TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN 66635 : 2009

ISO 56675 : 2006
CHT LNG NC LY MU PHN 5: HNG DN LY MU NC UNG T CC
TRM X L V HE THNG PHN PH BNG NG NG
Water quality Sampling Part 5: Guidance on sampling of drinking water from treatment works
and piped distribution systems
Li ni !
TCVN 66635 : 2009 thay th TCVN 5995 : 1995
TCVN 66635 : 2009 hon ton tuong duong vi SO 56675 : 2006
TCVN 66635 : 2009 do Ban k thut tiu chun quc gia TCVN/TC 147 Cht l!"ng n!#c bin
soan$ Tng cuc Tiu chun o lung Cht luong d nghj, B Khoa hoc v Cng ngh cng b.
B TCVN 6663 Cht luong nuc - Ly mu, gm c cc tiu chun sau:
- TCVN 6663-1:2002 (SO 5667-1:1980) Phn 1: Hung dn lp chuong trnh ly mu;
- TCVN 5992:1995 (SO 5667-2:1991) Hung dn k thut ly mu.
- TCVN 6663-3:2008 (SO 5667-3:2003) Phn 3: Hung dn bo qun v x l mu.
- TCVN 5994:1995 (SO 5667-4:1987) Hung dn ly mu h ao tu nhin v nhn tao.
- TCVN 5995:1995 (SO 5667-5:1991) Hung dn ly mu nuc ung v nuc dng d ch bin
thuc phm v d ung.
- TCVN 6663-6:2008 (SO 5667-6:2005) Phn 6: Hung dn ly mu sng v sui.
- TCVN 6663-7:2000 (SO 5667-7:1993) Phn 7: Hung dn ly mu nuc v hoi nuc tai
xung ni hoi.
- TCVN 5997:1995 (SO 5667-8: 1993) Hung dn ly mu nuc mua.
- TCVN 5998:1995 (SO 5667-9:1992) Hung dn ly mu nuc bin.
- TCVN 5999:1995 (SO 5667-10: 1992) Hung dn ly mu nuc thi.
- TCVN 6000:1995 (SO 5667-11:1992) Hung dn ly mu nuc ngm.
- TCVN 6663-13:2000 (SO 5667-13:1997) Phn 13: Hung dn ly mu bn nuc, bn nuc
thi v bn lin quan.
- TCVN 6663-14:2000 (SO 5667-14:1998) Phn 14: Hung dn dm bo cht luong ly mu v
x l mu nuc mi trung.
- TCVN 6663-15:2004 (SO 5667-15:1999) Phn 15: Hung dn bo qun v x l mu bn v
trm tch.
B tiu chun SO 5667 Water quality - Sampling cn c cc tiu chun sau:
- SO 5667-12:1995 Part 12: Guidance on sampling of bottom sediments.
- SO 5667-16:1998 Part 16: Guidance on biotesting of samples.
- SO 5667-17:2000 Part 17: Guidance on sampling of suspended sediments.
- SO 5667-18:2001 Part 18: Guidance on sampling of groundwater at contaminated sites.
- SO 5667-19:2004 Part 19: Guidance on sampling of marine sediments.
- SO 5667-20:2008 Part 20: Guidance on the use of sampling data for decision making -
Compliance with thresholds and classification systems.
Li "i#i $%i&!
B tiu chun TCVN 6663 (SO 5667) l mt b tiu chun d cp dn cc kha canh chung v
ly mu (t Phn 1 dn Phn 3) v vic ly mu cc loai nuc cu th (t Phn 4 tr di). TCVN
66635 (SO 56675) cng p dung cho ly mu nuc ung trong h thng ng phn phi v
tiu chun ny cn phi p dung dng thi vi TCVN 66631 (SO 56671) v TCVN 66633
(SO 56673).
Vic monitoring hiu qu nuc ung cn phi kt hop gia ngui lp chuong trnh ly mu, tram
x l nuc v ngui vn hnh h thng phn phi, ngui ly mu, ngui phn tch trong phng
th nghim v ngui s dung d liu. TCVN 66635 (SO 56675) dua ra nhng hung dn v
lua chon dja dim ly mu v vic ly mu khi monitoring nuc ung t cc tram x l v t h
thng ng phn phi.
iu quan trong l phi hiu r muc dch monitoring nuc ung v nhng nguyn l ca phuong
php phn tch, v diu khon ly mu cu th c th thay di nhiu ty theo muc dch v phuong
php khc nhau.
V du v muc dch ly mu bao gm:
a) Kim tra nuc ung d dm bo tnh ph hop vi quy djnh quc gia v /hoc quc t (v du
hung dn ca WHO v Cht luong nuc ung 1 v Ch thj v nuc ung ca U 2;
b) Xc djnh hiu qu ca tram x l nuc ung hoc cc b phn trong d (v du, su kh trng);
c) Monitoring cht luong nuc ra khi tram x l;
d) Monitoring cht nuc nuc trong h thng phn phi (k c h thng phn phi trong cc ta
nh ln);
e) Tm kim d xc djnh nguyn nhn su nhim bn ca h thng phn phi (v du, tr li cc
khiu nai ca khch hng);
f) Monitoring su n mn tim n ca nuc ti h thng dung ng;
g) nh gi nh hung ca vt liu tip xc vi nuc v cht luong nuc (ha hoc v sinh hoc);
h) Monitoring nuc thi chua x l v cc giai doan khc nhau trong nh my ch bin thuc
phm hoc nh my ch bin d ung, k c cc cng doan x l cn thit.
CH'T L()NG N(*C L'+ ,-U .H/N 5: H(*NG 0-N L'+ ,-U N(*C UNG T1
C2C T34, 56 L7 V8 H9 THNG .H:N .HI ;<NG =(>NG NG
Water quality Sampling Part 5: Guidance on sampling of drinking water from treatment
works and piped distribution systems
?@ .%AB Ci DE FGn"
Tiu chun ny thit lp cc nguyn l d p dung cho k thut ly mu nuc dng d n ung.
Trong tiu chun ny, nuc dng d n ung gm:
a) Moi loai nuc trang thi nguyn thy hoc sau khi x l, dng d ung, nu n, pha ch
thuc phm, hoc cc muc dch sinh hoat khc m khng k dn ngun gc ca nuc, v
b) Moi loai nuc duoc s dung trong cng vic sn xut d ch tao, ch bin, bo qun hoc
qung b sn phm hoc cc cht d con ngui tiu thu min l co quan c thm quyn ca
quc gia dng l cht luong ca nuc khng nh hung dn tnh b dung ca thuc phm
dang thnh phm.
Hung dn nu trong tiu chun ny ch p dung vi cc trung hop nuc duoc ht t h thng
phn phi d thj hoc tuong tu (k c cc h thng ring r) l nuc duoc x l nuc v dnh
gi cht luong cho bit nuc ny duoc phn loai l ph hop d ung hoc nuc cho muc dch
sn xut d ung. c bit, tiu chun ny p dung cho nuc duoc cung cp lin tuc lin quan
dn moi giai doan s dung nuc tip sau v k c moi dim tiu thu nuc trong mt h thng
phn phi nuc. iu ny cng bao gm c su phn phi nuc bn trong nhng ta nh ln m
c th cn p dung dn su qun l cht luong nuc b sung.
Tiu chun ny cng p dung cho tnh hung ly mu lin quan dn tnh hung khn cp hoc
diu tra li h thng khi su an ton ca ngui ly mu khng yu cu nghim ngt.
Tiu chun ny khng cung cp hung dn ly mu ngun nuc hoc sn phm nuc duoc sn
xut t nuc ung. Cc hang muc sau dy l cc v du m tiu chun ny khng d cp dn:
- Ly mu nuc ngun v du nuc ngm v nuc mt t dong;
- Ly mu nuc ung duoc cung cp t cc ngun khng lin tuc (v du: nuc t cc xi tc vn
chuyn theo dung b);
- Ly mu nuc trong cc bn cha nuc trong my bay, tu ha v tu thy;
- Ly mu sn phm d ung (k c nuc dng chai) hoc thuc phm dng nuc ung d pha
ch;
- Ly mu d ung do my bn nuc tu dng cung cp dung trong cc cc h.
2@ T%!H$ n"I CJ Kn% n"%LM
Trong tiu chun ny p dung cc thut ng v djnh ngha sau:
2@?@ NN#O FPn" Q Rn !Sn" (water intended for human consumption)
Nuc ung hoc nuc ch bin d n ung.
2@2@ NN#O !Sn" (drinking water)
Moi loai nuc trang thi nguyn thy hoc sau x l, duoc s dung d ung, nu n, pha ch
thuc phm, hoc cc muc dch sinh hoat khc, khng k dn ngun gc ca nuc.
2@3@ NN#O FPn" Q O%T UiTn V Rn !Sn" (potable process water)
Moi loai nuc duoc s dung trong cng vic sn xut thuc phm d sn xut, ch bin, bo
qun hoc qung b sn phm hoc cc cht nhm muc dch cho tiu dng ca con ngui.
3@ T%iT$ WT O%NXn" $YZn% [\] B^!
Chuong trnh ly mu nuc ung, k c cc xem xt thng k, phi duoc thit k ph hop vi
TCVN 6663-1 (SO 5667-1).
iu tra v vi sinh vt nuc ung phi duoc thit k v thuc hin ph hop vi SO 19458.
_@ T%iT$ UK [\] B^!
Cn phi tun theo hung dn chung v thit bj ly mu duoc nu trong TCVN 6663-1 (SO
5667-1) v cc vt cha mu phi duoc chun bj ph hop vi TCVN 6663-3 (SO 5667-3).
Cc du do/ thit bj phn tch nuc truc tuyn phi ph hop vi SO 15839.
Thit bj v bnh ly mu d phn tch vi sinh vt phi ph hop vi SO 19458
5@ =KM iQB [\] B^!
5@?@ `%Di a!D$
ja dim ly mu phi duoc lua chon theo cc tiu ch sau dy:
a) Cc dja dim ly mu phi ly duoc cc mu dai din cho ton h thng hoc dai din cho
cc thnh phn chnh ca cht luong nuc;
b) i vi tng nh my x l, phi c t nht mt dja dim ly mu ch ly nuc vo v t nht
mt dja dim ly mu ngay sau du ra ca nuc d x l;
c) Trong h thng vi nhiu hon mt ngun nuc, cc dja dim ly mu phi phn nh duoc du
ra ca tng ngun, nhu cu ca tng ngun v s dn tuong ng s dung mi ngun;
d) ja dim ly mu phi phn b rng xuyn sut mt h thng dung ng phn phi, s dja
dim ly mu l t l vi s du ni hoc nhnh ni trong h thng d;
e) ja dim ly mu phi gm cc dja dim dai din ca hu ht cc ngun khng thun loi v
cc dja dim duoc coi l d nhim bn nhu khu dung ng chay vng trn, khu dung ng p
sut thp v cc dim cui ca h thng d;
f) Khi nuc t cc ngun khc nhau cng ha trn bn trong mt h thng dung ng t hop,
cc dja dim ly mu phi cho php phn djnh ra cc t l tuong quan t mi ngun trong ton
h thng;
g) Khi mt h thng phn phi ni vi nhng ta nh rng ln nhu cc khch san hoc vn
phng, th phi c dja dim ly mu tai ngun cp nuc v tai tng ta nh nht qun vi
nguyn l nu dim d) v dim e) trn.
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Mu phi duoc ly t cc ng du vo v du ra cng st vi b du tr cng tt. ja dim ly
mu nuc du ra ca b du tr phi pha truc ca dung ng ra ca khch hng dng nuc
du tin.
Nu h thng b du tr nuc c chung mt du vo v du ra, nhng noi hoc khi c th th
mu phi duoc ly khi dung ng chnh ny hoat dng nhu l du ra v cht luong nuc v th
dai din cho nuc luu gi trong b. Nu khng ly mu duoc nhu vy th phi lp dt v s
dung mt h thng bom ly mu.
Nu h thng b du tr nuc c nhiu b nhung duoc kt ni thng nuc vi nhau, th cc b
thnh phn d duoc coi l mt b du tr don l. Nu mt b du tr nuc c nhiu hon mt b
nhung khng duoc kt ni thng nuc vi nhau, th mt b thnh phn d duoc coi l mt b du
tr nuc tch bit v phi n djnh cc dim ly mu don l, tr khi cc dung ng ra t cc b
thnh phn kt hop lai thnh mt dung ng ra chung, trong trung hop nhu vy th thu mt
mu don tai dung ng ra chung c th l ph hop.
i khi, (v du b cha lu khng dng, hoc khng duoc thau ra, hoc khi khng c van ly
mu trn dung ng ra, hoc khi phn tch lp nuc b mt trong b du tr nuc), cn ly mu
nuc su trong b du tr nhu m t trong 6.5, mc d vy, nn trnh cch ly mu ny khi c
th. Nu cn thit phi ly mu nuc su, th phi dc bit ch d dm bo thao tc ly mu
khng lm roi cc bui vo nuc v dung cu duoc kh trng truc khi ly mu d trnh lm
nhim vi sinh vt vi nuc trong b cha.
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Mu cn duoc ly dung ng vo v dung ng ra cng gn nh my x l cng tt. gim
st (monitoring) cc cng doan khc nhau ca x l nuc (v du, lng v loc), cn tin hnh ly
mu nuc truc v sau cng doan cn gim st tuong ng. Nu c tram kh trng v/hoc
tram oxy ha, th ly mu phi duoc thuc hin nhu m t 5.4.
Thung k vong l cht luong nuc tt hon sau khi x l. Dung cu khng ph hop, hoc dung
cu duoc lp dt khng cn thn hoc bo dung khng thch hop du c th lm nhim bn
nuc v lm nhim vi sinh vt vo nuc. Thm vo d, mt s vt liu dng d boc dung ng
c th gy ra nhim bn cc cht kh nng d thp nhu etylbenen hoc xylen.
5@_@ TYAB W%g $YPn"i$YAB jf] %M
Mu ly t dung ng vo ca tram kh trng/tram oxy ha phi cng gn dim nuc vo ca
tram ny cng tt. Mu nuc d x l phi duoc ly sau khi d cho c su tip xc mt thi gian
thch hop gia nuc v tc nhn kh trng/oxy ha. Trong mt vi nh my, thi gian tip xc
ny c th phu thuc vo vic s dung b phn kh trng trong h thng phn phi. Trong
nhng trung hop d, mu dng d th nghim tnh hiu qu ca giai doan kh trng/oxy ha
phi duoc ly mt dim thch hop trong h thng phn phi. Cch khc, c th dng mt
dung ly mu vi thi gian tip xc thch hop d ly mu trong nh my x l, mc d khng
khuyn khch dng cch ly mu ny.
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5@5@?@ `%Di a!D$
Cc dim ly mu trong h thng phn phi phi nm trong cc dja dim dai din cho cht luong
nuc tiu biu cng vi cc dja dim no duoc coi l d bj nhim bn nhu khu dung ng chay
vng trn, vng dung ng p sut thp v cc dim cui ca h thng. Khi nuc t cc ngun
khc nhau cng ha trn bn trong mt h thng dung ng phn phi, dja dim ly mu phi
cho php phn djnh ra cc t l tuong quan t mi ngun trong ton h thng. Nu cc giai doan
x l nm trong h thng phn phi, cc dim ly mu phi xc djnh vj tr truc v sau tng giai
doan nhu vy d cho php dnh gi tnh hiu qu ca nh my x l.
Ly mu tiu biu t h thng phn phi l t cc vi nuc gia dung, vi nuc ly mu d duoc
lp dt truc, tru/van nuc cha chy. Khi cc vi nuc gia dung duoc dng d xc djnh dc
tnh cht luong nuc cho ton b mt h thng phn phi, th cn s dung my tnh d c duoc
su lua chon ngu nhin s liu cc dja dim ly mu. Vi nuc gia dung duoc d cp dn
5.5.2.2.
Nu tin hnh ly mu tru nuc cha chy th cn bit chc chn l tru nuc d ph hop cho
cc muc dch ly mu nuc ung (xem 6.3).
Khi tin hnh ly mu nuc trong cc h gia dnh, diu dc bit quan trong l dm bo dung cu
v ha cht phi duoc d xa tm vi ca tr em v vt nui. Cn trnh dng dn la nu trong
nh c mi nguy him chy.
5@5@2@ Vli nN#O [\] B^!
5@5@2@?@ `%Di a!D$
Nu vi nuc ly mu duoc lp dt hoc duoc s dung ring d ly mu:
a) ung ng ly mu dn dn dn vi ly mu cng ngn cng tt, trong diu kin tt v c th
phut dng nuc ra d tc d;
b) ung ng ly mu khng duoc lng vo bn trong thnh ng ca dung ng nuc chnh;
c) ung ng ly mu phi duoc ni vi dung ng nuc chnh ngay sau van, sau ch gp
khc hoc sau ch diu chnh dng l cc vj tr tao ra su xo trn dng chy;
d) Nuc t mt dung ng nhnh chnh cng khng duoc coi l dai din cho nuc trong dung
ng nuc chnh;
e) ung ng ly mu phi duoc lm t cc vt liu ph hop cho vic dn luu nuc ung;
f) ung ng ly mu khng duoc c ct ni hnh ch T, l cu trc c th gy ra su dong
nuc;
g) ung ng ly mu v vi nuc phi duoc gi cho khi bj dng lanh mt cch ph hop;
h) ja dim c vi nuc phi duoc gi cho khi bj nhim bn v bj ph hoai;
i) Nu vi nuc cn tit khun bng la th khng duoc c cc vt liu d chy hoc khi gn
d;
) Cn c d mt bng d nap nuc vo cc bnh cha vi cc dung tch khc nhau.
k) Phi c d nuc cp cho vi nuc trong sut qu trnh ly mu;
l) ja dim c vi nuc phi c ch thot nuc, ngha l nuc duoc x ra c th chy thot d
dng;
m) Tng dja dim ly mu c djnh, ngui ly mu phi c mt so d dja dim, chi tit ch ra vo,
hung dn v tho x nuc v ly mu nuc cu th.
Nn chon dim ly cho ly mu thung xuyn (v du nhu quan trc hoat dng ca mt qu trnh
trong mt nh my x l hoc trong mt cng ty sn xut thc n) th cn phi c mt vi nuc
thch hop d d dng ly mu phn tch vi sinh vt, phn tch l ha. V du nu trong Hnh 1.
Khng k cc kch thuc tuyt di ca thit bj duoc minh hoa trong Hnh 1, diu quan trong l c
bnh nhn mu cn ph hop d nuc chy duoc vo bnh cha. Thm vo d, cn phi c d
khong khng gian gia pha trn ca phu v du ra ca vi nuc d tin thao tc cho tng
bnh cha mu.
Khi ly mu d phn tch vi sinh vt, vi nuc ly mu phi duoc kh trng theo SO 19458.
Khi cn, phi ly mu ch dng chy rt chm. Khi ly mu cn ch khng lm vn cn lng.
Nu diu ny khng trnh khi duoc th phi d cho nuc chy tu do mt th tch d hoc d
cho nuc chy mt thi gian d cho dn khi dat trang thi n djnh sau khi van ly mu d m
hoc dng chy d xo trn.
Ch gii
1 Nt ng
2 ai c ni
3 Van bi (thit k cho ton dng)
4 ai c chn dung knh 10 mm
5 ng bng thp khng g
6 ng bng nhua PVC dung knh 140 mm
7 Phu hng
8 Nt bng nhua PVC dung knh 32 mm
9 X nuc ra/thi b nuc
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5@5@2@2@ Vli [\] B^! $Yjn" %r "iM Zn% OsM n"Ni $iq! $%G
Cc kiu vi nuc sau dy phi duoc s dung khi c th, d ly mu nuc ung trong cc h
gia dnh ca ngui tiu thu nuc:
- Loai vi nuc dng trong nh (khng phi l vi vi nuc dng ngoi nh);
- Loai vi nuc c djnh (khng phi l vi nuc lc lu/du dua);
- Loai vi nuc khng ren (khng phi l vi nuc c ren).
Cn trnh ly mu nuc cc kiu vi nuc sau dy:
a) Vi nuc duoc lp ni vi hoc tip gip vi cc thit bj x l nhu bnh p sut, bom v cht
lm mm nuc;
b) Vi nuc duoc lp ni bng ren c th tho ra duoc;
c) Vi nuc thuc kiu kh kh trng;
d) Vi nuc t duoc sa cha bo dung;
e) Vi nuc bn do dnh du m hoc cc cht khc;
f) Vi nuc trong cc nh v sinh, phng ra;
g) Vi nuc trong cc khu vuc ra bt da ca nh hng n ung hoc cc khu vuc lm v sinh;
h) Vi nuc trong cc khu vuc luu gi v bo qun ha cht du m, ha cht cng nghip hoc
thuc tr djch hai;
i) Vi nuc nng hoc vi cp nuc nng lanh hn hop;
) Vi nuc khng thun tin cho vic lp bnh dung mu vo dui vi d.
Khi d lua chon h gia dnh d ly mu ngu nhin nhung khng th tip cn duoc hoc khng
an ton hoc khng c vi nuc thch hop cho ly mu th chp nhn mu ly mt nh hng
xm k cn. Khi c su nghi ng v vn d v sinh th phi ly mu lp lai cng mt dim ly
mu.
Khi ly mu d phn tch vi sinh vt, vi nuc duoc ly mu phi duoc kh trng theo SO
19458.
5@5@3@ H& $%Sn" E%kn E%Si nN#O $Yjn" ODO $lM n%J [#n
H thng dung ng nuc trong cc ta nh ln c th l rt phc tap. Ngun nhim bn
thung duoc pht hin k c do vic lp dt h thng v phu tng khng dng, bo dung cc
phuong tin tr nuc km, nng cuc b, cc dng chy nguoc, nhim bn cho, cn tr dng
chy v ngm qua vt liu khng ph hop. T hop ca cc ta nh ln, nhu bnh vin ln, thng
thung tp hop ca cc loai nh khc nhau v nin dai vi h thng dung ng c cc vt liu
khc nhau. Trong d lun c tuyn ng phc tap v di khi cn c cc ch bj tc. Nn tham kho
cc bn thit k xy dung (nu c th) d c duoc hung dn v phuong din ny.
Cc dja dim ly mu nuc cn phi dua trn hiu bit v h thng phn phi nuc v su s
dung nuc trong cc ta nh. ja dim ly mu nuc cp mt d xt nghim vi sinh vt phi l
t dung ng chnh.
CH THCH: C nhng trung hop v mt php l, yu cu quan trc vi sinh vt l d kim sot
sinh vt nhu %egionella& Khi d cn ch dn cc qui djnh ca dja phuong v an ton v sc
khe lin quan dn quan trc v ly mu cc loi sinh vt nhu vy.
Cc dja dim ly mu c th gm nhu sau:
a) C dung ng ra v vo ca b du tr nuc dng d ung, ch bin thuc phm hoc tm;
b) B du tr nuc c ln (nhng b ln ny yu cu ly mu theo chiu su b sung cc khu
vuc nuc tnh/t dong);
c) C dung ng ra v vo ca thit bj x l nuc nhu cc thit bj lm mm nuc, noi nuc
duoc dng cho muc dch d ung hoc ch bin thuc phm;
d) C dung ng ra v vo ca cc thit bj x l dc th duoc s dung khi nuc trong pha ch
hoc sn xut thc n hoc d ung;
e) Cc dim dai din lin quan dn h thng dung ng phn phi nuc, v du cc ch bt du,
gia v du cui ca cc ng nhnh phn phi;
f) Cc vj tr kim tra su tn luu du luong cht ty trng nuc khi cc b nuc cp duoc duy tr
trong cc ta nh;
g) Cc dim trong pham vi nhng dja dim d bj nhim bn nhu ch cut ca dung ng chnh;
h) Ch cp nuc cho nh bp v cc d dng nhu my lm kem hoc my bn d ung;
i) Ch cung cp nuc nng.
Vi mt s trung hop, cn phi ly mu t cc b du tr nuc bng cch ly mu nuc su,
mc d diu ny khng khuyn khch v ch tin hnh khi c th duy tr tnh nguyn vn ca
nuc cp thng qua vic lm sach v kh trng dung cu ly mu.
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6@?@ `%Di a!D$
Lm sach, kh trng v sc x truc khi ly mu l ty theo muc dch cu th ca chuong trnh
gim st cht luong nuc. Ni chung, ly mu d khng djnh cht luong ca nuc cung cp cho
mt ta nh, hoc d khng djnh cht luong ca nuc cung cp cho pham vi mt ta nh l c
th bj xo trn do mang phn phi trong ta nh d, cho nn khng duoc b qua vic lm sach,
kh trng v sc x cc dim ly mu. iu tra cht luong nuc khi nuc duoc cung cp t mt
vi nuc th cn phi ly mu truc khi lm sach, kh trng v sc x, hoc c th cn phi ly
mu truc v sau khi lm sach, kh trng v sc x.
Mt vi h thng phn phi nuc duoc xc ra hng nm. Khi bit c tin hnh xc ra hng
nm, ly mu truc v sau khi xc ra nhu vy c th cho duoc thng tin hu ch.
Ghi lai thng tin chi tit v lm sach, kh trng v sc x. Cc bo co hin trung cn dua vo
cc luu v thit bj tai dim ly mu c th c nh hung bt loi dn tnh dai din ca cc mu
duoc ly, hoc cn tr su kh trng nuc.
6@2@ ;Q Fb $YI nN#O cWQ Od ODO $%DE nN#Oe
Ni chung, phi d cho nuc chy tu do khong 2 min dn 3 min d x ht nuc c trong dung
ly mu ri mi ly mt mu. Nu diu d vn chua d, th tnh th tch nuc cn chon ch
trong dung ng, uc luong thi gian chy cn thit mt tc d thch hop, ri sau d p dung
thi gian chy gp 5 ln thi gian cn cho th tch d. Cch khc, khi b cha dt ngm dui dt
th do nhit d ca nuc dng chy th c th bit khi no nuc t khi nuc chnh t b dang
chy ra.
6@3@ VMn nN#O
Cc mu phi duoc ly t cc vi ly mu ph hop khi c th. Tuy nhin, trong mt vi trung
hop c th cn ly mu t cc van nuc. Nu mu duoc ly t mt van nuc, th vi mi ln
dn ly mu, tt c cc b mt van phi duoc lm sach k v khng c ct bui. Nu mu duoc
ly d phn tch vi sinh vt, cn phi c su kh trng dc bit. uy trnh chun bj van nuc d
ly mu phn tch vi sinh vt duoc nu trong SO 19458.
6@_@ Vli nN#O
6@_@?@ `%Di a!D$
Ty theo muc tiu ca chuong trnh gim st cht luong nuc, cn phi quyt djnh l mu cn
ly t vi nuc nhu hin trang, hay mu phi duoc ly sau khi lm sach, kh trng v xc ra
vi d, hoc mu phi duoc ly c truc v sau khi lm sach, kh trng v xc ra vi d. Vi
nuc cn hoc khng cn duoc lm sach, kh trng v xc ra truc khi ly mu l ty thuc
vo muc dch ly mu. Nu cc nh hung ca vt liu dn cht luong nuc duoc nghin cu,
th lc d phi ly mu phn nuc duoc ht ra ban du. Cc mu cng c th duoc ly sau mt
giai doan gi cho nuc tnh lng d cho bit cc thng tin v tc d m cc vt liu nh hung
dn cht luong nuc hoc l nh hung ln nht c th. Nu kim tra cht luong nuc khi cp
cho cc h tiu thu, th lc d cc vi nuc phi duoc lm sach v sc ra vi tc d dng n
djnh trong 2 min dn 3 min hoc lu hon nu cn phi dat dn nhit d khng di truc khi mu
nuc duoc ly. Cc vi nuc phi duoc lm sach, kh trng v sc ra nu cc mu nuc
duoc ly d phn tch vi sinh vt. Phi d cho vi nuc chy vi tc d n djnh trong qu trnh
ly mu.
Cc yu cu cu th v lm sach, kh trng v xc ra vi nuc d ly mu nuc phn tch vi
sinh vt duoc nu trong SO 19458.
Ly mu nuc khng phi dng d phn tch vi sinh vt th tho b tt c cc chi tit ni v vi
nuc duoc lm sach, sc x nuc trong 2 min dn 3 min (dn nhit d nuc khng di) truc
khi ly mu. Vic lm sach vi nuc c th thuc hin bng cch s dung, v du lau bng 2-
propanol hoc bng mt bn chi nh. Truc khi ly mu, vi nuc duoc m kha v d cho
nuc chy vi tc d dng khng di trong mt qung thi gian nhm cho ra ht phn nuc tnh
trong cc ng nuc cp (thung d cho nuc chy cho 2 min dn 3 min l d). i khi phi d
cho nuc chy lu dn 30 min truc khi ly mu, v du khi ly mu mt ng nhnh chnh m
trong d c th dng cn nn cn dy tng ra truc khi ly mu. Phi d cho vi nuc chy vi
tc d n djnh trong qu trnh ly mu.
iu co bn l cn tho b cc vng dm kn kh bn trong vi nuc v cc chi tit ny thung
duoc lm t nhua hoc cao su v c th cha vt liu khng th kh trng ht duoc, c th lm
gim hiu qu kh trng hoc lm nhim bn mu nuc.
CH THCH 1: Cn phi luu dn cc qui djnh ca quc gia hoc s tai v yu cu lm sach,
kh trng v xc ra vi nuc truc khi ly mu.
CH THCH 2: Khi cc yu cu ca SO 19458 v TCVN 6663-5 (SO 5667-5) khng tuong thch
th c th ly mu d phn tch vi sinh vt ring bit vi mu khng d phn tch vi sinh vt.
Khi diu tra v h thng phn phi nuc cuc b bn trong mt ta nh, mu phi duoc ly t vi
nuc c cc phn g lp hoc khng c cc phn g lp ca vi nuc v c sc x v khng c
sc x nuc. Trong cc trung hop nhu vy, tun tu ly mu phi nhu sau:
a) Ly mt mu khng tho b cc phn g lp ca vi nuc v khng c sc x nuc;
b) Khng tho b cc phn g lp ca vi nuc, sc x nuc trong vng 2 min dn 3 min ri ly
mu;
c) Tho b cc phn g lp ca vi nuc, lm sach, ty trng nu thun tin v sc x nuc
trong vng 2 min dn 3 min ri ly mu;
d) Tho b cc phn g lp ca vi nuc, kha vi nuc lai trong 30 min ri ly mu;
CH THCH 3: Mt s nuc v vng lnh th cng qui djnh l cn ly mt mu b sung vi tnh
trang vi nuc duoc tho b cc phn g lp, v du sau khi d nuc tnh trong mt thi gian qua
dm hoc sau 4 h.
e) Thay th cc phn g lp.
6@_@2@ Vli nN#O O%d] [iqn $GO
Trung hop vi nuc ly mu chy lin tuc (khng dng lai hoc diu chnh tc d dng duoc)
khng duoc trnh by trong tiu chun ny. Cc vi nuc ly mu chy lin tuc nhu vy yu cu
mt qui trnh dc bit d lm sach v kh trng.
Vi nuc chy lin tuc thung hay duoc s dung trong kim sot nh my x l nuc hoc cc
b cha nuc v dng nuc chy lin tuc lm gim bt cc ngun c th gy nhim bn (ngun
vi sinh vt hoc ha cht).
6@5@ L\] B^! nN#O w tk!
Ch phi ly mu nuc su khi khng c su lua chon thch hop khc. Cc dung cu ly mu nuc
su dng mt ln d kh trng dang c sn trn thj trung duoc lp trn mt thanh cm ngn
c th s dung d ly mu nuc trong cc b cha kch thuc nh. i vi cc b cha nuc
ln my ly mu su v trng v cc chai ly mu c th duoc gn vo soi xch hoc soi dy
c chiu di nhu yu cu. Soi xch hoc soi dy ny c th gn truc tip vi my ly mu hoc
qua mt lng cha bnh ly mu. Phi rt luu trnh lm nhim bn. Bnh ly mu, my ly mu,
lng cha bnh ly mu, np dy bnh v soi xch phi duoc kh trng bng ni hp, bao gi
trong cc vt liu ph hop v ch duoc m ra ngay truc khi s dung.
Nhng yu cu chi tit v diu tra vi sinh vt duoc nu trong SO 19458
7@ .%kn $nO% B^! $Ai %i&n $YNn"
Truc khi ly mu, cn phi quyt djnh cc phn tch m phi tin hnh tai hin trung.
Phn tch tai hin trung phi duoc tin hnh l do nhit d nuc, nhit d khng kh xung
quanh v quan st mu. Thm vo d, phn tch tai hin trung phi duoc tin hnh d xc djnh
mi, vj, pH, clo, on, oxy ha tan, dung tch b cha, cacbon dioxyt v d dn (din) ring.
Nhng thng s ny cng c th duoc xc djnh trong phng th nghim nu cho kt qu tuong
dng.
Danh muc cc thng s cn xc djnh nu trn dy khng phi l ht. Tt c nhng thng s no
khng n djnh du cn duoc do tai hin trung.
x@ Tn t!\$ CJ [HE $%i "iMn [\] B^!
Hung dn chi tit v tn sut v lp thi gian ly mu, k c xem xt thng k, tham kho
TCVN 6663-1 (SO 5667-1). Tn sut ly mu ti thiu di vi cc thng s khc nhau khng cn
phi nhu nhau.
Tn sut ly mu ty thuc vo cc yu t sau:
a) Muc dch ly mu;
b) S h gia dnh s dung nuc;
c) Th tch ca nuc duoc phn phi;
d) Thi gian luu nuc dc th hoc tc d quay vng th tch hng ngy duoc phn phi/th
tch nuc ton h thng;
e) Cht luong nuc th;
f) Tnh bin dng ca cht luong nuc th;
g) Nhng thng s c cn gim st;
h) Tnh phc tap v dc dim ca h thng phn phi cu th dang duoc ly mu nuc;
i) Cc thng s ha hoc v sinh hoc cu th.
9@ L\] B^! CJ [N! "iI B^!
9@?@ `%Di a!D$
ja dim ly mu, cc qui djnh ca quc gia v lut l an ton dja phuong tt c du c th nh
hung dn phuong php ly mu duoc p dung.
Cn phi tham kho TCVN 6663-1 (SO 5667-1) d c duoc hung dn v k thut ly mu,
tham kho TCVN 6663-3 (SO 5667-3) d c duoc hung dn v bo qun v luu gi mu v
tham kho SO 19458 d c duoc hung dn v ly mu d diu tra vi sinh vt. Khi ly mu v
trung hop khn cp, th cn phi tm hung dn ring cc phng th nghim phn tch hoc
cc chuyn gia khoa hoc khc d dm bo thu duoc mu c ngha.
Do cc phuong php phn tch khc nhau di hi su bo qun mu khc nhau, nn c th cn
dn vic phn phi mu vo mt ci bnh cha. gim thiu nhng thay di trong mu nuc
trong qu trnh ly mu, bo qun v vn chuyn, nhng thao tc ny cn phi duoc thuc hin
trong thi gian ngn v cng nhanh cng tt sau khi ly mu.
Nu mu cn phi trnh tip xc vi khng kh, th cc bnh cha mu phi duoc nap cho dy
trn, d cho mu chy trn t nht hai ln th tch v sau d dy nt lai ngay d ch gy ra t nht
moi thay di c th xy ra trong mu. Nn lm th nghim khoa hoc v dnh gi d xc minh k
thut loc thch hop v c th cho php chm tr truc khi loc.
Thm vo d, tng vt cha mu du phi duoc dn nhn, dng k theo mt th thc thch hop,
duoc dng gi cn thn d trnh v trong qu trnh chuyn ch v qu trnh phn phi dn
phng th nghim phn tch theo khun kh thi gian qui djnh. Truc khi vn chuyn mu dn
phng th nghim, phi p dung cc k thut bo qun thch hop; cn tham kho hung dn
trong TCVN 6663-3 (SO 5667-3).
Nhng khuyn co chung, nhng diu cn ch v hung dn d bo qun, thi gian luu gi
mu cn phi tham kho theo hung dn nu trong TCVN 6663-3 (SO 5667-3). Mt s thng s
k c thng s clo du, pH v d duc cn phi duoc xc djnh ngay sau khi ly mu v cc thng
s ny bj thay di trong qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun.
9@2@ T%Q $nO% OsM B^!
Th tch mu cn ly phu thuc vo loai v s luong cc php phn tch cn lm. Cn phi tham
kho cc tiu chun thch hop v cc phuong php phn tch d bit th tch mu cn cho mi
php xc djnh.
Nu cn xc djnh nhng nng d rt nh, th tch mu c th s cn ln. Ly th tch mu ln c
th mt nhng thay di v cht luong nuc trong qu trnh ly mu, nhung th tch mu c th
l mt yu t quan trong nht trong yu cu ca phn tch.
Ni chung khng nn ly mu t hop khi phn tch nuc ung tr khi cn cho cc nghin cu
dc bit. Mu t hop th tch ln c th duoc s dung khi ly mu mt s mm bnh no d, v
du Giaridia %amda&
9@3@ =o E%ln" Q "idB $%iQ! n%iyB Uzn
Nhng diu phi d phng sau dy trong qu trnh ly mu v luu gi mu d gim thiu nhim
bn mu:
a) Ra tay tht k v/hoc deo gng tay dng mt ln;
b) Khng duoc ht thuc l trong khi ly mu v phi lun trnh ph hoi th vo mu;
c) Khng duoc n hoc ung trong khi ly mu;
d) Ch s dung cc bnh v vt cha mu do phng th nghim cung cp;
e) Ch s dung cc thuc th do phng th nghim cung cp;
f) Khi cc thuc th duoc dng d bo qun mu, cn lp ra trnh tu cc buc ly mu d gim
thiu tnh hung gy ra nhim cho ca mu do cc thuc th;
g) Khng dng cc thuc th qu han s dung hoc c mi khng bnh thung;
h) Trnh lm nhim bn thnh bn ngoi ca cc dung cu cha mu
i) Tho np khi bnh cha mu ngay truc khi ly mu v dt ming bnh vo trong mt ti sach
v trng hoc vo trong mt thng cha trong khi mu duoc ly;
) Khng bao gi cho vt th la (nhu nhit k hoc du do pH) vo trong mt bnh d dng cho
cc php phn tch khc;
k) Trnh s dung cc b phn chia mu tr khi c yu cu dc th;
l) Khng bao gi dng cc thit bj ly mu bng kim loai nu php phn tch l d tm cc kim
loai luong vit;
m) Truc khi s dung, phi chc chn l cc bnh dung mu duoc luu gi bo qun trong nhng
noi sach s v duoc dy np hoc gi cn thn;
n) Phi chc chn l tt c cc bnh hoc thng dung mu duoc dy kn sau khi ly mu;
o) Nu c th, lm lanh mu truc v gi mu trong ch ti truc khi vn chuyn, dc bit trong
cc thng ma h.
9@_@ T%{ $b [\] B^!
Th tu theo d mu duoc ly cn phi dua trn muc dch ca vic ly mu v kh nng nhim
bn cho hoc cc nh hung bt loi khc dn qu trnh ly mu. V du, dng dung djch
hydroclorit d kh trng vi nuc c th lm nh hung xu cho mu duoc ly sau d d dng
cho php xc djnh trihalometan, cht hu co clo ha, clo du, hydrocacbon thom da vng v bt
c thng s cn xc djnh khc c th duoc tao ra, bj ph hy hoc bj thay di do su oxy ha
thnh dang m s khng xc djnh duoc. Tng ccbon hu co c th bj tc dng bt loi do s
dung bao gi isopropanol, kh trng vi nuc bng ngon la trong mt vi trung hop c th tao
ra cc hydrocacbon thom da vng. Chi tit v cc yu cu di vi cc mu vi sinh vt khc nhau
duoc nu ra trong SO 19458.
Mt vi yu cu kt hop ly mu c th l khng tuong thch v cn ly mu don l. Khi khng
c lua chon d ly mu don l, th cn xem xt cc chuong trnh ly mu khc d thu duoc
thng tin v dua ra quyt djnh nhng mu cn ly dua trn dnh gi tnh cht uu tin.
ly mu thung nht dng cho kim tra cht luong nuc khi cp nuc, hoc ly mu tai mt
dim cu th bn trong pham vi h thng x l v phn phi nuc, d xut th tu ly mu nhu
sau dy:
a) Nhng mu ht ra ln du tin;
b) X nuc ra (nu cn mu d xc djnh tng cc bon hu co);
c) Ly mu d xc djnh tng cacbon hu co;
d) ng/kha vi nuc;
e) Lm sach vi nuc;
f) X nuc ra;
g) Ly tt c nhng mu khc dng d phn tch cc thng s ha l (k c phn tch tai hin
trung) theo mt th tu d thit k d gim thiu su nhim bn cho ca mu do cc thuc th.
h) ng/kha vi nuc;
i) Kh trng vi nuc (xem SO 19458)
) Sc x vi nuc (xem SO 19458);
k) Ly mu dng d phn tch cc thng s vi sinh vt (xem SO 19458).
Sau khi x nuc trong thi gian khong 2 min dn 3 min hoc dn khi nhit d nuc khng di,
cc ln x nuc sau d phi d thi gian d loai b hon ton moi tc nhn lm sach hoc kh
trng tn du v x nuc tr lai theo tc d n djnh. Nu dng hydroclorit d kh trng vi nuc,
th nn kim tra mc clo tu do truc khi mu duoc ly.
Vi nhng muc dch ly mu khc c th yu cu th tu ly mu khc nhau, lc d cn luu dc
bit d phng nga nhim bn mu.
?0@ L\] B^! Q FPn" O%j ODO [jAi E%kn $nO% |O $%P
?0@?@ L\] B^! Q E%kn $nO% [hu %M CJ E%n" fA
Cn phi tham kho hung dn trong TCVN 6663-1 (SO 5667-1) v k thut ly mu v TCVN
6663-3 (SO 5667-3) v bo qun v x l mu.
Nu phi trnh tip xc vi khng kh v khng c djnh bo qun mu, th mu phi duoc nap
t t vo bnh cha mu cho dn dy trn t nht hai ln th tch mu, sau d dy cht np bnh
v kim tra d dm bo khng c bot kh.
Mu duoc bo qun th khng d mu chy dy trn khi nap mu vo bnh cha.
xc djnh oxy hoc cc kh ha tan, cn dng mt ng ni vo vi nuc hoc du ra ca bom
v cm su dn dy bnh cha mu. Phi d cho nuc chy chm vo bnh cha qua ng d.
Nu ly mu cc hat rn th cn phi dc bit cn thn d thu duoc mu dai din:
a) mt dja dim c cc hat rn phn b du trong ng, ly mu mt doan thng ca ng
doan ny cng xa cc khc ng un cong hoc van cng tt v l nhng vj tr c th gy ra dng
chy ri;
b) Ly mt mu tng t trong lng nuc, v du ly mu dng tc bng cch dng mt du ly
mu dt vo trong dung ng v d du ly mu ny di nguoc vi hung dng chy;
c) Dn mu dn dim ly mu m khng gy su thay di no, v du trnh dng ng ly mu di
v c thit din rng v s dung dung ng cng tc l nh lm dung ly mu, d dm bo
diu kin dng xoy bn trong dung ly mu.
Khi mu d duoc ly, phi quan st mu nuc v cc b loc xem c cc dc dim bt thung
nhu mu nuc v cn lng. Chi tit v phuong phuong php ly mu, kt qu quan st mu v
thng tin lin quan dn su kin v thao tc khng theo tiu chun th phi ghi vo bo co ly
mu.
Trong trung hop ly mu v vn chuyn mu dng cho phn tch cc thnh phn hu co, cn
cn thn d trnh lm nhim bn mu do cc kh t nhin liu v son.
?0@2@ L\] B^! Q E%kn $nO% Ci tin% CH$
Hung dn v cc yu cu phn tch vi sinh vt duoc nu trong TCVN 6663-1 (SO 5667-1) v
SO 19458.
?0@3@ L\] B^! Q E%kn $nO% tin% %}O
Nhng dng vt khng xuong sng c ln v cc phn v vun ca chng trong h thng phn
phi c th ly mu truc tip hoc bng cch x nhng th tch nuc xc djnh t h thng chy
qua cc lui.
Nuc x ra phi cho chy vi tc d d manh d tch ri ht cc mnh. Cn phi dng lui to
nhn tao (polyamit) hoc ry vi c l khong 150 m d ly mu. Lui duoc ni vo du nuc
ra qua dung cu do luu luong. C th tng hiu qu x nuc bng cch dng bot xp v sau d
x nuc d lm tch dng vt ra.
nghin cu su ph hoai ca sinh vt h thng phn phi, cn dng cc k thut v thit bj
tuong tu nhung phi nhng dim c th ca li nuc vo. Cc tm loc bng thp khng r c
mt lui 0,5 mm c th dng vi dung cu do luu luong v/hoc bom.
Cc my ly mu li c th dng cho cc tm loc ly mu. Cn trng, l cc tc nhn nhim
tim n c th duoc ly mu trong cc h thng kn dng by dn du bng dn tia UV sn c
trn thj trung. Phi lun tin hnh quan st truc tip nhng dja dim r rt.
Mu dng cho phn tch sinh hoc phi duoc bo qun theo TCVN 6663-3 (SO 5667-3).
?0@_@ L\] B^! E%kn $nO% CiY!t
Ly mu nuc d pht hin virus c nhiu dim ging nhau nhu ly mu phn tch vi sinh vt.
Khc nhau chnh l th tch mu dng cho phn tch virus cn ln hon. Cn tham kho TCVN
6663-1 (SO 5667-1) v ly mu th tch ln.
CH THCH: thun loi hon, thung lm dm dc mu d khi phi vn chuyn nhng th
tch mu ln ti phng th nghim. Nhng phuong php lm dm dc nng d virus trong nuc
hin nay vn cn dang duoc nghin cu v tip tuc duoc ci tin. Hiu qu ca phuong php
lm dm dc virus phu thuc rt nhiu vo cht luong nuc.
??@ CDO E%~E j $Ai %i&n $YNn" CJ "iDB tD$ [iqn $GO $YbO $!]Tn
Cc php do tai hin trung v gim st lin truc tuyn cho ra kt qu nhanh chng v chng
muc no d th chi ph t hon so vi phn tch trong phng th nghim, mc d di hi ngui thao
tc duoc do tao thch hop v cc k thut phng th nghim nu nhu kt qu duoc dng lm
cn c cho qun l cht luong nuc.
Cn phi tham kho SO 13530 v kim sot cht luong phn tch di vi phn tch nuc v SO
15839 v cc dung cu phn tch/du do cht luong nuc truc tuyn.
Nhit k v nhit din tr phi duoc kim djnh theo nhit k chun t nht mt nm mt ln. Rt
nhiu dung cu ha hoc v du do cn duoc hiu chun rt thung xuyn, nhu qui djnh ca nh
ch tao hoc theo qui djnh ca quc gia. Mt s dung cu c th yu cu duoc kim djnh hng
ngy.
?2@ N%Hn UiT$ B^! CJ "%i O%~E
Phi gn nhn cho bnh cha mu d d dng nhn bit mu, ngay sau khi ly cho tng mu.
Phi chun bj mt bo co cho tng dja dim ly mu. ja dim ly mu phi duoc m t chi
tit, km theo vi cc kt qu do hin trung, diu kin thi tit, cc hin tuong bt thung hoc
v b ngoi bt thung ca mu hoc ca vj tr ly mu. Khi ly mu v nhng l do dc bit (v
du khi ngui s dung nuc khiu nai) th phi ghi lai thng tin chi tit. iu quan trong l thi
gian ly tng mu phi duoc ghi chp. Nu thung xuyn ly mu cng mt dja dim th khng
cn lp lai chi tit cho mi ln. Trong trung hop ny ch cn ni r nhng php do tai ch, thi
gian ly mu v thng tin v diu kin thi tit, nhng hin tuong bt thung v cc quan st
tuong tu cn duoc ghi chp. Ch k v tn ngui ly mu phi duoc nu trong bo co. Mt s
trung hop, cc nh v vn bn bo co chi tit l v gi khi din gii d liu quan trc.
?3@ C%\$ [Npn" [\] B^!
?3@?@ `%Di a!D$
Cn phi thit lp mt chuong trnh dm bo cht luong ly mu cho tng loat ly mu, d sao
cho s liu thu duoc t chuong trnh ly mu va tin cy va r rng v mt khoa hoc. Moi
nhm ln trong tng buc ca qui trnh ly mu du c th tao ra sai s trong s liu kt qu.
Phng th nghim phn tch cc mu duoc ly thung c cc chuong trnh dm bo cht luong
v kim sot cht luong nghim ngt (A/C) nhu qui djnh ca quc gia v ph hop vi TCVN
SO 17025. Tuy nhin, cc chuong trnh A/C nhu vy khng th thay th cho nhng chuong
trnh cht luong ly mu cht ch yu cu cho vic ly mu v luu gi mu truc khi phn phi
mu cho cc phng th nghim d phn tch.
Chuong trnh cht luong ly mu bao gm tt c cc buc ly mu nhm dm bo thu duoc cc
kt qu dng. Chuong trnh cht luong ly mu dua vo cc bng chng duoc lp thnh ti liu
nhu ngui ly mu d duoc do tao tt v dy d, cc phuong php ly mu v luu gi mu
duoc s dung l ph hop, dung cu ly mu d duoc bo dung v hiu chun, cc buc thuc
hnh ly mu d duoc tun th dng v ghi chp l dy d v cn thn. Chuong trnh cht
luong ly mu cn phi bao gm c th mu trng (mu nuc tinh loc duoc dng lm mu gc)
d dnh gi su nhim bn ca mu v s dung cc mu lp thch hop d dnh gi d chnh xc
v d lp lai.
iu dc bit quan trong l cn cn thn vi php do ngoi hin trung v hiu chnh kt qu
xc djnh. Cn phi tham kho SO 13530 v kim sot cht luong phn tch di vi phn tch
nuc, tham kho TCVN 6663-14 (SO 5667-14) v dm bo cht luong ca vic ly mu nuc
v luu gi mu nuc, v tham kho SO 15839 v cc dung cu phn tch/du do cht luong
nuc truc tuyn.
V cc phng th nghim phn tch c k nng v A/C, nn cn tham gia tch cuc vo thit k
v dnh gi cc chuong trnh cht luong ly mu.
?3@2@ S $M] %N#n" F^n [\] B^!
Mi c nhn chju trch nhim ly mu nuc ung cn phi mang theo mt quyn hung dn ly
mu c ni dung duoc cp nht. S tay hung dn ly mu ny cung cp hung dn v phuong
php ly mu duoc p dung, luu gi v bo qun mu, phuong php phn tch d do tai hin
trung, qui trnh phi tun theo khi vn chuyn mu dn phng th nghim v phuong php chi
tit v s dung cc loai thit bj du do dng truc tuyn. S tay hung dn ly mu ny nn duoc
b sung cc chi tit v qui trnh cht luong ly mu cn p dung khi ly mu, khi thuc hin cc
php do hin trung, khi vn chuyn mu dn phng th nghim v khi s dung hoc kim tra
cc dung cu monitoring lin tuc.
S tay hung dn ly mu cn phi qui djnh:
a) Loai bnh hoc thng cha, np dy v l do cu th d s dung chng.
b) Khi thch hop, qui trnh xc ra v thi han s dung bnh, thng cha v np dy dng cho
tng thng s, k c s luong v kiu loai cn du phng b sung;
c) ui trnh ly mu ca tng thng s, k c loai mu duoc ly (v du mu ht ra du tin, mu
nuc sau sc x, mu nuc tnh) v qui trnh d ly mu cho cc thng s khc nhau;
d) Tn sut v th tu ly mu;
e) iu kin bo qun, vn chuyn mu v khong thi gian ti da truc khi phn tch cn nu r
cho tng thng s;
f) Lit k cc ha cht dng d bo qun mu (k c mu mu sc thng thung), cng vi cc
bin php an ton thch hop trong trung hop bj trn d hoc do tip xc vi da hoc mt.
Khuyn nghj rng s tay ly mu cn phi cung cp thm phuong n ly mu thch hop khi cc
diu kin ly mu l khng l bnh thung cng vi k hoach ng ph vi cc diu kin khn
cp.
CH THCH: Nu s dung my tnh xch tay tai hin trung, lc d bn din t ca s tay
hung dn l tin loi. Cc bng biu ci dt trong my tnh xch tay c th l tin dung do gim
thiu cc sai li trong qu trnh ghi chp thng tin v gip cho vic tnh ton tu dng.
?3@3@ =Jj $Aj n"Ni [\] B^!
Ngui ly mu phi duoc do tao dy d truc khi d cho ho lm vic mt mnh. Vic do tao
phi bao gm:
a) Nguyn l v thuc hnh ca phn phi cung cp nuc;
b) Nguyn l v thuc hnh v sinh cung cp nuc;
c) Kin thc chung v vi sinh vt nuc v ha hoc nuc;
d) Kin thc v tnh d bj nhim bn ca cp nuc, k c cc nghin cu v hin tuong nhim
bn nguyn pht c nhn manh dn nhim bn phn;
e) Kinh nghim trong moi phuong tin v ly mu;
f) Kinh nghim gim st vi cc k thut phng th nghim nu ngui ly mu duoc giao cho ly
mu phn tch hoc vn hnh cc thit bj monitoring truc tuyn;
g) Xem xt lai tiu chun ny cng vi xem xt lai cc diu khon tuong ng ca tiu chun vin
dn;
h) Ni dung dy d ca s tay hung dn ly mu dc bit nhn manh dn su nhn bit, vuot
qua hoc trnh duoc cc nguy hai tim n trong cng tc ly mu.
Khi d duoc do tao, tt c kh nng thao tc ca ngui ly mu phi duoc djnh k xem xt lai.
ui trnh xem xt v gim st, chun muc d cng nhn v chnh sch v do tao lai phi duoc
lp thnh ti liu. Vic do tao ny phi duoc cp nht theo djnh k. Thng tin chi tit hon v
nhng yu cu do tao nhn su duoc nu trong TCVN SO 17025.
Phi lp h so do tao chi tit ha ni dung d duoc do tao cho tng ngui ly mu, cng vi
thi gian do tao, dnh gi nng luc, kt qu kim tra lai, cc kha do tao lai v tip theo v
dnh gi lai nng luc. Ti thiu hng nm, su do tao phi duoc xem xt lai.
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Nhu l mt phn ca gim st lin tuc d kim djnh cht luong ly mu (gm c vic ly mu,
luu gi mu, bo qun tam thi v vn chuyn mu dn phng th nghim), cn phi p dung
mt h thng kim tra thung nht d cho bit su kim sot cht luong ly mu l tha mn yu
cu. Trong khi su kim sot cht luong ban du thng qua h thng dm bo cht luong, th
kim sot s luong tip theo l cn thit d hiu qu ly mu tha mn.
ui trnh cht luong ly mu m t dui dy nhm b sung cho cc quy trnh thng thung v
tin hnh kim tra d duy tr cht luong ly mu nhu kim tra bng quan st cc bnh cha mu,
cc ha cht thuc th v mu d ly. Khi pht hin c vn d th phi tin hnh kim tra thm
na d xc djnh ra nguyn nhn chnh xc gy nn cht luong mu khng dat yu cu v thuc
hin hnh dng khc phuc. Tuong tu nhu vy, cn tin hnh kim tra d bit vic t chc ly
mu mi truc khi p dung vo thuc t. Hung dn v qui trnh ph hop kim sot cht luong
hng ngy duoc nu trong TCVN 6663-14 (SO 5667-14), k c cc kim tra cu th hon c th
p dung cho vic thit lp tnh ph hop trong qu trnh ly mu, bo qun mu v luu gi mu
va d diu tra cc vn d duoc nhn bit qua kim tra thung nht. Mc d ca h thng cht
luong ly mu cn phi uu tin ph hop vi TCVN SO 17025.
?3@5@ 5B f~$ rO [HE
Khuyn nghj l chuong trnh cht luong ly mu phi bao gm c cc xem xt lai djnh k qu
trnh ly mu do mt nh khoa hoc c kinh nghim thuc hin v dc lp vi co quan chju trch
nhim p dung cc chuong trnh d
Vic xem xt lai djnh k qu trnh ly mu phi gm cc dnh gi sau dy:
a) i ng ngui ly mu c nhng trch nhim duoc qui djnh r rng khng, c nng luc ph
hop khng, c duoc do tao ph hop v gim st tuong ng khng?
b) ja dim ly mu c duoc chon v chun bj mt cch tuong ng khng?
c) C luu tm v an ton khng? i ng ngui ly mu c kinh nghim v duoc do tao d x
l nhng loai an ton d khng?
d) Thit bj quan trc v ly mu c duoc kim tra, bo dung v hiu chun djnh k khng?
e) Tt c cc ha cht c duoc ghi nhn r rng v cn trong thi han s dung khng? Ngui
ly mu c mc qun o, deo knh bo v v dung cu bo h cn thit khng? Ngui ly mu c
thi b cc ha cht v vt liu d qua s dung mt cch an ton v ph hop khng?
f) Ngui ly mu c th nhn bit duoc cc ha cht gim phm cht hoc mu bt thung
khng?
g) Tng ngui ly mu c mt s tay hung dn ly mu v thuc hnh theo cc phuong php
d qui djnh khng? Tt c cc phuong php d c duoc lp thnh ti liu v thng qua khng?
h) Cc mu c duoc ghi nhn, luu gi, bo qun mt cch dng dn v vn chuyn dn phng
th nghim tuong ng v dng thi gian d djnh khng?
i) Bin bn ly mu c duoc thuc hin khng v dja dim ly mu, thi gian ly mu v ngui
ly mu c xc djnh r rng khng? Cc bin bn c dua vo phuong php phn tch, kim sot
cht luong v dm bo cht luong km theo cho cc php do duoc thuc hin tai hin trung
khng?
) Nu ngui ly mu duoc giao trch nhim gim st thit bj monitoring truc tuyn, th cc ti
liu kim djnh cht luong v bo dung cn thit ca thit bj c duoc cp nht djnh k khng?
k) Bin bn ly mu v d liu an ton c duoc luu tr v c th d dng truy nguyn khng?
TH( ,C T8I LI9U THA, `HO
1 Guidelines for drinking-water quality, second edition, Volume 3, Survelilance and control of
community supplies, World Health Organiation, Geneva, 1997
2 Council Directive 98/83/C of 3 Nov. 1998 on the quality of water intended for human
consumption. (uropean Drinking Water Directive). Offcial Journal of the uropean
Communities, 5 Dec. 1998, L330/32
3 Standard Methods for the xamination of Water and Wastewater, 20
th
edition. A. Greenberg et
al. (eds.). APHA, AA, WF, Jan, 1.1999; SBN: 0875532357
4 uality Assurance in nvironmental Analysis. M.J.R Clark, n: ncyclopedia of Analytical
Chemistry, R.A. Meyers (ed.), John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK. 2000
5 nvironmental Sampling and Analysis: A Practical Guide. L.H. Keith, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida, USA, 1991
6 Field Guide to Potable Water Sampling, G. Tarbutt (ed.) Yorkshire Water Services, Yorkshire,
UK, 2001
7 The Microbiology of Drinking Water (2002) Part 1 Water uality and Public Health.
Standing Committee of Analysis, nvironmental Agency, UK, 2002
8 The Microbiology of Drinking Water (2002) Part 2 Practice and Procedures for Sampling.
Standing Committee of Analysis, nvironmental Agency. UK. 2002
9 TCVN 6663-1 (SO 5667-1). Cht luong nuc Ly mu Phn 1: Hung dn lp chuong
trnh ly mu
10 TCVN 6663-3 (SO 5667-3). Cht luong nuc Ly mu Phn 3: Hung dn bo qun v
x l mu
11 TCVN 6663-14 (SO 5667-14). Cht luong nuc Ly mu Phn 14: Hung dn dm bo
cht luong ly mu v x l mu nuc mi trung.
12 SO/TR 13530, Water quality Guide to analytical quality control for water analysis
13 SO 15839, Water quality - On-line sensors/analysing equipment for water Specifications
and performance tests
14 SO/C 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories
15 SO 19458, Water quality Sampling for microbiological analysis
16 SO 8199, Water quality General guidance on the enumeration of micro-organisms by
culture.