72 × 0.8136 / 1 = 58.57
 No check on shear buckling required,

Deflection Check
Maximum Moment Due To Working Load Mmax = ( gk + qk ) × l2 / 8
Mmax = ( 4.5 × 3 + 3.5 × 3 ) × 92 / 8 = 243 kN m

Elastic Resistance Of The Section is Mc,RD(el) = Wel × fy / γMO

Mc,Rd(el) = 1414 × 103 × 355 / 1= 501.97 kN m
Mc,Rd(el) > Mmax
 Deflection Can Be Calculated elastically,

Deflection due to permanent load :

w = 4.5 × 3 + 3.5 × 3 = 24 N / mm
wtot = 5 / 384 × w × l4 / E / I
wtot = 5 / 384 × 24 × ( 9×103 )4 / 210 / 103 / 32670 / 104
wtot = 29.8849 mm
Span / 300 = 30 mm
wtot < span / 300
 Deflection Check is OK, The Chosen Section 457 × 152 × 74UB is suitable for the secondary beams,

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 Design of Primary Beam C - D to Eurocode 3

Loading On the Beam

The loading on the beam will be a point load in the middle of the because of the secondary beams connected
to it,
Point Load = 305.7750 kN [ Beam Loading ]
VEd = 305.7750 / 2 = 152.8875 kN
MEd = 152.8875 × 6 / 2 = 458.6625 kN m
 Assume S355 Steel is used
 Assume Section : 533 × 210 × 101

Section Properties
h = 536.7 mm b = 210.00 mm tw = 10.8 mm tf = 17.4 mm r = 12.7 mm Wpl = 2612 cm3
I = 61520 cm4 A = 129 cm2

Class Determination of the Section

For Flanges
c = ( b – tw – 2 × r ) / 2
c = ( 210.00 – 10.8 – 2 × 12.7 ) / 2 = 86.90 mm
c / tf = 4.99

For Web
c = ( h – 2 × tf – 2 × r ) / 2
c = ( 536.7 – 2 × 17.4 – 2 × 12.7 ) = 476.50 mm
c / tw = 44.12
Flange thickness tf = 17.4 mm < 40 mm
hence from table 4.2 fy = 355 N/mm2
ε = ( 235 / fy ) 0.5 = 0.8136
From table 4.4
c / tf = 4.99 < 9 × ε = 7.3224
c / tw = 44.12 < 72 × ε = 58.57
The section is Class 1 As Assumed

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Calculation of Mcr

L = 6000 mm, C1 = 1.365 for the loading case

Mcr = C1 × π2 × E × Iz / L2cr × [ (Iw / Iz) + ( L2cr × G × IT / π2 / E / Iz) ]
Mcr = 1.365 × π 2 × 210000 × 2692 × 104 / 60002 × [ 1810 × 109 / 2692 / 104 + (60002 × 80769 × 1010 × 103 / π2
/ 210000 / 2692 / 104) ]0.5 = 731.8769 kN m
λLT = ( Wy × fy / Mcr )0.5
λLT = ( 2612 × 103 × 355 / 731.8769 × 106 )0.5 = 1.13

Buckling Factor χLT

Imperfection factor αLT = 0.34
ΦLT = 0.5 × [ 1 + αLT × ( λLT – 0.2 ) + λLT 2 ], χLT = 1 / [ 1.29 + (1.292 – 1.132 ) 0.5 ]
ΦLT = 0.5 × [1 + 0.34 × ( 1.13 – 0.2 ) + 1.132 ]
ΦLT = 1.29
χLT = 1 / * ΦLT + ( ΦLT2 – λLT2 ) 0.5 ]
χLT = 0.52

Buckling Resistance Of Beam

MB,Rd = χLT × WPl, y × fy / γM1
MB,Rd = 0.52 × 2612 × 103 × 355 / 1
MB,Rd = 482.1752 kN m
MEd = 458.6625 kN m
MB,Rd > MEd
Buckling resistance of the beam is greater than the Design Moment.

Resisting Of Cross Section

Bending Resistance
MEd = 458.6625 kN m
Mpl,Rd = Wpl × fy / γMO [ Plastic Moment Of Resistance ]
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Mpl,RD = 2612 × 10 × 355 / 1 = 927.26 kN m
Mpl,Rd > MEd

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Shear Resistance
VEd = 152.8875 kN
Vpl,Rd = Av × ( fy × 30.5 ) / γMO [ Design Plastic Shear Resistance ]
Av = A – 2 × b × tf + ( tw + 2 × r ) × tf
Av = 12900 – 2 × 210.00 × 17.4 + ( 10.8 + 2 × 12.7 ) × 17.4 = 6221.88 mm2
Av > n × hw × tw = 1 × ( 536.7 – 2 × 17.4 ) × 10.8 = 5420.52 mm2
Av = 6221.88 mm2
Vpl,Rd = 6221.88 × ( 355 / 30.5 ) / 1
Vpl,Rd = 1275.20 kN > 152.8875 kN

Bending and Shear

Check : VED < 0.5 × Vpl,Rd
152.8875 < 0.5 × 1275.20
No Check For Bending & Shear is Required,

Shear Buckling Resistance

hw / tw = 501.9 / 10.8 = 46.47 < 72 × ε / η = 72 × 0.8136 / 1 = 58.57
 No check on shear buckling required,

Deflection Check
Maximum Moment Due To Working Load Mmax = ( gk + qk ) × 3 × 9 / 2 × 6 / 2 × 3
Mmax = ( 4.5 + 3.5 ) × 3 × 9 / 2 × 2 / 2 × 3
Mmax = 324 kN m

Elastic Resistance Of The Section is Mc,RD(el) = Wel × fy / γMO

Mc,Rd(el) = 2292 × 103 × 355 / 1= 813.66 kN m
Mc,Rd(el) > Mmax
 Deflection Can Be Calculated elastically,

Deflection due to point load :

w = ( gk + qk ) × 3 × 9 / 2 × 2
wtot = w × l3 / E / I / 48
wtot = 216 × 103 × ( 6×103 )3 / 210 / 103 / 61520 / 104 / 48 = 7.52 mm
Span / 300 = 30 mm
wtot < span / 300
 Deflection Check is OK, The Chosen Section 533 × 210 × 101UB is suitable for the primary beams.

7
 Column Design to Eurocode 3

Assume Section : 254 × 254 × 107UC

Section Properties:
Depth Of Section(h) = 266.7 mm, Width Of Section(b) = 258.8 mm, Thickness of Web(s) = 12.8 mm, Thickness
of Flange(t) = 20.5 mm, Root of Radius(r) = 12.7 mm, Second Moment Of Inertia(x-x axis) = 17510 cm4,
Second Moment Of Inertia(y-y axis) = 5928 cm4, Radius Of Gyration(x-x axis) = 11.3 cm, Radius Of Gyration(y-
y axis) = 6.59 cm, Elastic Modulus(x-x axis) = 1313 cm3, Elastic Modulus(y-y axis) = 458 cm3, Plastic
Modulus(x-x axis) = 1484 cm3, Plastic Modulus (y-y axis) = 697 cm3, Area Of Section = 136 cm2

Cross Section Classification

For Flanges
c = (b – tw – 2r) / 2 = (258.8 – 12.8 – 2 × 12.7) / 2 = 110.30
c / tf = 110.30 / 20.50 = 5.38

For Web
c = (h – 2 × tf – 2r) = (266.7 – 2 × 20.5 – 2 × 12.7) = 220.80
c / tw = 220.80 / 12.8 = 17.25

 Assume S355 Steel is used

Flange thickness tf = 20.50 mm < 40 mm
hence from table 4.2 fy = 355 N/mm2
ε = (235/fy)0.5 = 0.8136
c / tf = 5.38 < 9 × ε = 7.3224
c / tw = 17.25 < 72 × ε = 58.57
The section is Class 1 As Assumed

Load on Column:
NEd = ( 11.325 × 6 × 6 × 3 ) = 1834.65 kN

Compression Resistance Of Cross Section:

Nc,Rd = Design resistance to normal forces of the cross-section for uniform compression = A × fy / ɣMO
Nc,Rd = 13600 × 355 / 1 = 4828 kN > NEd = 1834.65 kN

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Bending Resistance Of Cross Section:
Major (y – y)
My,Ed = Maximum Bending Moment = 100 kN m
Mc,y,Rd = Design Bending Resistance Of The Cross Section = Wpl,y × fy / ɣMO
Mc,y,Rd = 1484 × 103 × 355 / 1 = 526.82 kN m > MEd = 100 kN m

Shear Resistance Of Cross Section:

VEd = Maximum Shear Force = (100 – 50) / 4 = 12.5 kN

Vpl,Rd = Av × (fy / 30.5) / ɣMO

Av = A – 2 × b × tf + (tw + 2 × r) × tf
Av = 252 × 102 – 2 × 314.5 × 31.4 + (19.1 + 2 × 15.2) × 31.4
Av = 136 × 102 – 2 × 258.8 × 20.50 + ( 12.8 + 2 × 12.7 ) × 20.50
Av = 3772.30 mm2
Av > η × hw × tw = 1 × ( 266.7 – 2 × 20.50 ) × 12.8 = 2888.96 mm2
 Av 3772.30 mm2

Vpl,Rd = 3772.30 × (355 / 30.5) / 1

Vpl,Rd = 773.16 kN > 12.5 kN

Cross Section Under Bending And Axial Force:

No reduction in the major axis plastic moment resistance is necessary provide both of the following criteria
are met:
NEd < 0.25 × Npl,Rd
NEd < (0.5 × hw × tw × fy) / ɣMO
NEd < 0.25 × Npl,Rd
1834.64 < 0.25 × 4828 = 1207 [ Not Satisfied ]
NEd < (0.5 × hw × tw × fy) / ɣMO
1944 < [ 0.5 × ( 266.7 – 2 × 20.50 ) × 12.8 × 355 ) / 1 ] = 512.790 kN [ Not Satisfied ]
Allowance for the effect of axial force on the major axis plastic moment resistance of the cross section
must be made.
The moment on the minor axis is zero, so it does not matter if there is any reduction needed or not in the
minor axis. That step will be skipped.

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Reduced Plastic Moment Resistances:
Major ( y – y axis )
MN,y,Rd = MPl,y,Rd × ( 1 – n ) / ( 1 – 0.5 × aw) but MN,y,Rd < MPl,y,Rd
n = NEd / Npl,Rd = 1834.65 / 4828 = 0.38
a = ( A – 2 × b × tf ) / A
a = ( 13600 - 2 × 258.8 × 20.50 ) / 13600
a = 0.219 < 0.5
MN,y,Rd = MPl,y,Rd × ( 1 – n ) / ( 1 – 0.5 × a)
MN,y,Rd = 526.80 × ( 1 – 0.38 ) / ( 1 – 0.5 × 0.219)
MN,y,Rd = 366.77 kN m > MEd = 100 kN m

Member Buckling Resistance in Compression:

Lcr,y = Lcr,z = 1.0 × L = 4000 mm
λ1 = π × * E / fy ]0.5 = 93.9 × ε = 93.9 × 0.8136 = 76.40
λy = Lcr / iy / λ1 = 0.4633
λz = Lcr / iz / λ1 = 0.7944

Selection of buckling curve and imperfection factor α : for hot-rolled H section (h/b < 1.2, tf < 100 mm and
S355 steel):
For buckling about the y-y axis, use curve b
For buckling about the z-z axis, use curve c
For curve b α= 0.34 and curve c α= 0.49

Buckling Curve : major ( y – y ) axis

Φy = 0.5 × *1 + α × ( λy – 0.2 ) + λy 2 ]
Φy = 0.5 × [1 + 0.34 × ( 0.4633 – 0.2 ) + 0.4633 2 ]
Φy = 0.6520
χy = 1 / * Φy + (Φy2 – λy2 ) 0.5 ]
χy = 1 / [ 0.6520 + (0.65202 – 0.46332 ) 0.5 ]
χy = 0.90 < 1.0
NB,y,Rd = χy × A × fy / ɣM1
NB,y,Rd = 0.9000 × 13600 × 355 / 1
NB,y,Rd = 4345.20 > 1834.65 kN
Major Axis Flexural Buckling Is Acceptable

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Buckling Curve : minor ( z – z ) axis
Φz = 0.5 × *1 + α × ( λz – 0.2 ) + λz 2 ]
Φz = 0.5 × [1 + 0.49 × ( 0.7944 – 0.2 ) + 0.79442 ]
Φy = 0.9611
χz = 1 / * Φz + (Φz2 – λz2 ) 0.5 ]
χz = 1 / [ 0.9611 + (0.96112 – 0.79442 ) 0.5 ]
χz = 0.67 < 1.0
NB,z,Rd = χz × A × fy / ɣM1
NB,z,Rd = 0.67 × 13600 × 355 / 1
NB,z,Rd = 3234.76 > 1834.65 kN
Minor Axis Flexural Buckling Is Acceptable

Member Buckling Resistance In Bending

Calculation of Mcr
Length of the column between points which are laterally restrained = 4000 mm,
Lcr = 4000 mm
C1 = 1.563
Mcr = C1 × π2 × E × Iz / L2cr × [ (Iw / Iz) + ( L2cr × G × IT / π2 / E / Iz) ]
Mcr = 1.323 × π 2 × 210000 × 5928 × 104 / 40002 × [ 898 × 109 / 16300 / 104 + (40002 × 80769 × 1720 × 103 / π2
/ 210000 / 5928 / 104) ]0.5
Mcr = 1559.74 kN m
λLT = ( Wy × fy / Mcr )0.5 = ( 1484 × 103 × 355 / 1559.74 / 106 )0.5 = 0.58

Buckling Factor χLT

Imperfection factor αLT = 0.21
ΦLT = 0.5 × *1 + αLT × ( λLT – 0.2 ) + λLT 2 ]
ΦLT = 0.5 × [1 + 0.21 × ( 0.58 – 0.2 ) + 0.58 2 ]
ΦLT = 0.7081
χLT = 1 / * ΦLT + (ΦLT2 – λLT2 ) 0.5 ]
χLT = 1 / [ 0.7081 + (0.70812 – 0.582 ) 0.5 ]
χLT = 0.8974

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Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance
MB,Rd = χLT × WPl, y × fy / γM1
MB,Rd = 0.8974 × 1484 × 103 × 355 / 1
MB,Rd = 472.76 kN m
MEd = 100 kN m
MB,Rd > MED

Member Buckling Resistance In Combined Bending And Axial Compression

Member subjected to combine bending and axial compression must satisfy both of following equations :
NEd / ( χy × NRk / γM1 ) + kyy × My,Ed / ( χLT × My,Rk / γM1 ) + kyz × Mz,Ed / ( Mz,Rk / γM1 ) ≤ 1
NEd / ( χz × NRk / γM1 ) + kzy × My,Ed / ( χLT × My,Rk / γM1 ) + kzz × Mz,Ed / ( Mz,Rk / γM1 ) ≤ 1

My,Ed = 100 kN m, Mz,Ed = 0, above equations become :

NEd / ( χy × NRk / γM1 ) + kyy × My,Ed / ( χLT × My,Rk / γM1 ) ≤ 1
NEd / ( χz × NRk / γM1 ) + kzy × My,Ed / ( χLT × My,Rk / γM1 ) ≤ 1

Determination of Interaction Factors kij

The equivalent uniform moment factors Cmy and CmLT
Cmy = 0.6 + 0.4 × Ψ = 0.6 + 0.4 × 0.50 = 0.8 > 0.4
CmLT = 0.6 + 0.4 × Ψ = 0.6 + 0.4 × 0.50 = 0.8 > 0.4

λy = Lcr / iy / λ1 = 0.4633
λz = Lcr / iz / λ1 = 0.7944

For Class 1 and 2 I Sections :

kyy = Cmy × * 1 + ( λy – 0.2 ) × NEd / χy / ( NRk / γM1 ) ] < Cmy × [ 1 + 0.8 × NEd / χy / ( NRk / γM1 ) ]
kyy = 0.8 × [ 1 + ( 0.4633 – 0.2 ) × 1834.65 / 0.90 / ( 4345.20 / 1 ) ] = 0.8988 < 0.8 × [ 1 + 0.8 × 1834.65 / 0.90 / (
4345.20 / 1 ) ] = 1.10
kyy = 0.8988
kzy = 1 – ( 0.1 × λz ) / ( Cm,LT – 0.25 ) × ( NEd ) / * χz × ( NRk / γM1 ) ]
kzy = 1 – ( 0.1 × 0.7944 ) / ( 0.8 – 0.25 ) × ( 1834.65 ) / [ 0.67 × ( 4345 / 1 ) ]
kzy = 0.9089

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Check Compliance with Interaction Formulae:
NEd / ( χy × NRk / γM1 ) + kyy × My,Ed / ( χLT × My,Rk / γM1 ) ≤ 1
1846.65 / ( 0.90 × 4345.20 / 1 ) + 0.8988 × 100 / ( 0.8974 × 366.77 / 1 ) ≤ 1
0.7452 ≤ 1 [ Satisfied ]

NEd / ( χz × NRk / γM1 ) + kzy × My,Ed / ( χLT × My,Rk / γM1 ) ≤ 1

1846.65 / ( 0.67 × 8946 / 1 ) + 0.9089 × 100 / ( 0.8974 × 366.77 / 1 ) ≤ 1
0.5842 ≤ 1 [ Satisfied ]

Therefore a hot – rolled 254 × 254 × 107UC is acceptable for the column

Secondary Beams: Light

Gray
Primary Beams: Darker
Gray
Column: Black

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