Ly Thuyet Vat Ly 11-NC.15892 PDF

H thng cng thc Vt l 11 [1]
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21
F

12
F

q1.q2 >0
r
21
F

12
F

r
q1.q2 < 0
H THNG CNG THC VT L 11
CHNG I. IN TCH IN TRNG
I. Cach nhiem dien. C 3 cch nhim in mt vt: C xt, tip xc ,hng ng
II. nh lut Cu lng:
Lc tng tc gia 2 in tch im q1; q2 t cch nhau mt khong r trong mi trng c hng
s in mi l
12 21
; F F c:
- im t: trn 2 in tch.
- Phng: ng ni 2 in tch.
- Chiu: + Hng ra xa nhau nu q1.q2 > 0 (q1; q2 cng du)
+ Hng vo nhau nu q1.q2 < 0 (q1; q2 tri du)
- ln:
2
2 1
.r
q q
k F
c
=
; k = 9.10
9
2
2
. N m
C
| |
|
\ .

(ghi ch: F l lc tnh in)
- Biu din:

3. Vt dn in, in mi:
+ Vt (cht) c nhiu in tch t do dn in
+ Vt (cht) c cha t in tch t do cch in. (in mi)
4. nh lut bo ton in tch: Trong 1 h c lp v in (h khng trao i in tch vi cc h
khc) th tng i s cc in tch trong h l 1 hng s
III. in trng
+ Khi nim: L mi trng tn ti xung quanh in tch v tc dng lc ln in tch khc
t trong n.
+ Cng in trng: L i lng c trng cho in trng v kh nng tc dng lc.
E q F
q
F
E

. = = n v: E(V/m)
q > 0 : F
cng phng, cng chiu vi E
.
q < 0 : F
cng phng, ngc chiu vi E
.
+ ng sc in trng: L ng c v trong in trng sao cho hng ca tip tyn
ti bt k im no trn ng cng trng vi hng ca vc t CT ti im .
Tnh cht ca ng sc:
- Qua mi im trong .trng ta ch c th v
c 1 v ch 1 ng sc in trng.
- Cc ng sc in l cc ng cong khng
kn,n xut pht t cc in tch dng,tn cng cc
in tch m.
- Cc ng sc in khng bao gi ct nhau.
- Ni no c CT ln hn th cc ng sc v
mau v ngc li
+ in trng u:
- C vc t CT ti mi im u bng nhau.
- Cc ng sc ca in trng u l cc ng thng song song cch u nhau
+ Vct cng in trng E do 1 in tch im Q gy ra ti mt im M cch Q mt
on r c: - im t: Ti M.

r
r
- Phng: ng ni M v Q
- Chiu: Hng ra xa Q nu Q > 0
Hng vo Q nu Q <0
- ln:
2
.
Q
E k
r c
=
; k = 9.10
9
2
2
. N m
C
| |
|
\ .

- Biu din:

+ Nguyn l chng cht in trng:
1 2
.....
n
E E E E

= + + +
Xt trng hp ti im ang xt ch c 2 cng in trng
+
2 1
E E E

+ =
+
2 1 2 1
E E E E E + = ||

+
2 1 2 1
E E E E E = |+

+
2
2
2
1 2 1
E E E E E + =

+ ( ) o o cos 2 ,
2 1
2
2
2
1 2 1
E E E E E E E + + = =

Neu
2
cos 2
1 2 1
o
E E E E = =
IV. Cng ca lc in trng: Cng ca lc in tc dng vo 1 in tch khng ph thuc vo dng
ca ng i ca in tch m ch ph thuc vo v tr im u,im cui ca ng i trong in
trng
AMN =q.E.
' '
N M = q.E.dMN
(vi d
MN
=
' '
N M l di i s ca hnh chiu ca ng i MN ln trc to ox vi
chiu dng ca trc ox l chiu ca ng sc)

. Lin h gia cng ca lc in v hiu th nng ca in tch

AMN = WM - WN = q VM - q.VN =q(VM-VN)=q.UMN
. The na ng dien truong- ie n the tai cac diem N,N
+ Io vo dcn truong dcu gua ha ban tu:
M M
qEd W = ;
N N
qEd W = (J)

M M
Ed V = ;
N N
Ed V = (\)
dN, dN la khoang cach tu dcm N,N dcn ban am cua tu.
+ Io vo dc n truong cua mot dcn tch :
= =
M
M
M M
d
r
Q
qk qEd W
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
M
M
r
Q
k q W ;
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
N
N
r
Q
k q W
Icn thc :
q
W
V
M
M
= suy ra:
M
M
r
Q
k V =
dN~rN, dN~rN la khoang cach tu 0 dc n N,N
+ Hiu in th gia 2 im trong in trng l i lng c trng cho kh nng thc hin
cng ca in trng khi c 1 in tch di chuyn gia 2 im
. Lin h gia E v U
M
E
q > 0 q < 0 M
E


' '
N M
U
E
MN
=
hay :
d
U
E =

* Ghi ch: cng thc chung cho 3 phn 6, 7, 8:
.
MN
MN M N MN
A
U V V E d
q
= = =

V. Vt dn trong in trng
- Khi vt dn t trong in trng m khng c dng in chy trong vt th ta gi l vt dn
cn bng in (vdcb)
+ Bn trong vdcb cng in trng bng khng.
+ Mt ngoi vdcb: cng in trng c phng vung gc vi mt ngoi
+ in th ti mi im trn vdcb bng nhau
+ in tch ch phn b mt ngoi ca vt, s phn b l khng u (tp trung ch li nhn)
VI. in mi trong in trng
- Khi t mt khi in mi trong in trng th nguyn t ca cht in mi c ko dn
ra mt cht v chia lm 2 u mang in tch tri du (in mi b phn cc). Kt qu l trong khi
in mi hnh thnh nn mt in trng ph ngc chiu vi in trng ngoi
VII. T in
- nh ngha: H 2 vt dn t gn nhau, mi vt l 1 bn t. Khong khng gian gia 2 bn
l chn khng hay in mi
T in phng c 2 bn t l 2 tm kim loi phng c kch thc ln ,t i din nhau, song
song vi nhau
- in dung ca t : L i lng c trng cho kh nng tch in ca t
Q
C
U
= (n v l F.)
Cng thc tnh in dung ca t in phng:
d
S
C
. 4 . 10 . 9
.
9
t
c
=
. Vi S l phn din tch i din gia 2 bn.
Ghi ch : Vi mi mt t in c 1 hiu in th gii hn nht nh, nu khi s dng m t
vo 2 bn t ht ln hn ht gii hn th in mi gia 2 bn b nh thng.
- Ghp t in song song, ni tip

GHP NI TIP GHP SONG SONG
Cch mc : Bn th hai ca t 1 ni vi bn th nht
ca t 2, c th tip tc
Bn th nht ca t 1 ni vi bn th
nht ca t 2, 3, 4
in tch QB = Q1 = Q2 = = Qn QB = Q1 + Q2 + + Qn
Hiu in th UB = U1 + U2 + + Un UB = U1 = U2 = = Un
in dung
n 2 1 B
C
1
...
C
1
C
1
C
1
+ + + =
CB = C1 + C2 + + Cn
Ghi ch CB < C1, C2 Cn CB > C1, C2, C3
- Nng lng ca t in:
2 2
. .
2 2 2
QU CU Q
W
C
= = =

- Nng lng in trng: Nng lng ca t in chnh l nng lng ca in trng
trong t in.
T in phng
2
9
. .
9.10 .8.
E V
W
c
t
=


vi V=S.d l th tch khong khng gian gia 2 bn t in phng
Mt nng lng in trng:
2
8
W E
w
V k
c
t
= =
CHNG II. DNG IN KHNG I

I. DNG IN
- Dng in l dng cc in tch (cc ht ti in) di chuyn c hng
Chiu quy c ca dng in l chiu dch chuyn c hng ca cc in tch dng.
- Dng in c:
* tc dng t (c trng) (Chiu quy c I)
* tc dng nhit, tc dng ho hc tu theo mi trng.
- Cng dng in l i lng cho bit mnh ca dng in c tnh bi:
q: in lng di chuyn qua cc tit din thng ca vt dn
At: thi gian di chuyn
(At0: I l cng tc thi)

Dng in c chiu v cng khng thay i theo thi gian c gi l dng in khng i
(cng gi l dng ip mt chiu).
Cng ca dng in ny c th tnh bi:
q
I =
t

trong q l in lng dch chuyn qua tit din thng ca vt dn trong thi gian t.
Ghi ch:
a) Cng dng in khng i c o bng ampe k (hay miliampe k, . . . ) mc xen vo
mch in (mc ni tip).
b) Vi bn cht dng in v nh ngha ca cng dng in nh trn ta suy ra:
* cng dng in c gi tr nh nhau ti mi im trn mch khng phn nhnh.
* cng mch chnh bng tng cng cc mch r.
II. NH LUT M I VI ON MCH CH C IN TR
1) nh lut:
- Cng dng in chy qua on mch c c in tr R:
- t l thun vi hiu in th hai u on mch.
- t l nghch vi in tr.

R
U
I = (A)
- Nu c R v I, c th tnh hiu in th nh sau :
UAB = VA - VB = I.R ; I.R: gi l gim th ( st th hay st p) trn in tr.
- Cng thc ca nh lut m cng cho php tnh in tr:
I
U
R = (O)
2) c tuyn V - A (vn - ampe)
l th biu din I theo U cn gi l ng c trng vn - ampe.
i vi vt dn kim loi (hay hp kim) nhit nht nh
c tuyn V A l on
ng thng qua gc cc trc: R c gi tr khng ph thuc U.
(vt dn tun theo nh lut m).
Ghi ch : Nhc li kt qu tm hiu lp 9.

q
I =
t

A
I
R
I
U
A B
I
O
U

a) in tr mc ni tip:
in tr tng ng c tnh bi:
Rm = Rl + R2+ R3+ + Rn
Im = Il = I2 = I3 = = In
Um = Ul + U2+ U3+ + Un
b) in tr mc song song:
in tr tng ng c anh bi:
1 2 3
1
m n
R
+ + + +
1 1 1 1
=
R R R R

Im = Il + I2 + + In
Um = Ul = U2 = U3 = = Un
c) in tr ca dy ng cht tit din u:
: in tr sut (Om)

S
l
R = l: chiu di dy dn (m)
S: tit din dy dn (m
2
)

III. NGUN IN:
- Ngun in l thit b to ra v duy tr hiu in th duy tr dng in. Mi ngun in u c
hai cc, cc dng (+) v cc m (-).
n gin ho ta coi bn trong ngun in c lc l lm di chuyn cc ht ti in (lectron; Ion)
gi cho:
* mt cc lun tha lectron (cc m).
* mt cc lun thiu lectron hoc tha t lectron hn bn kia (cc dng).
- Khi ni hai cc ca ngun in bng vt dn kim loi th cc
lectron t cc (-) di chuyn qua vt dn v cc (+).
Bn trong ngun, cc lectron do tc dng ca lc l di chuyn t cc
(+) sang cc (-). Lc l thc hin cng (chng li cng cn ca trng
tnh in). Cng ny c gi l cng ca ngun in.
- i lng c trng cho kh nng thc hin cng ca ngun in
gi l sut in ng E c tnh bi:
q
A
=
(n v
ca E l V)
trong : A l cng ca lc l lm di chuyn in tch t cc ny sang cc kia. ca ngun in.
|q| l ln ca in tch di chuyn.
Ngoi ra, cc vt dn cu to thnh ngun in cng c in tr gi l in tr trong r ca ngun
in.
IV. PIN V ACQUY
1. Pin in ho:
- Khi nhng mt thanh kim loi vo mt cht in phn th gia
kim loi v cht in phn hnh thnh mt hiu in th in ho.
Khi hai kim loi nhng vo cht in phn th cc hiu in th
in ho ca chng khc nhau nn gia chng tn ti mt hiu in th xc nh. l c s ch
to pn in ho.
- Pin in ho c ch to u tin l pin Vn-ta (Volta) gm mt thanh Zn v mt thanh Cu
nhng vo dung dch H2SO4 long.
Chnh lch gia cc hiu in th in ho l sut in ng ca pin:
E = 1,2V.
2. Acquy
Rn R3 R2 R1
R1 R2 R3 Rn
m
m
m
U
I =
R

m
m
m
U
I =
R


- Acquy n gin v cng c ch to u tin l acquy ch (cn gi l acquy axit phn bit vi
acquy kim ch to ra v sau)
gm:
* cc (+) bng PbO2
* cc (-) bng Pb
nhng vo dung dch H2SO4 long.
Do tc dng ca axit, hai cc ca acquy tch in tri du v hot ng nh pin in ho c sut
in ng khong 2V.
- Khi hot ng cc bn cc ca acquy b bin i v tr thnh ging nhau (c lp PbSO4 Ph bn
ngoi). Acquy khng cn pht in c. Lc phi mc acquy vo mt ngun in phc hi cc
bn cc ban u (np in).
Do acquy c th s dng nhiu ln.
- Mi acquy c th cung cp mt in lng ln nht gi l dung lng v thng tnh bng n v
ampe-gi (Ah).
1Ah = 3600C

IN NNG V CNG SUT IN - NH LUT JUN LENX
I. CNG V CNG SUT CA DNG IN CHY QUA MT ON MCH
1. Cng:
Cng ca dng in l cng ca lc in thc hin khi lm di chuyn cc in tch t do trong on
mch.
Cng ny chnh l in nng m on mch tiu th v c tnh bi:
A = U.q = U.I.t (J)
U : hiu in th (V)
I : cng dng in (A); q : in lng (C); t : thi gian (s)
2 .Cng sut
Cng sut ca dng in c trng cho tc thc hin cng ca n. y cng chnh l cng sut in
tiu th bi on mch.
Ta c : .
A
P U I
t
= = (W)
3. nh lut Jun - Len-x:
Nu on mch ch c in tr thun R, cng ca lc in ch lm tng ni nng ca vt dn. Kt qu l
vt dn nng ln v to nhit.
Kt hp vi nh lut m ta c:

2
2
. .
U
A Q R I t t
R
= = = (J)
4. o cng sut in v in nng tiu th bi mt on mch
Ta dng mt ampe - k o cng dng in v mt vn - k o hiu in th. Cng sut tiu th
c tnh hi:
P = U.I (W)
- Ngi ta ch to ra ot-k cho bit P nh lch ca kim ch th.
- Trong thc t ta c cng t in (my m in nng) cho bit cng dng in tc in nng tiu th
tnh ra kwh. (1kwh = 3,6.10
6
J)
II. CNG V CNG SUT CA NGUN IN
1. Cng
Cng ca ngun in l cng ca lc l khi lm di chuyn cc in tch gia hai cc duy tr hiu in
th ngun. y cng l in nng sn ra trong ton mch.
Ta c :
It q A = =
(J)
: sut in ng (V)

I
U
A B

I: cng dng in (A)
q : in tch (C)
2. Cng sut
Ta c :
I
t
A
P . = =
(W)
III. CNG V CNG SUT CA CC DNG C TIU TH IN

Hai loi dng c tiu th in:

1. Cng v cng sut ca dng c to nhit:
- Cng (in nng tiu th):
2
2
. .
U
A R I t t
R
= = (nh lut Jun - Len-x)
- Cng sut :
2
2
.
U
P R I
R
= =
2. Cng v cng sut ca my thu in
a) Sut phn in
- My thu in c cng dng chuyn ho in nng thnh cc dng nng lng khc khng phi l ni
nng (c nng; ho nng ; . . ).
Lng in nng ny (A) t l vi in lng truyn qua my thu in.

t I q A
p p
. . . = = '

p
: c trng cho kh nng bin i in nng thnh c nng, ho nng, .. . ca my thu in v gi l

sut phn in.
- Ngoi ra cng c mt phn in nng m my thu in nhn t dng in c chuyn thnh nhit v
my c in tr trong rp.

t I r Q
p
. .
2
= '

- Vy cng m dng in thc hin cho my thu in tc l in nng tiu th bi my thu in l:
t I r t I Q A A
p p
. . . .
2
+ = ' + ' =

- Suy ra cng sut ca my thu in:
2
. . I r I
t
A
P
p p
+ = =

p
.I: cng sut c ch;

p
r
.I
2
: cng sut hao ph (to nhit)
b) Hiu sut ca my thu in

Tng qut : H(%) = =

Vi my thu in ta c:
U
I r
U t I U
t I
H
p p p
.
1
. .
. .
= = =

Ghi ch : Trn cc dng c tiu th in c ghi hai chi s: (V d: 100W-220V)
* P: cng sut nh mc.
* U: hiu in th nh mc.

NH LUT M TON MCH, CC LOI ON MCH
I. NH LUT M TON MCH
1. Cng dng in trong mch kn:
- t l thun vi sut in ng ca ngun in
* dng c to nhit
* my thu in
in nng c ch
in nng tiu th
cng sut c ch
cng sut tiu th

- t l nghch vi in tr ton phn ca mch.

R r
I
+
=

Ghi ch:
* C th vit :
Ir U I r R
AB
+ = + = ). (

Nu I = 0 (mch h) hoc r << R th = U ( luu y trong cac hnh ve E = )
* Ngc li nu R = 0 th
r
I

=
: dng in c cng rt ln; ngun in b on mch.
* Nu mch ngoi c my thu in (
p
;rP) th nh lut m tr thnh:

p
p
r r R
I
+ +
=

* Hiu sut ca ngun in:
r R
R Ir U
P
P
A
A
H
tp
ich
tp
ich
+
= = = = =

1

II. NH LUT M I VI CC LOI MCH IN
1. nh lut Ohm cha ngun (my pht):
R r
U
I
AB
+
+
=

i vi ngun in : dng in i vo cc m v i ra t cc dng.
UAB: tnh theo chiu dng in i t A n B qua mch (UAB = - UBA).
2. nh lut Ohm cho on mch cha my thu in:
R r
U
I
p
p AB
+
=

i vi my thu
p
: dng in i vo cc dng v i ra t cc m.
UAB: tnh theo chiu dng in i t A n B qua mch.
3. Cng thc tng qut ca nh lut Ohm cho on mch gm my pht v thu ghp ni tip:

p
p AB
r r R
U
I
E + E +
E E +
=

Ch :
UAB: Dng in i t A n B (Nu dng in i ngc li l: -UAB)
: ngun in (my pht) ;
p
: my thu.
I > 0: Chiu dng in cng chiu chn.
I < 0: Chiu dng in ngc chiu chn.
R: Tng in tr cc mch ngoi.
r: Tng in tr trong ca cc b ngun my pht.
rp: Tng in tr trong ca cc b ngun my thu.
4. Mc ngun in thnh b:
a. Mc ni tip:
n b
n
r r r

+ + + =
+ + + =
...
...
2 1
2 1

1
,r
2,r2
3
,r3
n
,rn
b
,rb
A B
,r R
I
A B
,r
p,rp
R
I
A B
,r
R
I
prp
A
B
,r
R
I
A
B
,r
R
I
p,rp

ch : Nu c n ngun ging nhau.
nr r
n
b
b
=
=

b. Mc xung i:
2 1
2 1
r r r
b
b
+ =
=

c. Mc song song ( cc ngun ging nhau).
n r r
b
b
/ =
=

d. Mc hn hp i xng (cc ngun ging nhau).
m: l s ngun trong mt dy (hng ngang).
n: l s dy (hng dc).

Tng s ngun trong b ngun:
N = n.m

Ch- ng III. DNG IN TRONG CC MI TRNG
I. H thng kin thc trong chng
1. Dng in trong kim loi
- Cc tnh cht in ca kim loi c th gii thch - c da trn s c mt ca cc electron t do
trong kim loi. Dng in trong kim loi l dng dch chuyn c h- ng ca cc lectron t do.
- Trong chuyn ng, cc lectron t do lun lun va chm vi cc ion dao ng quanh v tr cn
bng cc nt mng v truyn mt phn ng nng cho chng. S va chm ny l nguyn nhn
gy ra in tr ca dy dnx kim loi v tc dng nhit. in tr sut ca kim loi tng theo
nhit .
- Hin t- ng khi nhit h xung d- i nhit Tc no , in tr ca kim loi (hay hp kim)
gim t ngt n gi tr bng khng, l hin t- ng siu dn.
2. Dng in trong cht in phn
- Dng in trong cht in phn l dng chuyn dch c h- ng ca cc ion d- ng v catt v ion
m v ant. Cc ion trong cht in phn xut hin l do s phn li ca cc phn t cht tan
trong mi trng dung mi.
Khi n cc in cc th cc ion s trao i lectron vi cc in cc ri - c gii phng ra ,
hoc tham gia cc phn ng ph. Mt trong cc phn ng ph l phn ng cc d- ng tan, phn
ng ny xy ra trong cc bnh in phn c ant l kim loi m mui cu n c mt trong dung
dch in phn.
- nh lut Fa-ra-y v in phn.
1,r1
2,r2
1,r1
2,r2
,r
,r
,r
n
mr
r
m
b
b
=
=
r , r ,
r , r ,

Khi l- ng m ca cht - c gii phng ra cc in cc t l vi - ng l- ng gam
n
A
ca cht
v vi in l- ng q i qua dung dch in phn. ( q=It )
Biu thc ca nh lut Fa-ra-y: It
n
A
F
m
1
= vi F 96500 (C/mol)
3. Dng in trong cht kh
- Dng in trong cht kh l dng chuyn dch c h- ng ca cc ion d- ng v catt, cc ion m
v lectron v ant.
Khi c- ng in trng trong cht kh cn yu, mun c cc ion v lectron dn in trong
cht kh cn phi c tc nhn ion ho (ngn la, tia la in....). Cn khi c- ng in trng
trong cht kh mnh th c xy ra s ion ho do va chm lm cho s in tch t do (ion v
lectron) trong cht kh tng vt ln (s phng in t lc).
S ph thuc ca c- ng dng in trong cht kh vo hiu in th gia ant v catt c
dng phc tp, khng tun theo nh lut m (tr hiu in th rt thp).
- Tia la in v h quang in l hai dng phng in trong khng kh iu kin thng.
C ch ca tia la in l s ion ho do va chm khi c- ng in trng trong khng kh ln
hn 3.10
5
(V/m)
- Khi p sut trong cht kh ch cn vo khong t 1 n 0,01mmHg, trong ng phng in c s
phng in thnh min: ngay phn mt catt c min ti catt, phn cn li ca ng cho n
ant l ct sng ant.
Khi p sut trong ng gim d- i 10
-3
mmHg th min ti catt s chim ton b ng, lc ta c
tia catt. Tia catt l dng lectron pht ra t catt bay trong chn khng t do.
4. Dng in trong chn khng
- Dng in trong chn khng l dng chuyn dch c h- ng ca cc lectron bt ra t catt b
nung nng do tc dng ca in trng.
c im ca dng in trong chn khng l n ch chy theo mt chiu nht nh t- ant sang
catt.
5. Dng in trong bn dn
- Dng in trong bn dn tinh khit l dng dch chuyn c h- ng ca cc lectron t do v l
trng.
Tu theo loi tp cht pha vo bn dn tinh khit, m bn dn thuc mt trong hai loi l bn
dn loi n v bn dn loi p. Dng in trong bn dn loi n ch yu l dng lectron, cn trong
bn dn loi p ch yu l dng cc l trng.
Lp tip xc gia hai loi bn dn p v n (lp tip xc p n) c tnh dn in ch yu theo mt
chiu nht nh t p sang n.

Ch- ng IV. T TRNG
I. TU TRU0NC
1. Tuong tac tu
1uong tac gua nam cham vo nam cham, gua dong dcn vo nam cham va gua dong dcn vo dong
dcn dcu go la tuong tac tu. Luc tuong ta c trong cac truong hop do go la luc tu.
2. Tu truong
- Khai niem tu truong: Xung quanh thanh nam cham hay xung quanh dong dcn co tu truong.
Tong quat: Xung quanh dcn tch chuycn dong co tu truong.

- Tnh chat co han cua tu truong: Cay ra luc tu tac dung lcn mot nam cham hay mot dong dc n dat
trong no.
- Cam ung tu: Ic dac trung cho tu truong vc mat gay ra luc tu, nguo ta dua vao mot da luong vccto
go la cam ung tu va k hcu la B
.
Phuong cua nam cham thu nam can bang ta mot dcm trong tu truong la phuong cua vccto ca m ung
tu B
cua tu truong ta dcm do. 1a quy uoc lay chcu tu cuc Nam sang cuc ac cua nam cham thu la
chcu cua B
.
3. uong suc tu
Iuong suc tu la duong duoc vc sao cho huong cua tcp tuycn ta bat ki dcm nao trcn duong cung trung
vo huong cua vccto cam ung tu ta dcm do.
4. Cac tnh chat cua duong suc tu :
- 1a mo dcm trong tu truong, co thc vc duoc mot duong suc tu d qua va chi mot ma tho.
- Cac duong suc tu la nhung duong cong kn. 1rong truong hop nam cham, o ngoa nam cha m cac
duong suc tu d ra tu cuc ac, d vao o cuc Nam cua nam cham.
- Cac duong suc tu khong cat nhau.
- No nao cam ung tu lon hon thi cac duong suc
tu o do vc mau hon (day hon), no nao cam ung
tu nho hon thi cac duong suc tu o do vc thua hon.
5. Tu truong deu
Not tu truong ma cam ung tu ta mo dcm dcu bang nhau go la tu truo ng dcu.
II. PHU0NC, CHIFU VA 0 I0N CUA IUC TU TAC DUNC IFN DAY DAN NANC D0NC IFN
1. Phuong : Luc tu tac dung lcn doan dong dc n co phuong vuong goc vo mat phang chua doa n dong
dcn va cam ung ta dc m khao sat .
2. Chieu luc tu : 0uy tac ban tay tra
0uy tac ban tay tra : Iat ban tay tra duo thang dc cac duong cam ung tu xuycn vao long ban tay va
chcu tu co tay dcn ngon tay trung vo chcu dong dcn. Kh do ngon tay ca choa ra 90
o
sc chi chcu cua
luc tu ta c dung lcn doan day dan.
3. o lon (I}nh luat Am-pc). Luc tu tac dung lc n doan dong dcn cuong do I, co chcu da l hop vo tu
truong dcu B mot goc o o sin BI F =
Io lon cua cam ung tu . 1rong hc SI, don v} cua cam ung tu la tcsla, k hcu la 1.
III. NCUYFN IY CH0NC CHAT TU TRU0NC
Ca su ta co hc n nam cham( hay dong dcn ). 1a dcm N, 1u truong chi cua nam cham thu nhat la
1
B ,
chi cua nam cham thu ha la
2
B , , chi cua nam cham thu n la
n
B . Co B la tu truong cu a hc ta N
thi:
n
B B B B + + + = ...
2 1

TU TRU0NC CU A D0NC IFN CHAY TR0NC DAY DAN C0 HINH DANC AC BIFT

1. Tu truong cua dong dien chay trong day da n thang dai
\ccto cam ung tu B
ta mot dcm duoc xac d}nh:

- Icm dat ta dcm dang xct.
- Phuong tcp tuycn vo duong suc tu ta dcm dang xct
- Chcu duoc xac d}nh thco quy tac nam tay pha
B


- Io lon
r
I
B
7
10 . 2

=
2. Tu truong cua dong dien chay trong day da n uon thanh vong tron
\ccto cam ung tu ta ta m vong day duoc xac d}nh:
- Phuong vuong goc vo mat phang vong day
- Chcu la chcu cua duong suc tu: Khum ban tay pha thco vong dy cua khung day sao cho chcu tu co
tay dcn cac ngon tay trung vo chcu cua dong dcn
trong khung , ngon tay ca choay ra chi chcu duong
suc tu xuycn qua mat phang dong dcn
- Io lon
R
NI
B
7
10 2

= t
R: an knh cua khung day dan
I: Cuong do dong dcn
N: So vong day
3. Tu truong cua dong dien chay trong o ng da y dan
1u truong trong ong da y la tu truong dcu. \ccto cam ung tu
B
duoc xac d}nh

- Phuong song song vo truc ong day
- Chcu la chcu cua duo ng suc tu
- Io lon nI B
7
10 . 4

= t
N
n = : So vong day trcn 1m
N la so vong day, la chcu da ong da y

TU0NC TAC CIUA HAI D0NC IFN THANC S0NC S0NC. IUC I0RFNX0

1. Iuc tuong tac giua hai day dan song song mang dong dien co:
- Icm dat ta trung dc m cua doan day dang xct
- Phuong nam trong ma t phang hinh vc va vuong go c vo day dan
- Chcu huong vao nhau ncu 2 dong dcn cung chcu, huong ra xa nhau ncu ha dong
dcn nguoc chcu.
- Io lon :
r
I I
F
2 1 7
10 . 2

= l: Chcu da doan day dan, r Khoang cach gua ha day dan
2. Iuc Iorenxo co:
- Icm dat ta dcn tch chuycn dong
- Phuong vuong goc vo mat phang chua vccto van toc cua hat mang dcn va vccto cam
ung tu ta dcm dang xct
- Chcu tuan thco quy tac ban tay tra: Iat ban tay tra duo thang dc ca c duong cam ung tu xuycn vao
long ban tay va chcu tu co tay dcn ngon tay trung vo chcu dong dcn. Kh do ngon tay ca choa ra 90
o

sc chi chcu cua luc Lo-rcn-xo ncu hat mang dcn duong va ncu hat mang dcn am thi chcu nguoc la
- Io lon cua luc Lorcnxo o = vBSin q f o : Coc tao bo B , v

KHUNC DAY NANC D0NC IFN AT TR0NC TU TRU0NC FU
1. Truong hop duong su c tu nam trong mat phang khung day
Xct mot khung day mang dong dcn dat trong tu truong dcu B

N
Q
P
M
I1
I2
B

F
C
D
A
B

.

1
F


nam trong mat phang khung day.
- Canh A, IC song song vo duong suc tu ncn lc n luc tu tac dung lcn
chung bang khong
- Co
1
F
,
2
F
la lu c tu ta c dung lcn cac canh IA va C.

1hco cong thuc Ampc ta thay
1
F
,
2
F
co
- dcm dat ta trung dcm cua mo canh
- phuong vuong goc vo mat phang hinh vc
- chcu nhu hinh vc(Nguoc chcu nhau)
- Io lon I1 ~ I2
Vay: Khung da y ch}u tac dung cu a mot ngau luc. Ngau luc nay lam cho
khung day quay vc v} tr can bang bcn
2. Truong hop duong su c tu vuong goc voi mat phang khung day
vuong goc vo
mat phang khung day.
- Co
1
F
,
2
F
,
3
F
,
4
F
la luc tu tac dung lcn cac canh A, C, CI, IA

1hco cong thuc Ampc ta thay
3 1
F F

= ,
4 2
F F

=
Vay: Khung da y ch}u tac dung cu a cac cap luc ca n bang. Cac luc na y khung
lam quay khung.
c. Nomen ngau luc tu tac dung len khung day mang dong dien.

nam trong mat phang khung day

Tong quat
\o o ) n , B (

=

Ch- ng V. CM NG IN T
1. T thng qua din tch S:
~ S.cos ; Li = | (Wb)
\o L la do tu cam cua cuon da y V n L
2 7
10 4

= t (H)

N
n = : so vong day trcn mot don v} chcu da
2. Sut in ng cm ng trong mch in kn:

t
c
A
Au
= (V)
- ln sut in ng cm ng trong mt on dy chuyn ng:

o sin Blv
c
=
(V) ) , ( v B

= o
N : Nomcn ngau luc tu (N.m)
I: Cuong do dong dcn (A)
: 1u truong (1)
S: Icn tch khung day(m
2
)
M = IBSsino

- Sut in ng t cm:
t
i
L
c
A
A
= (\) (dau tru da c trung cho d}nh luat Lcnx)
3. Nng l- ng t trng trong ng dy:
2
2
1
Li W = (J)
4. Mt nng l- ng t trng:
2 7
10
8
1
B w
t
= (J/m
3
)

Chng VI. KHC X NH SNG
I. Hien tuong khuc xa anh sang
Hcn tuong khuc xa anh sang la hcn tuong kh anh sang truycn qua mat phan cach gua ha mo truong
trong suot, ta sang b} bc gay khuc (do huong dot ngot) o mat phan cach.
2. |nh luat khuc xa a nh sang
+ 1a khuc xa nam trong mat phang to va o bcn ka phap tuycn so vo ta to. (Hinh JJ)
+ Io vo mot cap mo truong trong suot nhat d}nh thi ti so gua sn cua
goc to (sn) vo sn cua goc khuc xa (snr) luon luon la mot so khong do. So
khong do nay phu thuoc vao ban chat cua ha mo truong va duoc go la
chct suat ti do cua mo truong chua ta khuc xa (mo truong 2) do vo mo
truong chua ta to (mo truong 1); k hcu la n21.
cu thuc:
21
sin
sin
n
r
i
=
+ Ncu n21 > 1 thi goc khuc xa nho hon goc to. 1a no mo truong (2)
chct quang kcm mo truong (1).
+ Ncu n21 < 1 thi goc khuc xa lon hon goc to. 1a no mo truong (2) chct quang hon mo truong
(1).
+ Ncu ~ 0 thi r ~ 0: ta sang chcu vuong goc vo mat phan ca ch sc truycn thang.
+ Ncu chcu ta to thco huong KI thi ta khuc xa sc d thco huong IS (thco nguycn l vc tnh thuan
ngh}ch cua chcu truycn anh sang).
Io do, ta co
12
21
1
n
n = .
3. Chiet suat tuyet doi
Chct suat tuyct do cu a mot mo truong la chc t suat cua no do vo cha n khong.
\i chct suat cua khong kh xap xi bang 1, ncn kh khong can do chnh xac cao, ta co thc co chct
suat cua mot chat do vo khong kh bang chct suat tuyct do cua no.
Cua chct suat ti do n21 cua mo truong 2 do vo mo truong 1 va cac chct suat tuyct do n2 va n1
cua chung co hc thuc:
1
2
21
n
n
n =
Ngoa ra, nguo ta da chung mnh duoc rang:
Chct suat tuyct do cua cac mo truong trong suot ti lc ngh}ch vo van toc truycn anh sang trong cac
mo truong do:
i
r
N
N
/
I
S
K

(1
)
(2
)


2
1
1
2
v
v
n
n
=
Ncu mo truong 1 la cha n khong thi ta co: n1 ~ 1 va v1 ~ c ~ J.10
8
m/s
Kct qua la:
2
n ~
2
v
c
hay v2 ~
2
n
c
.
\i van toc truycn anh sang trong cac mo truo ng dcu nho hon van toc truycn anh sang trong chan
khong, ncn chct suat tuyct do cu a cac mo truo ng luon luon lon hon 1.
Y ngha cua chiet suat tuyet doi
Chct suat tuyct do cua mo truong trong suot cho bct van toc truycn a nh sang trong mo truong do
nho hon van toc truycn anh sang trong chan kho ng bao nhcu lan.
HIFN TU0NC PHAN XA T0AN PHAN VA NHUNC IFU KIFN F HIFN TU0NC XAY RA.
1. Hien tuong pha n xa toan phan
Hcn tuong phan xa toa n phan la hcn tuong ma trong do chi ton ta ta phan xa ma khong co ta
khuc xa.
2. ieu kien de co hien tuong pha n xa toa n phan
1a sang truycn thco chcu tu mo truong co chct suat lon sang mo
truong co chct suat nho hon. (Hinh J4)
Coc to lon hon hoac bang go c go han phan xa toan phan ( gh).
3. Phan hiet phan xa toan phan va phan xa tho ng thuo ng
Giong nhau
Cung la hcn tuong phan xa, (ta sang b} hat la mo truong cu).
Cung tuan thco d}nh luat phan xa anh sang .
Khac nhau
Hcn tuong phan xa thong thuong xay ra kh ta sang gap mot mat phan cach ha mo truong va
khong can thcm dcu kc n gi.
1rong kh do, hcn tuong phan xa toan phan chi xay ra kh thoa man ha dcu kcn trcn.
1rong phan xa toan phan, cuong do chum ta phan xa bang cuong do chum ta to. Con trong phan
xa thong thuong, cuong do chum ta phan xa ycu hon chum ta to.
4. Iang knh phan xa toan phan
Lang knh phan xa toan phan la mot kho thu y tnh hinh lang tru co tct dcn thang la mot tam gac
vuong can
Ung du ng
Lang knh phan xa toan phan duoc dung thay guong phang trong mot so dung cu quang hoc (nhu
ong nhom, knh tiem vong ).
Co ha uu dcm la ti lc phan tram anh sang phan xa lon va khong can co lo p ma nhu o guong phang.

Ch- ng VII. MT V CC DNG C QUANG

G
S
R
K
I
J
i
i
/
r

(Hnh 34)
H

O F
F
/
(Hnh 36)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Lng knh
1. |nh ngha
Lang knh la mot kho chat trong suot hinh lang tru dung, co tct
dcn thang la mot hinh tam gac.
uong di cua tia sang don sac qua lang knh
1a chi khao sat duong d cua ta sang trong tct dcn thang AC
cua lang knh.
No chung, cac ta sa ng kh qua lang knh b} khuc xa va ta lo
luon b} lcch vc pha day nhcu hon so vo ta to.
Coc lech cua tia sang don sac khi di qua lang knh
Coc lcch I gua ta lo va ta to la goc hop bo phuong cua ta to
va ta lo, (xac d}nh thco goc nho gua ha duong thang).
2. Cc cng thc ca lng knh:

+ =
+ =
=
=
A ' i i D
' r r A
' r sin n ' i sin
r sin n i sin
iu kin c tia l
=
>
s
) sin( sin
2
0
0
t A n i
i i
i A
gh

Khi tia sng c gc lch cc tiu: r = r = A/2; i = i = (Dm + A)/2
Kh goc lcch dat cuc tc u: 1a lo va ta to do xung nhau qua mat phang
phan gac cu a goc chct quang A .
Kh goc lcch dat cuc tcu Imn :
2
sin
2
sin
min
A
n
A D
=
+

THAU KNH N0NC
1. |nh ngha
1hau knh la mot kho chat
trong suot go han bo ha
mat cong, thuong la ha mat
cau. Not trong ha mat co thc
la mat phang.
1hau knh mong la thau
knh co khoang cach 0102 cua
ha chom cau rat nho so vo ban knh R1 va R2 cu a cac mat cau.
2. Phan loai
Co ha loa: 1hau knh ria mong go la thau knh ho tu.
1hau knh ria day go la thau knh phan ki.
Iuong thang no tam ha chom cau go la truc chnh cua thau knh.
Co 01 02 0 go la quang tam cua thau knh.
3. Tieu diem chnh
S
R
I
J
i1 i2
r1
r2
A
B C
D


O
F
/
F

(Hnh 37)
(a)
(b)
(c)
\o thau knh ho tu: Chum ta lo ho tu ta dcm I
/
trcn truc chnh. I
/
go la tcu dcm chnh cu a thau
knh ho tu.
\o thau knh phan ki: Chum ta lo khong ho tu thuc su ma co duong kco da cua chung cat nhau ta
dcm I
/
trcn truc chnh. I
/
go la tcu dcm chnh cua thau knh phan ki .
No thau knh mong co ha tcu dcm chnh nam do xung nhau qua quang tam. Not tcu dcm go la
tcu dcm vat (I), tcu dcm con la go la tcu dc m anh (I
/
).
4. Tieu cu
Khoang cach l tu quang tam dcn cac tcu dcm chnh go la tcu cu cua thau knh: l ~ 0I ~ 0I
/
.
5. Truc phu, cac tieu diem phu va tieu dien
No duong thang d qua quang tam 0 nhung khong trung vo truc chnh dcu go la truc phu.
Cao dcm cua mot tru c phu vo tcu dcn go la tcu dcm phu ung vo truc phu do.
Co vo so cac tcu dcm phu, chung dcu nam trcn mot mat phang vuong goc vo truc chnh, ta tcu
dcm chnh. Nat phang do go la tcu dcn cua thau knh. No thau knh co ha tcu dcn nam ha bcn
quang tam.
6. uong di cua cac tia sang qua thau knh hoi tu
Cac ta sang kh qua thau knh ho tu sc b} khuc xa va lo ra kho thau knh. Co J ta sang thuong gap
(Hinh Jb):
1a to (a) song song vo truc chnh, cho ta lo d qua tcu dcm anh.
1a to (b) d qua tcu dcm vat, cho ta lo song song vo truc chnh.
1a to (c) d qua quang tam cho ta lo truycn thang.
7. uong di cua cac tia sang qua thau knh pha n k
Cac ta sang kh qua tha u knh phan ki sc b} khuc xa va lo ra kho thau knh. Co J ta sang thuong gap
(Hinh J7):
1a to (a) song song vo truc chnh, cho ta lo co duong kco da d qua tcu dcm
anh.
1a to (b) huong to tcu dcm vat, cho ta lo song song vo truc chnh.
1a to (c) d qua quang tam cho ta lo truycn thang.
8. Qua trnh tao a nh qua thau knh hoi tu
\at that hoac ao thuong cho anh that, chi co truong hop vat that nam trong khoang tu
0 dcn I mo cho anh ao.
9. Qua trnh tao a nh qua thau knh pha n k
\at that hoac ao thuong cho anh ao, chi co truong hop vat ao nam trong khoang tu 0 dcn I mo cho
anh that.
10. Cong thuc thau knh
/
1 1 1
d d f
+ =
Cong thuc na y dung duo c ca cho thau knh ho tu va thau knh phan ki.
11. o phong dai cua a nh
Io phong da cua anh la ti so chcu cao cua anh va chcu cao cua vat:
d
d
AB
B A
k
'
= =
' '


* k > 0 : Anh cung chcu vo vat.
* k < 0 : Anh nguoc chcu vo vat.
Ca tr} tuyct do cua k cho bct do lon ti do cua a nh so vo vat.
Cong thuc tnh do tu cua thau knh thco ban knh cong cua cac mat va chct suat cua thau knh:

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =
2 1
1 1
) 1 (
1
R R
n
f
D .
1rong do, n la chct suat ti do cua chat lam thau knh do vo mo truong dat thau knh. R1 va R2 la
ban knh ha mat cua tha u knh vo qu uoc: Nat lom: R > 0 ; Nat lo: R < 0 ; Nat phang: R ~

MT_CC TT CA MT

a/. |nh ngha
vc phuong dcn quang hinh hoc, mat
gong nhu mot ma y anh,
cho mot anh that nho hon vat trcn vong
mac.
b/. cau tao
- thuy tnh thc: o phan chnh: la mot thau knh ho tu co tcu cu l thay do duoc
- vong mac: man anh, sat day mat no tap trung cac tc bao nhay sang o dau cac day than knh
th} gac. 1rcn vong mac co dcn vang \ rat nhay sang.
- Iac dcm: d

~ 0\ ~ khong do: dc nhin vat o cac khoang cach khac nhau (d thay do) ~> l
thay do (mat pha dcu tct )
d/. Su dieu tiet cua mat diem cuc vien Cv- diem cuc can Cc
- Su dcu tct
Su thay do do cong cua thuy tnh thc (va do do thay do do tu hay tcu cu cua no) dc lam cho anh
cua cac vat can quan sat hcn lcn trcn vong mac go la su dcu tct
- Icm cuc vcn Cv
Icm xa nhat trcn truc chnh cua mat ma dat vat ta do mat co thc thay ro duoc ma khong can
dcu tct ( l ~ lmax)
- Icm cuc can Cc
Icm gan nhat trcn truc chnh cua mat ma dat va t ta do mat co thc thay ro duoc kh da dcu tct to da (
l ~ lmn)
Khoang cach tu dcm cu c can Cc dcn cu c vcn Cv : Co go han thay ro cua mat
- Nat thuong : lmax ~ 0\, 0Cc ~ I ~ 2b cm; 0Cv ~
e/. Coc trong vat va nang suat phan ly cua mat
Coc trong vat : tg
AB
o =
o ~ goc trong vat ; A: kch thuoc vat ; ~ A0 ~ khoang cach tu vat to quang tam 0 cua mat .
- Nang suat phan ly cua mat
La goc trong vat nho nhat o mn gua ha dcm A va ma mat con co thc phan bct duoc ha dcm do .


min
1
1'
3500
o ~ ~ rad
- su luu anh trcn vong mac
la tho gan ~ 0,1s dc vong mac ho phuc la sau kh tat anh sang kch thch.
J. Cac tat cua mat Cach sua
a. Can th}
la mat kh khong dcu tc t co tcu dcm nam truoc vong mac .
lmax < 0C; 0Cc< I ; 0Cv < ~> Ican > Ithuong
- Sua tat : nhin xa duoc nhu mat thuong : pha dco mot thau knh pha n ky sao cho anh vat o
qua knh hcn lcn o dcm cuc vcn cua mat.
B A AB
knh
' '
= d ) ( = '
V
OC d

=
'
+ = =
V
V
OC d d f
D
1 1 1 1 1

l = OO= khang cach t knh n mat, ncu dco sat mat l ~0 thi lk ~ -0\
h. Vien th|
La mat kh khong dc tct co tcu dcm nam sau vong mac .
lmax >0\; 0Cc > I ; 0Cv : ao o sau mat . ~> Ivcn < Ithuong
Sua tat : 2 cach :
+ Ico mot thau knh ho tu dc nhin xa vo cuc nhu mat thuong ma khong can dcu tct(kho thuc hcn).
+ Ico mot thau knh ho tu dc nhin gan nhu mat thuong cch mt 2bcm . (day la cach thuong dung )
B A AB
knh
' '
25 , 0 = d ) ( = '
C
OC d

=
'
+ = =
C
C
OC d d f
D
1 1 1 1 1

KNH LP
a/. |nh nhga:
La mot dung cu quang hoc bo tro cho mat trong vcc quang sat cac vat nho. No co tac dung la m tang
goc trong anh bang cach tao ra mot anh ao, lon hon vat va nam trong go han nhin thay ro cua mat.
h/. cau tao
Com mot thau knh ho tu co tcu cu ngan(co va cm)
c/. cach ngam chung

A
1 1 2 2
knhOk matO
AB A B
d1 d1 d2 d2
d1 < 0
I ; d1
nam trong go han nhin ro cua ma t: d1 + d1
~ 0K0 ; d2
~ 0\

'
1 1
1 1 1
K
f d d
= +
- Ngam chung o cuc can
Icu chinh dc anh A11 la anh ao hcm t CC : d1
~ - (0CC - l)
(l la khoang cach gua v} tr dat knh va mat)


B A AB
knh
' '
d ) ( = '
C
OC d

=
'
+ = =
C
C
OC d d d f
D
1 1 1 1 1

- Ngam chung o C\
Icu chinh dc anh A11 la anh ao hcm t C\ : d1
~ - (0C\ - l)
B A AB
knh
' '
d ) ( = '
V
OC d

=
'
+ = =
V
V
OC d d d f
D
1 1 1 1 1

d/. o hoi giac cua knh lup
* |nh ngha:
Io bo gac C cua mot dung cu quang hoc bo tro cho mat la ti so gua go c trong anh o cua mot vat qua
dung cu quang hoc do vo goc trong truc tcp
0
o cua vat do kh dat vat ta dc m cuc can cua mat.

0 0
tan
tan
o
o
o
o
~ = G (vi goc o va
0
o rat nho)

Vi:
0
AB
tg
o =
* bi gic ca knh lp:

Gi l l khong cch t mt n knh v d l khong
cch t nh AB n knh (d < 0), ta c :

A' B' A' B'
tg
OA d'
o = =
+

suy ra:
0
tg A' B'
G .
tg AB d'
o
= =
o +

Hay:
G = k.
d' +
(1)
k l phng i ca nh.
- Khi ngm chng cc cn: th d' + = do :

d
d
k G
C C
'
= =
- Khi ngm chng cc vin: th
V
OC d = + ' do :

V
V
OC
d
d
G
'
=
- Khi ngm chng v cc: nh AB v cc, khi AB ti CC nn:

AB AB
tg
OF f
o = =
Suy ra:
G
f
=
G c gi tr t 2,5 n 25.

- kh ngam chung o vo cu c
+ Nat khong pha dcu tct
+ Io bo gac cua knh lup khong phu thuoc vao v} tr dat mat.
Ca tr} cu a G
duoc gh trcn vanh knh: X2,b ; Xb.

Lu : - Vi l l khong cch t mt ti knh lp th khi: 0 l < f GC > GV
l = f GC = GV
l > f GC < GV
- Trn vnh knh thng ghi gi tr
25
( )
G
f cm

V d: Ghi X10 th
25
10 2, 5
( )
G f cm
f cm

KNH HIN VI
a) nh ngha:
Knh hin vi l mt dng c quang hc b tr cho mt lm tng gc trng
nh ca nhng vt nh, vi bi gic ln ln rt nhiu so vi bi gic
ca knh lp.
b) Cu to: C hai b phn chnh:

- Vt knh O1 l mt thu knh hi t c tiu c rt ngn (vi mm), dng
to ra mt nh tht rt ln ca vt cn quan st.
- Th knh O2 cng l mt thu knh hi t c tiu c ngn (vi cm), dng
nh mt knh lp quan st nh tht ni trn.
Hai knh c trc chnh trng nhau v khong cch gia chng khng i.
B phn t sng dng chiu sng vt cn quan st.
d) bi gic ca knh khi ngm chng v cc:
- Ta c:
1 1 1 1
2 2 2
A B A B
tg
O F f
o = = v tgo =
AB

Do :
1 1
0 2
A B tg
G x
tg AB f
o
= =
o
(1)
Hay
1 2
G k G
=
bi gic G ca knh hin vi trong trng hp ngm chng v cc bng tch ca phng i k1
ca nh A1B1 qua vt knh vi bi gic G2 ca th knh.
Hay
1 2
.
G
f .f
o
= Vi: o =
/
1 2
F F gi l di quang hc ca knh hin vi.
Ngi ta thng ly = 25cm


KNH THIN VN
a) nh ngha:
Knh thin vn l dng c quang hc b tr cho mt lm tng gc trng
nh ca nhng vt rt xa (cc thin th).
b) Cu to: C hai b phn chnh:
- Vt knh O1: l mt thu knh hi t c tiu c di (vi m)
- Th knh O2: l mt thu knh hi t c tiu c ngn (vi cm)
Hai knh c lp cng trc, khong cch gia chng c th thay i
c.
c) bi gic ca knh khi ngm chng v cc:
- Trong cch ngm chng v cc, ngi quan st
iu chnh nh A1B2 v cc. Lc
1 1
2
A B
tg
f
o = v
1 1
0
1
A B
tg
f
o =
Do , bi gic ca knh thin vn khi ngm chng v cc l :
1
0 2
f tg
G
tg f
o
= =
o

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H thng cng thc Vt l 11 [1]

Nguyn Th Hip Kinh t Quc dn D: 01639 487 202; mail: Thehiep95@gmail.com

cng phng, cng chiu vi E

cng phng, ngc chiu vi E

: c trng cho kh nng bin i in nng thnh c nng, ho nng, .. . ca my thu in v gi l

.I: cng sut c ch;

;rP) th nh lut m tr thnh:

ta mot dcm duoc xac d}nh:

duoc xac d}nh

la lu c tu ta c dung lcn cac canh IA va C.

la luc tu tac dung lcn cac canh A, C, CI, IA

nam trong go han nhin ro cua ma t: d1 + d1

duoc gh trcn vanh knh: X2,b ; Xb.

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