ID T Ngha Gii thch

1 Abatement cost Chi ph kim sot; chi ph

chng ( nhim)
Chi ph lm gim s kh chu nh nhim hay tc ng.
2 Ability and earnings Nng lc v thu nhp Thc o v kh nng v trnh (hc vn) c tng quan cht ch vi
nhau, lm tng kh nng l phn ln li tc c c tnh do gio dc trn
thc t cng chnh l li tc do nng lc
3 Ability to pay Kh nng chi tr.
4 Ability to pay theory L thuyt v kh nng chi tr Mt l thuyt v cch nh thu theo gnh nng v thu nn c phn
b theo kh nng chi tr; v mt h thng thu kiu lu tin, t l hay lu
thoi, tu thuc vo thc o c s dng v dc gi nh ca th
tho dng bin ca thu nhp.
5 Abnormal profits Li nhun d thng Xem SUPER-NORMAL PROFITS
6 Abscissa Honh Gi tr trn trc honh (trc X) ca mt im trn th hai chiu.
7 Absenteeism Trn vic, s ngh lm khng
c l do
S ngh lm, mc d cc iu khon ca hp ng lao ng yu cu ngi
lao ng phi i lm v hp ng vn cn gi tr.
8 Absentee landlord a ch (ch bt ng sn)
cch bit
Ngi ch s hu t hoc nh sng mt ni xa bt ng sn ca mnh,
thu tin thu v qun l vic kinh doanh ca mnh thng qua trung gian hay
ngi i din.
9 Absolute advantage Li th tuyt i. Xem Comparative Advantage.
10 Absolute cost advantage Li th nh ph tn tuyt i. Mt khi nim cp ti nhng li th ca cc hng thit lp, v th cc
hng ny c th duy tr chi ph trung bnh thp hn so vi cc hng mi
nhp ngnh khng ph thuc vo mc sn lng. (Xem Barriers to entry)
11 Absolute income
hypothesis
Gi thuyt thu nhp tuyt i. Gi thuyt ny cho rng cc chi ph cho tiu dng (C) l mt hm s ca
thu nhp kh dng ca c nhn (Yd): C = C (Yd).
12 Absolute monopoly c quyn tuyt i. Xem Monopoly.
13 Absolute prices Gi tuyt i. Gi o bng tin ngc vi vi gi tng i. l gi ca cc hng ho,
dch v c biu din trc tip di dng s lng ca n v tin t.
Xem Price
14 Absolute scarcity Khan him tuyt i . Xem Scarcity
15 Absolute value Gi tr tuyt i. Gi tr ca mt bin b qua du ca n.
16 Absorption approach Phng php hp thu. Phng php phn tch tc ng ca s ph gi hoc gim t gi hi oi
ca mt nc i vi cn cn thng mi.
17 Abstinence Nhn chi tiu. Mt thut ng miu t s cn thit gim bt tiu dng hin ti tch lu t
bn.
18 Accelerated depreciation Khu hao nhanh, khu hao gia
tc.
Xem DEPRECIATION
19 Accelerating inflation Lm pht gia tc. S tng vt t l lm pht. Nu chnh ph c gi t l tht nghip di mc
t l tht nghip t nhin th vic s dn ti lm pht gia tc.
20 Accelerator Gia s Xem Accelerator principle.
21 Accelerator coefficient H s gia tc. Mt bi s theo u t mi s tng ln khi c s thay i v sn lng.
22 Accelerator effect Hiu ng gia tc.
23 Accelerator principle Nguyn l gia tc. Nguyn l cho rng mc u t rng ph thuc vo mc thay i d kin
v sn lng.
24 Acceptance chp nhn thanh ton. Hnh vi chp nhn mt hi phiu do c nhn hay c quan nhn hi phiu
thc hin, bao gm k hi phiu v thng k trn mt hi phiu.
25 Accepting house Ngn hng nhn tr. Mt trong s cc NGN HNG THNG MI c tr s ti London, vi
mc ch thu tin hoa hng ngn hng ny nhn tr cc hi phiu, ngha l
chp nhn thanh ton chng khi o hn.
26 Accesion rate T l gia tng lao ng. S lng nhng ngi thu mi mi thng tnh theo t l phn trm tng s
vic lm do B lao ng M thng k.
27 Accesions tax Thu qu tng. Thu nh vo qu tng v ti sn tha k.
28 Access/space trade - off
model
M hnh nh i khng gian
hay m hnh tip cn.
Mt m hnh l thuyt c s dng (ch yu) trong phn tch a im
dn c cc vng th, gii thch cc hnh thi v tr do nh i gia kh
nng tip cn ca mt a im ti trung tm ca vng v khng gian ca
a im .
29 Accommodating
monetary policy
Chnh sch tin t iu tit. Xem VALIDATED INFLATION
30 Accommodation
transactions
Cc giao dch iu tit. Trong CN CN THANH TON, mt loi giao dch t bn do CC C
QUAN TIN T p dng hoc iu hnh lm i trng li tnh trng tn
dng hoc tnh trng n nn ny sinh trong cc GIAO DCH T NH.
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31 Account Ti khon. 1.Mt ghi chp giao dch gia hai bn giao dch c th l hai b phn ca
mt doanh nghip v l yu t c bn trong tt c cc h thng giao dch
kinh doanh. 2.Cc giai on, thng l hai tun, theo nm kinh doanh
ca S CHNG KHON LONDON c chia ra v qua cc giai on
ny, vic thanh ton cc giao dch tr giao dch chng khon vin vng
c tin hnh.
32 Accrued expenses Chi ph pht sinh (tnh trc). Thng mc trong ti khon ca mt cng ty c ghi nh mt khon n
ca cc dch v s dng nhng cha c thanh ton.
33 Achieving Society, the. X hi thnh t. y l tiu ca mt cun sch do gio s David C. Mc. Clelland ca
trng i hc Harvard (Princeton, NJ, 1962) xut bn, trong ng nh
ngha khi nim ng c thnh t o ngh tng tng v mc
ca cc tng mi m ng coi l nhn cch cn thit i vi cc CH
DOANH NGHIP v v vy c ngha i vi S PHT TRIN KINH
T.
34 Across-the-board tariff
changes
Thay i thu quan ng lot. Mt tnh hung khi tt c thu quan ca mt nc c tng hoc gim
theo t l phn trm ngang bng.
35 Action lag tr ca hnh ng. Mc tr gia vic quyt nh mt chnh sch (c bit trong kinh t hc
v m) v vic thc hin chnh sch .
36 Active balance D nghch. Trong l thuyt tin t, mt vi m hnh gi thit chia mt cung ng tin t
thnh D NGHCH, l tin d tr c a vo quay vng trong cc
thi k c xc nh bi cc khong thi gian gia cc k thanh ton, v
NGHCH NHN RI l tin d tr khng c s dng thanh ton
thng xuyn.
37 Activity analysis Phn tch hot ng. Xem LINEAR PROGRAMMING.
38 Activity rate T l lao ng. Xem LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE.
39 Adaptive expectation K vng thch nghi; k vng
phng theo
S hnh thnh k vng v gi tr tng lai ca mt bin s ch da trn cc
gi tr trc ca bin lin quan.
40 Adding up problem Vn cng tng. Xem EULER'S THEREM
41 Additional worker
hypothesis
Gi thuyt cng nhn thm
vo.
Theo lp lun ny, thu nhp thc t ca gia nh gim trong thi k suy
thoi theo chu k s gy ra HIU NG THU NHP.
42 Addition rule Quy tc cng. Mt quy tc xc nh O HM ca mt hm i vi mt bin s,
trong hm ny bao gm php cng tuyn tnh ca 2 hm ring bit hoc
nhiu hn tr ln ca cc bin.
43 Additive utility function Hm tho dng ph tr. Mt dng hm tho dng : U=Ua +Ub+Uc . Trong U l tho dng
a,b,c ;a hng ho thay th trong cc h thng chi tiu tuyn tnh, cc nhm
hng ho ny khng th thay th cho nhau.
44 Address principle Nguyn l a ch. Trong nn kinh t K HOCH HO nh Lin X trc y, mi mc
tiu chin lc u c mt t chc hoc "a ch" chu trch nhim thc
hin mc tiu
45 Adjustable peg regime Ch iu chnh hn ch.
46 Adjustable peg system H thng neo t gi hi oi
c th iu chnh.
H thng ny c qu tin t quc t (IMF) a ra ti hi ngh Bretton
Woods v cp n mt b T GI HI OI C NH hay c
"neo" m v c bn l c nh nhng cho php iu chnh hoc thay i vi
lng nh theo c 2 hng.
47 Adjustment cost Chi ph iu chnh sn xut.
48 Adjustment lag tr iu chnh. Thi gian cn thit mt bin, v d nh DUNG LNG VN, iu
chnh theo nhng thay i trong cc yu t quyt nh ca n. (Xem
PARTIAL ADJUSTMENT, CAPITAL STOCK ADJUSTMENT
PRINCIPLE).
49 Adjustment process Qu trnh iu chnh Thut ng chung ch cc c ch iu chnh hot ng trong nn kinh t th
gii nhm loi b nhng mt cn i trong thanh ton vi nc ngoi.
Nhng c ch lin quan n BN V VNG, CH BN V HI
OI, THA S NGOI THNG, T GI HI OI TH NI.
50 Administered prices Cc mc gi b qun ch. Cc mc gi c hnh thnh do quyt nh c thc ca c nhn hay
hng no ch khng phi do cc yu t tc ng ca th trng.
51 Administrative lag tr do hnh chnh Mt trong nhng tr v thi gian nh hng n hiu lc ca mt
CHNH SCH TIN T. l khong thi gian t lc cc c quan c
thm quyn nhn thy cn c hnh ng n khi tin hnh thc s hnh
ng .
52 Advalorem tax Thu theo gi tr. Mt loi thu da trn gi tr giao dch. thng l t l phn trm khi
gi bn l, s, hay qu trnh sn xut, v l dng ph bin ca THU
DOANH THU.
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53 Advance Tin ng trc. Mt khon vay hoc da vo lung tin xc nh hoc d kin. (Xem
BANK LOAN).
54 Advance Corporation
Tax (ACT)
Thu doanh nghip ng trc. L mt khon ng trc THU DOANH NGHIP v c ghi vo ti
khon bn n ca doanh nghip i vi loi thu ny. l mt phng
tin c th thu thu doanh nghip sm hn.
55 Advance refunding Hon tr trc. K THUT QUN L CNG N mi c chnh ph lin bang, cc
chnh quyn a phng v tiu bang ca M s dng.
56 Advanced countries Cc nc pht trin, cc nc
i u.
57 Adverse balance Cn cn thm ht. THM HT CN CN THANH TON.
58 Adverse selection La chn tri ; La chn theo
hng bt li.
Vn gp phi trong nghnh bo him.
59 Advertising Qung co. Hot ng ca mt hng nhm thc y vic bn sn phm ca mnh, mc
tiu chnh l tng s lng ngi tiu dng thch nhng sn phm ca hng
hn nhng hng khc.
60 Advertising - sale ratio T l doanh s-qung co. T l chi ph qung co ca cc hng trn tng doanh thu bn hng.
61 AFL-CIO Xem AMERICAN
FEDERATION OF LABOR.
62 Age-earning profile Biu quan h thu nhp theo
tui
Mi quan h gia thu nhp v tui. Biu din qu trnh thu nhp theo tui
n gin nht l mt ng nm ngang i t s 0 n tui ri trng
hc, khong cch ca cc bc c quyt nh bi trnh hc vn.
63 Agency for International
Development
C quan pht trin quc t. Xem INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION AGENCY
64 Agency shop Nghip on. Yu cu cng nhn tham gia tuyn dng khng phi gia nhp cng on
nhng phi ng cng on ph.
65 Agglomeration
economies
Tnh kinh t nh kt khi. Cc khon tit kim chi ph trong mt hot ng kinh t do cc x nghip
hay cc hot ng gn v tr ca nhau.
66 Aggregate concentration S tp trung gp. Biu chi tit v S LNG CA SN PHM QUC GIA RNG c
th c mua mi mc gi chung.
67 Adverse supply shock C sc cung bt li.
68 Aggregate demand Cu gp; Tng cu
69 Aggregate demand
curve
ng cu gp; ng tng
cu
70 Aggregate demand
shedule
Biu cu gp; Biu tng cu
71 Aggregate expenditure Chi tiu gp. L tng s chi tiu danh ngha cho hng ho v dch v trong mt nn kinh
t.
72 Aggregate income Thu nhp gp; Tng thu nhp Xem INTERNATION INCOME
73 Aggregate output Sn lng gp. Xem INTERNATION INCOME
74 Aggregate production
function
Hm sn xut gp. Mi quan h gia lu lng sn lng trong ton nn kinh t (Y), tng lc
lng lao ng (L) v tng lng vn (K), cc u vo tham gia trc tip
vo sn xut. Hm ny c th c m rng bao hm c T AI v
CNG NGH VI danh ngha l u vo.
75 Aggregate supply curve ng cung gp; ng tng
cung.
76 Aggregation problem Vn v php gp. Vn xc nh hnh vi kinh t v m c th t d bo t hnh vi ca cc
n v kinh t vi m ni bt.
77 Agrarian revolution Cch mng nng nghip. Tnh hung trong sn lng nng nghip tng ln r rt nh nhng thay
i v t chc v k thut.
78 Agricultural earnings Cc khon thu t nng nghp. Khon thu t nng nghip thng kh nh lng, c bit trong nn nng
nghip t tc hoc nhng ni thu nhp pc tr bng hin vt ngha l
nng sn.
79 Agricultural exports Nng sn xut khu Cc sn phm nng nghip lm ra xut khu ch khng phi cho mc
ch t cung t cp hay cho th trng trong nc
80 Agricultural lag tr ca nng nghip L thi gian gia sn xut nng nghip thc t v sn xut nng nghip
tim nng CC NC ANG PHT TRIN.
81 Agricultural livies Thu nng nghip. Xem EC Agricultural levies.
82 Agricultural reform Ci cch nng nghip. Mt trong nhng hn ch i vi PHT TRIN KINH T l vic s dng
cc bin php s khai, khng hiu qu trong nng nghip. Cc ngnh
nng thn nhng nc km pht trin cung cp thc phm ngy ngy
cng tng cho dn c thnh ph. Cc phng php c, th s th km hiu
qu , cn k thut c gii ho hin i th khng thch hp. V vy mt
dng ci cch l p dng loi cng ngh nng nghip thch hp.
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83 Agricultural sector Khu vc nng nghip. Khu vc hoc mt b phn dn s tham gia vo ngh nng, cung cp lng
thc, nguyn liu th nh bng, g cho tiu dng trong nc v xut khu.
84 Agricultural
Stabilization and
Conservation Service
ASCS - Nha n nh v bo
tn nng nghip.
C quan qun l a phng ca CNG TY TN DNG HNG HO
CA M
85 Agricultural subsidies Khon tr cp nng nghip. Khon tin tr cho nng dn vi mc ch khuyn khch sn xut lng
thc thc phm v tr gip thu nhp ca nng dn.
86 Agricultural Wage
Boards
Cc hi ng tin cng trong
nng nghip.
Cc c quan do php lut quy nh mc lng ti thiu i vi nhng
ngi lm nng nghip Anh, x Wales v Scotland cng mt cch chnh
thc nh cc hi ng tin cng.
87 Aid Vin tr Xem FOREIGN AID.
88 Aitken estimator c lng s Aitken. Xem Generalized Least Squares.
89 Alienation S tha ho Thut ng c C.MC s dng miu t tnh trng tinh thn ca cng
nhn trong mt x hi t bn.
90 Allais Maurice (1911) Nh kinh t hc ngi Php c nhn gii thng Nobel v kinh t hc
nm 1988. Allais l mt k s, bng cch t hc v kinh t ch yu trong
thi k c xm chim Php sut Chin tranh th gii th 2, khi ng t
c tip cn vi cc n phm nc ngoi. Mc d vy, ng thnh cng
trong vic t xy dng c nhng nn tng to ln v l thuyt CN
BNG TNG TH HIN I v KINH T HC PHC LI. ng c
coi l ngi cha v ngi dn u tr tu ca trng phi bin hc
Php, sn sinh ra nhiu nh kinh t hc ni ting nh Debreu. Mc cho
xu hng thin v l thuyt mnh m, Allais vn cho rng cc m hnh l
thuyt c xy dng tr li nhng cu hi thc tin v nn c kim
nghim qua thc t. Thnh tch ca ng c nhn gii Nobel ch yu l
thnh tu nghin cu s bn v kinh t hc v ng gp c bn ca ng l
cc cng thc ton hc v i v cn bng th trng v tnh cht hiu qu
ca cc th trng. Nghin cu ca ng v phn tch ng thi v m tin t
v l thuyt ri ro cng rt ni bt. Mi n khi kim tra thc nghim v
hc thuyt tho dng k vng ca VON NEUMANN-MORGENSTERN
ng mi c ni ting, thc nghim c tiu l nghch l Allais. ng
ch ra rng s la chn ca cc c nhn khi c yu cu sp xp mt
cp d n ri ro u sp xp mt cch h thng v lp li (nh cc nghin
cu khc la chn) mu thun vi d on ti a ho tho dng d
kin. Cc cng trnh ca ng l Nghin cu v nguyn l Kinh t -1943
(sau cn c ti bn vi tiu X l Kinh t n thun-1952) v Kinh t
v li nhun(1947).
91 Allen , Sir roy George
Douglas(1906-1983)
1906-1983 ng dy trng kinh t London t nm 1928, lm vic b Ti Chnh
Anh v nm 1944 c phong l gio s thng k hc ti trng i hc
London. Cc n phm ch yu ca ng bao gm: Phn tch ton hc cho
cc nh kinh t hc(1938); Thng k hc cho cc nh kinh t hc(1949);
Kinh t hc thuc ton (1956); Hc thuyt kinh t v m - X l bng ton
hc (1967). Nm 1934 ng c ng gp to ln cho hc thuyt ngi tiu
dng khi ng cho xut bn mt bi bo cng vi J.R.HICKS, bng cch s
dng cc ng bng quan, bi bo ch ra rng gii thch s dc xung
di ca ng cu s l vic gi nh y rng hng ho c th c
phn loi theo th t.
92 Allocate Phn b, n nh
93 Allocation funtion Chc nng phn b Mt b phn ca chnh sch chi tiu v thu ca chnh ph lin quan ti
vic chi phi cung cp hng ho v dch trong mt nn kinh t.
94 Allocative efficiency Hiu qu phn b. Vi sn xut ra t hp sn phm tt nht hay ti u cc sn phm bng cc
kt hp hiu qa nht cc u vo.
95 Allowances and
expences for corporation
tax
Khu tr v chi ph vi
thu cng ty.
Nhng chi ph cho php nht nh khi c khu tr t doanh thu ca cng
ty l phn thu nhp b nh thu.
96 Allowances and
expencess for income
tax
Khu tr v chi ph vi
thu thu nhp.
H thng thu thu nhp bao gm h thng cc khon khu tr v chi ph.
Chng c tr t tng thu nhp xc nh chu thu.
97 Almon lag tr Almon. Mt kiu tr phn phi trong trng s cc gi tr lin tc ca bin s tr
theo sau mt do mt a thc gy ra.
98 Alpha coeficient H s Alpha Xem CAPITAL ASSET PRINCING MODEL.
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99 Alternative technology Cng ngh thay th. Thut ng dng ch kiu cng ngh c mt vi hoc tt c thuc tnh
sau: s dng ti thiu ti nguyn khng ti to c, gy nhim thp nht
i vi mi trng, t cp t tc theo vng hoc theo a phng khng c
s bc lt hoc c lp cc c nhn. (Xem INTERMEDIATE
TECHNOLOGY, APPROPIATE TECHNOLOGY, INTERMEDIATE
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP).
100 Altruism Lng v tha. S quan tm ti phc li ca ngi khc.
101 Amalgamation S hp nht. Xem MERGER.
102 America Depository
Receipt
ADR - Phiu gi tin M. Chng khon m mt ngn hng M thng pht hnh cho cc c dn M,
da vo vic c quan NM GI CC C PHIU thng ca mt cng ty
ngoi quc. Ngi gi ADR c quyn hng c tc ca cng ty ngoi
quc. Bn thn ADR c th trao i c. u im ca vic lm ny l
TH TRNG VN c m rng i vi cc cng ty khng phi ca M
trong khi c th p ng c mong mun ca ngi M v mt loi c
phiu "nng" trao i. (Mt ADR c th c ng trn gi c quyn
vi nhiu chng khon thng).
103 America Federation of
Labuor
ALF - Lin on lao ng M. c thnh lp trong thi k t nm 1881 n 1886, lin on ny tp
trung cc cng on ln M li vi nhau.
104 America selling price Gi bn kiu M. y l mt h thng trong thu quan ca M i vi mt s mt hng
nhp khu c tnh trn c s gi tr ca mt hng thay th trong nc so
vi gi tr ca hng nhp khu. (Xem GENERAL AGREEMENT ON
TARIFFS AND TRADE).
105 American Stock
Exchange
S giao dch chng khon M
(ASE hay AMEX).
S GIAO DCH c t chc ln th hai M, tin hnh mua bn gn 1/10
tng s c phiu c mua bn M. S giao dch l c s vt cht cho
cc giao dch CHNG KHON din ra. S giao dch chng khon M
c t lu v bt u t khi nhng ngi mi gii gp nhau ngoi ph
mua bn cc c phn chng khon. l ngun gc ca mt ci tn khc
ca n :"S giao dch l ng". Tn hiu bng tay c dng thng bo
cho nhn vin giao dch. n tn th k XX, S giao dch chng khon M
mi chuyn vo phng.(Xem STOCK MARKET).
106 Amortization Chi tr tng k. Phng thc thanh ton n trn c s tr dn. Thnh thong chi tr tng k
c s dng nh thut ng thay th cho khu hao.
107 Amplitude Bin Thut ng s dng trong mt CHU K KINH DOANH miu t khong
cch gia im cc i v cc tiu ca bt k chu k no.
108 Amtorg C quan mu dch thng tr
ca Lin X.
C quan ngoi thng ca Lin X trc y. C c quan chi nhnh ti
nhiu nc.
109 Analysis of variance ANOVA - Phn tch phng
sai
Phn chia bin ng tng th trong mt bin s ph thuc (vi bin
ng tng th c nh ngha l tng ca bnh phng ca cc lch so
vi trung bnh ca bin) thnh cc cu thnh c tnh cho bin ng ca
cc bin s ring hay NHM BIn GII THCH v nhng bin khng
c gii thch hay bin ng D/
110 Anarchy Tnh trng v chnh ph. Hc thuyt cho rng cc s kin chnh tr v x hi ca cc c nhn khng
nn b km hm bi bt c s can thip no ca chnh ph. l mt quan
im cc oan hn quan im ch ngha t do, vn cn cho php s dng
quyn lc c ti iu hnh cc hot ng m cc c nhn khng th t
hon thnh mt cch c hiu qu c.
111 Allowance Phn tin tr cp.
113 Anchor argument Lun im v ci neo. Mt trong cc vn lin quan n bin ng t do ca T GI HI
OI l lun im cho rng t gi hi oi t do s lm gim thm ht vi
bn ngoi v v vy tc ot ca cc c quan tin t ci neo (chnh tr)
nhm hn ch tin t m rng. i lp vi lun im ny l vic b chic
neo tin t ca t gi hi oi c nh l mt vic tt v n ch cc tr
nhng nh hoch nh chnh sch mi c bu bng cch khng cho h
hon ton t do vi CHNH SCH TIN T.
114 Animal spirits Tinh thn by n; Tm l ha
theo
Mt cch k gii cho U T phn bc cc m hnh ton hc v chng t
tc dng. Thay vo l phn tch u t bt ngun t thuc tnh lm theo
ca cc ch doanh nghip. Cm thut ng ny c J.M.Keynes s dng
ln u tin trong L THUYT TNG QUT V VIC LM, LI
SUT V TIN (1936). Nhng t c Joan Robinson ph bin
rng ri.
115 Analysis (stats) Phn tch. Risk analysis: phn tch ri ro. Scenario analysis:Phn tch kch bn.
Sensitivity analysis: Phn tch nhy.
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116 Annecy Round Vng m phn Annecy. Vng th hai (1949) ca cuc m phn thng mi theo HIP C
CHUNG V THU QUAN V MU DCH (GATT).
117 Annual allowances Min thu hng nm. Xem CAPITAL ALLOWANCE.
118 Annual capital charge Chi ph vn hng nm. Mt k thut thm nh d n vn c s dng chit khu v cng nhn rng
vic s dng vn i hi tr tin li i vi lng vn s dng v khu
hao. 119 Annuity Nin kim. Li ha tr mt khon no mi thi k trong mt s cc thi k m
khon tr cho mi thi k l c nh.
120 Annuity market Th trng nin kim.
121 Anomaliess pay Tin tr cng bt thng. S ngt qung trong mi lin kt chnh thc gia mc lng ca cc nhm
thng lng khc nhau nh p dng CHNH SCH THU NHP.
123 Anticipated inflation Lm pht c d tnh. Xem EXPECTED INFLATION.
124 Anti-trust Chng lng on. Mt cm thut ng ca M ch h thng php lut nhm kim sot s tng
trng quyn lc i vi th trng ca cc hng. Cm thut ng ny
khng ch lin quan ti chnh sch chng c quyn m c cc hot ng
km hm ca cc hng ring l, cc nhm cng ty hp nht (Trt) v
nhm cc cng ty cng tc (Catel).
125 Appreciation S tng gi tr. Tng v gi tr ca ti sn, i lp li l s mt gi tr. Mt ti sn c th
tng gi tr bi v gi ca n (v do gi th trng ca n) tng do lm pht
hay thay i v cu ti sn dn ti mc khan him. (Xem MONEY
APPRECIATION).
126 Apprenticeship Hc vic. Xem GENERAL TRAINING.
127 Anti-export bias Thin lch / nh kin chng
xut khu.
128 Appropriate products Cc sn phm thch hp. Ni chung c dng ch nhng sn phm thch hp cho s dng cc
nc ang pht trin.
129 Appropriate technology Cng ngh thch hp. Vic ng dng mt cng ngh thch hp vi yu t sn c. (Xem
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY. INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY,
INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP).
130 Appropriation account Ti khon phn phi li. Cc doanh nghip duy tr cc ti khon ny cho thy li nhun sau khi tr
thu c phn phi hay s dng nh th no. (Xem ALLOWANCES
AND EXPENSES CORPORATION TAX, ALLOWANCES AND
EXPENSES INCOME TAX, TAXABLE INCOME.
131 Approval voting B phiu tn thnh; b phiu
ph chun.
Mt dng ra quyt nh trong mi c nhn b phiu cho mt nhm
phng n m ngi tn thnh. (Xem BORDA COUNT, CONDORCET
CRITERION, SOCIAL DECISION RULE. SOCIAL WELFARE
FUNCTION).
132 Apriori Tin nghim. Mt cm thut ng miu t qu trnh suy lun phn on t gi thuyt ban
u cho n kt lun. Phng php ny c th i lp vi cch tip cn da
trn nhng c liu rt ra t thc t quan st.
133 Aquinas St Thomas (1225-1274) Mt hc gi ngi , ng l ngi c ng gp chnh vo t tng kinh t
ca hn lm vin. Xt v kinh t hc, ng tha nhn phn ln hc thuyt
ca Aristotle, bao gm khi nim v gi cng bng. ng cng phn bit
GI C v GI TR, i tng ca rt nhi cch din gii khc nhau.
tng v gi tr hay gi cng bng khng khc hn gi thng thng (cnh
tranh) vn c mt mt hng v gi c a ra vt qu mc gi ny l
s vi phm quy tc o c. Thng mi vn xu xa nhng c bo cha
bi HNG HA CNG CNG. Tng t, ca ci ti sn v hnh ng
ca chnh ph c bin h bi hng ho cng cng. Cho vay nng li b
ch trch l khon thu cho vic s dng tin m khng c gi tr s dng.
Nhng ng gp ch yu ca ng i vi lch s t tng kinh t c bao
qut trong cun SUMMA THEOLOGICA ca ng.
134 Arbitrage Kinh doanh da vo chnh
lch gi; bun chng khon
Mt nghip v bao gm vic mua bn mt ti sn, v d mt hng ho hay
tin t hai hay nhiu th trng, gia chng c s khc nhau hay chnh
lch v gi.
135 Arbitration Trng ti S can thip ca mt bn th ba vo mt TRANH CHP V CNG
NGHIP theo yu cu ca cc bn tranh ci v a ra nhng gi cho vic
gii quyt tranh chp, sau s rng buc c hai bn (Xem CONCILI-
ATION, FINAL OFFER ARBITRATION).
136 Arc elasticity of demand co gin hnh cung ca cu Xem ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
137 ARCH Kim nghim ARCH. ch phng sai ca sai s thay i iu kin t nhin gim, l mt trc
nghim phn bit gia tng quan chui trong iu kin xo trn v
hiu ng ny sinh t s bin i ca xo ng c gi l hiu ng ARCH.
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138 ARCH effect Hiu ng ARCH. Xem ARCH.
139 Aristotle (384-322 BC)-Aristotle (384-
322 trc cng nguyn)
Nh trit hc HY LP, cc cng trnh ca ng bao gm c cc vn kinh
t v trong nhng bi vit ca ng c th thy nhng phn tch v sn xut,
phn phi v trao i. Trong phn tch v trao i, ng phn bit gia gi
tr s dng v gi tr trao i
140 Arithmetic mean Trung bnh s hc. Xem MEAN.
141 Arithmetic progression Cp s cng. Mt dy s hay nhng biu thc i s trong mi thn phn mang mt
mi lin h cng thm i vi mi thnh phn ng trc v sau n.
142 Arrow.KennethJ (1921-). Nh kinh t hc ngi M ng gii Nobel v kinh t hc vi hun tc
John Hicks nm 1972. ng c bit n nhiu nht do cng trnh v cc
h thng CN BNG TNG QUT v trnh by v cc iu kin ton hc
cn thit cho mt h thng nh vy c nghim c ngha v kinh t.
ng cng c cng trnh tin phong v vic ra quyt nh trong nhng iu
kin khng chc chn. Trong cun S LA CHN X HI V CC
GI TR C NHN (1951), ng trnh by kinh t hc phc li vi mt
tnh trng tin thoi lng nan, khi da trn c s nhng gi nh m bo
s t ch ca ngi tiu dng cng thm s hp l, ng chng minh rng
khng th xc nh c s xp hng x hi v cc phng n la chn
tng ng vi s xp hng ca cc c nhn, v nh vy cng khng th a
ra c CHC NNG PHC LI X HI . Chc nng ny lin quan mt
cch tch cc ti la chn c nhn, x hi khng th quyt nh n mun g.
Arrow cng c cng trong vic a vo hc thuyt tng trng gi thuyt
hc qua hnh vi t cch l mt ngun tng nng sut. Cc n phm chnh
ca ng l : Nghin cu trong l thuyt ton hc v d tr v sn xut
(1958); S la chn x hi v cc gi tr c nhn (1951); Cc tiu lun v l
thuyt chu ri ro (1970); Phn tch da trn tng hp (vi F.H.Hahn)
(1971).
143 "A" shares C phiu "A".(C phiu
hng li sau).
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
144 Asiab Development
Bank
Ngn hng pht trin chu . U ban kinh t chu v Vin ng ca Lin hp quc khuyn co thnh
lp ngn hng ny khuyn khch tng trng kinh t v hp tc chu
v Vin ng, thc y kinh t cc nc ang pht trin trong vng.
Ngn hng pht trin chu c thnh lp nm 1966. Ngun vn ban u
l nh ng gp ca cc nc trong khu vc vi s gip ca M, CHLB
c, Anh v Canada.
145 Assessable Income or
profit
Thu nhp hoc li nhun chu
thu.
Xem TAXABLE INCOME, ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES FOR
CORPORATION TAX, ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES FOR
INCOME TAX.
146 Assessable profit Li nhun chu thu. Xem TAXABLE INCOME.
147 Asset Ti sn. Mt thc th c gi tr th trng hoc gi tr trao i, v l b phn cu
thnh CA CI hay ti sn ca ch s hu.
148 Asset stripping Tc ot ti sn. Vic mt cng ty thn tnh bn nhng ti sn ca CNG TY NN NHN
sau khi thu mua. iu ny c th thc hin c mc li nhun ng k
khi ti sn b nh gi thp S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON.
149 Assignment problem Bi ton kt ni. Tn c t cho cu hi liu vic kt ni mt bin chnh sch, v d
CHNH SCH TIN T mt cch duy nht t c mt mc tiu
chnh sch, v d cn cn thanh ton quc t di cc ch v t gi HI
OI c th c hay khng. Kt lun l khng th lm c nh vy.
150 Assisted areas Cc vng c h tr Cc vng trong nc m hot ng kinh t hot ng kinh t c h
tr bi chnh sch chi tiu v thu ca chnh ph. Xem DEPRESSED
AREAS, REGIONAL EMPLOYMENT PREMIUM, REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT GRANT.
152 Association of
International Bond
Dealers
Hip hi nhng ngi bun
bn tri khon quc t.
C quan thnh lp nm 1969, thu thp v cho nim yt li nhun v bo gi
th trng hin hnh vi cc loi pht hnh ca TRI KHON CHU U.
153 Association of South
East Asian Nations
(ASEAN)
Hip hi cc nc ng nam
.
Hip hi c cc B trng ngoi giao Indonesia, Malaysia, Phillipines,
Singapore v Thi Lan thnh lp nm 1967. Mc ch chung ca hip hi l
thc y tng trng kinh t, tin b x hi v pht trin vn ho khu vc
ng Nam .
154 Assurance Bo him xc nh Mt loi bo him lin quan n tnh hung trong bo him cho s kin
khng th trnh khi. iu ny c th do hp ng lin quan ti vic tr
mt khon xc nh vo mt ngy no hoc l v "ci cht" ca ngi
c bo him.
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155 Asset stocks and
services flows
D tr ti sn v lung dch
v.
156 Asymmetric infornation Thng tin bt i xng; Thng
tin khng tng xng.
S khc nhau v thng tin m cc bn tham gia giao dch trn th trng c
c. Xem INSIDER - OUTSIDER MODELS.
157 Asymptote ng tim cn. Gi tr m bin ph thuc ca mt hm tin n khi bin t do tr nn rt
ln hoc rt nh.
158 Asymptotic distribution Phn phi tim cn. PHN PHI XC XUT m mt bin THNG K hng ti khi kch
thc ca mu tin ti v cng. Khi nim rt hu ch trong nh gi cc
c th ca chn mu trong kinh t lng.
159 Atomistic competition Cnh tranh c lp. Mt c cu th trng trong s lng cc hng rt ln, do mi hng
cnh tranh mt cch c lp. (Xem PERFECT COMPETITION).
160 Attribute Thuc tnh. Mt nt c trng hay thuc tnh ca hng ho. Xem CHARACTERISICS
THEORY.
161 Auctioneer Ngi bn u gi. Mt thut ng chung ch nhn vin bn u gi, ti nhng ngi mua
tng lai u vi nhau bng cch t gi, vt u gi s thuc v ngi no
t gi cao nht.
162 Auction markets Cc th trng u gi. Mt th trng c t chc ti gi c c iu chnh lin tc theo bin
i ca cung v cu. Nt c trng c bn ca cc th trng u gi l cc
hng mc hng ho c chun ho, mua bn v danh v s lng
m bo hnh vi cnh tranh.
163 Auctions u gi. Mt kiu th trng trong ngi mua tim tng t gi cho hng ho ch
khng phi n thun tr theo.
164 Augmented Dickey
Fuller test
ADF - Kim nh Dickey
Fuller b sung.
Kim nh ny l mt phin bn ca kim nh Dickey Fuller i vi mt
n v gc khi tiu thc xo ng l tng quan theo chui sau khi xem
xt s khc nhau trong qu trnh tnh khc (DSP).
165 Augmented Phillips
curve
ng Phillips b sung. Vic a bin gi c vo ng Phillips gc dch chuyn hc thuyt mt
cc hiu qu t mt gii thch v tin cng bng tin thnh cch gii thch
theo ngha thc t.
166 Austrian school Trng phi kinh t o. Tn trng phi ny c s dng ch cc nh kinh t hc t Menger,
Wieser v Bohm-Bawerk tr i, h phn ln nghin cu Vin v theo
mt kiu phn tch ring bit.
167 Autarky T cung t cp. Tnh trng trong mt nc t tch khi thng mi quc t bng nhng
hn ch nh thu quan nhm t tc, thng do nguyn nhn lm vic hoc
chnh tr.
168 Autarky economy Nn kinh t t cung t cp
169 Autocorrelation S t tng quan. Xem SERIAL CORRELATION.
170 Automatic stabilizers Cc bin php n nh t
ng.
Cc mi quan h lm gim bin ca bin ng chu k trong mt nn
kinh t m khng cn hnh ng trc tip ca chnh ph.
171 Automation T ng ho. Trong khi c s dng theo nhiu cch, cm thut ng "t ng ho" ni
chung c coi l ng ngha vi vic thay th lao ng bng qu trnh t
ng.
172 Autonomous
expenditure
Khon chi tiu t nh. Cc khon chi tiu c coi l c lp vi mc thu nhp.
173 Induced expenditure Khon chi tiu ph thuc (vo
mc thu nhp).
174 Autonomous
consumption
Tiu dng t nh.
175 Autonomous investment u t t nh.
176 Autonomous investment
demand
Nhu cu u t t nh.
177 Autonomous
transactions
Giao dch t nh Cm thut ng ny c dng trong hc thuyt v CN CN THANH
TON xc nh nhng loi giao dch din ra t pht v l do li nhun
t pha cc hng hoc tho dng c tng t pha cc c nhn .
178 Autonomous variables Cc bin t nh Xem EXOGENOUS VARIABLES.
179 Autoregression T hi quy. S HI QUY ca mt bin s trn gi tr hay cc gi tr tr ca n. Xem
SERIAL CORRELATION AND ARIMA.
180 Availability effects Cc hiu ng ca s sn c. Cc tc ng ca nhng thay i v s lng tn dng c sn, ch khng
phi tc ng thng qua gi, ngha l li sut.
181 Average S trung bnh. Xem MEAN.
182 Average cost Chi ph bnh qun. Chi ph trn mt n v sn lng trong bao gm chi ph ca tt c u
vo (cc yu t sn xut).
183 Average cost pricing nh gi theo chi ph bnh
qun.
Quy tc nh gi cng nhn rng cc hng cng chi ph kh bin vo chi ph
trung bnh trang tri tng chi ph trung bnh ca n.
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184 Average expected
income
Thu nhp k vng bnh qun;
Thu nhp bnh qun d kin.
Xem PERMANENT INCOME.
185 Average fixed costs Chi ph c nh bnh qun. Chi ph c nh trn mi n v sn lng.
186 Average product Sn phm bnh qun. Tng sn lng c c t vic s dng mt tp hp u vo chia cho s
lng ca bt c mt loi u vo no c dng.
187 Average productivity Nng sut bnh qun. Xem PRODUCTIVITY.
188 Average propensity to
consume
Khuynh hng tiu dng bnh
qun.
Phn ca tng thu nhp Y c chi cho tiu dng hng ho hoc dch v C,
thay v u t I.
189 Average propensity to
save
Khuynh hng tit kim bnh
qun.
Phn ca tng thu nhp Y c a vo tit kim S, tc khng c s
dng cho mc ch tiu dng. Khuynh hng tit kim bnh qun bng
S/Y. Xem SAVING FUNCTION, MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO SAVE.
190 Average rate of tax Sut thu bnh qun (sut thu
thc t).
c s dng khi ni v THU THU NHP C NHN nhng cng c
th p dng vi cc loi thu khc. Thng c dng ch tng thu thu
nhp di dng mt phn ca thu nhp.
191 Average revenue Doanh thu bnh qun. Doanh thu trn mt n v sn lng.
192 Average revenue
product
Sn phm doanh thu bnh
qun.
Sn phm doanh thu trung bnh ca mt u vo (yu t sn xut) nhn vi
doanh thu bnh qun.
193 Average total cost Tng chi ph bnh qun Xem AVERAGE COST.
194 Average variable cost AVC-Chi ph kh bin bnh
qun.
CHI PH KH BN trn mt n v sn lng.
195 Averch-Johnson Effect Hiu ng Averch-Johnson. ch s phn ng ti a ho li nhun ca cc hng b kim sot, khi phi
t c t l li tc xc nh v vn c ng lc la chn kt hp u
vo nng v vn hn c th khng c s dng khi khng phi t t l
li tc xc nh .
196 Axiom of completeness Tin v tnh y . Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
197 Axiom of continuity Tin v tnh lin tc. Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
198 Axiom of convexity Tin v tnh li. Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
199 Axiom of dominance Tin v tnh thch nhiu
hn thch t.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
200 Axiom of Tin v s la chn. Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
201 Axiom of prefence Tin v s thch. Trong l thuyt CU CA NGI TIU DNG, cc c nhn c gi
nh l tun th cc nguyn tc v hnh vi duy l v cc tin khc v
hnh vi.
202 Backdoor fancing Cp tin qua ca sau. L tp qun theo c quan chnh ph M vay b Ti chnh M ch khng
yu cu biu quyt ngn sch ca quc hi.
203 Back-haul rates Cc vn ti ngc. Cc ph hay vn chuyn thp hn i vi vn chuyn theo mt hng ny
so vi hng khc.
204 Backstop technology Cng ngh chng cui. Mt cng ngh thay th tr nn kh thi v mt kinh t khi gi ca ti
nguyn THIN NHIN KHNG TH TI TO tng n mt mc no
do s khai thc tng dn.
205 Backward bending
supply curve of labour
ng cung lao ng cong v
pha sau.
Quan h gia cung lao ng, bt lun c xc nh bng cch no, v tin
lng lao ng.
206 Backward intergration Lin hp thng ngun. Xem VERTICAL INTERGRATION.
207 Backward linkage Lin kt thng ngun. Mi lin h gia mt nghnh hay mt hng vi nhng nh cung cp u
vo ca h.
208 Backwash effects Hiu ng ngc. Hiu ng ngc xy ra khi tng trng kinh t mt vng ca mt nn
kinh t c nhng tc ng ngc ti tng trng ca cc vng khc.
209 Bad Hng xu. Mt mt hng hay sn phm gy ra PHN THO DNG i vi ngi
tiu dng. (Xem EXTERNALITY).
210 Bad money drive out
good
"ng tin xu ui ng tin
tt".
Xem GRESHAM'S LAW.
211 Bagehot, Walter (1826-1877). L bin tp vin v ng bin tp vin ca t The Economist t 1860-1877.
ng l nh bnh lun c nh hng ln ng thi v tc phm ca ng
hin vn c trch dn rng ri. Tc phm ni ting nht ca ng l Ph
Lombard: Miu t v th trng tin t(1873).
212 Balanced budget Ngn sch cn i. Thu nhp hin ti ng bng chi tiu hin ti ca CHNH PH.
213 Balanced-budget
multiplier
S nhn ngn sch cn i. T s bin ng thu nhp ca thu nhp thc t so vi bin ng chi tiu
chnh ph khi chi tiu ca chnh ph thu t thu thay i mt lng bng
nhau.
214 Balanced economic
development
Pht trin kinh t cn i. Quan nim cho rng tt c cc thnh phn ca nn kinh t nn c pht
trin mt cch ng thi t c mt dng pht trin cn i. Xem
BALANCED GROWTH, BIG PUSH.
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215 Balanced growth Tng trng cn i. Trong HC THUYT TNG TRNG, iu kin nng ng ca nn
kinh t trong tt c cc bin thc t tng ln lin tc cng mt t l (c
th bng 0, hay m). Xem STAEDY GROWTH.
216 Balance of payment Cn cn thanh ton. Cm thut ng ny c s dng vi hn mt ngha, hai cch din gii ph
bin nht l: "Cn cn thanh ton th trng" v "Cn cn thanh ton k
ton".
217 Balance of trade Cn cn thng mi. Thng ch cn cn mu dch "hu hnh", l bun bn hng ho trong
mt giai on nht nh. Trn thc t cn cn mu dch ch l mt yu t,
cc yu t khc l v hnh trong "Cn cn thanh ton vng lai" m n ch l
mt phn ca ton b CN CN THANH TON ca mt nc.
218 Balance principle Nguyn l cn i. Mt phng php c bn ca k hoch X Vit l k ton s kp bng
gi c hay vt cht.Mc ch ca cn i l m bo s ng b trong cc
k hoch. Cc cn i ny t phc tp hn trong bng cn i LIN
NGNH thc hin vai tr tng t trong lp k k hoch. V ngha ring
xem MATERIALS BALANCE PRINCIPLE.
219 Balance sheet Bng cn i ti sn. Mt bng bo co ti sn ca mt thng nhn hoc mt cng ty vo mt
ngy nht nh.
220 Bancor ng tin bancor (ng tin
quc t).
Mt ci tn c Keynes a ra ch tin t quc t m ng cho rng nn
c to bi mt ngn hng quc t, c s dng thanh ton cc khon
n quc t v mt phn to nn nng lc chuyn ho quc t nhng b phn
i.
221 Balanced GDP GDP c cn i
223 Bandwagon effect Hiu ng on tu Hiu ng nh khi gi c hng ho gim v cu ca mt vi b phn hay
cc c nhn trong cng ng tng, cc c nhn hoc b phn "bt chc"
cch phn ng ny v cng tng cu ca h.
224 Bank Ngn hng Mt trung gian ti chnh huy ng qu gc v c bn thng qua nhng
khon tin c th hon tr theo yu cu hay trong thi gian ngn v dng
ng trc bng khu chi v cc khon vay v bng cc hi phiu chit
khu, nn gi cc khon khc ch yu l tch ti sn ti chnh nh chng
khon khng bun bn c. Mt chc nng quan trng ca ngn hng l
duy tr h thng chuyn i tin bng cch chp nhn tin gi vo ti khon
vng lai v iu hnh h thng chuyn qu bng chuyn sc, chuyn khon
hay chuyn tin in t.Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CNTL,
RETAIL BANKING, WHOLE SALE BANKING.
225 Bank advance Khon vay ngn hng. Mt cm thut ng chung dng cho bt k mt loi vay ngn hng no.
Xem BANK LOAN.
226 Bank bill Hi phiu ngn hng. Theo truyn thng, trn th trng hi phiu London, mt HI PHIU
c chp nhn bi mt NGN HNG NHN THANH TON, MT
NGN HNG THANH TON B TR hay mt nhm cc ngn hng ca
Anh hoc cc ngn hng Dominions hp thnh, thay mt khch hng m
tn dng chp nhn. Xem ACCEPTANCE, DISCOUNT HOUSE.
227 Bank Charter Act o lut Ngn hng. Thng ch o lut ngn hng nm 1844 do chnh quyn ca hun tc
Robert Peel thng qua.
228 Bank credit Tn dng ngn hng. Vic cho vay t h thng ngn hng bng bt k phng thc no:TIN
CHO VAY CA NGN HNG, HI PHIU CHIT KHU hay chng
khon mua. Xem MONEY MULTIPLIER, MONEY SUPPLY, "NEW
VIEW".
229 Bank deposite Tin gi ngn hng. Theo ngi gin n, l cc khon tin gi trong ti khon ngn hng.
Trong thc t chng n gin l nhng ghi chp v tnh trng n ca mt
ngn hng i vi nhng ngi gi, v chng ny sinh t tnh cht ca
ngn hng vi vai tr l TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH.
230 Bank for international
Settlements
Ngn hng thanh ton quc t. Mt nh ch ti chnh lin chnh ph thnh lp u tin vo nm 1930
h tr v iu phi vic chuyn khon thanh ton bi thng chin tranh
th gii th nht gia cc ngn hng quc gia trung ng. Ngn hng ny
cng tp hp v ph bin thng tin v cc ch kinh t v m v cc vn
tin t quc t.
231 Banking panic Cn hong lon ngn hng. Mt tnh hung trong c s mt t tin ca mt hay nhiu ngn hng gy
nn s " x" bt ng v lan rng ca cng chng ti cc ngn hng ni
chung rt tin gi hoc vo nhng lc khi pht hnh lnh phiu t nhn
l ph bin yu cu thanh ton cc hi phiu ny bng phng tin khc.
232 Banking school Trng phi ngn hng Mt tp hp cc kin lin quan n cuc tranh lun v quy tc iu tit
pht hnh giy bc ca ngn hng Anh trong na u th k XIX.
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233 Bank loan Khon vay ngn hng. ch bt c khon ng trc no ca ngn hng, nhung c s phn bit
trong vic cho vay ca ngn hng gia iu kin MC THU CHI v iu
kin cho vay.
234 Bank note Giy bc ca ngn hng. Mt dng tin t pht hnh bi mt ngn hng v v bn cht lm bng
chng "c th thng lng" (ngha l c th chuyn i n gin bng cp
pht) v tnh trng n ca ngn hng i vi mnh gi ca giy bc. Giy
bc ca ngn hng c pht trin t HI PHIU, v v nguyn tc l hi
phiu c th tr "trc tip" (theo yu cu) bng phng tin khc.
235 Bank of England Ngn hng Anh L ngn hng TRUNG NG ca Anh. Do thng nhn London xng
nh mt ngn hng thng mi v c thnh lp theo o lut ca Quc
hi nm 1694.
236 Bank of United State Ngn hng Hoa K. T nm 1791-1811 v t nm 1816-1836 mt s chc nng ngn hng
trung ng M c ln lt do ngn hng th nht th hai thc hin.
Trong mt thi gian khong 30 nm (n khi c o lut ngn hng quc
gia nm 1864) hu nh khng c chc nng ngn hng trung ng M.
Trn thc t, phi n lc c o lut d tr lin bang nm 1913 m mi
c mt ngn hng trung ng thc s.
237 Bank rate T l chit khu chnh thc
ca ngn hng ANH.
Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CONTROL, MONETARY POLICY.
238 Bankruptcy S ph sn. Mt th tc php l trong ti sn ca con n khng tr c n b tch
thu v li ch ca cc ch n ni chung.
239 Bargaining tariff Thu quan mc c; Thu quan
thng lng.
Thu c p t bi mt nc cng c v tr ca n trong m phn
thng mi vi cc nc khc, khi cc nc ny s dng li ha chit khu
thu t c s nhng b trong thng mi.
240 Bargaining theory of
wages
L thuyt thng lng v
tin cng; L thuyt mc c v
tin cng.
Tin cng c c nh trong mt qu trnh thng lng tp th, mt s
dn xp v mt c ch so vi qu trnh iu chnh cung cu chnh thng. L
thuyt thng lng v tin cng ch nhng m hnh ca qu trnh thng
lng p dng cho mi quan h ca s qun l ca cng on vt ra ngoi
m hnh C QUYN SONG PHNG, trong kt qu cui cng ca
thng lng vn cn m h, rt ra mt gii php r rng.Xem
STRIKES, WAGE THEORY.
241 Bargaining unit n v thng lng; n v
mc c.
Mt n v i din cho quyn li ca ngi lao ng trong thng lng
v qun l lao ng M. Cc n v ny c th l rt nh, l cc nhn
vin c tuyn trong mt hng n l hay rt ln, tt c nhng ngi c
tuyn dng trong mt ngnh trn khp t nc. Cc n v thng lng
khc nhau v quy m v c cu.
242 Banks' cash-deposit ratio T s gia tin mt v tin gi
ca ngn hng.
243 Barlow Report Bo co Barlow. Nhng kt qu phn tch ca mt u ban hong gia Anh v s phn b a
l ca ngnh cng nghip Anh v c nh hng mnh m n s pht trin
ca chnh sch khu vc hu cng nghip Chin tranh Anh.
244 Barometric price
leadership
S ch o theo k p gi c. Xem PRICE LEADERSHIP.
245 Barriers to entry Ro cn nhp ngnh Cc yu t y nhng ngi mi nhp ngnh vo mt mc gi khng thun
li so vi cc hng thit lp trong mt ngnh. Chng no cc hng
thit lp t gi mt mc di im ti thiu ca chi ph trung bnh di
hn ca hng tim tng hiu qu nht, cc hng thit lp c th t c
mc siu li nhun v lu di m khng phi lo s v s gia nhp ngnh
mi.
246 Barter Hng i hng. Phng php trao i hng ho v dch v trc tip ly cc hng ho v
dch v khc, khng s dng mt n v k ton hay phng tin trao i
no c.
247 Barter agreements Hip nh trao i hng. Hip nh gia cc quc gia, thng gp kh khn v CN CN THANH
TON, id vi vic trao i trc tip cc lng hng ho
248 Barter economy Nn kinh t hng i hng Nn kinh t m hng ho v dch v c thc hin thng qua vic I
HNG, iu dn ti rt t chuyn mn ho hoc phn cng lc lng
lao ng do yu cu ca s trng lp mun.
249 Base period Giai on gc. Mt thi im c dng tham kho khi so snh vi giai on sau.
250 Base rate Li sut gc. Sau khi bi b nhng hip nh v tin gi v tin vay nm 1971, CC
NGN HNG THANH TON B TR CA ANH p dng tp qun
xc nh v thng bo "li sut gc".Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT
CONTROL.
251 Basic activities Cc hot ng c bn. Xem ECONOMIC BASE.
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252 Basic exports Hng xut khu c bn Tn gi ca cc hng xut khu s ch ca cc nc km pht trin.
253 Basic industries Nhng ngnh c bn. Xem ECONOMIC BASE.
254 Basic need philosophy Trit l nhu cu c bn. L chin lc pht trin c tho lun nhiu trong nhng nm gn y.
Khc vi cc l thuyt tch lu c in, n nhn mnh rng c mt s mc
cn phi u tin. l (1) cung cp cc hng tiu dng c bn nh thc n,
qun o v ch , (2) cc dch v cn thit nh nc, gio dc, y t, (3)
quyn c vic lm vi thu nhp m bo cc nhu cu c bn, (4) c s
h tng p ng cho nhu cu c bn v hng ho v dch v v (5) tham gia
vo qu trnh ra quyt nh. Chin lc ny hng vo sn xut. Trit l
ny c c cc trit gia bo th v cc trit gia cp tin ng h. N cng
vp phi cc ch trch l khng y v khng c g thc s l mi m.
255 Basic wage rates Mc tin cng c bn; mc
lng c bn.
Xem Wage Rate.
256 Basing-point system H thng im nh v c s. Mt cch nh gi trong nhng ngi bn hng khc nhau trong mt th
trng thng nht rng mc gi i vi mt hng ho s c tnh bng
tng gi c nh v mc ph vn chuyn c thng nht lin quan n
khong cch gia ngi tiu dng v im gn nht trong mt s cc a
im c tho thun gi l "cc im nh v c s".
257 Bayesian techniques K thut Bayes. Cc phng php phn tch thng k (bao gm C LNG v SUY
LUN THNG K) trong thng tin trc y c kt hp vi s liu
mu a ra nhng c tnh hay cc gi thuyt kim nghim.
258 Bearer bonds Tri khon khng ghi tn. Mt loi tri khon khng yu cu c chng th chuyn nhng v ngi
gi c quyn s hu hp php.
259 Bears Ngi u c gi xung. Nhng c nhn tin rng gi chng khon hoc tri khon s gim v do
bn nhng chng khon hy vng rng c th mua li mc gi thp hn.
260 Beggar-my neighbour
policies
Chnh sch lm ngho nc
lng ging
Nhng bin php kinh t m mt nc thc hin nhm ci thin tnh hnh
trong nc, thng l gim tht nghip v c nhng tc ng bt li vi
cc nn kinh t khc.
261 Behavioural equation Phng trnh v hnh vi Mt mi quan h ton hc trong mt m hnh kinh t hay kinh t lng,
phn nh s phn ng ca mt c nhn hay mt tp hp cc c nhn i vi
cc khuyn khch kinh t (v d HM TIU DNG).
262 Behavioural
expectations
K vng da trn hnh vi. Mt quan im v s hnh thnh cc k vng da trn cc yu t tm l v
x hi.
263 Behavioural theories of
the firm
Cc l thuyt da trn hnh vi
v hng; l thuyt v hng da
trn hnh vi.
Mt nhm cc l thuyt coi hng nh mt lin minh ca cc phn nhm m
mc ch ca chng vn d mu thun nhau. Xem XEFFICIENCY.
264 Base year Nm gc, nm c s.
265 Benefit-cost ratio T s chi ph-li ch. Xem COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS.
266 Benefit-cost analysis Phn tch li ch chi ph. Xem COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS.
267 Benefit principle Nguyn tc nh thu theo li
ch.
Mt l thuyt truyn thng v NH THU cho rng gnh nng v thu
nn c phn b gia nhng ngi tr thu theo li ch m h nhn c
t vic cung cp hng ho cng cng.
268 Benelux Economic
Union
Lin minh kinh t Benelux. Mt lin minh v hi quan ban u c thit lp do cng c vo nm
1932 gia chnh ph B,Luch Xm Bua v H Lan. T chc hin ti c
thnh lp theo hip nh lin minh kinh t Benelux vo nm 1958.
269 Bentham,Jeremy 1748-1832 Mt nh khoa hc x hi ngi anh
270 Bergsonnian Social
Walfare Funtion
Hm phc li x hi Bergson HM PHC LI X HI Bergson l mt hm gi tr thc m bin s ca
n bao gm cc i lng th hin cc mt khc nhau ca tnh trng x hi,
thng l o tho dng ca mi c nhn hay mi h gia nh.
271 Bernoulli Hypothesis Gi thuyt Bernoulli. Daniel Bernoulli l mt nh ton hc th k XIX a ra mt li gii cho
mt nghch l c ca ngi. Bi ton ny l mt trong s cc bi ton gii
thch ti sao cc c nhn s khng tr mt khon cc ln chi tr chi
xp nga ca mt ng xu.
272 Bertrand's duopoly
Model
M hnh lng quyn ca
Bertrand.
M hnh v mt th trng c hai hng do J.Bertrand a ra nm 1883.
273 Best Linear Unbiased
Estimator
(BLUE)-on s trng tuyn
tnh p nht; (c lng
tuyn tnh khng chch tt
nht)
ON S (C LNG S) ny c PHNG SAI nh nht trong tt
c cc c lng TUYN TNH v cng khng chch (ngha l gi tr k
vng ca n bng vi gi tr tham s thc). Xem GAUSS-MARKOV
THEOREM, ORDINARY LEAST SQUARES.
274 Beta Ch s Beta Ch s tnh s bin ng li tc ca mt c phiu cng vi s bin ng li
tc ca ton b th trng chng khon.
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275 Beveridge Report Bo co Beveridge. Bn bo co v chnh sch x hi ca Anh c nhan "Bo him x hi v
cc dch v lin kt" do Hun tc William Beveridge chun b cho chnh
quyn lin minh thi chin nm 1942.
276 Bias lch. Mc m gi tr k vng ca mt ON S (C LNG S) khc
so vi gi tr tham s thc ca n. Xem (BEST LINEAR UNBIASED
ESTIMATOR).
277 Bid u thu. Mt ngh tr m mt c nhn hay t chc a ra s hu hoc kim
sot ti sn, cc u vo, hng ho hay dch v.
278 Bid-rent function Hm gi thu thu t. Mi quan h ch ra khon tin m mt gia nh hoc hng c th tr s
dng mt mnh t nht nh vi cc khong khc nhau so vi trung tm
ca mt vng th trong khi vn duy tr mc khng i THO
DNG hay L NHUN.
279 Bifurcation Hypothesis Gi thuyt lng cc. Gi thuyt cho rng trong khi mc di do v chi ph TI CHNH
NGOI HI l yu t quyt nh quan trng ti u t trong thi k bng
n tng trng, cn thu nhp gi vai tr quan trng nht khi suy thoi.
280 Big bang V o ln ln. Mt cm thut ng ph bin dng miu t nhng thay i v cc quy
ch London- trung tm ti chnh ca Anh vo thng 10/1986.
281 Big push C y mnh. mt ng gp vo cuc tranh lun din ra vo thp k 1950 v 1960 v
vic tng trng cn i hay khng cn i l ph hp nht cho cc nc
ang pht trin.
282 Bilateral assistance Tr gip song phng. S tr gip hay vin tr da trn mt tho thun trc tip gia hai nc;
khc vi vin tr a phng n t mt nhm cc nc hay t mt t chc
quc t. Xem FOREING AID, TIED AID.
283 Bilateral monopoly c quyn song phng. Th trng trong mt ngi mua n c i mt vi ngi bn n
c. 284 Bilateral trade Mu dch song phng Mu dch, thng l cc ch m phn chnh ph gia hai nc, bng
cch mt nc xut khu mt lng hay gi tr hng ho nht nh sang
cc nc i tc i ly mt lng hay gi tr hng nhp khu tho
thun t nc i tc.
285 Bill Hi phiu. Cng c ngn hn di dng lnh tr yu cu ngi b k
286 Bill broker Ngi mi gii hi phiu. Ngi chuyn chp ni ngi mua v ngi bn hi phiu li vi nhau
ly tin hoa hng. Xem DISCUONT HOUSE.
287 Bill of exchange Hi phiu i ngoi. Hi phiu c rt cp tin cho giao dch ngoi thng.
288 Bills only Ch c nghip v hi phiu. Ch thuyt thnh hnh M nhng nm 1950, cho rng khi tham gia vo
CC NGHIP V TH TRNG M, H THNG D TR LIN
BANG ch tin hnh cc nghip v mua bn hi phiu. iu ny da trn
quan im rng bng cc tp trung vo th trng vn ngn hn, nhng
nghip v ny s t c nh hng d tnh trc i vi kh nng
chuyn hon ca ngn hng vi t xo trn nht i vi th trng ti chnh
ni chung. ng thi nhng thay i din ra vi li sut ngn hn s nh
hng n cc th trng khc thng qua phng tin "thng thng" ca
cc iu chnh danh mc u t ca ngi nc ngoi nm gi.
289 Binary variable Bin nh phn. Mt bin s ch c th c 2 gi tr (v d 0 v 1), thng s dng xc
nh nhng nh hng mang tnh nh tnh hay nh lng trong phn tch
HI QUY. Xem DUMMY VARIABLE.
290 Biological interest rate Li sut sinh hc. Mt gi tr cho li sut trong thuyt tng trng, trong gia tt c ng
TNG TRNG CN I, th TIU DNG theo u ngi co nht t
c v duy tr c bng mt ng trn nng sut vn bin (bng T
L LI NHUN trong CNH TRANH HON HO) bng t l tng
trng khng i ca lc lng lao ng c xc nh bng cch ngoi
sinh. Xem GOLDEN RULE OF ACCUMULATION.
291 Birth rate T sut sinh c nh ngha l s ngi sinh sng st trung bnh trn 1000 dn mi
nm.
292 BIS Ngn hng thanh ton quc t Xem BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
293 Bivariate analysis Phn tch hai bin s Phn tch ch lin quan n hai bin s
294 Black market Ch en Bt c th trng bt hp php no c thnh lp trong mt hon cnh m
thng c chnh ph c nh gi mc ti a hoc ti thiu.
295 Bliss point im cc mn; im hon
ton tho mn
Thng ch CN BNG TIU DNG trong ngi tiu dng hon
ton tho mn i vi hng ho c tiu dng v im ny nm trong
GII HN NGN SCH ca anh ta.
296 Block grant Tr cp c gi Ni chung l mt khon tr cp khng t cc ca chnh ph cp cho chnh
quyn a phng
297 Blue chip C phn xanh Mt cm thut ng ch C PHN hng nht c t ri ro v mt vn.
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298 Blue Book Sch xanh Mt ci tn quen thuc cho n phm ca Cc thng k trung ng bao gm
ng ti nhng ti khon chi tiu v thu nhp quc dn hng nm ca Anh.
299 Blue-collar workers Cng nhn c xanh Ngi lao ng tham gia vo cng vic no m v bn cht l lao ng
chn tay, v cng khc vi cng nhn c trng.(Xem MANUAL
WORKERS)
300 BLUS residuals S d BLUS Cc s d khng chch, tuyn tnh, tt nht v vi mt ma trn hip
phng sai v hng
301 Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen
Von (1851-1914)
Mt nh kinh t hc v chnh khch ngi o. ng l ngi c hoan
nghnh nht trong trng phi o. ng b sung mt phn nh hc thuyt
ca Menger v Wieser v gi tr v gi c, nhng ng pht trin ton din
din bin kinh t trong cng trnh ca mnh v vn v tin li, t tc phm
ny ng c ngi ta gi l "nh t sn C.Mc". Trong cng trnh ny ng
ng thi xc nh lng hng ho, giai on sn xut, tin lng v tin
li. S quan tm c tp trung ch yu vo vn v li. ng gii thch rng,
li sut l s tng tc gia S A THCH THEO THI GIAN v HIU
SUT U T VT CHT. ng a ra 2 l do: mi ngi mong mun
c kh gi hn trong tng lai v h cng nh gi qu thp nhng nhu
cu trong tng lai. C hai iu trn lm gim tho dng bin ca hng
ho tng lai.Bohm-Bawerk gii thch hiu sut u t vt cht di dng
tnh u vit ca phng php sn xut vng trn, v d bt c th dng
cn cu hu hiu hn l bt trc tip bng tay. ng cho rng, S VNG
VO l hiu qa nhng phi chu mc li tc gim dn. S vng vo c
m rng n khi nng sut bin t s ko di cho php cui cng ca qu
trnh sn xut bng li phi tr t c cc khon cho hng ho lng
ca ngi lao ng ko di qu trnh sn xut. Khi nin s vnh vo l c
tnh ca hc thuyt trng phi o v vn, chu rt nhiu tranh ci, v
khng c thc o no r rng v n.
302 Bond Tri khon Mc d n c mt s ngha hp hn v chnh xc hn v mt php l, cm
thut ng ny c dng chung hn v lng lo hn ch bt c chng
khon li sut c nh (n) no, v d: chng khon VIN VNG hay
TRI KHON CNG TY.
303 Bond market Th trng tri phiu Cm thut ng ny miu t bt c ni no hoc s giao dch no, trong
bt k loi tri khon no c chuyn qua tay: v d r nht l S GIAO
DCH CHNG KHON
304 Bonus issue C phiu thng ch c phiu pht hnh bi mt cng ty cho cc c ng hin ti khng
phi dui dng mua vn mi m l VN HO d tr.
305 Book value Gi tr trn s sch Cm thut ng ny dng trong k ton. xc nh gi tr trn s sch ca
mt c phiu, tt c tqi sn ca cng ty c cng li, tt c cng n v n
c tr i, bao gm gi pht mi ca c phiu u i
306 Boom S bng n tng trng GIAI ON M RNG ca CHU K KINH DOANH. Cm thut ng ny
ch p dng vi tc i hng i ln nhanh chng no so vi CHIU
HNG TRNG K.
307 Borda Count Con tnh Borda Mt h thng v s LA CHN TP TH trong mi c tri xp hng
tng v tr trong nhm.(Xem APPROVAL VOTING, CONDORCET
CRITERION, SOCIAL DECISION RULE, SOCIAL WELFARE
FUNCTION)
308 Boulwarism Ch ngha Boulware Qu trnh thng lng tp th v cc iu khon v iu kin tuyn dng
thng l tho hip v nhng b.
309 Bounded rationality Tnh duy l b hn ch. Mt khi nim c H.A.SIMON a ra cho rng mc du cc c nhn c
x theo l tr theo s sp t s thch cho d l hon chnh, nht qun v
kn k, nhng kh nng thu nhp v x l thng tin ca h li b hn ch,
ngha l n b gii hn bi kh nng tnh ton ca tr c con ngi.
310 Bourgeoisie Tng lp trng gi; Tng lp
t sn
Cm thut ng ny c s dng ch mt b phn ca x hi cng
nghip thng th trong cuc cch mng Cng nghip nh ch hng v cc
nh chuyn mn.
311 Box-Jenkins Phng php Box-Jenkins. Mt phng php d bo da trn m hnh CHUI THI GIAN ARIMA.
312 Brain drain (Hin tng) chy mu cht
xm
S di c ca nhng ngui lao ng c trnh v tay ngh t cc nc
ngho sang cc nc giu hn.
313 Branch banking Nhip v ngn hng chi nhnh Vic cung cp cc dch v ngn hng thng qua mng li ngn hng chi
nhnh s hu bi mt cng ty ngn hng.
Page 14
314 Brand loyalty S trung thnh vi nhn hiu S trung thnh v tm l i vi s kt hp biu tng ca mt sn phm
c nhn hiu.
315 Break-even analysis Phn tch im ho vn Chi ph sn xut mt hng ho c th chia thnh hai phn chnh: CHI
PH C NH v CHI PH KH BIN. t quan im ca ngi k ton v
chi ph, s lng doanh thu ti im ho vn l s lng m bo rng tt
c chi ph c nh v kh bin u c trang tri mc gi bn c th.
316 Break-even level of
income
Mc ho vn ca thu nhp Mt im ti chi tiu cho tiu dng ng bng thu nhp nh c minh
ho ti im m HM TIU DNG ct ng 45 trong M HNH
THU NHP CHI TIU. (Xem CONSUMPTION FUNCTION)
317 Bretton Woods Khu du lch New Hampshire M, ti y Hi ngh ti chnh ca Lin hp
quc c t chc vo nm 1944 tho lun vn thanh ton quc t
sau chin tranh.
318 Bretton Woods system H thng Bretton Woods. Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
319 Brooker Ngi mi gii. mt ngha hp l ngi trung gian chp ni ngi bn v ngi mua vi
nhau, hoc ngi hot ng nh mt i in cho ngi ny hay cho
ngi kia, tin hnh mt giao dch mua bn v nhn tin th lao hoa hng
hay mi gii. Tuy nhin, my s trng phi khi nim ny ch ngi
mua hoc ngi bn gc, d cch dng ny xut pht t giai on ban u
ca ngi mi gii thc s.
320 Brokerage Hoa hng mi gii. Mt khon tin c yu cu bi mt ngi mi gii v thc hin vic
mua bn thay mt mt khch hng.
321 Brookings model M hnh Brookings M hnh ny c s dng phn tch cu trc ca CHU K KINH
DOANH v cho nh gi CHNH SCH TIN T, TI CHNH v
TNG TRNG KINH T. M hnh nh du mt bc quan trng trong
vic thng nht nhiu thnh phn khc nhau ca nn kinh t thnh mt quy
m ln nhng qun l c, y l mt ct mc trong vic pht trin cc
m hnh kinh t lng.
322 Brussels, Treaty of Hip c Brussels Mt hip c h tr ln nhau gia Anh, php v cc nc Benelux k nm
1948. Hip c c xem nh mt bc tin trong nh hng hi nhp
ca chu U i trc Hip nh Roma (1957) v s khi u ca CNG
NG KINH T CHU U (EEC), ngy nay l cng ng CHU U
(EC).
323 Brussels, Treaty of Hip c Brussels (c bit
n nh hip c B sung)
Xem EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
324 Brussels conference Hi ngh Brussels. Hi ngh tin t quc t c t chc Brussel nm 1920 di s bo tr
ca cc nc ng minh, nu ln vn n nh ngoi hi. Xem GENEVA
CONFERENCE.
325 Brussels Tariff
Nomenclature
Biu thu quan theo Hip nh
Brussels
S phn loi tiu chun hng ho, c chp nhn bi a s cc nc trn
th gii, v nhng mc ch v thu quan.
326 Buchanan, James M. (1919-) Nh kinh t hc ngi M t gii Nobel v kinh t hc nm 1986 v
nhng ng gp ca ng i vi l thuyt ra quyt nh chnh tr v S
LA CHN CNG CNG. Trong khi l thuyt kinh t truyn thng c
th l gia cch thc NHNG NGI TIU DNG v cc nh sn xut ra
quyt nh v mua hng ho v CC YU T SN XUT,l thuyt ny
li khng cp ti vic a ra quyt nh kinh t trong KHU VC CNG
CNG. B nh hng bi M HNH TRAO I T NGUYN CA
WICKSELL, Buchanan coi din bin chnh tr nh mt phng tin hp
tc t c nhng li th c i c li. ng thi v kt qu ca qu
trnh ny s ph thuc vo "lut chi", do Buchanan nhn mnh tm
quan trng ca s la chn nhng quy tc t chc ny: Kt qu c th ca
cc chnh sch u c th on c v c nh trc bi chnh cc quy
tc trn. Buchanan c hn 20 cun sch v 300 bi bo c xut bn.
327 Budget Ngn sch. Mt ngn sch c 3 b phn l B PHN PHN B, B PHN PHN
PHI v B PHN T N NH. Chng c kt thnh mt ngn sch
v nhng l do v phng din qun l. Mi b phn i hi c phng
php qun l ring ca n.
328 Budget deficit Thm ht ngn sch. Chi tiu hin ti vt thu nhp hin ti. Thng c s dng nhiu nht
c miu t tnh trng trong thu nhp ca chnh ph, thu t thu
khng trang tri chi tiu ca chnh ph.
329 Budget line ng ngn sch Mt ng trong Khng gian hng ho ch ra nhng t hp m ngi tiu
dng c th mua c mc thu nhp nht nh.
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330 Budget surplus Thng d ngn sch. Thu nhp hin ti vt chi tiu hin ti. Thng c s dng nhiu nht
c miu t tnh trng trong thu nhp ca chnh ph, thu t thu
vt chi tiu ca chnh ph.
331 Budgetary control Kim sot ngn sch Mt h thng qua kim tra c tin hnh i vi cc ngun thu v chi
cho cc mc tiu c nh ra trong ngn sch. Mc ch l khm ph xem
kt qu chch hng mc tiu mc no c nhng hnh ng vo
thi gian thch hp nhm a cc lung ph hp vi mc tiu mong mun.
332 Budget shares T phn ngn sch.
333 Buffer stocks Kho m, d tr bnh n Cc lng hng ho c d tr khc phc bin ng gi c i vi cc
mt hng c bn.
334 Building society Ngn hng pht trin gia c Mt nh ch ti cnh chp nhn cc qu di dng "c phn" v tin gi
cho ch s hu vay li hu nh ton b mua nh hoc cn h.
335 Built-in stabililizers Cc chnh sch, cng c n
nh ni to.
Xem AUTOMATIC STABILIZERS
336 Bullion Thoi Kim loi qu nh vng hoc bc c gi vi s lng ln di dng thi
hay thanh. Thoi vng c dng giao dch tin t gia cc quc t gia
cc ngn hng v chnh ph.
337 Bulls Ngi u c gi ln. Cc c nhn tin rng chng khon hoc tri khon s tng gi v do mua
chng v hy vng c th bn vi gi cao hn sau . Ngi u c gi
xung gi l NGI BN KHNG.
338 Bureaucracy, economic
theory of
L thuyt kinh t v h thng
cng chc.
M hnh ny gi nh rng cc c quan nh nc s c x nh nhng tc
nhn ti a ho ngn sch. Ngn sch ln hn cho php cc cng chc tho
mn thch ca mnh v lng, chc tc, bo m vic lm v nhng li
ch phi tin t nh quyn lc, danh ting v c hi phn b cc hp ng.
339 Bureaux Vn phng Trong HC THUYT KINH T V S QUAN LIU, nhng t chc phi
li nhun c ti tr, t nht mt phn t tr cp nh k v cung ng mt
tng sn lng i ly mt ngn sch ch khng phi nhng n v sn
phm theo gi.
340 Business cycle Chu k kinh doanh. Xem TRADE CYCLE.
341 Business performance Kt qu kinh doanh. Mc ti mt nghnh t c kt qu hay mc tiu m cc hng
thnh vin theo ui. Xem STRUCTURE - CONDUCT -
PERFORMANCE - FRAMEWORK).
342 Business risk Ri ro kinh doanh Xem CORPORATE RISK.
343 Buyer concertration S tp trung ngi mua. ch mc m tng giao dch trn mt th trng b thng tr bi mt
vi ngi mua ln nht.
344 Buyers' market Th trng ca ngi mua. Mt th trng c c trng l d cung, trong ngi bn v vy phi gp
kh khn khi bn tt c sn phm ca h theo gi d kin.
345 Caculus Gii tch. Mt php tnh ca nghnh ton hc lin quan n vic tnh ton cc o
hm hay tch phn.
346 Call money Khon vay khng k hn. Cc khon tin m cc NGN HNG CHIT KHU vay t cc ngn hng
thanh ton b tr v ngn hng khc London v chng c s dng
gi cc danh mc u t ti sn. Rt nhiu khon tin gi ca cc ng tin
Chu u cng dng ny.
347 Call option Hp ng mua trc. Mt hp ng cho php la chn mua c phiu vo mt ngy trong tng
lai gii hn c nh trc. Xem PUT OPTION, OPTION.
348 Cambridge Equation Phng trnh Cambridge Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.
349 Cambridge school of
Economics
Trng phi kinh t hc
Cambridge
Mt nhm cc nh kinh t hc b nh hng ca nhng bi vit v mi lin
h vi A.MARSHALL.
350 Cambridge theory of
Money
L thuyt tin t ca trng
phi Cambridge.
Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.
351 CAP Xem COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY.
352 Capacity model M hnh cng nng. M hnh gii thch s t l u t c quan h mt thit vi m hnh GIA
TC v c bit vi m hnh IU CHNH LNG VN.
353 Capacity untilization Mc s dng cng nng L t l sn lng thc t so vi sn lng tin nng. Xem EXCESS
CAPACITY.
354 Capital T bn/ vn. 1)Mt t dng ch mt yu t sn xut do h thng kinh t to ra. 2)Mt
t cng c s dng lm thut ng ch cc ti sn TI CHNH. Xem
FINANCIAL CAPITAL, CAPITAL CONTROVERSY, FINANCE.
355 Capital account Ti khon vn. Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENT.
356 Capital accumulation Tch l vn. Qu trnh tch lu vn qua u t rng dng. Xem GOLDEN RULE OF
ACCUMULATION
357 Capital allowances Cc khon min thu cho vn. Min thu i vi thu cng ty lin quan n chi tiu cho vn ca hng.
Page 16
358 Capital asset Ti sn vn. Mt ti sn khng c mua bn nh mt phn ca cng vic kinh doanh
hng ngy. V d: nh xng, my mc, t ai hoc chng khon.
359 Capital asset pricing
model
M hnh nh gi Ti sn vn. M hnh ra i vo nhng nm 1960 v a ra mt dng c th ca khi
nim chung v s nh i gia ri ro v li tc.
360 Capital budgeting Phn b vn ngn sch. Qu trnh phn b vn c th u t cho cc vn d n.
361 Capital charges Cc ph tn cho vn Cc chi ph m cc cng ty v c nhn a vo ti khon ca h tr li
vn vay, khu hao ti sn v tr n vay. Xem ANNUAL CAPITAL
CHARGE.
362 Capital coefficients Cc h s vn. Xem CAPITAL - OUTPUT RATIO
363 Capital Consumption
Allowance
Khon khu tr cho s dng
t bn.
Mc chnh lch gia tng sn phm quc dn (GNP) v sn phm quc
dn rng trong khun kh hch ton thu nhp quc dn M. Xem NATION
IMCOME
364 Capital Controversy Tranh ci v yu t vn. Mt cuc tranh lun gia trng phi Cambridge (c trung tm ti trng
i hc Cambridge, Anh ) v trng phi tn c in ca vin Cng ngh
Massachusetts (MIT), Cambridge v tnh xc ng ca cc quan im tn
c in v kinh t hc.
365 Capital deepening Tng cng vn. Qu trnh tch lu vn vi tc nhanh hn so vi mc tng trng ca lc
lng lao ng. Xem CAPITAL WIDENING.
366 Capital equipment Thit b sn xut, thit b vn. Xem CAPITAL
367 Capital expenditure Chi tiu cho vn. Chi tiu cho t liu sn xut ca cc hng, chnh ph, cc c quan chnh
ph hay h gia nh, nhm mc ch thay th vn khu hao hay to vn
mi. Xem CAPITAL INVESTMENT.
368 Capital information
(capital formation?)
S hnh thnh vn. Lng b sung vo DUNG LNG VN sau khi khu hao. Xem
INVESMENT.
369 Capital gain Khon li vn. Chnh lc gia gi mua mt ti sn v gi bn li vo mt ngy no m
chnh lch ny l dng.
370 Capital gains tax Thu li vn. Thu nh vo s tng thm ca ti sn
371 Capital gearing T trng vn vay Xem GEARING.
372 Capital goods T liu sn xut, hng t liu
sn xut.
Xem CAPITAL.
373 Capital intensity Cng vn. T s vn so vi lao ng c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut. Xem
PRODUCTION FUNCTION.
374 Capital - intensive (ngnh) da nhiu vo vn; s
dng nhiu vn.
Mt k thut sn xut A c coi l s dng nhiu vn hn so vi k thut
tng ng B nu t s vn so vi CC YU T SN XUT khc ca
A ln hn B.
375 Capital - intensive
economy
Nn kinh t da nhiu vo
vn.
Mt nn kinh t trong a s cc k thut sn xut l s dng NHIU
VN.(Xem CAPITAL INTENSITY)
376 Capital-intensive sector Ngnh bao hm nhiu vn Mt ngnh kinh t trong cc k thut sn xut ch yu BAO HM
NHIU VN (Xem CAPITAL INTENSITY, CAPITAL INTENSIVE
TECHNIQUES, APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY).
377 Capital-intensive
techniques
Cc k thut da nhiu vo
vn
Mt phng php sn xut c t trng VN cao hn bt c yu t sn xut
no khc. (Xem CAPITAL, FACTORS OF PRODUC-TION).
378 Capital, marginal
efficiency of
Vn, hiu qu bin ca Xem MARGINAL EFFICIENCY OF CAPITAL
379 Capitalism Ch ngha t bn Mt h thng chnh tr, x hi v kinh t, trong phn ln l ti sn bao
gm ti sn vn c s hu v kim sot bi cc c nhn.(Xem MARKET
ECONOMY, MIXED MARKET ECONOMY AND FREE
ENTERPRISE).
380 Capitalization T bn ho, vn ha Tng s v c cu VN c phiu ca mt cng ty
381 Capitalization issue C phiu khng mt tin Xem BONUS ISSUE
382 Capitalization rates T l vn ho Mt khi nim lin quan n t trng ca mi loi c phiu hay vn n
trong mt cng ty so vi tng VN C PHN trn th trng ca n.
383 Capitalized value Gi tr c vn ho Tr gi c nh cho mt ti sn theo mc li nhun hin ti v li sut th
trng hin hnh.
384 Capital-labour ratio T s vn/ lao ng T s m LAO NG v VN c kt hp trong qu trnh sn
xut.(Xem INVESTMENT).
385 Capital loss Khon l vn Xem CAPITAL GAIN
386 Capital market Th trng vn L th trng, hay ng hn l mt nhm cc th trng lin quan ti nhau,
trong , vn dng ti chnh (tin t) c em cho vay, vay hoc "huy
ng" vi cc iu kin khc nhau v trong thi hn khc nhau.(Xem
TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES).
387 Capital movements Cc lung di chuyn vn Cc lung vn quc t c th c c nhn hay chnh ph tin hnh
Page 17
388 Capital-output ratio T s vn-sn lng T l ca lng vn trn sn lng m vn to ra. (Xem
INCREMENTAL CAPITAL- OUTPUT RATIO).
389 Capital rationing nh mc vn c dng xc nh mt tnh hung, trong s hn hp ngn sch v
lng tin sn c cho u t v cc d n trn mc rng buc th trng
thng thng c quyt nh bi mi lin h gia chi ph vn v li tc
d kin.
390 Capital requirements Cc yu cu v vn Vic c tnh cc yu cu v vn l cn thit xc nh T S VN GIA
TNG SN LNG, tc l mi lin h gia u t v tng thu nhp nh
u t .
391 Capital- reversing Thay i k thut sn xut Vic p dng mt phng php sn xut khi gi tr ca lng vn lin quan
v t sut li nhun cng tng ln.
392 Capital services Cc dch v vn Lung dch v qua thi gian bt ngun t dung lng vn thit b (Xem
CAPITAL).
393 Capital stock Dung lng vn Tng s T LIU SN XUT trong mt nn kinh t.(Xem CAPITAL
CONTROVERSY)
394 Capital Stock
Adjustment Principle
Nguyn l iu chnh dung
lng vn
Mt l thuyt cho rng mc U T RNG l mt phn chnh lch gia
DUNG LNG VN mong mun v dung lng vn thc t, n phn nh
kh nng iu chnh khng hon ho ti mt mc ti u trong bt c
khong thi gian c hn no . (Xem ACCELERATOR PRINCIPLE).
395 Capital structure Cu trc vn Thnh phn VN ca mt cng ty (Xem COST OF CAPITAL)
396 Captital tax Thu vn Xem WEALTH TAX
397 Capital theoretic
approach
Phng php l thuyt qui v
vn
Mt cch tip cn kinh t hc xem tt c cc ngun lc nh VN , ngha l
gi tr hin ti rng ca lung thu nhp tng lai ca chng.
398 Capital theory L thuyt v vn Xem CAPITAL CONTROVERSY
399 Capital transfer tax Thu chuyn giao vn Thu nh vo vic chuyn giao TI SN p dng Anh t nm 1974
thay th THU BT NG SN v c t tn li l thu tha k nm
1986.Thu chuyn giao vn bao gm thu qu tng cho sut i v thu
tha k.
400 Capital turnover
criterion
Tiu chun quay vng vn Mt tiu chun u t c xut t lu s dng CC NC
ANG PHT TRIN. xut ny cho rng cc d n c la chn ph
hp vi T S VN GIA TNG - SN LNG ca chng v nhng d
n c t s thp nht s c u tin.
401 Capital widening u t chiu rng (m rng
vn)
Qu trnh tch lu VN tng cng vi tc gia tng LC LNG LAO
NG T S VN- LAO NG khng i (Xem CAPITAL
DEEPENING)
402 Capitation tax Thu thn Xem POOL TAX.
403 Capture theory L thuyt nm gi. L thuyt v iu tit do Geogre Stigler a ra. V c bn, mt ngnh b
iu tit c th thu li t s iu tit bng cch "nm gi" c quan iu tit
c lin quan.
404 Captive buyer Ngi / Ngn hng b buc
phi mua mt s chng khon
va pht hnh. (Nh nc quy
nh).
405 Carbon tax Thu Carbon Thu nh vo cc nhin liu ho thch nhm gim lng thi CO2
gim s nng ln ca ton cu. Xem EXTERNALITIES,
INTERNALIZATION. 406 Cardinalism Trng phi im ho; trng
phi chia .
Trng phi cho rng THO DNG c th o lng c bng cc
n v s m. Xem CARDINAL UNTILITY.
407 Cardinal utility tho dng im ho;
tho dng, khong cch gia
cc mc tho dng.
C th phn bit hai ngha ca cm thut ng ny.1)t c s dng hn l
tho dng gn vi mt nhm hng ho c th o c mt cch tuyt
i bng n v nh 'util' (mt thut ng c Jevons dng trong thuyt
kinh t chnh tr ca ng nm 1871). 2)c s dng rng ri hn, lin
quan ch n khong cch gia cc mc tho dng.
408 Cartel Cartel Tho thun chnh thc gia cc hng trong mt th trng c quyn nhm
kt hp cc th tc c thng nht v cc bin nh gi c v sn
lng. Xem OLIGOPOLY.
409 Cartel sanctions S trng pht ca Cartel Cc hnh pht p t bi cc thnh vin ca Cartel nhm t c s kt
dnh vi mc tiu chung ca c nhm.
410 Cash Tin mt. Theo ngha chung nht, thut ng ch tin bao gm TIN MT v TIN
GI NGN HNG.
411 Cash balance approach Cch tip cn tn qu. (S d
tin mt).
Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.
Page 18
412 Cash crops Nng sn thng mi; Hoa
mu hng ho/ hoa mu
thng mi.
Cm thut ng ny ch cc loi hoa mu c nng dn trng bn
trn th trng ch khng phi tiu dng trc tip CHO CC MC
CH T CUNG T CP.
413 Cash drainage Tht thot / ht tin mt.
414 Cash flow Lung tin, ngn lu, dng
kim lu.
Tng thu nhp gi li v khon khu hao cn li ca mt hng.
415 Cash flow statement Bn bo co lung tin / ngn
lu.
416 Cash limit Hn mc chi tiu, hn mc
tin mt.
Mt dng kim sot CHI TIU CNG CNG thc hin Anh.
417 Cash ratio T sut tin mt. T s m cc ngn hng duy tr gia s tin mt v tng s tin gi ca
chng, v thnh thong c gi l t l d tr tin mt.
418 Casual employment Cng vic tm thi. Tnh trng c vic lm tm thi m khng c gi lm u dn hay hp
ng lng.
419 Categorical Tr cp chn lc. Xem GRANT
420 Causality Phng php nhn qu. Mt khi nim ny sinh t vic xem xt cc gi nh ni bt ca m hnh
kinh t lng c lng t s hiu chui thi gian m bn cht l khng th
nghim.
421 CBI Xem CONFEDERATION OF BRITISH INDUSTRY.
423 Ceiling Mc trn Gii hn tng sn lng trong thuyt CHU K KINH DOANH. Trn t
c khi tt c cc yu t sn xut t ti mc ton nng.
424 Celler - Kefauver Act o lut Celler - Kefauver. Ban hnh M nm 1950 vi t cch l mt sa i O LUT
CLAYTON. Mc ch ca o lut ny l tng cng php lut chng li
s st nhp phn cnh tranh.
425 Central Bank Ngn hng trung ng Mt c quan c trch nhim kim sot h thng ngn hng v tin t ca
mt nc, mc d c chc ng khc ph thuc vo mi trng v c cu ti
chnh.
426 Central Bank of Central
Banks
Ngn hng trung ng ca cc
ngn hng trung ng.
Xem BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS v
INTERNATIONAL MONETATY FUND.
427 Central business district Khu kinh doanh trung tm. Mt khu vc trung tm cc thnh ph v a s th trn ln c s dng
cho cc hot ng thng mi. Xem ACCESS/SPACE TRADE - OFF
MODEL.
428 Central Limit Theorem. nh l gii hn trung tm. nh l ni rng tng (v trung bnh) ca mt nhm cc bin ngu nhin s
tun theo phn phi chun nu mu chn ln, khng ph thuc vo dng
phn phi m cc bin ring bit c.
429 Central Place Theory L thuyt V tr Trung tm. Xem LOCATION THEORY.
430 Central planing K hoch ho tp trung. Xem PLANNED ECONOMY.
431 Central policy Review
Staff
Ban xet duyt chnh sch trung
ng (CPRS).
Mt vn phng c thnh lp Anh nm 1970 chu trch nhim tin hnh
cc vn chnh sch kinh t chnh cho vn phng ni cc.
432 Central Statical office Cc thng k trung ng Mt cc ca chnh ph Anh c trch nhim thu thp, tng hp xut bn cc
s liu thng k do vn phng chnh ph v cc c quan khng chnh thc
v bn chnh thc Anh cung cp.
433 Certainty equivalence Mc qui i v tt nh. Trong nhng bi cnh RI RO hay khng chc chn, cc bin s s mang
cc gi tr vi t nht 2 c tnh:
434 Certificate of deposit Giy chng nhn tin gi. Mt chng t do mt ngn hng pht hnh chng nhn khon tin gi
ngn hng v l mt li ha tr li khon tin cho ngi cm phiu vo
mt ngy xc nh trong tng lai.
435 CES production function hm sn xut c co gin
thay th c nh.
Xem CONSTANT ELASTICITY OF SUBTITUTION PRODUCTION
FUNCTION.
436 Ceteris paribus iu kin khc gi nguyn Mt cm thut ng la tinh ngha l "mi th khc khng i". Phn tch
kinh t thng tin hnh bng cch xem xt nh hng ca mt vi bin
c lp trong khi cc yu t khc khng i.
437 Chain rule Quy tc dy chuyn. (Quy tc
hm ca hm).
Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt hm vi mt bin s, trong
hm l hm ca mt bin s.
438 Central tendency Xu hng hng tm; Hng
tm.
439 Ceilings and floors Mc trn v mc sn; Mc
nh v mc y.
440 Causation Quan h nhn qu.
Page 19
441 Chamberlin, Edward (1899-1967) Mt nh kinh t ngi M ni ting vi L thuyt cnh tranh c quyn
(1933). Trong l thuyt ny, ng phn tch tnh hnh th trng gia
cnh tranh HON HO v C QUYN c lp vi cng trnh Anh
ca Joaobinson. ng cho rng cc hng cnh tranh vi nhau v cu ni vi
sn phm ca h b tc ng bi s tn ti ca cc hng khc, nhng mi
hng li c mc c quyn no v chng c cc sn phm ring mnh.
Cnh tranh c th di dng cnh tranh sn phm, trong qung co rt
quan trng cng nh i vi cnh tranh bng gi vy. Chanberlin nhn
mnh tnh bin d sn phm i lp vi s khng hon ho ca th trng,
bao gm yu t nh tn nhn mc, cht lng c bit, mu, bao b v dch
v bn hng. Mt trong nhng kt lun ni ln t s phn tch ca ng l
cnh tranh c quyn c th c c trng tha nng lc, mt kt qu b
thch thc v n c v ph thuc vo gi nh rng tt c thnh vin ca
mt nhm hot ng di nhng iu kin chi ph ging nhau.
442 Characteristics theory L thuyt v c tnh sn
phm.
L thuyt ny lin quan ti l thuyt cu tiu dng v cng trnh ca
K.lancaster. tng chnh l nhng ngi tiu dng khng yu cu sn
phm m l c tnh ca sn phm. Xem HEDONIC PRICES.
443 Charge account Ti khon tn dng. Mt phng tin tn dng ngi bn l dnh cho khch hng.
444 Cheap money Tin r. Ch mt giai on trong cc khon vay sn c li sut thp hay mt
chnh sch to nn tnh hung ny.
445 Check off Tr cng on ph trc tip. Vic ch thu tr trc tip ph cng on t lng nhn vin. Ph ny sau
c tr cho cng on.
446 Cheque card Th sc. Th do cc ngn hng cp cho cc khch hng c TI KHON vng lai
m bo vic thanh ton sc c rt bi cc khch hng ny theo nhng
gii hn nht nh.
447 Cheque Sc Mt loi chng t thng c cp di dng in sn bi mt ngn hng,
yu cu ngn hng chuyn t ti khon VNG LAI ca ngi rt sang
ngi nh danh c tr.
448 Chicago School Trng phi (kinh t)
Chicago.
Tn ch cc nh kinh t hc c chung 4 nim tin c bn sau. Th nht,
h tin rng kinh t hc l (hoc c th l ) khng gi tr theo cch tng t
nh cc ngnh khoa hc vt l. Th hai, h tin rng l thuyt gi c Tn c
in l mt l gii chnh xc v cch thc hot ng ca cc h thng kinh
t. Th ba, h tin rng s hot ng ca th trng cnh tranh, t do l gii
php kh d nht cho vn phn b cc ngun lc. Cui cng, h l
nhng ngi trung thnh vng vng vi CH NGHA TRNG TIN. Tt
c nhng iu ny a h n ch ng h s can thip hn ch ca chnh
ph vo h tng kinh t. Tn gi ny bt ngun t thc t l nhiu thnh
vin ni bt ca "trng phi" ny (v d FRIEDMAN, KNIGHT,
SCHULTZ v STIGLER) gn b vi trng i hc Chicago.
449 Child allowance Tr cp tr em. Trong hu ht cc h thng THU THU NHP u tr cp cho tr em n
theo. tng ny l gim nh gnh nng chi ph nui dy con ci m gia
nh phi gnh chu.
450 Chi-square distribution Phn phI Kai bnh phng
(Phn phi khi bnh phng)
Mt phn b xc sut vi tham s n bc t do ca tham s. Xem
CONTINGENCY TABLES.
451 Choice of technology S la chn cng ngh. Xem TECHNOLOGY, CHOICE OF.
452 Choice variable Bin la chn. Mt bin trong bi ton ti u m gi tr ca bin c "chn" ti u
ho gi tr ca HM MC TIU. Cc bin la chn thng l bin c lp
ca hm mc tiu.
453 CIF Gi, ph bo him, cc vn
chuyn , hay gi y ca
hng ho.
454 CIO Xem AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOUR.
455 Circular flow of income Lung lun chuyn thu nhp. Lung tin thu v chi gia cc hng v h gia nh trong nc.
456 Choice of production
technique
S la chn k thut sn xut.
457 Circular flow of
payments
Dng thanh ton lun chuyn.
458 Circulating capital Vn lu ng. Xem WORRKING CAPITAL.
Page 20
459 Clark, John Bates (1847-1938) c phong gio s ti trng i hc Columbia nm 1895. Nhng n
phm chnh ca ng bao gm Trit l v ca ci (1885), Phn phi ca ci
(1899),Cc yu t ct yu ca thuyt kinh t (1897), v Cc vn c
quyn (1904). ng c ng gp trong vic khm ph c lp v nguyn l
phn tch bin v c coi l ngi sng lp ra HC THUYT NNG
SUT BIN M. Con ng ring ca ng tin ti l thuyt nng sut
bin l i t vic khi qut ho khi nim ca RICARDO v gi thu. ng
tin xa hn VON THUNEN, JEVONS, MENGER v WALRAS bng
vic tuyn b rng phn phi thu nhp theo quy lut nng sut bin l "cng
bng".
460 Classical dichotomy Thuyt lng phn c in Vic xc nh ring bit v c lp gi tng i v tuyt i trong KINH
T HC C IN v TN C IN.(Xem NEO-CLASSICAL
SYNTHESIS).
461 Classical economics Kinh t hc c in Mt t tng kinh t t gia th k XVIII n gia th k XIX, m phn
ln t tng ny ni ln t Anh.
462 Classical school Trng phi c in Xem Classical economics.
463 Classical system of
company taxation
H thng c in v thu cng
ty
Xem CORPORATION TAX
464 Classical techniques Cc k thut c in Mt cm thut ng dng miu t k thut thng k chun nhm phn
bit chng c th vi cc k thut BAYES.
465 Classical and Keynesian
unemployment
Tht nghip theo l thuyt c
in v theo l thuyt Keynes
466 Classical model M hnh c in
467 Clay-clay clay-clay; t st- t st Mt kha cnh ca HM SN XUT trong THUYT TNG TRNG
khng cho php t l vn - lao ng bin i trc hoc sau khi thc hin
u t. Cm thut ng "t st" dng ch vn, do t st c cho l
km tnh cn mng hn so vi "mt tt" (Xem PUTTY-CLAY and PUTTY-
PUTTY).
468 Clayton Act o lut Clayton c thng qua M nm 1914. Mc ch ca o lut l xc nh c th
nhng vi phm chng c quyn nhm lm cho o lut Sherman r rng
hn. (Xem CELLER- KEFAUVER ACT and ROB INSON- PATMEN
ATC).
469 Clean float Th ni t do Khi T GI TH NI c bin i mt cch t do khi bt c nh
hng can thip no cc CO QUAN QUN L TIN T. (Xem DIRTY
FLOAT)
470 Clearing banks Cc ngn hng thanh ton b
tr
Anh, cm thut ng ny dng ch cc NGN HNG THNG MI
theo truyn thng iu hnh v c th tip cn vi mt PHNG THANH
TON B TR hay cc c quan tng ng vi mc ch thanh ton b
tr cc t SC ca nhau.
471 Clearing house Phng thanh ton b tr Mt a danh ca London m cc NGN HNG THANH TON B TR
LONDON, NGN HNG ANH v Edinburgh, ngn hng c phn
Scotland tin hnh thanh ton b tr sc v cc khiu n khc vi nhau
472 Cliometrics S lng Tn mn lch s kinh t "mi", s dng KINH T LNG nghin cu
v cc vn c cc nh s hc cp
473 Closed economy Nn kinh t ng Khi nim s dng ch yu trong cc m hnh l thuyt ch mt nn
kinh t khng c quan h ngoi thng m hon ton t tc v tch bit vi
cc tc nhn bn ngoi.
474 Closed shop Ca hng ng;Cng ty c t
chc cng on.
Theo ngha s dng M, cm thut ng ny ch mt tho thun yu cu
cc cng nhn tr thnh thnh vin ca cng on trc khi c mt hng
thu lm vic. Anh, mt khc, cm thut ng ny thng phn bit gia
cc hnh thc ca hng ng trc khi vo lm v sau khi vo lm li.
475 Closing prices Gi lc ng ca. c s dng ph bin cng vi TH TRNG CHNG KHON ch
gi CHNG KHON v C PHIU ti thi im kt thc bun bn
ca mt ngy.
476 Club good Hng ho club; Hng ho bn
cng cng.
Mt dng trung gian gia HNG HO CNG CNG thun tu v hng
ho t nhn (Xem CLUBS, THEORY OF)
477 Clubs, theory of Thuyt club; Thuyt cu lc
b, thuyt hng ho bn cng
cng.
Thuyt cu lc b l mt phn ca thuyt HNG HO CNG CNG
KHNG THUN TU
Page 21
478 Coase, Ronald H. (1910- ). Mt nh kinh t hc sinh ti Anh c tng gi thng Nobel kinh t hc
nm 1991 cho cng trnh chuyn ca ng v L THUYT V HNG
v kinh t hc v NGOI NG. Coase, ngi c dy trong mt thi
gian ti Trng kinh t London, lm vic ti trng i hc Chicago
trong hu ht qung i ca ng. Nm 1937 trong bi bo "Bn cht ca
hn" (tp ch Economica s IV), ng nu ra cu hi ti sao cc hot
ng kinh t nht nh b ph mc cho s trao i ca th trng, cn s
khc li c tin hnh bn trong hng. Khi th trng v cc hng l cc
cch t chc c th thay th nhau, th ci g s quyt nh cch no c s
dng? Coase tr li cu hi ny bng cch cho rng hng s m rng ti
mt im ti chi ph tin hnh hot ng trong hng bng vi chi ph
thc hin qua giao dch th trng. y chnh l xut pht im xem mt
t chc cng nghip t gc chi ph giao dch, tc l kiu t chc c
chn l kiu t chc lm ti a ho chi ph ca mt giao dch kinh t.
Nm 1906, trong bi bo "Vn la chn x hi", Tp ch Php lut v
Kinh t hc s 3, Coase lp lun ci tr thnh NH L COASE rng
tnh ti u Pareto vn c th c khi c cc ngoi ng v khng c can thip
ca nh nc, nu c th thng lng c gia nh sn xut v ngi
tip nhn tc ng ngoi ng QUYN S HU TI SN c xc nh
r.
479 Coase's theorem nh l Coase. nh l ny da trn lp lun rng cc NGOI NG khng gy ra s phn
b sai cc ngun lc khi khng c CHI PH GIAO DCH v khi quyn s
hu ti sn c s hu r rng v c hiu lc.
480 Cobb-Douglas
production function
Hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas.
481 Cobweb theorem nh l mng nhn. Dng n gin nht ca M HNH NG trong , cung ca mt hng
ho trong nm t l mt hm ca gi hng ho trong nm t-1 v trong bt
k giai on no th gi c u c iu chnh "cn i th trng".
482 Cochrane-Orcutt Cochrane-Orcutt Tn dng ph bin cho th tc c thit k c tnh cc thng s ca
mt phng trnh m s d ca n tun theo TNG QUAN CHUI.
Xem PRAIS-WINSTEN.
483 Co-determination ng quyt nh. S tham gia ca cng nhn vo qu trnh a ra quyt nh chnh sch
trong cc hng.
484 Coefficient of
determination
H s xc nh (H s tng
quan bi s R bnh phng).
Mt thng k tm tt nng lc gii thch ca mt phng trnh.
485 Coefficient of variation H s phn tn ( phn tn
tng i).
Thng dng o mc phn tn ca cc bin xung quanh gi tr trung
bnh ca n.
486 Coercive comparisons So snh p buc. S so snh gia cc mc lng ca nhng nhm cng nhn khc nhau v
c ngi i din ca ca cc nhn vin s dng nh l s kim chng
v tng lng. Xem COMPARABILITY.
487 Cofactor ng h s. ng h s ca mt phn t trong mt ma trn l NH THC ca ma trn
mi c to nn bng cch xo hng v ct ca ma trn gc c cha phn
t .
488 Coinage Tin c. Mt phn ca tin trao tay gm cc ng tin kim loi.
489 Coincident indicator Ch s bo trng hp. Mt dy s liu kinh t bin ng theo cng chu k kinh doanh, ngha l
tng ln cng mt lc vi giai on tng ln ca chu k kinh doanh v tt
xung khi chu k kinh doanh tt xun.
490 Cointegration ng lin kt y l mt phng php xc nh mi quan h di hn gia mt nhm cc
bin CHUI THI GIAN.
491 COLA iu chnh theo gi sinh hot. Xem ESCALATORS.
492 Collateral security Vt th chp. Khi c ngha rng, c dng ch bt c vt th chp no (nhng khng
phi m bo c nhn nh bo lnh) m mt ngn hng nhn khi n cho
mt khch hng vay v ngn hng c quyn i trong trng hp v n.
493 Collective bargaining Thng lng tp th. m phn gia ch v cc cng nhn v vic hnh thnh cc th tc v lut
l bao hm cc iu kin v lm vic v lng. Xem NATIONAL
BARGAINING, COMPANY BARGAINING v PLANT BARGAINING.
494 Collective choise S la chn tp th. i khi c gi l s la chn x hi. Mt quyt nh do mt nhm hay
nhng ngi thay mt cho mt nhm a ra.
495 Collective goods Hng ho tp th. Hng ho hay dch v mang tnh cht KHNG LOI TR. Xem PUBLIC
GOODS
496 Collective exhaustive Hon ton.
497 Collinearity Cng tuyn. Xem MULTICOLLINEARITY, LINEAR DEPENDENCE.
Page 22
498 Multi-Collinearity a cng tuyn.
499 Collusion Kt cu. Tho thun gia cc hng trnh cnh tranh phng hi ln nhau. Xem
PRICE LEADERSHIP.
500 Collusive oligopoly c quyn nhm c kt cu. Xem COLLUSION.
501 Collusive price
leadership
Ch o gi kt cu. Xem PRICE LEADERSHIP.
502 Comecon Hi ng tng tr kinh t. Xem COUNCIL FOR MUTUAL ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE.
503 Command economy Nn kinh t ch huy. Xem PLANNED ECONOMY.
504 Commercial banks Cc ngn hng thng mi. Mt cm thut ng chung, khng xc nh, ch nhng ngn hng thng
trong khu vc kinh t t nhn tin hnh kinh doanh tng hp ch khng
chuyn doanh.
505 Commercial bill Hi phiu thng mi. Mt HI PHIU c rt ti tr cho cc hot ng sn xut, bun bn
hoc thng mi khc. N khc vi HI PHIU B TI CHNH hay hi
phiu ca chnh quyn a phng v l cng c ca cc nghip v ti
chnh cng cng.
506 Commercial paper Thng phiu Mt cm thut ng chung ch HI PHIU THNG MI
507 Commercial policy Chnh sch thng mi Cc quy tc c mt nc p dng iu hnh hay qun l chi tiu v
cc hot ng ngoi thng ca mnh
508 Commissions Xem COMPENSATION
RULES
509 Commodity Vt phm; Hng ho Bt k vt no c sn xut ra phc v tiu dng hay trao i trn th
trng
510 Commodity bundling Bn hng theo l Tp qun bn hng hay dch v trn gi.
511 Commodity Credit
Corporation
Cng ty tn dng hng ho;
Cng ty tn dng vt phm
Mt cng ty ca M c thnh lp nm 1933 nhm to ra mt th trng
c trt t v n nh hn cho hng ho nng sn. (Xem PARTY PRICE
SYSTEM)
512 Commodity money Tin t da trn vt phm;
Tin bng hng ho.
Mt h thng tin t da trn mt hng ho c th.
513 Commodity space Khng gian hng ho. Gii hn gia hai trc biu th lng hng ho hay dch v sn c tim
nng ngi tiu dng mua.
514 Commodity terms of
trade
T gi trao i hng ho; T
gi hng ho.
Xem TERM OF TRADE.
515 Common Agricultural
Policy
Chnh sch nng nghip
chung.
H thng chung v tr gi v tr cp nng nghip do CNG NG
CHU U p dng. Chnh sch ny nhm khuyn khch iu kin th
trng nng nghip n nh, m bo li ch cng bng cho nng dn, duy
tr gi c hp l cho ngi tiu dng v p dng cc chnh sch c
xy dng tng sn lng v nng sut lao ng trong ngnh nng nghip
ca cng ng.
516 Common Customs
Tariff
Biu thu quan chung. Mc THU QUAN ngoi b chung ca CNG NG CHU U (EC).
517 Common external tariff Biu thu i ngoi chung. Mc THU QUAN do cc thnh vin ca mt lin minh thu quan, mt
TH TRNG CHUNG hay mt CNG NG KINH T p dng mt
mc c thng nht v ging nhau i vi hng nhp khu t cc nc
khng phi l thnh vin.
518 Common facility co-
operative
Cc hp tc x c thit b
chung.
Mt bin php chnh sch c xy dng nhm to iu kin cho vic tng
cng cng ngh tin tin bng cch thnh lp cc hp tc x s dng
nhng trang thit b chung hay cc cng xng sn xut chung nng cao
nng sut ca th th cng lnh ngh a phng v ngnh cng nghip.
Xem ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY.
519 Common market Th trng chung. Mt khu vc thng kt hp mt s nc, trong tt c u c th mua
bn theo nhng iu kin ngang nhau. Xem EUROPEAN COMMON
MARKET.
520 Common stock Chng khon ph thng. Mt cng c ti chnh (tho thun ti chnh) mang li quyn s hu v
quyn b phiu trong mt cng ty cho ngi ch cng c ny. Xem
PREFERENCE SHARES, EQUITIES.
521 Communism Ch ngha cng sn. Theo mt ngha hp, y l mt giai on pht trin kinh t c cho l
din ra khi tt c cc tng lp trong x hi b thu ht vo GIAI CP V
SN. Cm thut ng ny, d vy, thng c dng ch mt h thng
kinh t k hoch ho c iu hnh ti cc nc thuc HI NG
TNG TR KINH T (trc khi cc cuc cch mng ng u n ra
vo cui thp k 80).
522 Community Charge Thu cng ng. Mt loi thu p dng Anh cui thp k 80 thay th cho cc loi thu
khc.
Page 23
523 Community indifference
curve
ng bng quan cng ng. Mt ng da trn mi c nhn trong mt cng ng nhn c mt
mc tho dng khng i.
524 Company Cng ty. Thng ch cng ty C PHN, y l mt thc th php l c thnh
lp tin hnh cc hot ng cng nghip, thng mi vn c chia
thnh C PHIU do cc thnh vin ca cng ty nm gi.
525 Company bargaining m phn cng ty. M PHN TP TH gia cc i din ca mt cng ty, c th c mt
hoc nhiu hn cc nh my trn khp t nc v nhng ngi i din
cho cng nhn vin chc, a ra mc lng v iu kin lm vic trong
cng ty. Xem PLANT BARGAINING.
526 Company director Gim c cng ty. Ngi do cc c ng bu ra tham gia cng cc gim c khc iu
hnh cng ty.
527 Company saving So snh v lng So snh chnh thc hay khng chnh thc do cc nhm lao ng rt ra v
mc lng ca v ca nhng ngi cng nhn khc. Xem RELATIVE
DEPRIVATION, COERCIVE COMPARISIONS.
528 Comparability argument Lun im v tnh c th so
snh.
Mt s tin tng rng cc c nhn lm cng cng vic v sn xut cng
lng sn phm nn c tr cng mt mc lng.
529 Comparable worth Gi tr c th so snh. Lng ngang nhau tr cho cng vic c gi tr ngang nhau.
530 Comparative advantage Li th so snh David RIVIRDO khm ph ra l thuyt v li th tng i. y l c
s ca CHUYN MN HO cho mt b phn cc quc gia, cc c nhn
v cho t do thng mi. L thuyt hin i, khng cn da vo l thuyt
v lao ng ca RICARDO, to lp iu kin cn duy nht cho kh nng
thu li t THNG MI l t s gi c phi khc nhau gia cc quc gia.
T gi hi oi sau khi bun bn gia cc hng ho m s xc nh ca n
Ricardo khng th gii thch c, thit lp bi QUY LUT CU QUA
LI.
531 Comparative costs Chi ph so snh. Xem COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE.
532 Comparative dynamics Phng php so snh ng. Mt phng php s dng trong KINH T HC NG vi nt c bit l
mc thay i v gi tr ca cc THAM S v v gi tr cn bng ca cc
bin l khng i.
533 Comparative statics Phng php so snh tnh. So snh mt v tr CN BNG mi vi v tr cn bng c sau khi c thay
i no trong cc bin s m khng i chiu vi cch t c v tr
mi v thng khng c kha cnh nh lng.
534 Compensated demand
curves
ng cu c b. Mt ng cu trong HIU NG THU NHP ca thay i gi c
loi b thu nhp thc t dc ng cu khng i.
535 Compensating variation Mc thay i b p. Xem CONSUMER'S SURPLUS.
536 Compensation principle Nguyn l b p. Xem COMPENSATION TESTS.
537 Compensation rules Cc quy tc tr th lao. Mt cng thc xc nh thu nhp ca c nhn. 1)Da trn thi gian lm
vic ca c nhn. 2)Da trn kt qu hon thnh cng vic ca c nhn.
3)Da trn c s kt qa thc hin ca mt i nh trong ch chia li
nhun hay thng theo i. 4)Da trn kt qu thc hin so snh ca c
nhn nh i vi quy tc TH LAO THEO XP HNG TRONG THI
U.
538 Compensation tests Kim nghim n b. Nhng cuc kim nghim nh vy t ra cu hi liu nhng ngi gy thit
hi do thay i no c c n b cho thit hi ca h hay khng trong
khi vn nhng ngi c li khm kh hn trc khi c thay i .
Kim nghim c bit n nhiu nht l KIM NGHIM KALLDOR -
HICHS.
539 Competition Act 1980 o lut cnh tranh 1980. o lut ny nhn mnh tm quan trng trong chnh sch cnh tranh ca
cc tp qun v iu kin kinh doanh.(Xem RESTRICTIVE TRADE
PRACTICES ACT 1956, MONOPOLIES AND MERGERS ACT 1965,
RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1968, FAIR TRADING ACT
1973, COMPETITION ACT 1980 )
540 Competition and Credit
Control
Kim sot tn dng v cnh
tranh
Tn ca mt ti liu tham vn do NGN HNG ANH pht hnh gia nm
1971, ti liu ny tm lc nhng xut cho vic xem xt nhng tho
thun tn dng p dng i vi cc NGN HNG v c quan ti chnh
khc v bt u p dng vo cui nm . Bn cht ca nhng thay i ny
l ch chng cho php kt thc vic kim sot v s lng cho vay dc
bit ca cc NGN HNG THANH TON B TR v chng p dng
vi cc ngn hng v CNG TY TI CHNH theo cch thc cng ln v
cng khng phn bit cng tt (Xem MONETARY MANAGEMENT).
541 Competitive markets Th trng cnh tranh Mt th trng trong mt s ln nhng ngi mua v bn nh bun bn
mt cch c lp v do , khng ai c th chi phi gi c mt cch ng
k.(Xem PERFECT COMPETITION).
Page 24
542 Complements Hng ho b tr Mt hng ho c xu hng c mua theo km vi hng ho khc c
mua v n "b tr" cho hng ho th nht
543 Complex number S phc Cc s bao gm nhng phn t TNG TNG, ngha l n cha cn
bc hai ca m mt.
544 Composite commodity
theorem
nh l hng ho a hp Theo J.R.HICKS (Gi tr v t bn, i hc Oxford,1939), nh l ny ni
rng nu c mt s hng ho m gi tng i ca chng (tc l gi ca
hng ho ny so vi gi ca hng ho kia) khng i th nhng hng ho
c th coi l mt hng ho c tn "hng ho a hp"
545 Compound interest Li kp Trnh t m theo TIN LI tng lai c tr trn mc li trong qu
kh (li m li con).
546 Compensating
differentials
Cc mc b thm tin lng.
547 Competition policy Chnh sch v cnh tranh
548 Concave function
(concavity)
Hm lm (tnh lm). Mt hm lm v v trs gc, v vy O HM BC 2 ca n l m. mt
hm nh vy cng c th li t gc to .
549 Concentration S tp trung. 1).Mt cm thut ng ch tnh trng cc iu kin cnh tranh ph bin
trong mt ngnh. 2).Mt khi nim s dng khi ni ti PHN PHI QUY
M CA HNG trong mt ngnh ca nn kinh t, hoc lin quan n v
tr ca ngnh cng nghip.
550 Concentration,
coefficient of.
H s tp trung. Mt s o thng k v mc hot ng kinh t hay mt c tnh kinh t
c tp trung v mt a l, chng hn trong mt quc gia. Xem
LOCATION QUOTIENT, SPECIALIZATION, COFFICIENT OF.
551 Concentration ratio T l tp trung. T l phn trm tng quy m cng nghip do mt vi hng ln trong ngnh
chim. Xem STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSICATION.
552 Concerted action Hnh ng phi hp. y l tn t cho mt phng n ca CHNH SCH THU NHP CA
C m chnh ph, mc d khng phi l mt bn tham gia qu trnh m
phn tp th, t ra nhng tiu chun gn tng tin lng vi mc ch n
nh v tng trng.
553 Concertina method of
tariff reduction
Phng php iu ho gim
thu quan; Phng php gim
thu quan hi ho.
Mt qu trnh gim thu quan, ct gim thu sut cao trong khi khng thay
i thu sut thp, do chnh lch gia cc mc thu quan gim i. Xem
ACROSS-THE-BOARD TARIFF CHANGES.
554 Conciliation Ho gii S can thip vo mt TRANH CHP V LAO NG theo yu cu ca
cc bn lin quan bng mt bn th ba c lp v khng thin v nhm ho
gii cc quan im ca hai bn. Xem MEDIATION, ARBITRATION.
555 Condorcet Criterion Tiu chun g chi; Tiu
chun Condorcet
Mt h thng la chn tp th, trong phng n c la chn l
phng n nh bi tt c nhng phng n khc trong chui cc cuc la
chn tng i mt s dng nhng quy tc a s.
556 Confederation of British
Industrial
Lin on cng nghip ANH
(CBI).
Mt t chc ca gii ch Anh thnh lp nm 1965 bng cch st nhp 3
hip hi trc y i din cho cc li ch ca ngnh cng nghip.
557 Confidence interval Khong tin cy. Khong tin cy alpha ca mt tham s gm 2 con s m gia chng ta c
tin cy alpha%, ngha l gi tr thc ca tham s nm . Xem
STATISTICAL INFERENCE, INTERVAL ESTIMATION.
558 Confidence problem Vn lng tin. Mt trong nhng vn ca h thng tin t quc t ny sinh khi ngi ta
cho rng mt ng tin s b ph gi, vn ngn hn sau s b rt khi
nc , xut hin s mt lng tin vo ng tin ca nc .
559 Congestion costs Chi ph do tc nghn. Khi vic s dng mt phng tin hay dch v ang c nhiu ngi
dng tng ln, s xut hin mt chi ph (khng nht thit bng tin) i vi
ngi ang s dng chng, th phng tin gi l "tc nghn".
560 Conglomerate Conglomerate; Tp on; T
hp doanh nghip
Mt hng bao gm cng ty m v cc cng ty con m chng khng lin
quan vi nhau trong cc hot ng v th trng.
561 Conjectural behavior Hnh vi phng on. Xem CONJECTURAL VARIATION.
562 CONJECTURAL
VARIATION
S thay i theo phng on. Ch hnh vi ca hng trong TH TRNG C QUYN NHM. Xem
OLIGOPOLY.
563 Consistency Tnh nht qun. Mt tnh cht mong mun ca cc c lng kinh t lng.
564 Consolidated fund Qu ngn kh. Mt cm thut ng khc cho NGN KH Anh. l mt ti khon ca
chnh ph bao gm thu nhp t thu.
565 Consistent Thng nht/ nht qun.
566 Consolidated balance
sheets
Bng cn i (k ton/ti sn)
hp nht.
567 Consols Cng tri hp nht. Ngy nay, thut ng ny ch loi cng tri 2,5% li sut.
568 Consortium bank Ngn hng Consortium. Mt kiu ngn hng quc t hnh thnh bng cch tp hp cc ngn hng
vn ang tn ti t cc nc khc nhau. Xem LIBOR.
Page 25
569 Conspicuous
consumption
S tiu dng nhm th hin;
S tiu dng nhm khoe
khoang.
Xem VEBLEN.
570 Constant capital T bn bt bin. Theo hc thuyt ca C.Mc, t bn bt bin l mt phn ca T BN c
th hin bng phng tin sn xut, nguyn liu th v cng c lao ng.
Xem VARIABLE CAPITAL.
571 Constant Elasticity of
Substitution (CES)
Production Function
Hm sn xut vi co gin
thay th khng i.
Hm sn xut CES l mt hm sn xut NG NHT TUYN TNH c
co gin thay th u vo khng i.
572 Constant market share
demand curve
ng cu vi th phn bt
bin.
Mi quan h gia lng bn v gi m hng phi i mt nu tt c cc i
th cnh tranh ca n thch ng vi bt c s thay i v gi no do hng
ny a ra.(Xem ELASTICITY)
573 Constant returns to scale Sinh li khng i theo qui
m; Li tc c nh theo quy
m
Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE, RETURNS TO SCALE
574 Constrained
optimization
Ti u ho c rng buc Cc i ho hay cc tiu ho mt HM MC TIU, trong CC BIN
LA CHN tun theo mt s RNG BUC no . (Xem LINEAR
PROGRAMMING).
575 Constraint Rng buc Thng l mt mi quan h ton hc gia CC BIN LA CHN ca
mt bi ton ti u ho; trong mt hm no ca bin (v d HM
TUYN TNH) khng bng mt hng s.
576 Consumer Ngi tiu dng Bt c n v kinh t no c nhu cu tiu dng hng ho v dch v cui
cng.
577 Consumer credit Tn dng tiu dng Mt cm thut ng chung ch vic cho NGI TIU DNG vay mua
hng ho dch v, nhng thng khng bao gi gm vic mua nh.
578 Consumer demand
theory
L thuyt cu tiu dng Lnh vc ca mn kinh t hc xc nh nhng l thuyt c th kim nghim
v cch ngi tiu dng phn ng li vi nhng thay i trong cc bin nh
gi c, cc gi khc, thay i v thu nhp
579 Consumer durable Hng tiu dng lu bn L bt c hng tiu dng no c "tui th di", do khng c tiu dng
ngay lp tc (nh thc n).
580 Consumer equilibrium Cn bng tiu dng Tnh hung m ngi tiu dng ti a ho THO DNG ca mnh
theo RNG BUC NGN SCH.
581 Consumer expenditure Chi tiu ca ngi tiu dng Xem CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE.
582 Consumer goods and
services
Hng v dch v tiu dng HNG HO hu hnh v v hnh c tiu dng theo li ch ca bn thn
tho mn nhng nhu cu hin ti.
583 Consumer price index Ch s gi tiu dng Xem RETAIL PRICE INDEX
584 Consumer sovereignty Quyn ti thng ca ngi
tiu dng; Ch quyn ca
ngi tiu dng
tng cho rng NGI TIU DNG l quan to tt nht i vi bn
thn h.
585 Consumer's surplus Thng d ca ngi tiu dng c dng ph bin ch khu vc nm di ng cu MARSHALL ca
mt c nhn gia hai mc gi.
586 Consumption S tiu dng Hnh ng s dng hng ho v dch v tho mn nhu cu hin ti.
587 Consumption
expenditure
Chi tiu tiu dng Tng chi tiu vo hng ho v dch v nhm tho mn nhu cu hin ti
(Xem CONSUMPTION).
588 Consumption function Hm tiu dng Mt th chi tit ho v quan h gia tng CHI TIU TIU DNG v
THU NHP, ngha l C = C(Y).
589 Consumption tax Thu tiu dng Thu ny c th c hai dng: mt l, khi bn thn ngi tiu dng b nh
thu nh vi THU CHI TIU v hai l, khi hng ho v dch v ngi
tiu dng mua b nh thu. Trong trng hp u thu c nh vo
hng cung cp dch v hay hng ho.
590 Constestable market Th trng c th cnh tranh
c
Mt TH TRNG trong c s t do nhp th, s gia nhp v rt lui
khng mt chi ph.
591 Contingency reserve D tr pht sinh D tr khng phn b dnh cho s c bt thng v cc nhu cu khc, n
khng th c nh lng khi xem xt cc k hoch chi tiu nh lng
ca Anh.
592 Contingency table Bng pht sinh; Bng s c Mt cng c m theo mc lin h hay ph thuc gia hai bin s hay
hai c tnh c nh gi.
593 Contingent valuation nh gi (hin tng) pht
sinh; Vic nh gi bt thng
Vic lm r gi tr tiu dng ca hng ho v dch v khng c trao i
trn th trng.
594 Continuous variable Bin s lin tc Mt bin s c th ly bt c gi tr no (ngha l n c th thay i m
khng gin on) gia nhng gii hn xc nh (c th l v hn) (Xem
DISCRETE VARIABLE).
Page 26
595 Contract curve ng hp ng Trong trng hp hai ngi tiu dng trao i hai mt hng, ng ny l
qu tch cc im ti T L THAY TH BIN gia hai mt hng l
nh nhau i vi hai ngi tiu dng (Xem EDGEWORTH BOX).
596 Contractionary phase Giai on suy gim; Giai on
thu hp
Giai on ca CHU K KINH DOANH sau khi t n im cao nht v
ko di cho n im thp nht sau . N nh du s suy gim ca hot
ng kinh t.
597 Convergence thesis Lun chng hi t tng cho rng cc nn kinh t x hi ch ngha v t bn ch ngha i ra
khi cc dng "l tng" tng ng ca chng v tin ho theo nhng hnh
thi, suy ngh, th ch v phng php ngy cng ging nhau.
598 Convergent cycle Chu k hi t Xem DAMPED CYCLE.
599 Conversion S chuyn i Tp qun pht hnh CHNG KHON v C PHIU mi thay th ci
c.
600 Convertibility Kh nng chuyn i Mt thuc tnh ca mt ng tin c th trao i mt cch thoi mi vi
mt ng tin khc hay vi vng. (Xem EXCHANGE RATES, GOLD
STANDARD, EXCHANGE RESERVES, GOLD RESERVES).
601 Convertible bond Tri khon chuyn i c. Xem CONVERTIBLE SECURITY.
602 Convertible loan stock Khon vay chuyn i c. Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
603 Convertible security Chng khon chuyn i
c.
Mt loi chng khon, tc l mt khiu n i vi ngi pht hnh, c th
chuyn i sang cc loi khc trong c tin mt.
604 Convex function
(convexity)
Hm li (tnh li). Mt hm li so vi gc to , do , O HM bc hai ca n l dng.
605 Cooling off period Giai on lng du. Mt giai on tr hon c tin hnh hp php trc khi hot ng nh
cng c th bt u gim bt cng thng hay lm lng ng cm xc v
do n c cho thi gian nh gi hp l hn v vn c tranh
ci.
606 Co-ordinated wage
policy
Chnh sch tin lng phi
hp
S phi hp gia gii ch v cng on gii quyt ln lt nhng
ngh hay yu cu v lng ca cng on.
607 Core, the Gi gc. Xem GAME THEORY.
608 Corner solution p s gc. Trong bi ton ti u, mt tnh th m mt hoc hn cc bin LA CHN
c gi tr bng 0 ti mc TI U.
609 Corn Laws Cc b lut v Ng. Cc b lut p dng Anh t nm 1815 v c bi b t nm 1846 nhm
duy tr gi ng cc bng cch cm nhp khu khi gi trong nc gim
xung di mt mc nht nh.
610 Corporate capitalism Ch ngha t bn hp doanh;
Ch ngha t bn doanh
nghip.
Mt quan im ng thi v cc nn kinh t pht trin phng Ty, trong
khu vc sn xut do cc cng ty ln thng tr m c im cc cng ty
ny l s tch ri gia quyn s hu v qun l. Xem MANAGERIAL
THEORIES OF THE FIRM.
611 Corporate conscience Lng tm hp doanh; Lng
tm doanh nghip.
Vi s tch ri gia quyn s hu v qun l, mt s nh phn tch lp lun
rng, cc nh qun l ca cc cng ty ln tch khi "lng tm v c
ng" v thay vo p dng mt thc ph bin v trch nhim i vi
cng chng ni chung. Xem Corporate capitalism.
612 Corporate risk Ri ro hp doanh; Ri ro cng
ty.
Ton b ri ro lin quan ti mt doanh nghip.
613 Corporate state a phn ca hp doanh; Nh
nc cng ty.
614 Complementary inputs (Cc loi) u vo b tr;
Nhp lng b tr.
615 Concesionary prices /
rates
Gi / T sut u i.
616 Constant prices Gi c nh / gi bn khng
i.
617 Constant returns to scale Sinh li khng i theo quy
m.
618 Constraint (informal /
formal)
Hn ch / Rng buc (khng
chnh thc/ chnh thc) ngoi
quy nh/ theo quy nh.
619 Conversion factor H s chuyn i.
620 Consumer borrowing Khon vay cho ngi tiu
dng; Vay tiu dng.
621 Consumer choice La chn ca ngi tiu dng.
623 Consumption bundle B hng tiu dng; im kt
hp tiu dng.
624 Consumption
externalities
Nhng ngoi tc tiu dng.
Page 27
625 Corporation Hp doanh; Cng ty. Xem COMPANY.
626 Corporation tax Thu doanh nghip; Thu
Cng ty.
Thu nh vo doanh thu ca cc cng ty sau khi tr i chi ph hot
ng, LI SUT, PHN GIM THU CHO U T VN v MC
GIM VN.
627 Correlation S tng quan Mc m hai bin tng quan vi nhau mt cch tuyn tnh, hoc l
thng qua quan h nhn qu trc tip, gin tip hay xc sut thng k. Xem
Rank Correlation.
628 Positive correlation Tng quan ng bin.
629 Nagative correlation Tng quan nghch bin.
630 Correlation of returns Tng quan ca li tc.
631 Correlogram Biu tng quan Mt th biu th H S TNG QUAN gia gi tr hin ti ca mt
bin v cc gi tr tr ca chnh n so vi tr di.
632 Correspondent banks Cc ngn hng i l. Mt ngn hng hot ng nh mt i l cho mt ngn hng khc ni m
ngn hng ny khng c vn phng hoc v l do no ngn hng khng
th tin hnh cho cc nghip v ca bn thn n.
633 Corset Yu cu tht cht. Mt tn lng thng thng trn th trng ch yu cu phi c cc khon
TIN GI C BIT B SUNG, c p dng t nm 1973 nhm tng
cng kim sot ca NGN HNG ANH i vi cc khon gi ngn
hng. Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CONTROL.
634 Cost Chi ph. Ni chung y l mt thc o nng g phi tr c c mt ci g ,
hoc bng cch mua, trao i hay sn xut.
635 Cost - benefit analysis Phn tch chi ph - li ch. Khung khi nim nh gi cc d n u t trong khu vc chnh ph,
mc d n c th c m rng sang bt c d n khu vc t nhn no.
636 Cost - effectiveness
analysis
Phn tch chi ph - hiu qu Gn ging nh Phn tch chi ph - li ch nhng khc ch n i hi mt
yu cu khc. l, nu xt v mt mc tiu, lm cch no t c
mc tiu mc chi ph thp nht.
637 Cost insurance freight Ph, bo him, cc vn
chuyn, gi CIF.
Xem CIF.
638 Cost minimization Ti thiu ho chi ph. i vi bt k mc sn lng no, l vic la chn t hp u vo
sn xut mt lng u ra nht nh vi mc ph thp nht.
639 Cost of capital Chi ph vn. L chi ph c tnh bng t l phn trm, ca cc ngun VN khc nhau
cn thit tr cho vic chi dng vn.Tt c cc ngun vn u c gi v
c th tnh c trc tip nh lhon vay n.
640 Cost of living Chi ph cho sinh hot; Gi
sinh hot.
Xem RETAIL PRICE INDEX.
641 Cost of protection Chi ph bo h. Vic bo h nn cng nghip trong nc bng thu quan, hn nghch hoc
hn ch khc thng p t chi ph ln nn kinh t c bo h di 2 hnh
thc: s phn b sai ngun lc v bp mo c cu tiu dng.
642 Cost overrun Chi ph pht sinh.
643 Cost - plus pricing Cch nh gi chi ph-cng
li; Cch nh gi da vo chi
ph v cng thm li nhun.
L nh gi bng cch cng thm mt khon li nhun vo CHI PH KH
BIN BNH QUN nhm trang tri CHI PH C NH v mt mc li
nhun hp l no .
644 Cost - push inflation Lm pht do chi ph y. L s gia tng c duy tr ca mc gi chung do s gia tng t nh ca
cc chi ph. Xem DEMAND-FULL INFLATION, THE WAGE-WAGE
SPIRAL.
645 Cost - utility analysis Phn tch chi ph - cng dng;
Phn tch tn dng chi ph.
L mt phn tch CHI PH - HIU QU trong kinh t hc y t, trong kt
qu hay li ch c tnh bng Tui th iu chnh theo cht lng hoc
mt s o phi tin t ch phc li ca bnh nhn.
646 Council of Economic
Advisors (ECA).
Hi ng c vn kinh t. L c quan tha hnh ca chnh ph M c thnh lp theo LUT V
LAO NG nm 1946. T chc ny hot ng vi t cch l c vn cho
tng thng M.
647 Council for Mutual
economic Assitance
(Comecon)
Hi ng tng tr kinh t. L mt Hi ng lin chnh ph c thnh lp theo s tho thun vo nm
1949 gia Bungary, Tip Khc, Hungary, Balan, Rumani v Lin X. Mc
ch l tng cng s pht trin kinh t v s hi nhp ca cc nc thnh
vin. Hi ng nay tan r vo thng 2/1991. Xem PLANNED ECONOMY,
TRANSFERABLE ROUBLE.
648 Countercyclical Ngc chu k. Vn ng ngc chiu vi mt pha no trong CHU K KINH DOANH.
649 Countertrade Thng mi i lu. L cc hinh thc thng mi quc t, khng bnh thng t nhng hnh
thc n gin nhng t gp nh HNG I HNG cho n cc hnh thc
cn bng cng nghip phc tp.
Page 28
650 Countervailing power Lc b i trng; Th lc lm
cn bng.
Th lc lm cn bng thng thy khi sc mnh th trng ca mt nhm
n v kinh t hay ca mt hng c cn bng bi sc mnh th trng
ca mt nhm cc n v kinh t khc mua hoc bn cho cc nhm k trn.
651 Counter - vailing duty Thu chng bo h gi; thu
nh vo hng xut/ nhp
khu c tr gi.
652 Coupon Phiu li, li sut tri phiu. L mt loi chng thc dng cho vic nhn tin li i vi mt chng
khon c li c nh nh tri phiu thu m t tri phiu , phiu li c
th c x ra.
653 Coupon payments Tin tr li theo nm Xem YIELD.
654 Cournot, Antoine A.
(1801-1877)
655 Cournot's duopoly
model
M hnh lng c quyn
Cournot.
M hnh ny da trn gi thit hnh vi cho rng mt trong hai hng s ti
a ho li nhun nu sn lng ca i th cnh tranh vn gi mc gi
khng i. Xem PROFIT MAXIMIZATION, BERTRAND'S DUOPOLY
MODEL, STACKELBERG'S DUOPOLY MODEL.
656 Covariance Hip phng sai. Thc o mc tng quan ca 2 bin. Xem VARIANCE-
COVARIANCE MATRIX.
657 Covariance stationary Tnh theo hip phng sai. Xem STATIONARITY.
658 Covered interest parity Mc li xut qui ngang;
Ngang gi li sut.
Trong mt CH T GI HI OI LINH HOT, l khi mc li
sut hai nc c lm cn bng nh mt t l chit khu hp l hoc
mt khon ph i vi t gi hi oi di hn. Xem FORWARD RATE.
659 CPRS Xem CENTRAL POLICY
REVIEW STAFF.
660 Craff unions Nghip on theo chuyn
mn.
Nghip on tp hp tt c cc cng nhn c mt k nng hay mt s k
nng c lin quan vi nhau bt k h lm trong ngnh no.
661 Cramer's Rule Quy tc Cramer's. L phng php dng gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh ng thi.
662 Crawling peg Ch neo t gi hi oi
iu chnh dn.
L phng php t gi hi oi. y l mt cm thut ng chung p dng
cho bt k mt ngh no c c trng NGANG GI - t gi hi oi
chnh thc do qu tin t quc t a ra - c th iu chnh theo thi gian,
mc thay i cn thit c th phn nh v ko d trong sut mt thi k
nht nh. Xem DEVALUATION.
663 Credit Tn dng. L mt cm thut ng ngha rng lin quan n hot ng kinh doanh hay
cc bn k khai c lin quan n vic cho vay tin, thng l cho vay ngn
hn. Xem BANK CREDIT, MONEY SUPPLY.
664 Credit account Ti khon tn dng. Xem CHARGE ACCOUNT.
665 Credit card Th tn dng. L mt th do mt ngn hng, mt nhm cc ngn hng, hay mt t chc
pht hnh ti chnh pht hnh cho khch hng ca n m ngi ny c th
s dng TN DNG trc tip chu tin mua hng mt ngi bn l,
chu tin khch sn
666 Credit celing Trn tn dng. Trong CHNH SCH TIN T, mt gii hn c thng bo i vi
lng tn dng m cc th ch, thng l cc ngn hng m rng cho khch
hng trong cc giai on hn ch tin t.
667 Credit control Kim sot tn dng. L mt cm thut ng chung ch mt lot cc bin php do cc t chc tin
t s dng kim sot s lng tin do mt nhm hoc do cc t chc ti
chnh cho vay.
668 Credit creation S to ra tn dng. Qu trnh m cc t chc gi tin v rt tin, cc t chc cho vay hot ng
da trn T L D TR, trn c s tng cc ti sn d tr ca chng, c
th tng s lng tin m chng cho vay, v cc khon n tin gi tng ln
mt lng ln hn mc tng ca d tr.
669 Credit guarantee Bo m tn dng. L loi hnh bo him m mt hip hi bo lnh tn dng ng ra bo him
khi khng tr c n.
670 Credit multiplier S nhn tn dng. Ni mt cch cht ch, s nhn tn dng l t s gia s thay i s lng
tin do mt nhm cc t chc TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH gi tin, rt tin
cho vay i vi mc thay i trong ti sn d tr gy ra thay i .
671 Credible threat e do kh tin; e do c th
thc hin c.
672 Creditor nation Nc ch n. Mt nc c coi nh mt n v, l ch cho vay rng hoc nh u t
rng vo cc nc khc bng cch tch lu s khiu n i vi cc nc
ny.
Page 29
673 Creditors Cc ch n. L cc c nhn hay cc t chc cho vay tin c ngi hoc t chc
vay ha tr mt khon tin nht nh hng nm theo LI SUT v hon
tr GC vo mt ngy no trong tng lai.
674 Credit rationing nh mc tn dng L vic phn b tin vay bng cc phng tin phi gi c trong cc trng
hp vt cu tn dng ca cc TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH. Cm thut ng
ny c ngha l t chc c lin quan, v d nh ngn hng hoc ngn hng
pht trin c x, khng c gng lm gim d cu bng cch tng li sut.
675 Credit restrictions Hn ch tn dng Cc bin php do cc c quan tin t a ra, bin php ny c th l cc
nghip v nhm hn ch hoc gim lng tn dng do cc ngn hng hoc
cc t chc ti chnh khc m rng ra (Xem COMPETITION AND
CREDIT CONTROL).
676 Credit squeeze Hn ch tn dng L mt giai on ca chnh sch hn ch tn dng (Xem MONETARY
POLICY, OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS).
677 Credit transfer Chuyn khon L mt h thng qua tin c chuyn trc tip qua h thng ngn hng
ti mt ti khon c th ca ngi nhn (Xem CLEARING).
678 Creeping inflation Lm pht sn b; Lm pht b
dn
L tnh trng lm pht trong mc chung ca gi c tng ln chm nhng
lin tc, c th do tng TNG CU (Xem DEMAND-PULL INFLATION,
COST-PUSH INFLATION).
679 Critical value Gi tr ti hn Gi tr ti hn
680 Cross elasticity of
demand
co gin cho ca cu L t l thay i trong lng cu i vi mt hng theo thay i gi ca
mt hng ho khc.
681 Cross-entry Nhp nghnh cho L mt khi nim ch cc hng mi nhp ngnh nhng c thit lp
trong cc nghnh s dng cc cng ngh tng t vi cng ngh m cc
hng mi nhp th ny tin hnh.
682 Cross partial derivative o hm ring O HM ca mt hm s ln th nht ly theo mt BIN C LP v
sau ly theo mt bin khc.
683 Cross-sectional analysis Phn tch cho L vic phn tch mt lot cc s liu ca nhng quan st c lin quan xy
ra ti mt thi im (Xem TIME SERIES).
684 Cross-section
consumption function
Hm s tiu dng cho L mi quan h hm s gia tiu th v thu nhp c tnh cho cc
nhm c thu nhp khc nhau ti mt thi im (Xem CONSUMPTION
FUNCTION, LONG-RUN CONSUMPTION FUNCTION, SHORT-RUN
CONSUMPTION FUNCTION).
685 Cross-subsidization Tr cp cho Khi s dng i vi cc doanh nghip a sn phm, l s tr cp l ca
mt mt hng ny bng SIU LI NHUN trong khi kinh doanh cc mt
hng khc.
686 Crowding hypothesis Gi thuyt chn p Cho rng cc hng ro NGN CN NHP NGNH v s thiu hon
chnh thng tin s c khuynh hng nhi nht mt vi nhm ngi, ch
yu l ph n v ngi da en, vo cc ngh b hn ch v c nhn
lng thp hn t cc ngh nghip ny.
687 Crowding out Ln p; chn p Vic gim TIU DNG hay U T ca t nhn do tng chi tiu ca
chnh ph (Xem FISCAL POLICY).
688 CSO Cc thng k trung ng Xem CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE
689 Cubic Lp phng Phng trnh lp phng l phng trnh m trong s m cao nht ca
BIN C LP l 3 (c ngha l lp phng ca n).
690 Cultural change S thay i vn ho Mt trong nhng ph phn v cc loi hnh pht trin kinh t l n ph hu
nn vn ho bn a. Nhng s thay i cng ngh v PHT TRIN KINH
T c th t c m khng cn ti thay i vn ho c bn.
691 Culture of poverty
hypothesis
Gi thuyt v vn ho ngho
kh
Xem FEEDBACK/ ENTRAPMENT EFFECTS
692 Cumulative causation
model
M hnh nhn qu tch lu Mt phng php phn tch tng trng kinh t khu vc do G.MYRDAL
a ra. M hnh ny cho rng cc lc lng th trng c khuynh hng
lm tng bt bnh ng v kinh t gia cc khu vc ca mt nn kinh t. N
cng cho rng nu mt khu vc c t l tng trng cao hn cc khu vc
khc s khin cho cc yu t sn xut trong khu vc tng tng chm chy
sang khu vc tng trng nhanh.
693 Cumulative preference
shares
Cc c phiu u i Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
694 Cumulative shares C phiu c tr li theo tch
lu
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
695 Currency Tin mt, tin t Theo ngha hp, thut ng ny ch mt lng tin ca mt nc thc s
c trao i qua tay (Xem CASH).
Page 30
696 Currency appreciation S tng gi tr ca mt ng
tin
S tng gi tr ca mt NG TIN ny so vi gi tr ng tin khc, c
ngha l tng T GI HI OI trong iu kin T GI HI OI
TH NI. (Xem CURRENCY DEPRECIATION).
697 Currency control Kim sot tin t L nhng kim sot v quyn hn ca NGN HNG TRUNG NG hay
c quan pht hnh tin t trong vic pht hnh tin (Xem CASH BASE).
698 Currency depreciation S st gim gi tr tin t L s gim gi tr ca mt ng tin so vi ng tin khc, c ngha l s
gim T GI HI OI trong h thng T GI HI OI TH NI.
699 Currency notes Tin giy V mt lch s, tin giy l giy bc 1 bng v 10 shilling do B Ti chnh
Anh pht hnh sau khi xy ra cuc chin tranh vaod nm 1914 bo tn
s vng trong kho v p ng nhu cu v ng tin vng hay m vng
ca cng chng trong cn hong lon ban u.
700 Currency principle Nguyn l tin t L hc thuyt v tin t thnh hnh gia th k XIX do TRNG PHI
TIN T xng, hc thuyt cho rng s n nh tin t c c tt nht
bng vic kim sot s lng tin t, nht l lng tin giy, ang lu
thng bng cc bin php ca cc quy tc t ng (ngha l khng th tu
).
701 Currency retention quota Hn mc gi ngoi t Quyn mt s nc xut khu, phn ln l cc nc XHCN, c mua
li mt t l nht nh s thu nhp NGOI HI ca mnh, do m khng
b l thuc vo vic phn b nhp khu t trung ng.
702 Curency school Trng phi tin t L mt nhm cc nh chnh tr, cc nh kinh t v cc ch ngn hng quan
tm n chnh sch tin t Anh na u th k XIX.
703 Currency substitution S thay th tin t L hnh thc thay i cc ng tin c th chuyn i trong cc ng tin t
quc t vi mc ch sinh li hay trnh s tn tht trong vic thay i gi
tr TIN T.
704 Current account Ti khon vng lai/ ti khon
hin hnh, cn cn ti khon
vng lai.
Trong ngnh Ngn hng Anh, mt ti khon m khch hng rt SC ln ti
s d tn dng hoc vt qu s d tn dng gii hn THU CHI
C THO THUN. M, y l tin gi ngn hng linh hot nht v
c trong tt c cc nh ngha v cung tin.
705 Current assets Ti sn lu ng. Gm 3 loi ti sn chnh: 1)"D tr" bao gm cc hng ho c hon
thin, ang c sn xut v cc nguyn vt liu th. 2)Khon tin s thu
c hay khon n ngn hn. 3)Tin mt v u t ngn hn.
706 Current cost accounting Hch ton theo chi ph hin
ti.
Xem INFLATION ACCOUNTING.
707 Current income Thu nhp thng xuyn. Xem PERMANENT INCOME HYPOTHESIS.
708 Current liabilities Ti sn n ngn hn. Dng ch nhng khon n ca cng ty s phi thanh ton trong nm sau.
709 Current profits Li nhun hin hnh L doanh s tr i ton b CHI PH C HI thu c trong giai on k
hoch hin ti ca hng.
710 Current and capital
account
Ti khon vng lai v ti
khon vn.
711 Current prices Gi hin hnh (thi gi).
712 Custom and practice Tp qun v thng l L nhng quy tc khng chnh thc v v tr lm vic chi phi vic phn
cng v thc hin cc nhim v.
713 Custom markets Cc th trng khch hng. L cc th trng trong gi c khng nh gi bng cung v cu.
714 Custom Co-operative
Council
U ban hp tc Hi quan. Mt u ban c thnh lp nm 1950 nhm ci thin v lm ho hp cc
hot ng hi quan.
715 Custom, excise and
protective duties
Cc loi thu hi quan, thu
tiu th c bit v thu bo
h.
y l cc loi thu p dng cho nhp khu hay vic bn cc hng ho c
th. Nhng th tc c bit c p dng cho vic nhp khu cc hng ho
nng nghip. Xem EC ARRICULTURAL LEVIES.
716 Custom union Lin minh thu quan. L mt t chc gm mt s nc, trong hn ch v mu dch gia chng
c loi b.
717 Cyclical unemployment Tht nghip chu k. L loi tht nghip do THIU CU NGN HN.
718 Cycling Chu k. Xem PARADOX OF VOTING.
719 Damage cost Chi ph bi thng thit hi;
Chi ph b p thit hi; Chi
ph thit hi
L chi ph phi tr cho thit hi gy ra, thng l thit hi do nhim.
720 Damped cycle Chu k (c bin ) gim dn;
Chu k tt.
Cn gi l chu k ng quy. Mt trong mt lot cc bin ng chu k vi
mt bin GIM DN theo thi gian.
721 Data S liu, d liu. Cc quan st v ln ca cc hin tng kinh t nh THU NHP QUC
DN, THT NGHIP, MC GI BN L
722 Dated securities Chng khon ghi ngy hon
tr.
Cc chng khon oc ghi thnh chng khon hon tr ngn hn, trung hn
v di hn tu thuc vo thi gian o hn
723 DCF Phng php phn tch chit
khu lung tin.
Xem DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW ANALYSIS.
Page 31
724 Deadweight debt N "trng". L khon n khng c bo lnh bng mt ti sn thc no c, n ny
c dng tr cho cc chi tiu thng xuyn.
725 Deadweight - loss Khon mt trng; khon tn
tht v ch.
Cm thut ng thng c s dng ch s mt mt thng d ca ngi
tiu dng m ngi mua phi chu ch khng phi ngi sn xut.
726 Dear money Tin t. LI SUT cao hn so vi gi tr trung bnh vn c ca n.
727 Debased coinage Tin kim loi. Xem COINAGE, GRESHAM'S LAW, BAD MONEY DRIVES OUT
GOOD.
728 Debentures Tri khon cng ty. Cc chng khon N c li sut c nh thng do mt cng ty pht hnh
v bo lnh bng ti sn. Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
729 Debreu Gerard (1921-) Nh kinh t ton hc ngi M gc, Php, ngi ginh gii Nobel v kinh
t hc nm 1983 nh cng trnh nghin cu v thuyt "Cn bng tng th".
Debreu xem xt chi tit vn m SMITH v WALRAS nu ra, c th
l mt h thng th trng phi tp trung c th em li s phi hp mong
mun ca cc k hoch c nhn nh thno. Trong nghin cu cng vi
ARROW, ng chng minh c s tn ti ca cc gi c to ra cn
bng, bng cch khng nh logic trong quan im ca SMITH -
WALRAS. Debreu tr li c 2 vn tip theo trong lnh vc ny.
Th nhtt ng xc nh c cc iu kin m BN TAY V HNH ca
NN KINH T TH TRNG s m bo HIU QU PHN PHI. Th
hai, ng phn tch vn n nh cn bng ca mt nn kinh t th
trng ch ra rng trong cc nn kinh t ln c nhiu tc nhn th trng
th cn bng th trng c th n nh c. Cun sch chnh ca ng HC
THUYT V GI TR (1959) gy c ting vang ln v tnh ton th v
cch tip cn phn tch vn . i vi Debreu, mt m hnh cn bng tng
th nh th c th ho nhp vi l thuyt phn b, l thuyt v vn v l
thuyt hnh vi trong iu kin khng chc chn.
730 Debt N. Trch nhim hoc khon tin n ny sinh do vay mn v ti chnh hay
nhn cc hng ho hoc dch v di dng tn dng tc l s tr sau.
731 Debt conversion Hon n; i n. Xem CONVERSION
732 Debt finance Ti tr bng vay n. Khi nim ny c hai ngha ring bit nhng u lin quan n vic vay
mn. Khi nim ny ch cc cng ty i vay ti tr cho cc nghip v
ca mnh. Cc chnh ph cng i vay ti tr cho cc hot ng ca mnh
v iu chnh cc hot ng tngt th ca nn kinh t.
733 Debt for equity swaps Hon chuyn n thnh c
phn.
K thut c ra gip cc nc thuc khi pha ng v cc nc
km pht trin gim bt gnh nng n nn bng cch chuyn i cc khon
n ca mt hng hay chnh ph thnh vn c phn.
734 Debt management Qun l n. Cm thut ng ny c s dng thng lin quan n cng n, ch cc
hot ng ca c quan cho vay n ca NGN HNG trung ng, thay
mt cho c quan vay n, iu chnh quy m v c cu cc khon n
cha tr.
735 Debtor nation Nc mc n. Nc vay rng t cc nc khc hoc nhn u t t cc doanh nghip
nc ngoi v do tng s lng n rng v cc ngha v khc i vi
nc ny.
736 Debt ratio T s n gia vn vay v vn
c phn
Xem GEARING.
737 Decile Thp phn v L s liu mu hoc l s o v tr ca mt phn phi.
738 Decimal coinage Tin c c s mi H thng tin t da vo c s s mi.
739 Decision function Hm quyt nh ng ngha vi HM MC TIU.
740 Decision lag tr ca vic ra quyt nh Khong thi gian gia vic nhn bit nhu cu phi hnh ng gii quyt
mt vn kinh t (c bit l kinh t v m) vi vic quyt nh chnh
sch v vn .
741 Decision rule Quy tc ra quyt nh Mt tiu chun s dng trong vic chn la, nh c tin hnh mt d n
hay khng hoc nh gi cc sn phm u ra nh th no.
742 Decision theory L thuyt ra quyt nh L thuyt lin quan n vic hnh thnh cc qu trnh hnh ng thch hp
nhm t c cc mc tiu trong cc hon cnh c th c th khng n
nh.
743 Decreasing cost industry Ngnh c chi ph gim dn Mt ngnh m ng cung di hn dc xung. iu ny xy ra nu c
nhng yu t to hiu qu kinh t nm ngoi hng m li nm trong ngnh.
744 Decreasing returns Mc sinh li gim dn; Li
tc gim dn
Xem LAW OF DIMINSHING RETURNS, RETURNS TO SCALE.
Page 32
745 Decreasing returns to
scale
Mc sinh li gim dn theo
qui m; Li tc gim dn theo
quy m
Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE, RETURNS TO SCALE.
746 Deferred ordinary shares C phiu thng li tr sau Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
747 Deficit Thm ht Tnh trng chi tiu vt qu thu nhp, trong mt bi cnh hin hu no ,
hoc khon n vt qu ti sn ti mt thi im no .
748 Deficit financing Ti tr thm ht Khon ti tr cn thit trong tnh hung cc khon chi tiu c c
cho vt qu thu nhp.
749 Deficit units Cc n v thm ht Cc n v kinh t m thu nhp trong mt giai on no khng th p
ng chi tiu trong giai on .
750 Deflation Gim pht L s gim st lin tc trong mc gi chung.
751 Deflationnary gap Chnh lch gy gim pht Tnh trng m trong TNG CHI TIU thp hn mc chi tiu cn phi
c to ra mt mc THU NHP QUC DN c th m bo TON
DNG NHN CNG.
752 Deflator Ch s gim pht Mt CH S GI C r rng hay hm c s dng phn bit gia
nhng thay i trong gi tr bng tin ca tng sn phm quc dn do c
mt thay i v gi v nhng thay i do mt thay i ca sn lng vt
cht.
753 Degree of homogeneity Mc ng nht Xem HOMOGENNOEUS FUNCTIONS.
754 Degree of freedom Bc t do (df) S lng cc thng tin c th thay i mt cch c lp vi nhau.
755 Deindustrialization Phi cng nghip ho. S pht trin trong mt nn kinh t quc dn theo hng tng t trng ca
nghnh dch v trong tng sn phm quc ni hoc trong s vic lm trong
cc ngnh dch v.
756 Delors Report Bo co Delors. Bn bo co ny c trnh ln Hi ng Chu u ti cuc hp Madrid
thng 6/1989, l mt phn k hoch LIN MINH TIN T giai on
hin ti trong CNG NG CHU U.
757 Demand Cu Lng hng ho hoc dch v m mt c nhn hay mt nhm ngi mun
c mc hin hnh.
758 Demand curve ng cu. Mt minh ho th v s cu hay hm cu vi iu kin th ny ch
c v trong mt khng gian hai hoc ba chiu, biu hin mi quan h
gia cu v ch mt hoc hai bin s nh hng n cu, cc nhn t khc
khng i.
759 Demand deposits Tin gi khng k hn. Xem SIGHT DEPOSITE.
760 Demand - deficient
unemployment
Tht nghip do thiu cu. Trng hp trong tng cu qu thp khng to vic lm cho tt c
nhng ai mun lm vic ti mc lng thc t hin hnh bt k trnh
o to hoc b tr nh th no i na.
761 Demand for inflation Cu i vi lm pht. Mt khi nim cho rng c nhng khon thu li tim tng i vi mt s
nhm ngi no nh cc chnh sch tng lm pht.
762 Demand function Hm cu Mt biu thc i s ca BIU CU c din t bng cc s hng
tng qut hoc vi cc gi tr bng cc con s c th cho cc tham s khc
nhau v thng bao gm cc yu t nh hng n cu.
763 Demand for exchange Cu ngoi t.
764 Demand for money Cu tin t Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
765 Demand management Qun l cu. Vic kim sot mc tng cu trong mt nn kinh t thng qua vic s dng
CHNH SCH TIN T, CHNH SCH TI CHNH.
766 Demand - pull inflation Lm pht do cu ko. S gia tng bn vng ca tng cu dn n s gia tng bn vng ca mc
gi chung.
767 Demand schedule Biu cu Mt bng cho thy mc cu i vi mt lai hng ho no ti cc mc
gi khc nhau.
768 Demand shift inflation Lm pht do dch chuyn cu. Mt l thuyt kt hp cc yu t ca lm pht cu ko vi lm pht chi ph
y, cho thy rng lm pht l do thay i c cu ca tng cu.
769 Demography Nhn khu hc. Nghin cu c im ca dn s.
770 Density gradient Gradient mt . T l m cng s dng t thay i theo khong cch hng knh t
trung tm ca mt vng th.
771 Dependence structure Cu trc ph thuc. Cc nc th gii th ba l mt phn ca cu trc rng ln v s ph thuc
kinh t, x hi v chnh tr gia cc nhm quyn lc cc nc tin tin,
c bit l cc cng ty a quc gia v nhm li ch ch yu cc nc
ngho.
772 Demonetization Qu trnh phi tin t ho; gim
bt s dng tin mt.
773 Dependency burden Gnh nng n theo. Mt tnh hun trong t l tr em rt cao trong ton b dn s sng ph
thuc vo mt t l ngi ln nh hn nhiu.
Page 33
774 Dependent variable Bin s ph thuc. Mt bin bn tri du bng ca mt phng trnh, gi nh vy bi v gi
tr ca n "ph thuc" hay c nh bi cc gi tr ca cc BIN C
LP hay BIN GII THCH bn phi.
775 Depletion allowance u i ti nguyn Mt u i v thu cho php ngi ch s hu cc ngun ti nguyn thin
nhin c tr khi tng thu nhp khon gi tr b suy gim ca mt ti sn
khng ti sinh nh qung, du m, kh t
776 Deposit Tin gi Khon tin cho cc nh ch ti chnh no vay, v d nh cc NGN
HNG, NGN HNG PHT TRIN GIA C v CNG TY TI
CHNH, vi iu kin rt c bo trc hoc khng, hay hon tr sau mt
thi gian nht nh.
777 Deposit account Ti khon tin gi Trong nghip v ngn hng Anh, mt kiu ti khon c thit k thu
ht cc s d t hot ng ca khch hng, v hot ng nh l mt phng
tin tit kin.
778 Deposit money Tin gi ngn hng. ch mt bp phn ca dung lng tin di dng tin gi ngn hng.
779 Depository Institution
Deregulation and
Monetary Control Act of
1980 (DIDMCA)
o lut phi iu tit v kim
sot tin i vi cc nh ch
nhn tin gi nm 1980.
o lut ny c Quc hi M thng qua nm 1980, DIDMCA, c coi
l o lut v th trng ti chnh v ngn hng k t sau khi o lut v d
tr lin bang nm 1913 v cc o lut ngn hng 1933 v 1934. o lut
ny ra i sau tnh hung gn khng hong thp k 70, khi li sut M
lm cho cc nh ch ti chnh to lp mt lot cng c ti chnh cnh
tranh v c gng thu ht vn.
780 Depreciation Khu hao; s st gim gi tr. S gim gi tr ti sn ni chung pht sinh t s hao mn hay h hng.
781 Depression Tnh trng suy thoi. Xem Slump.
782 Deregulation D b iu tit; Xo iu tit;
Phi iu tit.
Vic d b cc lut v di lut ca chnh ph trung ng hay a phng
hn ch s tham gia vo cc hot ng nht nh. Xem PRIVATIZATION.
783 Depletable and
renewable resources
Cc ti nguyn khng th ti
sinh v ti sinh.
784 Depreciation rate T l khu hao.
785 Depressed area Khu vc tr tr. Mt vng a l hay khu vc trong mt nc t kt qu hot ng kinh t
km hn mt cch ng k so vi c nc.
786 Derivative o hm. Mc thay i ca BIN PH THUC ca mt hm trn mt n v ca
thay i trong BIN C LP c tnh trong mt khong v cng nh
vi bin c lp.
787 Derived demand Cu phi sinh, cu dn xut,
cu th pht.
Cu i vi mt yu t sn xut. Diu ny c ngha l cu pht sinh t
nhu cu i vi hng ho cui cng m yu t gp phn sn xut ra.
788 Deseasonalization Xo tnh cht thi v. Qu trnh loi b nhng nh hng ca ma v, nhng hin tng xy ra
thng xuyn theo ma lm mo m xu th ni bt khi cc s liu. Xem
FILTER.
789 Desired capital stock Dung lng vn mong mun. Dung lng di hn ti u.
790 Determinant nh thc (hay Del hoc c
k hiu |A|).
791 Detrending Kh khuynh hng; Gim
khuynh hng.
Qu trnh m mt khuynh hng v thi gian c loi b khi s liu,
thng bng vic trc tin c tnh mt khuynh hng theo thi gian v
tnh ton cc s d. Xem FILTER.
792 Devaluation Ph gi Gim t gi hi oi c nh gia mt ng tin v cc ng tin khc.
793 Devaluation and
revaluation
Ph gi v nng gi.
794 Developing countries Cc nc ang pht trin. miu t tnh trng kinh t ca cc nc ngho hn ca th gii, c bt
u s dng trong nhng nm 1960 thay th cc cm thut ng t hon
chnh hn nh "km pht trin" hoc "lc hu". Xem ADVANCED
COUNTRIES.
795 Development area Vng cn pht trin. Cc vng Anh c nhiu hnh thc h tr ca chnh ph i vi cng
nghip.
796 Development planning Hoch nh pht trin; Lp k
hoch pht trin.
Mt k hoch vi mt lot cc mc tiu nhm pht trin tim nng kinh t
v x hi ca ton b nn kinh t hay mt vng nht nh.
797 Development strategy Chin lc pht trin. Cch tip cn vn chm pht trin, ph thuc vo m hnh tng trng
no c s dng.
798 Deviation lch. Mc chnh lch gi gi tr ca mt bi s v TRUNG BNH ca n. Xem
Standard deviation, Variace.
799 Standard deviation lch chun.
800 Dickey fuller test Cc kim nh Dickey Fuller. Mt tp hp cc kim nh s tn ti ca n v gc trong chui thi gian.
801 Difference equation Phng trnh vi phn Mt phng trnh trong gi tr hin ti ca BIN PH THUC c
biu din di dng mt hm ca cc gi tr trc ca n.
Page 34
802 Differencing Phng php vi phn Phng php dng nhn din mt phng trnh vi phn tnh.
803 Difference principle Nguyn l bt bng; Nguyn
l khc bit
Xem RAWLSIAN JUSTICE
804 Difference stationary
process (DSP)
Qu trnh vi phn tnh.
805 Differentials Cc cung bc; Cc mc chnh
lch.
Xem WAGE DIFFERENTIALS.
806 Differentiated growth Tng trng nh a dng ho Mt kha cnh ca tng trng ca hng bng A DNG HO, ch s
tng trng c thc y bi a ra nhng sn phm khc bit vi nhng
sn phm khc v c khch hng cng nh hng c coi l mi.
807 Differentiation Qu trnh a dng ho; Php
vi phn
1) Xem PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION. 2) Qu trnh tnh o hm ca
mt hm.
808 Diffusion Qu trnh truyn b; S ph
bin
Trong bi cnh ph bin k thut, cm thut ng ny ch mc truyn b
cc sng ch sang cc hng.
809 Dillon Round Vng m phn Dillon Tn thng dng cho vng dm phn thng mi th nm t chc di s
bo tr ca HIP NH CHUNG V THU QUAN V MU DCH
GENEVA (1960-1961)
810 Diminishing marginal
utility
tho dng bin gim dn. Hin tng theo gi nh rng tho dng gia tng i vi mt n v
hng ho gim khi cng nhiu hng ho c mua hn.
811 Diminishing returns Mc sinh li gim dn; Li
tc gim dn
Xem LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS.
812 Diminishing marginal
rate of substitution
(Quy lut v) t l thay th
bin gim dn.
813 Diminishing marginal
utility of wealth
(Qui lut v) gi tr tho dng
bin gim dn ca ti sn/ca
ci.
814 Direct costs Chi ph trc tip. Xem VARIABLE COSTS.
815 Direct debit Ghi n trc tip. Mt h thng pht trin mi y v thanh ton qua h thng ngn hng.
Theo ngn hng ca mt ngi giao dch sp nhn mt khon thanh
ton s a ra khiu n cu trc tip i vi ngn hng ca bn phi tr n
thanh ton, n lt mnh ngn hng ca bn n s ghi n vo ti khon
ngi tr.
816 Direct taxes Thu trc thu. L thu nh trc tip vo c nhn hay hng. Thu ny ngc vi thu gin
thu.
817 Directors Ban gim c. Xem COMPANY DIRECTOR.
818 Director's Law Quy lut Director Mt gi thuyt do Aaron Director a ra, cho rng trong mt h thng dn
ch, chnh ph c xu hng theo ui nhng chnh sch phn phi li thu
nhp t nhng ngi kh giu v ngi ngho sang nhng nhm thu nhp
trung bnh.
819 Dirty float Th ni (kiu) bn; Th ni
khng hon ton
Mt loi hnh T GI HI OI TH NI nhng khng c hon ton
t do, bi v cc NGN HNG TRUNG NG thnh thong li can thip
nhm lm cho t gi lch khi t gi ca th trng t do.
820 Disadvantaged workers Cng nhn (c v th) bt li;
Nhng cng nhn khng c
li th.
Nhng ngi cng nhn m xt v tay ngh h a ra th trng lao ng
hoc cc "tn hiu" h chuyn ti nhng ngi ch tng lai tnh th
tng i bt li.
821 Discharges Nhng ngi b thi vic Tng s ngi ri b cng vic mt cch khng tnh nguyn trong bt k
mt thi k no.
822 Discounted cash flow
(DCF)
Dng tin chit khu;
Lung tin chit khu
Mt phng php nh gi cc d n da trn tng CHIT KHU chi
ph v li nhun tng lai xung gi tr hin ti ca chng.
823 Discounted cash flow
yield
Li tc lung tin chit
khu
Xem RATE OF RETURN.
824 Discount house Hng chit khu Mt TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH trong th trng tin t London thu v cc
ti sn ngn hn cng vi tin s tr khi c thng bo ngn hn
825 Discounting Chit khu Qu trnh p dng mt li sut i vi khon vn.
826 Discount market Th trng chit khu. Theo ngha hp l th trng London m ti HI PHIU THNG
MI v HI PHIU B TI CHNH c mua bn .
827 Discount rate T l chit khu; sut chit
khu
T l m li nhun hay chi ph tng lai s c chit khu do S THCH
HIN TI HN TNG LAI hoc v s tn ti ca LI SUT DNG.
828 Discouraged Worker
Hypothesis
Gi thuyt v cng nhn nn
lng.
Nhng cng nhn ri b th trng lao ng khi tht nghip tng ln.
829 Discrete variable Bin gin on Mt bin ch nhn mt s gi tr nht nh.
Page 35
830 Discretionary profits Nhng mc li nhun vt
tri
Li nhun vt qu mc ti thiu cn thit t c s chp nhn ca
cc c ng.
831 Discretionary
stabilization
S n nh c can thip S can thip trc tip ca chnh ph thng dng CHNH SCH TI
CHNH hay CHNH SCH TIN T nhm n nh tng trng hay mc
THU NHP QUC DN. (Ngc li vi AUTOMATIC STABILIZERS).
832 Discriminating
monopoly
c quyn phn bit i x;
c quyn c phn bit.
Xem PRICE DISCRIMINATION.
833 Discrimination S phn bit i s. i s khng cng bng i vi nhng th nh nhau.
834 Discriminatory pricing nh gi c phn bit Xem PRICE DISCRIMINATION.
835 Diseconomies of growth Tnh phi kinh t do tng
trng
Nhng rng buc mnh m pht sinh khi tc tng trng cao hn mt
mc no v lm mt tnh hiu qu ca cc hot ng ca hng.
836 Diseconomies of scale Tnh phi kinh t do quy m. Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE.
837 Disembodied technical
progress
Tin b k thut ngoi ti;
Tin b k thut tch ri.
Tin b k thut t c m khng tn km tin u t, nh mt dng
"lc tri cho", hon ton khng ph thuc tch lu vn hay bt k bin no
khc trong h thng kinh t.
838 Disequilibrium Trng thi bt cn; Trng thi
khng cn bng
Mt trng thi khng cn bng.
839 Disguised
unemployment
Tht nghip tr hnh. Xem HIDDEN UNEMPLOYMENT.
840 Disincentive Tr ngi Xem TAX DISINCENTIVE.
841 Disinflation Qu trnh gim lm pht. Qu trnh lm mt dn hay gim LM PHT.
842 Disintermediation Qu trnh xo b trung gian;
Phi trung gian.
Qu trnh theo vn m t trc i t ngi cung cp cui cng n
ngi s dng cui cng thng qua TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH, c bit
l cc ngn hng v cc l do lin quan n li sut tng i hay kim sot
kh nng m rng cc khon tin gi ca cc ngn hng, by gi oc tin
hnh trc tip.
843 Disinvestment Gim u t. Vic c gim mt phn DUNG LNG VN hay s tht bi c d nh
hoc khng d inh v u t thay th trang tri khu hao.
844 Displacement effect Hiu ng chuyn di; Hiu
ng thay i trng thi.
Xu hng quan st c v tng chi tiu cng cng trong sut mt cuc
chin tranh hay cuc khng hong quc gia khc nhng khng tr v mc
ban u sau khng hong.
845 Disposable income Thu nhp kh dng; thu nhp
kh tiu; Thu nhp kh dng.
Thu nhp cn li sau khi tr thu. Xem PERSONAL INCOME.
846 Dissaving Gim tit kim. Tiu dng vt thu nhp hin ti.
847 Distance cost Ph vn chuyn. Xem TRANSFER COSTS.
848 Dirigiste Chnh ph can thip.
849 Discount rate Sut chit khu.
850 Discouraged worker /
unemployment
Ngi tht nghip do nn
lng.
851 Distributed lags tr c phn phi. S xc nh v cc mi quan h kinh t lng thng i hi rng mt bin
gii thch khng ch tn ti di gi tr hin ti m cn di dng mt
chui trc (tr).
852 Distributed profits Li nhun c phn phi. Phn li nhun rng do hng phn phi di dng tr li c tc cho nhng
ngi s hu vn c phiu cng ty. Xem DIVIDEND PAY.
853 Distribution, theories of Cc l thuyt phn phi. Cc l thuyt lin quan n c ch theo THU NHP quc dn c
phn phi gia cc c nhn v cc nhm trong nn kinh t.
854 Dispersion Phn tn.
855 Distortions Bin dng
856 Distortions and market
failures
Cc bin dng v tht bi ca
th trng.
857 Distribution (stats) Phn phi.
858 Continuous distribution Phn phi lin tc
859 Deterministic
distribution
Phn phi tt nh
860 Discrete distribution Phn phi ri rc
861 Normal distribution Phn phi chun
862 Probability distribution Phn phi xc sut
863 Step distribution Phn phi bc thang
864 Triangular distribution Phn phi tam gic
865 Union distribution Phn phi u.
866 Distributional equity Cng bng trong phn phi. S ng mc hay cng bng theo cch m sn phm ca mt nn kinh t
c phn phi gia cc c nhn.
Page 36
867 Distributional wage Trng s phn phi Mt h s bng s p dng i vi nhng thay i trong thu nhp ca cc
c nhn hay nhm c nhn v bao gm s BIN MINH PHN PHI no
vi mc ch nh gi hiu qu ng gp ca mt chnh sch hay d n.
868 Distribution function Chc nng phn phi. Mt phn ca chnh sch chi tiu v thu ca chnh ph lin quan ti iu
chnh phn phi thu nhp hoc ca ci trong x hi.
869 Distributive judgement S xem xt kha cnh phn
phi; BIN MINH PHN
PHi.
Khi cc nh kinh t nh gi cc chnh sch hay d n, h gp phi nhng
kh khn nh cc chnh sch nh hng khng ch i vi tng sn lng
ca nn kinh t m c cch thc sn lng v li ch c phn phi
gia c c nhn.
870 Distributive justice Cng bng v kha cnh phn
phi
Mt khi nim hay nguyn tc nh gi cc phng n phn phi thu nhp
hoc ca ci gia cc c nhn. Xem Distributive judgement.
871 Disturbance term Sai s. Sai s trong mt phng trnh hi quy (hay cn gi l nhiu ngu nhin).
872 Disutility bt tho dung. S khng tho mn hoc khng hi lng do mt sn phm hay "hng xu"
gy ra.Xem Utility.
873 Divergent cycle Chu k phn r; Chu k bng
n.
Xem EXPLOSIVE CYCLE.
874 Divergence Phn r; phn k; Sai bit.
875 Diversification a dng ho. Hoc c nhiu ngnh trong mt khu vc hoc c mt lot sn phm do mt
hng bn ra.
876 Diversifier Ngi u t a dng. Mt nh u t gi mt phn ca ci ca mnh di dng tin v phn cn
li l cng tri hp nht.
877 Dividend C tc. Phn tr cho c ng di dng tin hay c phiu.
878 Dividend cover Mc bo chng c tc. T s li nhun trn c phiu thng thng so vi tng li tc trn c
phiu. 879 Dividend payout ratio T s tr c tc Phn li tc thanh ton C TC.
880 Dividend yield Li c tc. Li c tc cho thy t l % li tc m nh u t c th thu ti mc gi hin
hnh.
881 Division of labour Phn cng lao ng. Qu trnh phn b lao ng cho hot ng no c nng sut cao nht,
tc l vo hot ng s dng tt nht cc k nng ca n.
882 Dollar certificate of
deposite
Giy chng nhn tin gi la. Giy chng nhn tin gi (CD) ghi bng ola v c pht hnh c
pht hnh i ly tin gi bng la.
883 Domar, Evsey D. (1914-) Nh kinh t ngi M gc Ba Lan, ni ting v cng trnh ca ng v
THUYT TNG TRNG KINH T. ng nhn mnh rng chi tiu u
t c hai hiu ng, c th l hiu ng to thu nhp v hiu ng tng nng
lc. Kinh t hc KEYNES ch cng nhn hiu ng th nht v Domar a
ra khng nh v nhng iu kin cn tng cu v tng nng lc pht
trin mt cch cn i. Kt qu m ng thu c ging vi nhng g
HARROD thu c mt cch c lp n ngy nay chng c bit n
nh nhng iu kin ca Harrod/Domar. Tc phm chnh ca ng l Cc
tiu lun v thuyt tng trng kinh t (1957).
884 Domestic credit
expansion
Tn dng trong nc (DCE). Mt ch s v thay i tin t trong mt nn kinh t, do QU TIN T
QUC T a ra v ng h trong nhng nm 1960, nh mt thc o hin
hnh ng hn v cc tc nhn m rng trong h thng tin t so vi nhng
thay i tnh c trong dung lng tin.
885 Dominant firm price
leadership
Gi ca hng khng ch. Xem Price leadership.
886 Doolittle method Phng php Doolittle Mt cch tip cn c h thng gii cc h phng trnh c 4 phng
trnh hoc c 4 phng trnh tr ln do M.H.Doolittle a ra.
887 Double-coincidence of
wants
S hi t lp v nhu cu; S
trng hp nhu cu.
Nu vic mua bn c tin hnh theo PHNG PHP HNG I
HNG th cn thit phi c s trng hp hai ln nhu cu gia hai bn tham
gia trao i.
888 Double counting Tnh hai ln; Tnh lp Vic tnh mt yu t chi ph hay li ch nhiu hn mt ln trong PHN
TCH CHI PH- LI CH.
889 Double factorial terms
of trade
T gi ngoi thng c tnh
n gi ca cc yu t sn xut
ca c hai bn.
Xem TERMS OF TRADE.
890 Double switching Chuyn i tr li. Xem RESWITCHING.
891 Double taxation and
double taxation relief.
nh thu hai ln v trnh
nh thu hai ln.
Mt c nhn hay t chc c thu nhp nc ngoi c th phi chu THU
thu nhp c nc ngoi v nc bn a.
892 Dow Jones index Ch s Dow Jones. S CH BO gi c phiu trn S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON PH
WALL. l thut ng tng ng ca M cho CH S C PHIU
THNG CA THI BO TI CHNH.
Page 37
893 Dual decision
hypothesis
Gi thuyt quyt nh kp Trong nhng pht trin hin i ca KINH T HC KEYNES c lp lun
cho rng hm cung v cu thng thng khng cho thy nhng tn hiu xc
ng v im cn bng trn th trng.
894 Dualism, theory of L thuyt nh nguyn Thuyt ny ban u do Mathus xng, ng xem nn kinh t gm 2 khu
vc chnh: nng nghip v cng nghip; chia nn kinh t thnh 2 khu vc
v xem xt s tc ng qua li gia chng c coi l lm tng s hiu bit
v qu trnh pht trin.
895 Duality Phng php i ngu. Phng ph dn xut cc h phng trnh cu phi sinh ph hp vi hnh
vi ti u ho ca ngi tiu dng hay sn xut bng cch n gin l vi
phn ha mt hm thay th cho vic gii mt bi ton ti u c rng buc.
896 Dual labour market
hypothesis
Gi thit th trng lao ng
hai cp.
Gi thuyt cho rng th trng lao ng c phn thnh 2 cp: Cp mt v
cp hai.Nhng cng vic c lng cao, c trin vng v bt, an ton v
tr cp cao, to thnh khu vc cp mt ca mt nn kinh t lng cp.
Trong khu vc cp hai, tin lng c hnh thnh do cnh tranh, cng
vic nhiu c th s dng ht tt c cng nhn, tuy nhin nhng cng
vic ny c lng thp, khng n nh v ni chung l khng hp dn.
Nhng cng nhn trong khu vc cp hai do phi chu tnh trng hu
nghip phim dng.
897 Dollar standard Bn v la
898 Domestic absorption S hp thu trong nc.
899 Domestic - oriented
growth
Tng trng hng ni; Tng
trng hng vo th trng
ni a.
900 Domestic resources cost Chi ph ti nguyn trong nc.
901 Dummy variable Bin gi. Mt bin nh phn (c - khng) c a ra xem xt nhng dch chuyn
(dch chuyn gi) hay thay i ngoi sinh ca dc ( c gi) trong mi
quan h kinh t lng.
902 Dumping Bn ph gi. Vic bn mt hng ho nc ngoi mc gi thp hn so vi mc gi
th trng trong nc.
903 Duopoly Lng c quyn bn. Mt c cu th trng ch c 2 hng. Cc m hnh l gii c gii thch s
xc nh sn lng v gi c trn c cu th trng ny t c s phn tch
ca mnh ln nhng gi nh xem xt n vic a ra quyt nh trong
c s ph thuc ln nhau c thy r.
904 Duopsony Lng c quyn mua. Mt th trng ch c hai ngi mua cng mt loi sn phm hay dch v
em trao i.
905 Duration of
unemployment
Thi gian tht nghip Khong thi gian trung bnh m mt c nhn tri qua khi ng k tht
nghip.
906 Durbin h - statistic S thng k Durbin - h S thng k d bo bi ton TNG QUAN CHUI hay cc h s sai s
trong php hi quy, bao gm mt bin ni sinh tr hon trong trng hp
s thng k Durbin - Watson-d thng dng hn khng th p dng c.
907 Durbin- Watson S thng k (d hoc D.W.). Mt s thng k d bo v bi ton TNG QUAN CHUI ca cc h s
sai s trong php hi quy.
908 Dynamic economics Kinh t hc ng. Phn tch lin thi gian v h thng kinh t. Nn kinh t c th i t mt
im cn bng ny sang im cn bng khc (tc l hai im CN BNG
TNH SO SNH) hoc c th lin tc khng t n im cn bng tnh
no.
909 Dynamic model M hnh kinh t ng. Xem Dynamic economic.
910 Dynamic peg T gi hi oi neo ng. Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
911 Dynamic programming Quy hoch ng. Mt tp hp cc k thut ton hc gii cc loi bi ton chui ra quyt
nh.
912 Dynamic theories of
comparative advantage.
Cc l thuyt ng v li th
so snh.
Cc l thuyt mi v thng mi quc t, nhn mnh vai tr ca tnh r
rng v s truyn b thnh tin trong vic gii thch hnh thi thng mi
quc t v sn xut.
913 Earmaking Dnh cho mc ch ring. Vic gn nhng yu t c th trong CHI TIU CNG CNG vi cc
khon thu nhp huy ng t mt s c th. Xem BENEFIT PRINCIPLE.
914 Earning Thu nhp. Cn thut ng c s dng theo hai cch: mt miu t phn li tc i
vi n lc ca con ngi, th lao cho u vo ca yu t lao ng sn xut
v ngha th hai miu t thu nhp ca mt doanh nghip.
915 Earnings driff Khuynh hng tng thu nhp. Tng thu nhp hng tun vt mc tng MC LNG tho tho thun.
916 Earnings function Hm thu nhp. Mi quan h hm s gia cc mc thu nhp v cc yu t quyt nh
chng.
917 Easy money Tin d vay. Tnh trng chung ca vic vay tin d dng v r trong h thng ti chnh.
Page 38
918 Easy / tight monetary or
fiscal policy
Chnh sch tin t v ti kho
lng/cht; Chnh sch ni lng
/ tht cht tin t hay thu chi
ngn sch.
919 EC Agricultural Livies Thu nng nghip ca EC Thu do cc thnh vin ca CNG NG CHU U (EC) nh vo hng
nng phm nhp khu t cc nc khng phi l thnh vin.
920 ECGD Xem EXPORT CREDITS
GUARANTEE
DEPARTMENT
921 Econometric model M hnh kinh t lng. Mt M HNH ton hc ca mt nn kinh t hay mt b phn ca mt nn
kinh t m cc tham s ca n c c tnh bng phng php kinh t
lng.
922 Econometrics Mn kinh t lng. Mt nghnh ca thng k hc lin quan ti kim nghim cc gi thuyt
kinh t v c tnh cc tham s kinh t ch y thng qua phng php HI
QUY BI S, mc d i khi thng qua vic s dng phng php lun
phc tp hn.
923 Economic base C s kinh t. Nhng hot ng kinh t m s tng trng v pht trin ca chng c
coi l c vai tr quyt ng i vi tng trng kinh t ca mt vng hay
ca mt th trn.
924 Economic base
multiplier
Nhn t c s kinh t. Mt dng ca NHN T KHU VC c tnh nh hng ca nhng thay
i trong mt C S KINH T vng i vi ton b nn kinh t ca vng.
925 Economic community Cng ng kinh t. Mt lin minh kinh t gia cc nc c biu thu quan v chnh sch
thng mi chung d b cc hn ch i vi thng mi gia cc nc
thnh vin.
926 Economic Co-operation
Administration
C quan Hp tc kinh t. Mt c quan vin tr kinh t, thnh lp nm 1948 do o lut Tr gip
nc ngoi ca M, qun l K HOCH MARSHALL i vi vic phc
hi kinh t Chu u sau chin tranh th gii th hai.
927 Economic development Pht trin kinh t. Qu trnh ci thin mc snngs v s sung tc ca dn chng ca cc nc
ang pht trin bng cch tng thu nhp trn u ngi.
928 Economic development
Committee
U ban Pht trin kinh t. Xem NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL.
929 Economic development
Institute
Vin Pht trin kinh t. Xem INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
930 Economic dynamics ng hc kinh t. Xem DYNAMIC ECONOMICS
931 Economic efficiency Hiu qu kinh t. Xem ALLCATIVE EFFICIENCY
932 Eclectic Keynesian Ngi theo thuyt Keynes
chit trung.
933 Economic cost Chi ph kinh t.
934 Economic growth Tng trng kinh t. Thng ch mc tng sn lng thc t ca SN PHM QUC DN
RNG, mc d thc o ny s nhy cm vi cch tnh sn phm quc
dn. Xem GROWTH THEORY
935 Economic good Hng ho kinh t. Mt mt hng khan him v mt hng m ngi ta s la chn nhiu hn
nu c th. Xem FREE GOOD.
936 Economic imperialism quc kinh t. Xem IMPERIALISM
937 Economic liberialism Ch ngha t do kinh t. Hc thuyt ng h kh nng s dng nhiu nht cc th trng v cc tc
nhn cnh tranh iu phi hot ng kinh t.
938 Economic man Con ngi kinh t. Tn t cho "vt oc c sng to" trong kinh t hc, bng cch , cc
c nhn c gi nh l c s nh th h ti a ho tho dng, chu chi
phi bi nhng rng buc, trong hin nhin nht l thu nhp.
939 Economic planning Hoch nh kinh t. S phi hp mt cc c t chc cc hot ng kinh t.
940 Economic policy Chnh sch kinh t. S iu hnh ca nh nc i vi nn kinh t ca mt quc gia.
941 Economic price Gi kinh t.
942 Economic profit Li nhun kinh t.
943 Economic rent Tin thu kinh t, t kinh t,
c li kinh t.
Khon tri tr cho mt yu t sn xut vt mc cn thit gi yu t
mc s dng hin ti.
944 Economic rate of return T sut li nhun kinh t.
945 Economics Kinh t hc. Mt ngnh nghin cu v cch thc con ngi t t chc gii quyt vn
c bn v s khan him.
946 Economic surplus Thng d kinh t. Chnh lc gia sn lng ca mt nn kinh t v chi ph cn thit sn
xut ra sn lng , m chi ph cn thit l TIN CNG, KHU HAO
VN, chi ph nguyn vt liu.
Page 39
947 Economies of scale Tnh kinh t nh qui m; Li
th kinh t nh quy m.
Gim chi ph trung bnh ca mt sn phm xt trong di hn nh tng sn
lng.
948 Economic theory of
polities
L thuyt chnh tr da trn
kinh t.
Mt m hnh v hnh vi chnh tr gi nh rng l c tri l nhng ngi ti
a ho THO DNG v cc ng phi chnh tr l nhng T CHC
TI A HO PHIU BU.
949 Economic union Cng ng kinh t. Xem ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
950 Economic welfare Phc li kinh t. Phn phc li ca con ngi xut phts t vic tiu dng hng ho v dch
v. 951 Economies of learning Tnh kinh t nh hc hnh;
Li ch kinh t do hc tp
Xem LEARNING
952 Economy of high wages Nn kinh t c tin cng cao. Mt nhn nh rng, tin cng cao s dn n nng sut cao; tin cng v
sn phm lao ng bin c coi l c lin h thun vi nhau.
953 ECSC Xem EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY
954 ECU Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
955 Edgeworth, Francis
Ysidro
(1845-1926). Gio s kinh t chnh tr hc trng i hc Oxford 1891-1922 v l
ngi theo ch ngha v li, l ngi pht minh ra cng c v ng bng
quan v ng hp ng m s dng trong thuyt hng i hng. ng cng
ni ting vi cng trnh v cc phng php thng k v c bit l quy
lut chung ca sai s, ch s v hm s. ng m rng QUY LUT LI
TC GIM DN t nng nghip sang ch to nh mt nguyn l chung.
956 EEC Xem EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
957 Effective demand Cu hu hiu. Tng cu i vi hng ho v dch v c h tr bi cc ngun lc
mua chng. Xem DUAL DECISION HYPOTHESIS.
958 Effective Hiu dng, hiu qu.
959 Effective rate of
protection
T l bo h hu dng; Thu
bo h hu hiu.
c nh ngha l phn gi tr gia tng, do c cu thu quan mang li, l
mt phn gi tr gia tng ca thng mi t do.
960 Effective rate of tax Mc thu hu dng; Thu sut
h hu hiu.
Xem AVERAGE RATE OF TAX
961 Effective protection Bo h hu dng; Bo h hu
hiu.
962 Effective rate of return Sut sinh li hiu dng.
963 Efficiency Tnh hiu qu; Tnh hiu
dng. 964 Efficiency coefficient of
investment
H s hiu qa u t. Mt cm thut ng c cc nh kinh t ng U s dng ch T S
SN LNG/ VN GIA TNG.
965 Efficiency earnings Thu nhp hiu qu. Thu nhp trn mt N V HIU QU. Khi cc nh kinh t hc ni v
khuynh hng cnh tranh cn bng thu nhp trn cng mt TH
TRNG LAO NG TRONG NC ngha l h mun ni n thu
nhp hiu qa.
966 Efficiency units n v hiu qu. Mt phng php o lng lc lng lao ng thng qua u vo dch v
lao ng c s dng.
967 Efficiency wages Tin cng hiu qu; tin lng
hiu dng/ hiu qu.
968 Efficiency wage theory L thuyt tin cng hiu qu. Theo hc thuyt ny, SN PHM BIN ca ngi lao ng v tin cng
m h c tr c lin quan vi nhau.
969 Efficient asset market Th trng ti sn c hiu
dng/ hiu qu.
970 Efficient market
hypothesis
Gi thuyt v th trng c
hiu qu.
Mt quan im cho rng gi c phiu trn th trng chng khon l
nhng c tnh tt nht v gi tr thc ca c phiu v th trng chng
khon c c ch nh gi tt nht.
971 Efficient resource
allocation
S phn b ngun lc c hiu
qu
972 Effort aversion Ngn n lc; Khng thch n
lc.
Mt khi nim chnh thc dng biu th gi nh rng s n lc l mt
bin s c tc ng m trong HM THO DNG ca cc c nhn, tc l
s n lc to ra trong s PHI THO DNG BIN.
973 EFTA Xem EUROPEAN FREE
TRADE ASSOCIATION
974 EIB Xem EUROPEAN
INVESTMENT BANK.
975 Elastic and unit elastic
demand
Nhu cu co gin v co gin
mt n v.
976 Inelastic and unit elastic
demand
Page 40
977 Elasticity co gin Mt thc o t l phn trm thay i ca mt bin s i vi mt t l %
thay i ca mt bin s khc. Xem PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND.
978 Elasticity of demand co gin ca cu. Thng dng ch CO GIN CA CU THEO GI, nhng cn
phi xc nh r ca gin ca cu no ang c cp n.
979 Elasticity of input
substitution
co gin ca s thay th u
vo.
Mt thc o s phn ng ca s kt hp lao ng TI U i vi thay
i gi tng i ca hai u vo ny (hoc ch hai yu t u vo bt
k).
980 Eligible asset ratio T s ti sn d tr. Xem RESERVE ASSET RATIO.
981 Eligible paper Giy t tiu chun chit
khu.
Cc TI SN ti chnh m NGN HNG TRUNG NG sn sng mua
(ti chit khu) hay chp nhn lm vt th chp cho cc khon vay, trong
mt s trng hp c bit, v thng l khi giao dch vi cc c quan
oc nh r.
982 Elitist good Hng xa x Xem Luxury
983 EMA Xem EUROPEAN
MONETARY AGREEMENT
984 Embodied technical
progress
Tin b k thut ni hm;
Tin b hm cha k thut.
Tin b k thut m khng th c c nu khng hm cha ngun vn
mi.
985 Emoluments Khon th lao; Th lao ngoi
lng chnh
c nh ngha l mt phn tin lng ca ban qun l v cc li ch PHI
TIN T m li ch ny khng phi l mt phn gi cung cp ca doanh
nghip (lng chnh ).
986 Endogeneous
consumption
Tiu dng ni sinh.
987 Employee Stock
Ownership plan (ESOP)
K hoch S hu c phn cho
ngi lm.
Mt k hoch cho php cc nhn vin trong cc hng ca M c hng
li nhun v s tng trng ca doanh nghip bng cch s hu cc c
phn trong c phn chung ca cng ty.
988 Employment Act of
1946
o lut Vic lm nm 1946 Tit mt ca o lut ny quy nh rng, trong quyn hn ca mnh, chnh
ph lin bang M lm mi vic to ra v duy tr c hi v vic lm, tng
trng bn vng v sc mua n nh cho ng tin ca M.
989 Employment Service Dch v vic lm. Cc vn phong nh nc hay t nhn c gng sp xp nhng ngi xin vic
vo cc ch trng hin c.
990 Employment subsidies Tr cp vic lm. Xem JOB CREATION
991 EMS Xem EUROPEAN
MONETARY SYSTEM
992 Encompassing test Php kim nghim vy; Php
kim nghim vng bin.
Php kim nghim khng tp trung ny da trn nguyn tc cho rng mt
m hnh nn c cc c im ni bt ca cc m hnh khc nhau v c th
l cc m hnh nghch.
993 Endogenous income
hypothesis
Gi thit thu nhp ni sinh Mt gi thit cho rng tho dng l mt hm ca chi tiu TIU DNG
v CA CI.
994 Endogenous money
supply
Cung tin t ni sinh. Theo quan im ny, mc cung tin c quyt nh bi cc tc nhn bn
trong nn kinh t, chng hn nh li sut v mc hot ng kinh doanh.
995 Endogenous variable Bin ni sinh. Mt bin s m gi tr ca n c xc nh trong khun kh ca mt m
hnh kinh t hay kinh t lng.
996 Endowment effect Hiu ng hng c. Cc c nhn i hi nhiu hn c th li ko h t b mt hng ho m
h c so vi s tin m h sn lng tr c c hng ha tng t.
997 Energy intensity Cng s dng nng
lng.
Mt ch bo v tnh hiu qu trong vic s dng nng lng c bn trong
sn xut mt n v tng sn phm quc ni.
998 Enfranchisement of the
nomenklatura
c quyn ca gii chc. Mt cch tip cn khng chnh thc v khng r rng i vi qu trnh T
NHN HO nhanh chng ti sn nh nc cc nc x hi ch ngha
trc y (v mt vi nc khc), qua cc nh hot ng ng phi
trc y v quan chc nh nc c th mua ti sn nh nc vi gi thp
hn gi th trng. Thut ng nomenklatura ch nhng ngi c la
chn vo cc chc v cao, nhng khng phi do cng trng m do s phn
quyt ca ng cm quyn.
999 Engagements Tuyn dng (hay thu mi). Tng s ngi tham gia i ng c vic l trong bt c thi k no.
1000 Engel curve ng Engel. Mt ng biu th mi quan h gia thu nhp v tiu dng ca mt c
nhn v mt hng ho c th.
1001 Engel's Law Quy lut ca Engel. Mt "quy lut" tiu dng thc nghim do Ernst Engel xng. tng
y l phn thu nhp quc gia c chi tiu cho lng thc l mt ch s
tt v phc li ca quc gia .
1002 Engineering method Phng php k thut. Mt phng php c dng trong PHN TCH CHI PH THNG K,
trong nhng c tnh ca ngi k s v mi lin h u vo- u ra l
c s tnh ton chi ph sn xut ti thiu ti cc mc sn lng khc
nhau.
Page 41
1003 Entitlement principle Nguyn tc c quyn. Mt nguyn tc v s cng bng trong phn phi cho rng, cc c nhn
c coi l "c quyn" i vi nhng vt s hu chng no s hu c
c nh, do trao i t nguyn hay do qu biu.
1004 Entrepreneur Ch doanh nghip. Mt nhn t t chc trong mt qu trnh sn xut. Ch doanh nghip chu
trch nhim v cc quyt nh kinh t nh sn xut ci g, sn xut bao
nhiu v phng php sn xut no c p dng.
1005 Entrepreneurial supply
price
Gi cung ng ca doanh
nghip.
Li tc va gi mt ngi iu hnh vi mt s phm cht no
li vi cng vic hin ti ca ngi .
1006 Entrepreneurship Kh nng, s lm ch ca
doanh nghip.
Xem Entrepreneur.
1007 Entry barriers Ro cn nhp nghnh. Xem BARRIERS TO ENTRY.
1008 Entry and exit Nhp nghnh v xut ngnh.
1009 Entry forestalling price Gi ngn chn nhp ngnh. Xem LIMIT PRICING.
1010 Entry preventing price Gi ngn chn nhp ngnh. Gi m cc hng thit lp trong mt ngnh nh ra mc khng s
nhng doanh nghip m nhp ngnh.
1011 Environmental
conditions
Nhng iu kin mi trng. Mc d trnh hiu bit khoa hc v k thut ca th gii ang gia tng,
vn cn chnh lch ln v kin thc ny, c bit lin quan n iu kin
mi trng CC NC ANG PHT TRIN.
1012 Environmental
determinism
Quyt nh lun do mi
trng.
Gi thuyt cho rng mi trng vt cht l yu t chnh quyt nh ti trnh
pht trin kinh t ca mt quc gia.
1013 Environmental impact
analysis
Phn tch tc ng mi
trng.
Mt phn tch tm cch xc nh r rng nhng nh hng ln ton b mi
trng ca mt d n u t.
1014 EPU Xem EUROPEAN PAYMENTS UNION.
1015 Equal advantage Li th bnh ng, Li th
ngang bng.
Xem COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE.
1016 Equal Employment
Opportunity Act of 1972
o lut v c hi vic lm
/bnh ng/ngang bng nm
1972.
Mt o lut m rng vi phm ca mc VII ca o lut Quyn dn s ca
M nm 1964 sang cc chnh quyn tiu bang v a phng v cho php
U ban c hi vic lm ngang nhau lp h s kin tng cho bn thn h.
1017 Equal Employment
Opportunity Commision
U ban C hi vic lm bnh
ng/ngang bng.
Mt u ban c thnh lp gii quyt nhng khiu ni bt ngun t s
thng qua o lut Quyn dn s ca M nm 1964. o lut ny nghim
cm hnh ng phn bit i x ca cc ng ch.
1018 Equalization grants Cc khon tr cp cn
bng.
Cc qu do mt chnh ph cp cho cc chnh quyn a phng vi mc
ch gim mc khng cn bng trong thu nhp hay doanh thu do chnh
quyn a phng thu c.
1019 Equalizing differences,
the theory of
Lhuyt cn bng chnh lch Xem NET ADVANTAGES.
1020 Equal pay Tr lng ngang nhau; tr
lng bnh ng.
S cng bng gia cc gii v iu khon v iu kin vic lm: mt khi
nim v tr lng ngang nhau cho cng vic c gi tr ngang nhau, mc d
nh ngha v "tr lng" v "cng vic ngang nhau" khng ging nhau
gia cc nc.
1021 Equal sacrifice theories L thuyt hy sinh ngang nhau;
l thuyt hy sinh bnh ng.
S hy sinh cng THO DNG ca nhng ngi tr thu.
1022 Equation of exchange Phng trnh trao i. Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.
1023 Equilibrium Cn bng Mt cm thut ng mn t mn vt l miu t tnh hung, trong cc
tc nhn kinh t hay tng tc nhn kinh t nh th trng, khng c ng
lc g thay i hnh vi kinh t ca mnh.
1024 Equilibrium error Sai s cn bng Khi mt nhm cc bin s c lin kt vi nhau trong mt m hnh HI
QUY l ng lin kt (xem COINTEGRATION) th thnh phn nhiu
c gi l sai s cn bng.
1025 Equilibrium level of
national income
Mc cn bng ca thu nhp
quc gia
Mc cn bng ca THU NHP QUC GIA khng biu hin cc xu hng
thay i.
1026 Equilibrium price Gi cn bng Gi ti TH TRNG trng thi CN BNG.
1027 Equilibrium rate of
inflation
T l lm pht cn bng. T l LM PHT c hon ton d bo trc. T l lm pht gi c m
ti cc k vng c th tr thnh hin thc.
1028 Equities C phn Cn c gi l c phiu thng, l nhng c phiu dng vn pht hnh
ca mt cng ty.
1029 Equity Cng bng Cng l hay l phi.
1030 Equity capital Vn c phn Xem EQUYTIES.
1031 Equivalance scale Thang/h s/ t l/qui m qui
i mc sng tng ng;
Quy m tng ng.
Mt h s hoc mt "quyn s" c dng nh gi mc thu nhp hoc
tiu dng m cc gia nh bt buc phi c trong cc hon cnh khc nhau
t c mt "mc sng" nht nh.
Page 42
1032 Equivalent commodity
scale
Thang/h s/ t l/qui m qui
i hng ho tiu dng tng
ng.
Mt h s biu th bng s p dng cho mc tiu dng cc hng ho nht
nh ca cc gi nh trong cc hon cnh khc nhau ch ra mc tiu
dng m mi gia nh cn c t c mc sng nht nh.
1033 Equivalent income scale Thang/h s/ t l/qui m qui
i thu nhp tng ng
Mt h s bng s p dng i vi mc thu nhp ca cc gia nh cn c
t ti mc sng nht nh.
1034 Equivalent variation Mc bin ng tng ng Xem CONSUMER'S SURPLUS.
1035 ERM Xem EXCHANGE RATE MECHANISM.
1036 Error correction models
(ECMs)
Cc m hnh hiu chnh sai s;
Cc m hnh sa cha sai s.
Trong phn tch v hi quy mt ECMs kt hp cc s tc ng qua li ngn
hn v di hn gia cc bin s,
1037 Error learning process Qu trnh nhn bit sai s. Xem ADAPTIVE EXPECTATIONS.
1038 Errors variables Sai s trong bin s (hay sai s
trong cc php o).
Mt bi ton kinh t lng, theo cc bin gii thch trong phn tch HI
QUY c o mt cch khng hon ho do gi tr thc t ca chng khng
th quan st c, hay do s khng chnh xc khi ghi chp.
1039 Escalators iu khon di ng gi. Cc iu khon v ph sinh hot trong cc ghi tho thun thng lng tp
th. Cc iu khon l mt c ch iu chnh nh k mc lng da trn
nhng bin ng ca mt ch s gi c nht nh.
1040 Estate duty Thu di sn (thu ti sn tha
k).
Dng ch yu ca thu ca ci Anh trc khi n c thay th bng thu
CHUYN GIAO VN nm 1974. Thu ny c dnh gi theo sut lu
tin vo cc ti sn ca ngi ch khi ngi ny qua i. Thu lu tin
c p dng cho ton b ti sn ch khng ch cho lng gia tng ca ci.
1041 Estate economy Nn kinh t n in. Thut ng ni v mt khu vc hay ton b nn kinh t mt nc chm
pht trin c s dng sn xut i quy m ln nng sn xut khu,
thng do cc th lc nc ngoi s hu hoc qun l; nn kinh t ny rt
ph bin trong thi k thuc a.
1042 Estimation S c lng. S xc nh mang tnh nh lng cc tham s trong cc m hnh kinh t
thng qua cc s liu thng k.
1043 Estimator Phng thc c lng; c
lng.
Mt cng thc hay mt quy trnh c lng cc con s thng k (chng hn
nh TRUNG BNH hay PHNG SAI ca mt bin s) hoc cc tham s
ca mt phng trnh nhn c t s liu.
1044 EUA Xem EUROPEAN UNIT OF
ACCOUNT
1045 Euler's theorem nh l Euler
1046 Eurocurrency market Th trng tin t Chu U. Mt th trng quc t nc ngoi ca cc ng tin ca cc nc cng
nghip ln (phng Ty).
1047 Eurodollars ola Chu u. Xem EUROCURRENCY MARKET.
1048 European Agricultural
Guidance and Guaranted
Fund
Qu Bo m v Hng dn
Nng nghip Chu u.
Mt qu c bit ca CNG NG CHU U c thnh lp nm 1962
nhm ti tr vn cho chnh sch nng nghip chung ca cng ng.
1049 European Bank for
Reconstruction and
Development
Ngn hng ti thit v Pht
trin Chu U.
c thnh lp nm 1991 vi s vn 10 t n v tin t Chu u nhm
thc y s pht trin cc nc thuc khi ng u.
1050 European Coal and Steel
Community
Cng ng Than v thp Chu
u.
T chc thc hin v qun l TH TRNG CHUNG v than & thp gia
6 nc thnh vin sng lp ca CNG NG CHU U.
1051 European Community
Budget
Ngn sch Cng ng Chu
u.
Mt ngn sch do cc nc thnh vin ca cng ng Chu u ng gp
nhm ti tr cho cc hot ng ca cng ng. Cc khon ng gp t cc
thnh vin dng 90% l doanh thu t thu NNG NGHIP v BIU
THU QUAN CHUNG v di 1% doanh thu t thu GI TR GIA
TNG c tnh cho mc ch lm hi ho thu gia cc nc thnh vin.
1052 European Commom
Market
Th trng chung Chu u. Xem European Economic Community.
1053 European Community Cng ng Chu u. Mt tn gi chung ca 3 t chc: Cng ng Than v thp Chu u, Cng
ng kinh t chu u v cng ng nng lng nguyn t Chu u.
1054 European Currency Unit n v tin t Chu u. Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM.
1055 European Devolopment
Fund
Qu pht trin Chu u. Mt qu c bit do CNG NG KINH T CHU U thnh lp
cung cp vin tr ti chnh v k thut cho cc nc lin kt vi Cng ng
Chu u theo Hip c ROME, cc hip nh YAOUND v LOM.
Xem EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK.
Page 43
1056 European Economic
Community
Cng ng Kinh t Chu u. Cng ng Kinh t Chu u c cnhthwcs thnh lp ngy 25-3-1957
theo hip c Rome do chnh ph cc nc B, H Lan, Cng ho lin bang
c, Italia, Lucxmbua. Hip c ny a li s pht trin t do lin minh
thu quan, loi b mi ro cn i vi s vn ng t do ca VN, LAO
NG v DCH V v hnh thnh cc chnh sch vn ti v nng nghip
gia cc nc thnh vin.
1057 European Free Trade
Association
Hip hi Mu dch t do Chu
u.
c thnh lp nm 1960 sau Hip nh Stockholm, c o, an mch,
Nauy. B o Nha, Thu in, Thu S, Anh thng qua. Hip hi t c
cc mc tiu ban u ca mnh l thit lp bun bn hng ho cng nghip
t do gia cc mc tiu ban u ca mnh l thit lp bun bn hng ho
cng nghip t do gia cc thnh vin v m phn mt hip c thng
mi ton din vi cng ng chu u (EC).
1058 European Fund Qu Chu u. HIP C TIN T CHU U c hi ng OEEC thng qua vo nm
1955, cho php qu Chu u gip ti tr thm ht CN CN THANH
TON tm thi pht sinh t quyt nh ca cc nc thnh vin lm cho
ng tin ca mnh c kh nng chuyn i vi ng la.
1059 European Investment
Bank
Ngn hng u t Chu u. Mt ngn hng pht trin c thnh lp nm 1957 theo HIP C
ROME, cho ra i CNG NG KINH T CHU U. Chc nng c bn
ca ngn hng ny l thc y s pht trin ca h trng chung Chu u
bng cch cp cp cc khon vay di hn, bo lnh cc khon vay to iu
kin ti tr u t cho cc vng km pht trin, cc k hoch hin i ho
cng nghip v cc d n cng nghip.
1060 European Monetary
Agreement
Hip nh tin t Chu u. Hip nh c Hi ng T CHC HP TC KINH T CHU U
thng qua nm 1955. Hip nh l quyt nh ca cc nc Chu u nhm
lm cho ng tin ca cc nc dn dn chuyn i c i vi ng
la, bng cch thay th LIN MINH THANH TON CHU U bng
mt h thng thanh ton quc t mi, trong mi giao dch phi c tin
hnh bng vng hoc cc ng tin c th chuyn i.
1061 European Monetary Co-
operation Fund
Qu hp tc Tin t Chu U. Mt qu c bit ca EC hnh thnh nm 1973 nhm p dng HIP NH
BASLE 1972, hip nh ny quy nh cc mc dao ng trong trao i ca
cc ng tin c qun l, oc bit n nh "con rn tin t" chu u.
1062 European Monetary
Fund
Qu Tin t Chu U. Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY FUND.
1063 European Monetary
System (EMS)
H thng tin t chu u. c p dng vo thng 3-1979, h thng ny (EMS) l mt n lc nhm
to nn mt khu vc n nh v t gi hi oi gia cc nc thnh vin, v
hu ht cc thnh vin u tin hnh vic hn ch bin ng t gi hi oi
ca mnh mc (+) hoc (-) 2,25% gi trung tm, thng nht cho ng
tin ca h.
1064 European Monetary Unit
of Account
n v K ton Tin t Chu
u.
Xem EUROPEAN UNIT OF ACCOUNT.
1065 European Payments
Union
Lin minh Thanh ton Chu
u.
Nm 1950, T CHC HP TC KINH T CHU U thnh lp Lin
minh Thanh ton Chu u, thay th cho h thng cc t chc thanh ton
Chu u do cc hip nh thanh ton trong Chu u nm 1948 v nm
1949 a vo p dng. Mc ch ca lin minh ny to iu kin choa
thanh ton thng d hay thm ht a phng gia cc nc Chu u (v
cc khu vc tin t nc ngoi tng ng ca chng) v khuyn khch
cc chnh sch t do ho mu dch bng cch a ra cc phng tn tn
dng t ng cho cc thnh vin gp phi thm ht cn cn thanh ton.
1066 European Recovery
Programme.
Chng trnh Phc hng Chu
u.
Nm 1947, B trng ngoi giao M, tng George Marshall pht biu
trong mt bi din vn ti trng i hc Harvard, ngh gip ca M
i vi chng trnh phc hi nn kinh t Chu u do cc nc Chu u
iu phi. Sau bi din vn ny, cc i din ca 16 nc Ty u thnh
lp U ban v Hp tc Kinh t Chu u, T CHC HP TC KINH T
CHU U c thnh lp nm 1948 iu hnh mt chng trnh phc
hng chu u cng vi U BAN HP TC KINH T CA M. Chng
trnh ny thng c gi l VIN TR MARSHALL.
1067 European Regional
Development Fund.
Qu Pht trin Khu vc Chu
u.
Mt qu c bit ca CNG NG CHU U, thnh lp nm 1975,
nhm lm gim s chnh lch v pht trin kinh t gia cc khu vc trong
cng ng.
1068 European Social Fund. Qu X hi Chu U. Mt qu c bit ca CNG NG CHU U, nhm mc ch tng
cng c hi tm kim vic lm trong cng ng bng cch m bo h tr
ti chnh o to li cng nhn, c bit l nhng ai b thu hp cng vic
do hot ng ca Th trng chung Chu u.
Page 44
1069 European Unit of
Account
n v K ton Chu u. L n v k ton c s dng trong CNG NG CHU U cho cc
mc ch nh chun b ngn sch cng ng v nh gi sn phm nng
nghip thng qua CHNH SCH NNG NGHIP CHUNG. V cc nc
thnh vin ca C dng cc ng tin khc nhau, nn cn thit phi to ra
mt n v k ton chung trao i bun bn cng ng.
1070 Eurostat Cc Thng k ca CNG NG CHU U.
1071 Exact test Kim nghim chnh xc. Khi PHN PHI XC SUT ca mt thng k kim nh c bit mt
cch chnh xc, thay cho vic mt phn phi ch bit dng gn ng, nh
vy vng ti hn c th xc nh c th kim nh y c gi l kim
nh chnh xc.
1072 Ex ante T trc; D tnh; d nh L mc c d tnh, d nh hay mong mun ca mt hot ng
no .
1073 Excess capacity Cng sut d; cng sut tha;
Tha nng lc, tha cng sut.
Ni mt cch cht ch, khi mt doanh nghip c coi l sn xut tha
nng lc l khi mc SN LNG c sn xut ra thp hn mc sn
lng ti chi ph trung bnh thp nht.
1074 Excess capacity theory L thuyt cng sut d/tha;
Thuyt tha cng sut.
c dng miu t d bo m hnh CNH TRANH C QUYN,
trong cc hng trong iu kin cn bng di hn sn xut trn on
xung dc ca NG CHI PH TRUG BNH di hn, do sn xut
mc chi ph cao hn chi ph ti thiu.
1075 Excess burden Gnh nng thu qu mc.
1076 Excess demand Mc cu d; D cu. L tnh trng CU vt CUNG mt mc gi no .
1077 Excess productive
capacity (Idle Excess
goods)
T liu sn xut nhn ri.
1078 Excess reserves Khon d tr d; D tr d. Mc chnh lch gia tng s d tr m ngn hng gi tin M ang gi v
D TR BT BUC do lut php yu cu tr n.
1079 Excess supply Mc cung d; D cung L tnh trng CUNG vt CU mt mc gi no .
1080 Excess profit Li vt.
1081 Excess wage tax Thu chng lng vt; Thu
chng tng lng
L thu a ra chng vic tng lng qu cao nhm lm gim lm pht.
1082 Exchange Trao i Xem TRADE.
1083 Exchange control Qun l ngoi hi. L mt h thng m nh nc s dng kim sot cc giao dch bng
ngoi t v vng.
1084 Exchange Equalization
Account
Qu bnh n Hi oi. L mt h thng hay dn xp c NGN HNG hnh thnh nm 1932,
nhm qun l nhng bin ng khng mong mun trong t gi hi oi ca
ng bng, sau khi Anh b CH BN V VNG vo nm 1931.
1085 Exchange rate T gi hi oi. L gi ca ng tin mt nc c tnh bng ng tin ca mt nc
khc.
1086 Exchange rate
Mechanism
C ch t gi hi oi. C ch t gi hi oi (ERM) l mt h thng m theo cc thnh vin
ca H THNG TIN T CHU U (ENS) buc phi duy tr t gi hi
oi ca h trong nhng mc nht nh.
1087 Exchange reserves D tr ngoi hi. Xem EXTERNAL RESERVES
1088 Exchequer Kho bc, ngn kh Anh. L ti khon trung ng ca chnh ph Anh c B ti chnh gi trong
ngn hng Anh. Xem CONSOLIDATED FUND.
1089 Excise duty Thu tiu th c bit. Xem CUSTOMS, EXCISE AND PROTECTIVE DUTIES.
1090 Exclusion Loi tr L mt tnh trng m ngi tiu dng "b loi tr" khng c mua mt
loi hng ho no v gi m ngi sn sng tr thp hn gi th
trng. 1091 Excludable C th loi tr. Xem EXCLUSSION PRINCIPLE.
1092 Exclusion principle Nguyn tc loi tr. L mt tiu chun chng ta phn bit HNG HO CNG CNG v
hng ho phi cng cng. Khi mt ngi sn xut hay mt ngi bn c th
ngn cn mt s ngi no khng cho h mua hng ca mnh - ni
chung l nhng ngi khng tin mua hng - th hng ho c cung
cp theo cch ca th trng.
1093 Executive Ngi iu hnh. L mt c nhn chu trch nhim i vi mt mt hay kha cnh no
trong cc hot ng ca mt hng.
1094 Exempt goods Hng ho c min thu gi
tr gia tng.
Xem VALUE - ADDED TAX
1095 Exhaustive voting Cch b phiu thu o. L hnh thc la chn tp th m trong ngi b phiu th hin phng
n t thch nht ca mnh.
1096 Existence, theorem of nh l v s tn ti. Bt k mt nh l no tm cch lp lun rng, trong bi cnh cn bng
tng th, tn ti mt lot gi v lng cn bng. Xem EQUYLIBRUM,
GENERAL EQUIBRIUM.
Page 45
1097 Exit-voice model M hnh ni rt lui. L s phn loi cc h thng, m cc c nhn s dng by t thch ca
h phn bit nhng ngi mun tham gia vo hay rt lui khi nhng th
cn s giao tip bng li ni.
1098 Excise taxes Cc mc thu trn tng mt
hng.
1099 Exchange rate
speculation
S u c t gi hi oi.
1100 Effective exchange rate T gi hi oi hiu dng
1101 Exogeneity Yu t ngoi sinh. Nu cc bin s gii thch trong mt phng trnh M HNH KINH T
LNG c th c coi l c nh trong cc mu c lp li, chng c
coi l cc bin ngoi sinh.
1102 Exogeneity of money
supply
S ngoi sinh ca cung tin t. Xem MONEY SUPPLY.
1103 Exogenous (thuc) ngoi sinh. L mt cm thut ng miu t bt k ci g c quy nh hoc cho trc
ca mt phn tch kinh t.
1104 Exogenous variable Bin ngoi sinh. L mt bin s m gi tr ca n khng c xc nh trong m hnh kinh
t, nhng li ng vai tr quan trong trong vic xc nh gi tr ca cc bin
ni sinh.
1105 Expansionary phase Giai on bnh trng; Giai
on tng trng.
L mt giai on trong CHU K KINH DOANH tip theo sau mt im
thp nht ca chu k v ko di n im tip theo cao nht ca chu k.
1106 Expansion path ng bnh trng; ng
m rng
Lin quan n HNG, y l ng ni cc la chn yu t u vo mi
mc sn lng nh trong th, ngha l qu tch ca cc tip im gia
NG NG PH v NG NG LNG.
1107 Expatriate Chuyn gia (t cc nc pht
trin)
L thut ng chung ch ngi mang quc tch nc ngoi, thng dng
ch nhng ngi t CC NC PHT TRIN n lm vic ti CC
NC KM PHT TRIN.
1108 Expectations K vng; d tnh. L cc quan im hay s tin tng vo cc gi tr tng lai ca cc bin s
kinh t.
1109 Expectations,
augmented
Bin b sung v d tnh. L cc bin i i vi mt m hnh kinh t tnh n hiu ng ca cc
d tnh.
1110 Expectations lag tr k vng; tr d tnh tr trong vic xem xt li gi tr k vng ca mt bin s do cc thay
i trong gi tr hin ti ca n. tr d tnh thng c gii thch bng
GI THIT K VNG PHNG THEO.
1111 Expected inflation Mc lmp pht k vng; Lm
pht d tnh
T L LM PHT no c d tnh trong tng lai.
1112 Expected net returns Mc li tc rng k vng; Li
tc rng d tnh.
L tng cc thu nhp d tnh tr i cc chi ph d tnh, tc l li nhun d
tnh ca mt d n u t.
1113 Expected utility theory L thuyt tho dng k
vng; Thuyt tho dng d
tnh.
L thuyt v cc hnh vi c nhn trong iu kin KHNG CHC CHN
ca VON NEUMANN v MORGENSTERN. Thuyt a ra s m t logic
rng mi ngi duy l c th c x nh th no trong mt th gii khng
chc chn. Phn chnh ca thuyt ny cho thy rng mt c nhn c nhng
s thch tho mn mt s nh (thng l v trt t, tip tc v dc lp)
s la chn ti a ho tho dng d tnh.
1114 Expected value Gi tr k vng; gi tr d tnh. Cn c gi TRUNG BNH, k vng ton hc.Gi tr k vng ca mt
BIN S NGU NHIN l gi tr trung bnh ca phn phi ca bin y.
1115 Expenditure approach Phng php da vo chi tiu
( tnh GDP).
1116 Expenditure-switching
policies
Cc chnh sch chuyn i chi
tiu.
L mt trong cc chnh sch cn thit loi b s khng cn bng thng
mi quc t.
1117 Expenditure tax Thu chi tiu L loi thu nh vo chi tiu ca ngi tiu dng.N l hnh thc thay th
cho THU THU NHP v c th c nh mc da trn c s lu tin.
1118 Expenditure-variation
controls
Kim sot mc bin ng
trong chi tiu; Kim sot s
thay i ca chi tiu.
iu chnh li s mt cn bng kinh doanh bng cch thay i mc v
thnh phn ca ngn sch v bng cch kim sot quy m v chi ph ca tn
dng.
1119 Expense preference u tin chi tiu. L mt khi nim ni v s hi lng ca cc nh qun l tc trong vic
chi tiu cho mt s cng vic ca hng nh chi tiu cho vic Marketing v
cho i ng nhn vin.
1120 Explanatory variable Bin gii thch L bin s ng vai tr trong vic "gii thch" s bin i ca mt bin c
lp trong phn tch hi quy, bin s gii thch xut hin bn phi ca
phng trnh hi quy.
1121 Explicit function Hm hin Dng thng thng nht ca mt hm s trong bin s PH THUC
c vit bn tri ca du bng v cc BIN C LP vit bn phi,
thng ch mi lin h nhn qu hoc xc nh.
Page 46
1122 Exploitation Khai thc; bc lt. Trong kinh t hc, thut ng ny c hai ngha. Th nht, l vic s dng ti
nguyn thin nhin hay nhn lc. Th hai, mt cng nhn c gi l b
bc lt nu s tin chi tr cho cng vic lm t hn gi tr ca cng vic
. 1123 Explosive cycle Chu k bng n. L chu k c trng bi vic bin tng theo hm m, v d, qua thi
gian. N c xem nh chu k phn k.
1124 Exponential Thuc s m, thuc hm m. Hm s m l mt HM LU THA, thng ch s lin quan gia bin
s c lp v s e tng ln mt lu tha cha BIN S C LP khi e =
2,718, v l c s ca LOGARIT T NHIN.
1125 Export Xut khu, hng xut khu. Mt hng ho hoc dch v sn xut ti mt nc c bn v tiu dng
nc khc. Xut khu hu hnh l xut khu hng ho, cn xut khu v
hnh l xut khu dch v cho ngi nc khc mua.
1126 Export-import bank Ngn hng xut nhp khu. Ngn hng do chnh ph M thnh lp nam 1937, nhm thc y ngoi
thng ca M bng cch cung cp vn di dng cc khon tin cho vay
trc tip c bo m cho cc cng ty nc ngoi.
1127 Export-led growth Tng trng da vo xut
khu.
L s tng trng c thc y bi s gia tng hng xut khu.
1128 Export promotion Khuyn khch xut khu. L s pht trin ca nhng ngnh m thtng chnh l nc ngoi. y
l mt chin lc thay th chnh i vi CHIN LC THAY TH
NHP KHU cc nc km pht trin.
1129 Export Credit Guarantee
Department.
Cc Bo m tn dng xut
khu.
L mt t chc c chnh ph Anh thnh lp nm 1930, a ra cc hnh
thc BO HIM khc nhau nhm chng li nhng ri ro m cc nh xut
khu Anh pha chu ng.
1130 Export-oriented
industrialization
Cng nghip ho theo hng
xut khu.
1131 Ex post t sau; sau Sau khi xy ra mt s kin no hoc sau mt quyt nh thc hin mt
vic g . Xem EX ANTE.
1132 Extensive margin Mc cn bin qung canh. L tnh trng LI TC GIM DN i vi t ai.
1133 External balace Cn bng i ngoi; Cn bng
bn ngoi.
Thng c nh ngha l mt tnh trng trong CN CN THANH
TON ca mt nc l CN BNG, theo ngha lung tin vo t nh
bng vi lung ra t nh m khng cn iu chnh cc lung b sung vo
hoc rt ra t d tr NGOI HI hay d tr vng.
1134 External deficit Thm ht i ngoi; Thm ht
bn ngoi.
Thm ht CN CN THANH TON.
1135 External diseconomy nh hng phi kinh t t bn
ngoi; Tnh phi kinh t t bn
ngoi
Xem EXTERNALITIES.
1136 External economies &
diseconomies of scale
nh hng kinh t v phi kinh
t t bn ngoi theo quy m.
Nhng nh hng c li hay c hi m cc hot ng sn xut ca mt
hng ny gy ra cho cc hot ng sn xut ca hng khc.
1137 External economy nh hng kinh t t bn
ngoi; Tnh kinh t t bn
ngoi
Xem EXTERNALITIES.
1138 External finance (Ngun) ti chnh t bn
ngoi.
Qu c huy ng bi cc hng bng cch pht hnh C PHIU (vn c
phn) hoc i vay ti tr cho cc hot ng ca hng.
1139 External financial limits Mc gii hn ngun ti chnh
t bn ngoi.
Chnh ph Anh t gii hn i vi cc NGUN TI CHNH T BN
NGOI m cc cng ty quc doanh c th huy ng trong nc.
1140 External growth Tng trng ngoi ng; Tng
trng do bn ngoi.
S m rng ca mt hng c mang li do SP NHP hay thu mua.
1141 Externalities Cc ngoi hng; Cc ngoi
ng
c bit n vi nhng tn khc nhau, nh tc ng ngoi lai, nh hng
t bn ngoi, bt li t bn ngoi,nh hng tro ra bn ngoi v NH
HNG N VNG LN CN. Ngi ta phn bit ngoi ng bin v
ngoi ng trong bin.
1142 External labour market Th trng lao ng bn
ngoi.
Mt th trng cho mt s ngi lao ng nht nh, hoc l sn ngay hoc
tim tng cho cc cng vic mi.
1143 External reserve D tr ngoi hi. Thng ch mc nm gi cc phng tin thanh ton ca mt nc
c quc t chp nhn, vi mc ch trang tri lm thm ht ngn hn v
trung hn ca CN CN THANH TON VI BN NGOI, ng thi
nhm mc ch kim sot s thay i T GI HI OI ng tin ca
nc ny.
1144 Dynamic externalities Cc ngoi hng ng; Ngoi
ng ng.
Page 47
1145 Extraneous information Thng tin khng lin quan Nhng thng tin ban u (c th l c lng v tham s trc ) c
kt hp vi thng tin mu vi mc ch suy lun thng k hay c tnh
tham s trong phn tch hi quy thng ci thin d bo hay khc phc
nhng vn nh A CNG TUYN TNH.
1146 Extrapolative
expectation
K vng ngoi suy; Nhng d
tnh ngoi suy.
1148 Extrema Cc cc tr. Cc gi tr thp nht v cao nht ca mt hm s.
1149 Extrema Keynesian Ngi theo thuyt Keynes cc
oan.
1150 Factor augmenting
technical progress
Tin b k thut gia tng nh
hng ca yu t.
Tin b k thut dn n vic gia tng mc sn lng khi VN v LC
LNG LAO NG KHNG I.
1152 Factor endowment Ngun lc sn c; Ngun ti
nguyn sn c; S s hu cc
yu t sn xut; tnh sn c,
lng cc yu t sn xut.
Mc sn c cc yu t sn xut trong mt vng hay mt nc thng l
t ai, lao ng, vn v k thut.
1153 Factor incomes Thu nhp t yu t sn xut. Thu nhp trc tip c c nho sn xut hng ho v dch v hin ti.
1154 Factoring Bao thanh ton; mua n; Gii
thot n.
Phng php gii thot s n thng mi thng qua mt cng ty c th
"bn" c s n ny cho mt th ch ti chnh.
1155 Factor-price equalization S cn bng yu t sn xut -
gi c.
Mt nh ny sinh t CCH TIP CN HECKSCHER - OHLIN V
THNG MI QUC T cho rng vi mt s gi thit hn ch,
THNG MI T DO l s thay th hon ho cho vic di chuyn yu t
sn xut v s c tc dng san bng mc thanh ton cho bt k mt yu t
sn xut no trn phm vi ton th gii, chng hn nh mc tin cng ca
tt c cc nc phi bng nhau.
1156 Factor-price frontier Gii hn yu t sn xut - gi
c.
Thut ng ny do PAUL SAMUELSON a ra, ch mi quan h t l
nghch gia mc tin cng v li nhun trong l thuyt tng trng.
1157 Factor intensity Mc / cng huy ng
(s dng) cc yu t sn xut.
1158 Factor proportion T l cc yu t sn xut. T l kt hp cc YU T CA SN XUT.
1159 Factor reverals S o ngc cc yu t sn
xut.
Mt trong cc gi thit caCCH TIP CN HECKSCHER - OHLIN V
THNG MI QUC T l cc hm sn xut hng ho khc nhau t
s, cng s dng cc yu t sn xut v mt hng ho s dng.
1160 Factors of production Cc yu t sn xut. Cc ngun lc ca x hi c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut.
1161 Factor substitution effect Tc ng thay th yu t sn
xut.
1162 Factor utilization S s dng yu t sn xut. Lng cc yu t c th s dng trn thc t.
1163 Factorial Giai tha.
1164 Fair comparisons So snh cng ng. So snh tin cng da trn c s cho rng cng nhn lm nhng cng vic
gn tng t nh nhau phi c tr cng mc tin cng.
1165 Fair rate of return T sut li tc cng bng. Nguyn tc ch o trong vic iu tit ngnh cng ch M l t l thu li
hp l i vi gi tr ca vn c s dng trong vic sn xut cc dch v
dn dng.
1166 Fair trade law Lut thng mi cng bng. M c mt s n lc nhm thit lp cc mc gi bn l ti thiu theo
khun kh php lut (cc tho thun c duy tr mc gi bn li) i vi
cc hng ho c nhn hiu v tn gi.
1167 Fair trading Act 1973 o lut thng mi cng
bng 1973
o lut ny ca Anh m rng chnh sch cnh tranh i vi cc th
trng c quyn, v trch nhim tp trung trong vic thc hin lut c
qun v hot ng hn ch vi vn phng mi ca Tng gim c Vn
phng Thng mi Cng bng.
1168 Fair trading, Office of Vn phng thng mi cng
bng.
c ra i theo o lut thng mi bnh ng 1973, vn phng ny c
trch nhim thu thp thng tin lin quan n c cu ca cc nghnh v vic
tin hnh kinh doanh.
1169 Fair wages Tin cng cng bng. NHn chung, tin cng cng bng l tin cng c c nh theo LUT
TIN CNG TI THIU quc gia.
1170 Fallacy of composition Ngu bin v hp th; 'Khi
nim "sai lm do gm gp/
tng hp".
1171 False trading Thng mi la di. Hot ng thng mi theo mc gi phi cn bng.
1172 Family expenditure
survey
iu tra chi tiu gia nh. Mt cuc iu tra chn mu hng nm v xu hng chi tiu ca cc h gia
nh do chnh ph Anh tin hnh.
1173 Family credit Tn dng gia nh. XemBEVERIGDE REPORT
Page 48
1174 Family-unit agriculture (kinh t) nng nghip theo h
gia nh; Nng nghip theo
n v gia nh.
H thng nng nghip ph bin cc vng chm pht trin da trn c s
gia nh.
1175 FAO Xem FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE
ORGANIZATION.
1176 FASB Xem FINANCIAL
ACCOUNT STANDARDS
BOARD
1177 FCI Xem FINANCE FOR
INDUSTRY.
1178 Featherbedding Bo h, bo v; To vic lm
(nhi lng nm).
Nhng cch to vic lm bng cch dng qu nhiu sc lao ng v/ hoc
khng dng cng ngh tin tin.
1179 Fed., the T vit tt ca h thng d tr
lin bang.
1180 Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation
(FDIC)
Cng ty bo him tin gi
Lin bang.
Mt cng ty M c trch nhim bo him cc khon tin gi trong cc
NGN HNG THNG MI v cc hip hi tit kim v cho vay ln ti
100.000 la trong mt ti khon ti mt th ch.
1181 Federal Fund Market Th trng Tin qu lin
Bang.
Th trng M, trong "nhng khon tin c th c s dng ngay lp
tc" c em cho vay hay i vay, ch yu l qua m gia cc Ngn hng
thnh vin ca H THNG D TR LIN BANG, cc th ch ti chnh
ch yu khc cc chi nhnh v c quan ca cc ngn hng khng phi ca
M.
1182 Federal Home Loan
Bank System (FHLBS)
H thng ngn hng cho vay
ni b ca lin bang.
C quan ca chnh ph M s dng quyn lc ca mnh trn th trng tin
t cung cp cc khon thanh khon cho Hip hi tit kim v cho vay.
1183 Feasibility study Nghin cu kh thi.
1184 Federal Nation
Mortgage Association
(FNMA)
Hip hi Cm c Quc gia
lin bang
Mt t chc do chnh ph M thnh lp nm 1938, nhm tr gip th
trng i vi cc ti sn cm c c chnh ph ti tr
1185 Federal Open Market
Committee
U ban Th trng m Lin
bang.
Xem FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM.
1186 Federal Reserve Note Chng n ca Cc d tr Lin
Bang
Mt cng c chng n do H THNG D TR LIN BANG pht hnh
di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau.
1187 Federal Reserve System H thng D tr Lin bang. H thng ny c thnh lp M nm 1913 thc hin chc nng ca mt
NGN HNG TRUNG NG v xy dng mt khun kh mnh
nhm kim sot h thng ngn hng thng mi. H thng ny c cu trc
quy m lin bang, gm c 12 Ngn hng d tr Lin bang, mi ngn hng
c trch nhim v cc hot ng hng ngy trong khu vc v hot ng
ging nh knh lin h hai chiu gia h thng ny v cng ng lin
doanh.
1188 Federal Trade
Commission Act
o lut v Hi ng thng
mi Lin bang.
o lut ny c ban hnh M vo nm 1914, nhm thit lp mt hi
ng (FTC) c kh nng trong cc cng vic kinh doanh iu tra "vic
t chc, ch o kinh doanh, th tc v qun l" ca cc cng ty hot ng
thng mi gia cc tiu bang v chng li "cc phng php cnh tranh
khng cng bng". FTC cng c nhim v chng li "cc hot ng hoc
th tc khng cng bng, di tr hoc c lin quan n thng mi".
1189 Feedback/entrapment
effects
Tc ng phn hi/by. Gi thit cho rng nhng iu kin trong th trng lao ng th cp (cp
hai) lm cho cng nhn c nhng thi quen lao ng xu.
1190 Feudalism Ch ngha phong kin. Mt dng h thng chnh tr v kinh t thng tr Chu u thi k trung
c. Ch ngha phong kin c c trng bi mt thp x hi bt u t
ngi nng dn l thuc thng qua cc cha t v tc hu "thi p" ln
n tn nh vua.
1191 Fiat money Tin theo lut nh Tin c v th c lut php quy nh.
1192 Fiduciary issue Tin khng c bo lnh. Mt b phn ca tin do ngn hng Anh pht hnh theo O LUT QUY
CH NGN HNG ca Hun tc Robert Peel nm 1844, c kh nng i
ly tri phiu ca chnh ph, v khc vi tin vng (v tin bc trn mt
phm vi nht nh) v thoi vng.
1193 Filter B lc. Tn gi ca mt cng thc hay mt phng thc nhm loi b nhng bin
ng khng mong mun ca s liu.
1194 Filtering Qu trnh lc. Mt cm thut ng c s dng trong KINH T HC TH m t
qu trnh thay i v cht lng nh , nhn chung l din ra thng qua vic
chuyn nh ca nhm ngi c thu nhp cao sang nhm ngi c thu
nhp thp hn.
1195 FIML Xem FULL INFORMATION MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD.
Page 49
1196 Final goods Hng ho cui cng. Nhng hng ho c s dng cho mc ch tiu dng ch khng dng
nh l U VO trong qu trnh sn xut cc cng ty. Do hng ho
cui cng khc vi SN PHM TRUNG GIAN.
1197 Final offer arbitration (Phng n) trng ti ra quyt
nh cui cng.
S can thip vo TRANH CHP LAO NG ca mt bn th ba c lp
v cng bng, bn th ba ny xem xt cc l l ca hai bn v xut
kin cui cng, quan im cui cng ca mt trong cc bn tranh chp s
c thc hin.
1198 Final product Sn phm cui cng. (Cn c gi l tng sn phm quc ni) Tt c cc loi hng ho v dch
v c ngi cui cng mua. Tng sn lng ca mt nn kinh t sau khi
tr i SN PHM TRUNG GIAN.
1199 Finance Ti chnh Theo ngha hp, n c ngha l VN di dng tin, tc l di dng s
tin cho vay hoc i vay nhm mc ch to vn thng qua cc thi trng
hay th ch ti chnh. Theo cch ni thng thng th cm thut ng ny
dng ch s tin t bt k mt ngun no c s dng cho bt k mt
khon chi tiu no.
1200 Finance Corporation for
Industry
Cng ty Ti chnh Cng
nghip.
Mt tng cng ty c phn c lp vo nm 1973 t Cng ty Ti chnh
Cng nghip (FCI) v Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip v Thng mi
(ICFC), FCI v ICFC c thnh lp nm 1946 bi Ngn hng Anh, cc
ngn hng thanh ton b tr London v cc Ngn hng Scotland nhm cung
cp cc khon vay cho trung v di hn cho cc cng ty ang gp kh khn
trong vic tng s vn t cc ngun khc.
1201 Finance house Nh cung cp ti chnh; Cng
ty ti chnh.
Mt t chc trung gian ti chnh, khng phi Ngn hng, c th huy ng
cc ngun tin t vn ca ring mnh, thng qua vic tip nhn tin gi
(thng l trong khong thi gian c nh), hay thm ch bng cch vay t
cc th ch khc, ri cho vay vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau, c bit l
cp tin cho cc hp ng thu mua v cng c th l cho thu.
1202 Finance houses market Th trng cc nh cung cp
ti chnh; Th trng cng ty
ti chnh.
Mt nhm Th trng tin t c lin quan vi nhau v xut hin London
vo nhng nm 1960.
1203 Financial Capital Vn ti chnh. Ti sn c kh nng chuyn hon khc vi ti sn vt cht ca mt cng ty.
1204 Financial instrument Cng c ti chnh. Bt k mt loi giy t no c s dng vi t cch l bng chng n v
vic bn v chuyn nhng n cho php ngi bn c c mt ngun ti
chnh.
1205 Financial displine Nguyn tc ti chnh; K thut
ti chnh.
1206 Financial intermediary Trung gian ti chnh. Theo mt ngha rng, l bt k mt ngi no c vai tr phi hp ngi
cung cp c bn v ngi s dng c bn ngun vn TI CHNH.
1207 Financial price Gi ti chnh.
1208 Financial ratios T s ti chnh.
1209 Financial risk Ri ro ti chnh. Xem CORPORATE RISK
1210 Financial Times
Actuaries Share Indices
Ch s gi c phiu thng k
ca bo Financial Times.
Tp hp cc ch s gi v thu nhp trung bnh v tin li ca cc chng
khon Anh trong s giao dch chng khon.
1211 Financial Times
Industrial Ordinary
Index
Ch s cng nghip ca bo
Financial Times.
Trc khi xut hin ch s FT - SE 100 vo nm 1984, th ch s ny l ch
s gi c phiu c s dng ph bin nht vi t cch l ch tiu tng qut
v tnh hnh ca Th trng chng khon ca Anh.
1212 Financial year Nm ti chnh. Cc c quan khc nhau s dng cc nm ti chnh khc nhau hch ton
ti chnh v khng cn phi trng hp vi nm lch s tiu chun.
1213 Financial statement Bo co ti chnh.
1214 Financial rate of return Sut sinh li ti chnh.
1215 Finite memory B nh xc nh (hu hn). Mt tnh cht ca QU TRNH XU TH TNH.
1216 Firm Hng sn xut. Trong kinh t hc tn c in, l tn gi c tnh cht phn tch ca mt
th ch thc hin nhim v chuyn cc u vo thnh u ra.
1217 Firm, theory of the L thuyt v hng. L thuyt v hng l ch quan trng trong KINH T HC VI M
cp n vic gii thch v d on hnh vi ca hng, c bit l trn
phng din cc yu t quyt nh gi c v sn lng.
1218 Finite horizon Tm nhn/ khung tri hu hn.
1219 Firm-specific human
capital
Vn nhn lc c th i vi
hng.
1220 Fist-best and second-
best efficiency
Tnh hiu dng / hiu qu tt
nht v tt nh.
1221 First difference Vi phn bc I. Hiu s gia mt bin v gi tr tr mt bc v thi gian ca n.
Page 50
1222 First order condition iu kin o hm bc I. Nhn chung, iu kin ny ni rng cc o hm bc nht ca HM MC
TIU theo BIN LA CHN phi bng 0 xc nh GI TR CC TR.
1223 Fiscal policy Chnh sch thu kho; Chnh
sch thu chi ngn sch.
Ni chn cp n vic s dng thu v chi tiu chnh ph iu tit
tng mc cc hot ng kinh t.
1224 Fiscal decentralization S phn cp thu kho; S
phn cp ngn sch.
Xem FISCAL FEDERALISM.
1225 Fiscal drag Sc cn ca thu kho. nh hng ca Lm pht i vi thu sut hu hiu hay trung bnh.
1226 Fiscal federalism Ch ti kho theo m hnh
lin bang.
Mt h thng thu v chi tiu cng cng trong nhng khi kh nng thu
nhp tng v quyn kim sot chi tiu c giao cho cc cp khc nhau
trong mt quc gia, t chnh ph n cc n v nh nht chnh quyn a
phng.
1227 Fiscal illusion o gic thu kho. Tnh hung trong nhng li ch ca chi tiu chnh ph c nhng
ngi hng chi tiu ny xc nh mt cc r rng nhng chi ph khng
xc nh r c, nhng chi ph ny b phn tn theo thi gian v trong
cng ng dn c.
1228 Fiscal multiplier Nhn t thu kho. H s cho bit mt mc gia tng ca chi tiu ti chnh tc ng n mc
thu nhp cn bng nh th no.
1229 Fiscal walfare benefits Li ch phc li thu kho. Xem TAX EXPENDITURES
1230 Fisher, Irving (1867-1947) Nh kinh t
1231 Fisher equation Phng trnh Fisher Xem Fisher, Irving; CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL, FRIEDMAN, QUANTITY
THEORY OF MONEY.
1232 Fisher open Xem UNCOVERED
INTEREST PARITY.
1233 Fixed asset Ti sn c nh. Bt k ti sn vn phi ti chnh no ca cng ty c tui th kh di, chuyn
dng cho cc qu trnh sn xut nht nh v chi ph ca n thn c
trang tri ch sau mt thi k hot ng tng i di, v d nh my mc,
nh xng.
1234 Fixed coenfficients
production function
Hm sn xut c cc h s c
nh.
Hm sn xut, trong cc u vo phi c kt hp theo cc t l c
nh.
1235 Fixed cost Chi ph c nh; nh ph. i vi mt hng ngn hn c nh ngha l mt khong thi gian trong
mt s YU T SN XUT khng th thay i c.
1236 Fixed exchange rate T gi hi oi c nh. Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
1237 Fixed factors Cc yu t sn xut c nh;
cc sn t c nh.
Nhng yu t sn xut khng th thay i v s lng.
1238 Fixed labour costs Chi ph lao ng c nh. Bao gm cc chi ph v vic lm v thay i theo t l t hn so vi s gi
lm vic.
1239 Fixed-price mdel Cc m hnh mc gi c nh. Cc m hnh gi thit rng cc giao dch c thc hin ti nhng mc gi
khng cn bng v nhng mc gi ny c gi c nh.
1240 Fixed / floating
exchange rates
T gi hi oi c nh / th
ni.
1241 Fixed proportions in
production
T l c nh trong sn xut. Phn nh qu trnh trong , t s VN/ LAO NG l c nh, ngha l
chng ch c th c s dng theo nhng t l c nh.
1242 Fixprice and flexprice Gi bt bin v gi linh hot. S phn bit ln u tin do J.R.HICKS a ra gia nhng gi khng phn
ng vi nhng thay i c bn trong cung v cu.
1243 Flat yield Tin li ng lot. Mt khon tin hng nm c tnh vo tin li ca mt chng khon biu
hin bng t l % ca gi mua.
1244 Flexible exchange rate T gi hi oi linh hot. Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
1245 Flexitime Thi gian lm vic linh hot. L thuyt kinh t ch ra rng nu thc hin thi gian linh hot s c li v
cc cng nhn khc nhau c nhng khu v v s thch khc nhau.
1246 Flight from cash B tin mt. Ch s chuyn CA CI t tin mt thnh cc ti sn sinh li.
1247 Float Tin tri ni. S chnh lch gia khon tin cha thu c hay khon tin ang trong
qu trnh thu v khon tin phi n nhng chm.
1248 Floating capital Vn lun chuyn. Cm thut ng c cng ngha c cng ngha nh vn lu ng, ch s tin
c u t vo cng vic ang c thc hin, tin cng cn tr hay bt
k mt loi u t no khc khng phi l ti sn c nh.
1249 Floating charge Ph linh ng Mt dng m bo ca ngi i vay i vi cc khon vay hay cc khon
n khc, v d nh c phiu cng ty.
1250 Floating debt N th ni Mt phn N QUC GIA c vay di dng cc CHNG KHON ngn
hn thng thng dng ch b phn c th hin bi HI PHIU B
TI CHNH. S n ny l "th ni" theo ngha l n lin tc gim cho qu
trnh thanh ton n.
Page 51
1251 Floating exchange rate T gi hi oi th ni. Xem EXCHANGE RATE
1252 Floating pound ng bng Anh th ni. Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
1253 Floor Sn. Gii hn s i xung ca sn lng theo l thuyt CHU K KINH
DOANH.
1254 Flotation Pht hnh. Hot ng pht hnh c phn cho cng chng nhm huy ng VN mi.
1255 Flow Dng, lung, Lu lng. Lng ca mt bin kinh t c o lng trong mt khong thi gian.
1256 Flow of funds analysis Phn tch lung tin qu S phn tch trn cc gic tng hp khc nhau, lung tin qu t cc khu
vc thng d v ti chnh ti cc khu vc thm ht.
1257 FOB Gi khng tnh ph vn ti, gi
FOB.
Cm thut ng ny ch gi hay gi tr ca mt hng ho c tnh trn c
s qu trnh sn xut v khng bao gm chi ph vn chuyn hng ho n
ngi tiu dng.
1258 Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO)
T chc Lng thc v Nng
nghip ca Lin hp quc.
c thnh lp nm 1954, FAO c tr s Rome. Vi nh ci tin vic
sn xut v phn phi lng thc v cc sn phm nng nghip, t chc
ny c giao nhim v thu thp v nghin cu cc s liu thch hp v
thc y cc hip nh trao i hng ho quc t v tr gip k thut.
1259 Footloose industries Ngng rng cng; Ngnh
khng c nh.
Nhng ngnh khng b rng buc vo mt ni nht nh nhm p ng yu
cu v v tr a l v do vy c th b tr bt c ni no.
1260 "footsie" Tn gi thng dng ca CH S C PHIU FT-SE 100.
1261 Forced riders Ngi hng li bt buc. Hnh nh ngc ca NGI XI CHA (free-rider). Ngi hng li bt
buc l nhng ngi nh gi li ch bng tin v khng phi bng tin ca
vic tr thnh thnh vin ca mt t chc thp hn chi ph bng tin v chi
ph khng phi bng tin.
1262 Forced saving Tit kim bt buc. Mt dng tit kim pht sinh do ngi tiu dng khng c kh nng tiu
tin ca mnh vo nhng hng tiu dng m mnh mun, n thun l v
nhng hng ho ny khng c.
1263 Forecast error Sai s d on. Chnh lch gia gi tr d on ca mt bin thu c bng cc phng
php d on kt qa t thc t.
1264 Forecasting D on Mt phng php c h thng nhm c c c lng v gi tr tng lai
ca mt bin, thng l da trn vic phn tch cc quan st v bin ng
qu kh ca n.
1265 Foreign aid Vin tr nc ngoi. Mt lung vn vo hoc mt s tr gip no cho mt nc khng do
cc tc nhn th trng t nhin cung cp.
1266 Foreign balance Cn cn thanh ton quc t. Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENT.
1267 Foreign exchange Ngoi hi. TIN hoc cc TRI PHIU sinh li ca mt nc khc.
1268 Foreign exchange
market
Th trng Ngoi hi. Th trng quc t trong cc ng tin c chuyn giao gia cc nc.
1269 Foreign exchange
reserve
D tr ngoi hi. Xem EXTERNAL RESERVE.
1270 Foreign investment u t nc ngoi. Thng ch l u t ca mt nc khc do cc cng ty hay c nhn tin
hnh v khc vi vin tr chnh ph.
1271 Foreign payments Thanh ton vi nc ngoi. Bt k khon thanh ton no c tin hnh vi nc ngoi d i ly
hng ha v dch v, hay thanh ton n; vic thanh ton ny phi c
thanh ton bng tin mnh. Xem Foreign aid.
1272 Foreign trade mutiplier Nhn t ngoi thng. T s phn nh s thay i ca thu nhp c c t s thay i ca xut
khu so vi s thay i ca thu nhp.
1273 Forward contract Hp ng nh trc; Hp
ng k hn.
Cn gi l hp ng tng lai. Xem Forward market.
1274 Forward exchange
market
Th trng hi oi nh
trc; Th trng hi oi k
hn.
Th trng trong cc ng tin c mua v bn theo nhng t gi hi
oi c c nh t by gi v giao vo mt thi gian nht nh trong
tng lai.
1275 Forward intergration Lin kt xui. Xem VERTICAL INTERGRATION.
1276 Forward linkage Lin h xui. Mi h gia mt ngnh hay mt cng ty v cc ngnh hay cng ty v cc
ngnh hay cc cng ty khc s dng u ra ca mt ngnh hay cng ty ny
nh l U VO ca mnh.
1277 Forward market Th trng nh trc; Th
trng k hn.
Bt k mt giao dch no c lin quan n mt hp ng mua hay bn hng
ho, hoc chng khon vo mt ngy c nh theo mc gi c tho thun
trong hp ng, l mt b phn ca th trng k hn.
1278 Forward rate T gi hi oi nh trc; t
gi hi oi k hn.
T gi hi oi theo mt ng tin c th c mua hay bn c
giao trong tng lai trn th trng k hn.
1279 Forward and contingent
market
Cc th trng nh trc v
bt trc.
1280 Forward markets and
spots markets
Cc th trng nh trc v
th trng giao ngay.
Page 52
1281 Foundation grant Tr cp c bn. Mt dng tr cp gia cc chnh quyn c s dng rng ri M nhm
mc ch san bng chi ph i vi tng cng ng a phng (v phng
din thu sut t ra cho tng a phng) trong vic cung cp mt mc
dch v cng cng ti thiu.
1282 Fourier analysis Phn tc Fourier Mt phng php c th chuyn s liu CHUI THI GIAN thnh khong
tn s.
1283 Fractional reserve
banking
Hot ng ngn hng bng
cch d tr theo t l.
Hot ng m cc ngn hng THNG MI thc hin duy tr d tr cc
ti sn c kh nng chuyn hon cao mt mc no , thng l mc
thp nht trong tng danh mc ti sn ca h.
1284 Franked investment
income
Thu nhp u t c min
thu.
Nhn chung l ch thu nhp chu thu cng ty v v vy khng l i
tng tnh thu cng ty na, thu nhp ny l thuc v cng ty nhn n.
1285 Free exchange rates T gi hi oi t do Xem EXCHANGE RATES.
1286 Freedom of entry T do nhp ngnh. Kh nng ca mt cng ty mi gia nhp mt th trng hng ho v dch
v. Nu hon ton khng c cc HNG RO GIA NHP th vic gia nhp
l t do.
1287 Freed good Hng min ph; Hng khng
phi tr tin
Mt hng ho m cung ca n t nht l bng cu ti mc gi bng khng.
1288 Free market Th trng t do. Th trng khng c s can thip ca chnh ph v ti cc tc nhn cung
v cu c php hot ng t do.
1289 Free market economy Nn kinh t th trng t do. Xem MARKET ECONOMY.
1290 Free on board Giao hng ti bn. Xem FOB.
1291 Free reserves D tr t do. Tng d tr php nh ti mt th ch nhn tin gi tr i lng d tr yu
cu v tr i lng d tr vay c t Qu D tr Lin bang.
1292 Free rider Ngi xi cha; ngi n
khng.
Mt hin tng ny sinh t c im ca HNG HO CNG CNG.
1293 Free trade Thng mi t do. Chnh sch khng can thip ca chnh ph trong thng mi gia cc nc
nhng nc m thng mi din ra theo PHN CNG LAO NG
quc t v l thuyt LI TH SO SNH.
1294 Free trade area Khu vc thng mi t do. Mt s phn nhm khng cht ch gia cc nc loi b THU QUAN
v cc hng ro thng mi khc.
1295 Frequency distribution Phn b theo tn sut. Th hin tm tt thng l di dng bng s hoc BIU TN SUT,
th hin s ln m mt BIN NGU NHIN nhn mt gi tr nht nh hay
khong gi tr trong mt mu quan st.
1296 Frictional
unemployment
Tht nghip do ch chuyn
ngh
Thng c hiu l THT NGHIP TM KIM, ngha l s lng tht
nghip tng ng vi ch khuyt vic lm trn cng mt loi vic lm v
TH TRNG LAO NG A PHNG.
1297 Friedman, Milton
(1912-)
c phong l gio s kinh t ti trng i hc Chicago nm 1948 v l
ngi lnh o ca TRNG PHI CHICAGO.ng c tng gi Nobel
kinh t nm 1976. Cc tc phm ch yu ca ng v kinh t h gm: nh
thu phng nga lm pht (1953), L thuyt v yu t tiu dng (1957),
L thuyt v gi c (1962), Lch s tin t ca M 1867-1960, Nhng
nguyn nhn v hu qu ca lm pht (1963). Friedman l ngi i tin
phong trong vic pht trin t tng v VN NHN LC v cng trnh
ca ng v hm tiu dng a n vic hnh thnh GI THIT THU
NHP SUT I. Lp trng phng php lun KINH T HC THC
CHNG, h t tng t do v vic xy dng nn T L THT NGHIP
T NHIN ca ng gp phn ch ra cc hn ch ca cc chnh sch N
NH HO ca trng phi Keynes. Cng vi Anna Schwartz, ng vit
nn mt lch s tin t s ca M gp phn cung cp c s cho vic pht
trin L THUYT NH LNG TIN T v lm sng li s tin tng
vo cc hc thuyt trc Keynes vo s n nh t ng ca h thng kinh
t. ng m rng PHNG TRNH FISHER bao hm cc bin nh
ca ci, li sut v t l lm pht, gi c d kin v iu ny dn n s
pht trin ca vn chng theo ch ngha trng tin v kinh t hc v m.
1298 Fringe benefit Phc li phi tin t. Tt c cc yu t phi tin cng hay tin lng trong tng li ch bng tin
m mt ngi i lm nhn c t cng vic ca mnh.
Page 53
1299 Frisch, Ragnar (1895-1973) Nh kinh t hc ngi Na uy v l ngi chung gii Nobel kinh t ln u
tin vo nm 1969 cng vi Jan Tinbergen nh nhng kt qu ca ng
trong vic din t L thuyt kinh t chnh xc hn v ton hc v a ra
dng th hin ca n to kh nng nghin cu thc nghim bng s lng
v tin hnh kim nh thng k. Vo u nhng nm 1930, Frisch i
u trong nghin cu s hnh thnh dng ng cc chu k thng mi,
trong ng chng minh mt h thng ng vi mt s c tnh ton
hc to ra mt bin ng c tnh chu k tt dn vi chiu di bc sng
l 4 n 8 nm. Khi h thng ny gp phi nhng c scngu nhin th
nhng dao ng hnh sng tr thnh hin thc v lu di. Cc thnh tu ca
Frisch l ch ng l ngi tin a ra cc phng php kim nh cc
gi thuyt thng k. Trong lnh vc chnh sch kinh t, ng a ra h
thng hch ton quc gia rt c ch cho cc chnh sch n nh ho v k
hoch ho kinh t, gii thiu cc phng php quy hoch ton hc s dng
trong cc k thut my tnh in t hin i. Nhng cng trnh ch yu ca
ng l Phn tch hp lu thng k bng cc h thng hi quy hon chnh
(1943), Cc i v cc tiu (1966), L thuyt v sn xut (1965).
1300 F-statistic Thng k F. Thng k tun theo phn phi F. Thng c s dng kim nh
ngha chung ca mt tp hp cc bin gii thch trong phn tch hi quy.
1301 FT-SE 100 Mt ch s gi ca 100 c phiu quan trng nht c nim yt ti S giao
dch chng kon London, Ch s ny c a ra vo nm 1984 vi ch s
gi gc l 1000, bi v lc ngi ta c cm gic rng Ch s cng nghip
ca bo Financial Times b thin lch qu nhiu v pha cc cng ty thuc
nghnh ch to.
1302 Full bodied money Tin quy c. Xem TOKEN MONEY.
1303 Full cost Chi ph y . Ti bt k mc sn lng no, chi ph y l tng chi ph kh bin trung
bnh, chi ph c nh trung bnh v phn li nhun rng.
1304 Full cost pricing nh gi theo chi ph y . Quy tc nh gi theo cc cng ty tnh thm phn li nhun rng vo chi
ph n v trong khi vic tnh chi ph n v th bao gm tt c cc chi ph.
1305 Fractional reserve
system
H thng d tr mt phn.
1306 Free-rider problem Vn ngi "xi cha".
1307 Frictional and structural
unemployment
Tht nghip do ch chuyn
ngh v do ch chuyn ngh.
1308 Full-employment budget Ngn sch mc nhn cng
ton dng; Ngn sch khi c
vic lm.
1309 Full-employment budget
surplus
Thng d ngn sch mc
nhn cng ton dng; Thng
d ngn sch khi c vic
lm.
S o tc ng ca chnh sch ti chnh, khng ch n thun da vo quy
m ca thng d ngn sch.
1310 Full-employment
national income
Thu nhp quc dn mc
nhn cng ton dng; Thu
nhp quc dn khi c vic
lm.
L s o cc gi tr thc t ca hng ho v dch v c th c sn xut ra
khi cc yu t sn xut ca t nc c s dng ht, khi nn kinh t
mc tht nghip t nhin.
1311 Full-employment
unemployment rate
T l tht nghip t nhin
mc nhn cng ton dng; T
l tht nghip t nhin khi c
vic lm.
Xem NATURAL RATE OF UNEMPLOYMENT.
1312 Full information
maximum likehood
(FIML)
c lng kh nng cc i
khi c thng tin.
Mt k thut c lng h thng cc phng trnh ng thi, tuyn tnh
hay phi tuyn tnh. Xem maximum likehood.
1313 Function Hm s. Mt cng thc ton hc c th ho mi lin h gia cc gi tr ca mt tp
hp cc bin c lp xc nh gi tr cc bin ph thuc.
1314 Fuctional costing Lp chi ph theo chc nng. Xem OUTPUT BUDGETING.
1315 Function of function
rule
Quy tc hm ca mt hm s. Xem CHAIN RULE.
1316 Funded debt N v thi hn; N c ti
tr.
Thng thng n ca chnh ph khng nh ngy tr li theo hp ng.
Lc u, cm thut ng ny ch hot ng ca thay th n c ti tr cho
n vi mt ngy tr nht nh. Gi y, n c s dng rng ri hn
ch s thay th ca cc khon n di hn cho cc khon n ngn hn.
1317 Funding i n, o n; cp vn, ti
tr.
1318 Function income
distribution
Phn phi thu nhp theo chc
nng.
Page 54
1319 Futures contract Hp ng k hn Nh Forward contract. Nhng c kh nng chuyn nhng hoc hu b.
Xem Forward contract.
1320 Futures market Th trng k hn Xem Forward market.
1321 Future value Gi tr tng lai.
1322 General Arangement to
borrow (GAB)
Hip c vay n chung. Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
1323 Gains from trade Li ch ca thng mi. Phc li tng ln ca nn kinh t th gii ni chung hay i vi mt nc
ring, tu thuc vo quan im, do kt qu ca vic tham gia vo thng
mi quc t.
1324 Galbraith, John Kenneth (1908-)
1325 Galloping inflation Lm pht phi m. Xem HYPER INFLATION.
1326 Game theory L thuyt tr chi. L thuyt v vic ra quyt nh hp l ca c nhn c thc hin trong
nhng iu kin khng thnh tin lin quan n nhng kt qu ca cc
quyt nh ny.
1327 GATT Xem GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE.
1328 Gauss- Markov
Theorem
inh l Gauss- Markov.
1329 GDP Tng sn phm quc ni. Xem GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
1330 Gearing S n khp, t s gia vn n
v vn c phn
Ch tiu th hin t l tng i ca vn n v vn c phn.
1331 Gearing ratio T s n khp T s ca ti chnh n vi tng s ca n v ti chnh vn c phiu thng
thng.
1332 General Agreement of
Tariffs and Trade
(GATT)
Hip nh chung v thu quan
v thng mi.
Hip nh c k ti Hi ngh Geneva nm 1947 v c hiu lc t ngy
1/1/1948. y l mt hip nh thng mi a phng ra cc quy tc
tin hnh cc quan h thng mi quc t v cung cp mt din n cho s
m phn a phng v cc gii php cho cc vn thng mi v gim
dn THU QUAN v cc rng buc khc i vi thng mi.
1333 General Agreement to
Borrow
Tho thun Chung v i vay. Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
1334 General Classification of
Economic Activities in t
S phn loi chung v cc
hot ng kinh t trong Cng
ng chu u.
S phn loi cng nghip ca cc hot ng kinh t trong Cng ng chu
u l cch khc ca s phn loi cng nghip theo tiu chun quc t.
1335 General equilibrium Cn bng chung; Cn bng
tng th.
Tnh hung trong tt c cc th trng trong nn kinh t ng thi
trng thi cn bng, ngha l gi c v s lng khng i.
1336 General grant Tr cp chung. Xem GRANT.
1337 Generalized least square
(GLS)
Bnh phng nh nht tng
qut.
Cn gi l c lng Aitken. Mt dng c lng theo kiu BNH
PHNG NH NHT p dng cho cc trng hp trong Ma trn
phng sai - Hip phng sai ca Thnh phn nhiu ca phng trnh hi
quy khng c s 0 trong cc v tr ngoi ng cho, v/ hoc khng c cc
phn t thuc ng cho ging nhau.
1338 General linear model
(GLM)
M hnh tuyn tnh tng qut. Dng hm s c s dng ph bin nht trong phn tch kinh t lng, n
c bit coi bin ph thuc l mt hm tuyn tnh ca tp hp cc bin c
lp.
1339 Generalized System of
Preferences (GSP)
H thng u i ph cp; H
thng u i chung.
Theo GSP, c ngh ti hi ngh ca Lin hp quc v thng mi v
pht trin ln u tin nm 1964 v c chp thun ti hi ngh ln th hai
vo nm 1968, cc nc cng nghip ng khng nh thu nhp khu t
cc nc ang pht trin, trong khi vn nh thu nhp khu i vi cc
nc cng nghip khc, do to ra mt chnh lch u i cho cc nc
ang pht trin.
1340 General price level Mc gi chung. Mc gi chung ca tt c hng ho trong nn kinh t.
1341 General Theory of
Employment, Interest
and Money
L thuyt tng qut v Vic
lm, Li sut v Tin t.
Xem Keynes.
1342 General human capital Vn nhn lc mang c im
chung; vn nhn lc chung
chung.
1343 General union Cc nghip on. Nghip on l t chc tp hp cng nhn cc ngnh v bao gm nhiu
ngh nghip khc nhau.
1344 Geneva Conference Hi ngh Geneva. Xem GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE.
1345 Geneva Round Vng m phn Geneva. Tn thng gi cho c vng m phn th nht (1947) v ln m phn th
t (1955-56) trong khun kh v Hip nh chung v thu quan v thng
mi.
Page 55
1346 Geographic frontier Gii hn a l. Cm thut ng c s dng trong l thuyt pht trin kinh t m t mt
khu vc trong s vi s dn, kh nng k thut, s thch v khu v nht
nh, s xut hin li tc tng dn t lao ng v t bn.
1347 Geometric lag tr cp s nhn. Cn gi l tr gim dn theo s m.
1348 Gilbrat's law of
proportionate growth
Lut Gilbrat v tng trng
theo t l.
R.Grilbrat (cc nn kinh t khng cn i, Paris, 1931) c cng xy
dng mt m hnh m t qu trnh tng trng ngu nhin bng cch no
c th to ra c phn b chun LOG quy m hng.
1349 Giffen good Hng ho Giffen Mt hng m cu v n c xu hng gim khi gi gim, v vy, r rng l
mu thun vi quy lut cu. Hng ho ny mang tn ca Robert Giffen
(1937-1910), ng quan st thy rng ngi ngho mua bnh m nhiu hn
khi gi tng. Tnh hung ny xy ra khi tr s tuyt i ca NH HNG
THU NHP (so vi gi) ln hn nh hng thay th. Co gin ca cu i
vi thu nhp i vi hng ho th cp l m.
1350 Gifts tax Thu qu tng. Xem CAPITAL TRANSFER TAX.
1351 Gilt- edged securities Chng khon vin vng;
Chng khon ho hng.
Tt c s n chnh ph, khng tnh tri phiu B ti chnh, di dng cc
chng khon c th trao i c, (ngha l c th bn c trn th trng
chng khon).
1352 Gini coefficient H s GINI. Ch s v mc bt bnh ng (thng l) ca phn phi thu nhp.
1353 Giro system H thng chuyn khon Giro Mt h thng thanh ton thng qua chuyn khon cc khon tin gi "ghi
s", c th thng thch vi h thng SEC ngn hng truyn thng nhng
khc v c cu.
1354 Glejser test Kim nh Glejser. Php kim nh c s dng nhn dng vn phng sai KHNG
THUN NHT trong S d ca mt phng trnh hi quy.
1355 GNP Tng sn phm quc dn. Xem GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT.
1356 Gold bricking Hot ng la di. S hn ch sn lng do cng nhn gy ra trong khun kh H THNG
THANH TON KHUYN KHCH trnh vic p dng cc tiu chun
n lc lm vic cao hn trn mt n v thanh ton.
1357 Gold certificate Giy chng gi vng. Mt phng tin ghi n hay giy bc do B ti chnh pht hnh th hin
mun ca B ti chnh bin mt lng vng nht nh thnh tin.
1358 "gold age" growth Tng trng "thi k hong
kim".
Trong l thuyt tng trng, l mt tnh hung TNG TRNG CN
I trong T L TNG TRNG C BO M bng vi T l
tng trng t nhin khi c vic lm.
1359 Golden rule Nguyn tc vng; Quy tc
vng.
Con ng tng trng ti u a ra mc tiu dng u ngi l bn vng
v ti a trong mt nn kinh t.
1360 Golden rule of
accumulation
Nguyn tc vng v tch lu;
Quy tc vng ca tch lu.
Con ng tng trng cn i trong mi mt th h tit kim th h
mai sau phn thu nhp m cc th h trc tit kim c.
1361 Gold exchange standard Bn v trao i bng vng. Mt dng BN V VNG, theo mt nc neo gi tr ng tin ca
mnh theo gi tr ng tin ca mt nc trung tm.
1362 Gold export point im xut khu vng. Xem Gold point.
1363 Gold import point im nhp khu vng. Xem Gold point.
1364 Goldfeld - Quandt Kim nh Goldfeld - Quandt. Tn ca mt php kim nh c s dng nhn dng vn Phng sai
khng thun nht trong S d ca mt phng trnh Hi quy.
1365 Gold market Th trng vng. Th trng bun bn vng kim loi, tin vng hay vng nn.
1366 Gold points Cc im vng. Cc mc t gi trao i m ti khi mt ng tin mt BN V VNG,
th vic mua vng t Ngn hng trung ng v xut khu vng (im xut
khu vng) hay nhp khu v bn n cho ngn hng trung ng (im nhp
khu vng) l c l nhun.
1367 GDP and nation income GDP v thu nhp quc dn.
1368 GDP at factor cost GDP theo chi ph sn xut.
1369 GDP at market prices GDP theo gi th trng.
1370 GDP deflator H s kh lm pht cho GDP.
1371 Gold reserve D tr vng.
1372 Gold standard Bn v vng. H thng t chc tin t theo gi tr tin ca mt nc l c xc nh
theo lut bng mt lng vng c nh, v ng tin trong nc c dng
tin vng v/ hoc tin giy khi cn c th chuyn i thnh vi t l c
xc nh theo lut.
1373 Goldbugs Nhng con mt vng.
1374 Goodhart's law Lut Goodhart. Mt quy lut mang tn nh kinh t Goodhart cho rng bt c tng lng
tin no c chn lm bin mc tiu th cng u b bp mo bi chnh
nhng hnh ng vo mc tiu .
1375 Goodness of fit Mc ph hp. Mt cm thut ng chung m t mc ph hp s liu ca mt phng
trnh kinh t lng c c lng.
Page 56
1376 Goods Cc hng ho tt. Cc hng ho hu hnh c ng gp tch cc vo PHC LI KINH T.
Phn bit vi hng xu.
1377 Goodwill Thin ch. Mt thut ng c s dng trong hch ton ti sn v hnh thng c
o bng s chnh lch gia gi tr cho mt cng vic ang tin hnh v gi
tr trn giy ca n.
1378 Gosplan U ban k hoch (Lin X). Mt thut ng ting Nga ch U ban k hoch nh nc trc y Lin
X. N c trch nhim ra cc k hoch sn xut v chuyn cho cc t
chc thch hp thi hnh.
1379 Government deficit Thm ht ca Chnh ph. Xem BUDGET DEFICIT.
1380 Government expenditure Chi tiu ca chnh ph. Mun tm hiu chi tit hn, xem CHI TIU CNG CNG. Nhng chi tiu
ny to nn mt phn quan trng ca TNG CHI TIU v may mc d
c coi l ngoi sinh trong M HNH CHI TIU THU NHP n gin,
vn chim gi mt vai tr quan trng trong m hnh Keynes trong vic xc
nh MC THU NHP QUC DN CN BNG.
1381 Government Nation
Mortgage Association
(GNMA)
Hip hi cm c quc gia ca
Chnh ph.
C quan ca chnh ph M tr gip th trng cm c nh .
1382 Government regulation S iu tit ca chnh ph.
1383 Government securities Chng khon ca chnh ph. Mt cm thut ng chung ch s n c th trao i c ca chnh ph
trung ng, t thi hn ngn nht, ngha l HI PHIU B TI CHNH
ti thi hn rt di v nhng khon n khng xc nh ngy.
1384 Government spending
and net taxes
Chi tiu ca chnh ph v thu
rng.
1385 Government spending
on goods and services
Chi tiu ca chnh ph cho
hng ho v dch v.
1386 Gradualism Trng phi tun tin; Ch
ngha tun tin; thuyt tun
tin.
Mt quan im ca chnh sch pht trin kinh t cho rng qu trnh pht
trin kinh t l mt hin tng tng trng t t, chc chn, chm chp v
do vy cc bin php chnh sch cn thit cng phi mang c trng nay.
1387 Gradualist monetarist Ngi theo thuyt trng tin
tun tin.
1388 Graduate tax Thu i hc Mt k hoch ti tr cho gio dc i hc thng qua sinh vin c vay
tin p ng cc chi ph v gio dc v/ hoc cuc sng trong khi nghin
cu v s thanh ton li mt phn bng thu nhp trong tng lai.
1389 Grand factor price
frontier
Gii hn gi c nhn t chnh. Mt khi nim do P.SAMUELSON S DNG nhm khi phc li vic s
dng tng t bn trong cc m hnh kinh t tn c in.
1390 Grandfather clause iu khon dnh cho nhng
ngi c chc.
Mt s dn xp qua cc thnh vin hin hnh thuc mt ngh nghip
c min p dng cc bn v CP BNG NGH NGHIP cao hn t ra
cho ngh nghip ny.
1391 Granger causality Tnh nhn qa Granger. Xem CAUSALITY.
1392 Grant Tr cp. Khon tin do mt t chc hay c nhn cp cho cc t chc v cc c nhn
khc m n khng to thnh mt b phn trao i no , nhng ch l mt
thanh ton chuyn khon mt chiu.
1393 Grant in aid Tr cp di dng vin tr. Xem INTER-GOVERNMENTAL GRANTS.
1394 Gravity model M hnh lc hp dn. Mt cch tip cn c s dng rng ri nhm gii mt s bi ton trong
Kinh t hc khu vc v nghin cu vn ti, th hin c s lng quan h
tng tc ln nhau gia 2 v tr v c xc nh bi quy m tng tc
hoc tm quan trng ca cc v tr ny v khong cchgia chng. Mt
dng tng tc ny l s di chuyn v dn s. Cc quan h tng tc khc
l i li bng t hay i li bng my bay.
1395 "Great Leap Forward" i nhy vt Tn gi ca mt chnh sch pht trin c pht ng Trung Quc vo
cui nm 1957 nhm y nhanh qu trnh pht trin vi t l tng trng
cng nghip l 20-30%. Rt kh nh gi thnh cng ca chnh sch mo
him ny do c nhng s kin khc xut hin ng thi vo qung thi
gian ny.
1396 Green pound ng bng xanh T gi hi oi ca ng bng Sterling s dng chuyn i gi c nng
nghip c chp thun bi chnh sch nng nghip chung tnh theo n v
tin t chu u thnh gi c nc Anh.
1397 Green revolution Cch mng Xanh. Mt cm thut ng c s dng trong trng hp c s tng mnh trong
nng sut nng nghip cc nc ang pht trin bng cch a vo p
dng cc loi ging chng c bnh tt, c nng sut cao.
1398 Gresham's Law Lut Gresham. Mt quy lut do Hun tc Thomas Gresham (1591-1579), nh kinh doanh
v vin chc ngi Anh a ra.
Page 57
1399 Gross barter terms of
trade
Tng t l hng i hng. Xem TERMS OF TRADE.
1400 Gross domestic fixed
capital formation
Tng t bn c nh trong
nc.
Xem GROSS INVESTMENT
1401 Gross domestic product
(GDP)
Tng sn phm quc ni. Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
1402 Gross domestic product
deflator
Ch s kh lm pht cho tng
sn phm quc ni.
Mt ch s gi c s dng iu chnh gi tr bng tin ca tt c hng
ho v dch v tham gia vo tng sn phm quc ni khi gi c thay i.
1403 Gross investment Tng u t. Tng u t ny sinh trong nn kinh t trong mt khong thi gian nht
nh. 1404 Gross margin Mc chnh gi gp. Mc chnh lch gia gi tr cho ngi bn bun cung cp v gi nhn c
ca ngi bn l.
1405 Gross national income Tng thu nhp quc dn. Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
1406 Gross profit Tng li nhun Xem PROFIT.
1407 Gross trading profit Tng li nhun thng mi. Li nhun kim c t nhng nghip v trc khi tr i KHU HAO v
li i vi ti chnh n v mc tng gi c phn.
1408 Group of Ten Nhm G10. Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
1409 Group of Seven Nhm G7. By nc cng nghip ch yu (Canada, Php, c, Italia, Nht, Anh v
M), nhng ngi ng u chnh ph cc b trng kinh t ca nhng
nc ny thng xuyn gp nhau nhm phi hp chnh sch kinh t v m,
c bit l v t gi hi oi ph hp gia cc nc. Hin nay c thm
Nga gia nhp thnh cc nc G8.
1410 Group of 77 Nhm 77. Mt lin minh lng lo ca hn 100 nc ch yu l ang pht trin, lc
u l do 77 nc thnh lp ti HI NGH LIN HP QUC THNG
MI V PHT TRIN vo nm 1964 biu th hn na mi quan tm
tp th ca h v s pht trin th ch ca h thng kinh t th gii.
1411 Growth-gap
unemployment
Tht nghip do chnh lch v
tng trng.
Tht nghip do thiu ht cu di hn.
1412 Growth path ng tng trng. y l mt hnh thi thay i ca mt bin theo thi gian.
1413 Growth-profitability
function
Hm li nhun - tng trng. cp n T sut li nhun ti a m mt hng c th duy tr c cc
t l tng trng khc nhau.
1414 Growth-stock paradox Nghch l c phn tng
trng.
cp n mt tnh hung trong do T l chit khu hin hnh nh hn
t l tng trng ca c tc hng nm khng i d kin ca mt hng, gi
tr c phn s tin n v hn.
1415 Growth theories of the
firm
Cc l thuyt v s tng
trng ca hng.
Nh cng trnh i u ca E.T. Penrose (l thuyt tng trng ca hng,
Blackwell, Oxford,1959) v R.L.Marris (l thuyt kinh t ca ch ngha t
bn "qun l", Macmillan, London, 1964) cc l thuyt tng trng tr
thnh mt ngnh ca cc l thuyt v QUN L HNG v c coi l ph
hp i vi mt nn kinh t hng trong cc nh qun l ca cc hng c
quyn t do trong vic ra cc mc tiu m h mun theo ui.
1416 Growth theory L thuyt tng trng. Cc m hnh ny sinh t vic nghin cu nn kinh t khi c s thay i v
lng t bn, quy m dn s v ko theo p lc v s lng v c cu tui
ca lc lng lao ng v tin b k thut. C 2 nhm l thuyt chnh:
1)L thuyt tng trng tn c in. 2)L thuyt tng trng ca Keynes
(v Keynes mi).
1417 Growth rate Tc tng trng.
1418 Growth-valuation
function
Hm gi tr - tng trng. Hm ny to ra T S GI TR cc i m mt hng c th duy tr c
ti cc mc t l tng trng khc nhau v l mt c im chung ca cc
L THUYT TNG TRNG CA HNG.
1419 G.7 Xem GROUP OF SEVEN
1420 Guaranteed week Tun l bo m. Thanh ton tr cho nhng cng nhn ch lm vic trong thi gian ngn m
khng phi do li ca h.
1421 Guidelines Nguyn tc ch o. Xem INCOMES POLICY.
1422 Guidepost following
behaviour
Hnh vi theo hng ch dn. Xem NORM FOLLOWING BEHAVIOUR.
1423 Guideposts Cc ch dn. Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Page 58
1424 Haavelmo, Trygve (1911-) Nh kinh t ngi Nauy, c gii thng Nobel kinh t nm 1989 v cng
trnh nghin cu v c s mn kinh t lng. ng gp quan trng nht
ca ng th hin trong bn lun n lm ti trn i hc Harvard, sau
c xut bn di nhan : "Nghin cu xc sut trong kinh t lng".
Tp ch Econometrica tp 12, tr.118 (1944). Tc phm cho thy trong
vic lp cng thc l thuyt kinh t bng ngn ng xc sut c th s dng
cc phng php suy lun thng k rt ra cc kt lun chnh xc v cc
quan h c bn t mt "mu ngu nhin" trong nhng quan st theo thc
nghim. iu ny cho php rt ra nhng m hnh kinh t, kim nghim v
s dng chng trong d bo. Lun n ca ng cng a ra nhng tin b
trong vic gii bi ton v s ph thuc ln nhau gia cc bin s kinh t,
v ng ngh cc phng php xc nh r vic nhn dng v nh
giaccs quan h kinh t khi c s ph thuc ln nhau. Phng php ca ng
c cc nh kinh t lng khc cng nhn v pht trin. Ngoi cng
trnh v l thuyt kinh t lng, Haavelmo cn c nhiu ng gp quan
trng v l thuyt u t v tng trng kinh t. Ngoi bn lun n, nhng
sch xut bn ca ng l: Nghin cu v l thuyt pht trin kinh
t(1954), Nghin cu v l thuyt u t (1960).
1425 Haberler, Gottfried (1900-) Nh kinh t hc ngi M sinh ra o, ni ting v nghin cu thng
mi quc t. Trong cun L thuyt thng mi quc t (1936), ng a
ra mt cch chng minh khc v li ch thng mi bng chi ph c hi ca
sn xut cc hng ho v xem nh hng ho khc khng c s xut. iu
ny b qua trng hp gi thc t trong nghin cu ca Ricardo. Mt tc
phm khc ca ng l Thnh vng v nh n (1935), trong c xem
xt ti liu v chu k kinh doanh. Cc tc phm ln khc ca ng l
Thng mi quc t; Cc chuyn kho gy ting vang; Nghin cu v l
thuyt thng mi quc t (1961) v Tin t trong nn kinh t (1965).
1426 Habit-creating demand
function
Hm cu do thi quen. Mt HM CU i vi hng ho khng lu bn, cho thy rng cu trong
bt k giai on no cng c th b nh hng bi vic mua hng t trc.
1427 Halesbury Committee U ban Halesbury. U ban t vn ca chnh ph Anh c lp ra t vn v t chc mt h
thng TIEN T BI S MI. Thnh lp nm 1961 v ngng hot ng
nm 1963.
1428 Hammered B g ba. Trc s kin Big Bang nm 1986, khi mt cng ty mi gii chng khon
khng o kh nng tr n cho khch hng hoc NHNG NGI MI
GII CHNG KHON th quyn kinh doanh trn th trng chng khon
ca cng ty b nh ch.
1429 Hedgers Nhng ngi t bo him.
1430 Hard-core unemployed Nhng ngi tht nghip kh
tm vic lm.
Nhng ngi tht nghip c ng k cm thy do cc iu kin v th cht
v tinh thn, do thi i vi cng vic hoc do tui tc nn rt kh tm
vic lm.
1431 Hard currency Tin mnh. Mt loi tin t c mc cu cao lin tc so vi cung trn trn th trng hi
oi.
1432 Harmony of interests Hi ho quyn li. Xem INVISIBLE HAND.
1433 Harrod, Sir Roy, F. (1900-1978). Sau khi dy trng dng Oxford t nm 1922, ng c b nhim lm
ph gio s Vin kinh t quc t nm 1952. ng l biien tp t Economic
Journal t nm 1945-1961. Cc sch xut bn ca ng bao gm: Chu k
thng mi (1936), Tin ti kinh t hc ng (1948), Cuc i ca John
Maynard Keynes (1951), Mt b sung vo thuyt kinh t ng (1952),
Chnh sch chng lm pht (1958), Tham lun th hai v l thuyt kinh t
ng (1961) v ng lc kinh t (1973).
1434 Harrod-Domar growth
model
M hnh tng trng Harrod-
Domar.
M hnh tng trng mt khu vc do R.F.Harrod v E.Domar pht trin
vo nhng nm 1940, v c bn xut pht t cc cuc cch mng Keynes,
v n c lin quan ti s n nh kinh t v tht nghip cng nh nhng gi
thit cng nhc dng cho phn tch ngn hn.
1435 Harrod Neutral
Technical Progress
Tin b k thut trung tnh ca
Harrod.
Mt loi tin b k thut c lp so snh cc im trong qu trnh tng
trng t l sn lng so vi vn khng thay i.
1436 Havana Charter iu l Havana. Xem INTERNATIONAL TRADE ORGANIZATION.
Page 59
1437 Hayek, Friedrich A.Von (1899-1992). Sinh ra v hc ti Vin, Hayek l ngi lnh o mt s c s ca trng
kinh t London v cc trng i hc Chicago, Freiburg v Salzburg.
Nm 1974, ng c trao gii Nobel kinh t cng vi G.MYRDAL. Li
dn khi trao gii Nobal cng nhn cng hin m ng ca ng v l
thuyt tin t v lao ng, v hiu qu lao ng ca cc h thng kinh t
khc nhau, v lnh vc nghin cu ca ng bao gm c c cu lut php
trong h thng kinh t. Trong cun Gi c v sn xut (1931), ng kt hp
l thuyt tin t vi l thuyt ca trng phi o v vn. Vi tc phm The
Road to Serfdom (ng Xung Kip Lao T) (1944), ng chuyn sang
lnh vc trit hc chnh tr v lut php, trong ng phn tch vn t
do, mt ch c nng ln trong (Constitution of Liberty) Hin Php T
do (1960). Ngoi ra, Hayek c nhiu ng gp trong lch s t duy tr
tu nh trong tc phm John Stuart Mill v Harriet Taylor (1951) v trong
phng php lun nh Cuc phn cch mng khoa hc. (Xem AUSTRIAN
SCHOOL)
1438 Heckscher-Ohlin
approach to international
trade
Phung php Heckscher-Ohlin
v thng mi quc t.
Nghin cu ny do nh kinh t ngi Thu in Heckcher khi xng, sau
c ngi ng hng ca ng l Ohlin pht trin (trong Thng mi
quc t v gia cc vng, 1935), cng nhn rng thng mi quc t da
trn s khc nhau ca chi ph tng i nhng c gng gii thch cc yu t
to ra s khc nhau trong gi tng i ny.
1439 Hedging Lp hng ro. Mt hnh ng do ngi mua hoc ngi bn thc hin t bo v thu
nhp ca mnh khi c s tng gi xy ra tong tng lai.
1440 Hedonic price Gi n. Gi n hay GI BNG l tnh cht ca mt hng ho. Mt phn gi ca
loi hng ho c lin quan n mi tnh cht ca n v do vy c th
nh gi s thay i v cht lng.
1441 Hedonism Ch ngha khoi lc. Trit l cho rng hnh vi ca con ngi b chi phi bi su tm kim th
vui. Tuy nhin, vi t cch l mt trit l, ch ngha khoi lc b thay i
rt nhiu bi khi nim v ngha v, trch nhim
1442 Herfindahl index Ch s Herfindahl. Mt thc o tp trung ca th trng cng nghip.
1443 Heterogeneity Tnh khng ng nht. Cht lng ca hng ho, dch v hoc cc yu t to ra s khc nhau trong
quan nim ca ngi tiu dng v ngi sn xut.
1444 Heterogeneous capital Vn khng ng nht. VN vt cht thuc nhiu loi c trng ring cho tng qu trnh sn xut
v khng c chuyn sang qu trnh khc. Khi nim ny tr nn lng lo
vi tng rng mt hng ho vn d chia nh c th s dng cho sn xut
nhiu hng ho trong nhiu qu trnh.
1445 Heterogeneous product Sn phm khng ng nht. Cc hng ho hay dch v do cc i v kinh t a ra trn mt th trng
nht nh m c t hp thuc tnh khng ging nhau di con mt ca
ngi mua sn phm .
1446 Heteroscedasticity Hip phng sai khng ng
nht.
Mt bi ton kinh t lng trong phng sai ca sai s trong mt m
hnh hi quy khng ng nht gia cc quan st.
1447 Hicks. Sir John R. (1904-1989). Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, ng gii Nobel kinh t 1972, cng vi
Kenneth ARROW ng dy ti trng Kinh t London v cc trng i
hc: Cambridge, Manchester v Oxford. ng nhn c gi Nobel do
nghin cu v l thuyt CN BNG TNG TH trong Gi tr v t bn
(1939), c bit v vn n nh h thng cn bng tng th trc cc c
sc t bn ngoi; v nghin cu trong KINH T HC PHC LI,
THNG D CA NGI TIU DNG. Tuy nhin, Hicks cn nghin
cu nhiu lnh vc khc. L tuyt tin lng (1932) ca ng nu ra phng
php NNG SUT BIN ng dng trong xc nh tin lng theo quan
nim c in. Trong bi Keynes v cc phng php c in (1937), ng
khc phc c vn bt nh ca thu Keynes v qu c th cho vay v
LI SUT bng cch a vo cc ng IS/LM, cc ng IS/LM tr
thnh cng c dng trong phn tch l thuyt Keynes. Nm 1950, ng tng
hp cc tng Keynes (Phng php QU TRNH S NHN) ca cc
nh kinh t lng ( tr) ca qu trng gia tc v ca Harrod (tng trng
v h thng khng n nh) vo m hnh ca chu k kinh doanh trong Mt
ng gp vo l thuyt vo chu k kinh doanh. ng cng xut bn cc
cun sch v L thuyt cu v hin trng ca kinh t hc Keynes.
1448 Hicks-Hansen diagram Biu Hicks-Hansen. Xem IS - LM DIAGRAM.
1449 Hicks Neutral Technical
Progress
Tin b k thut trung tnh
Hicks.
Mt phn loi ca tin b k thut pht trin c lp so snh cc im trong
qu trnh tng trng m t l VN/ LAO NG l khng i.
Page 60
1450 Hidden unemployment Tht nghip n. Cn gi l tht nghip tr hnh. V lc lng lao ng bin i tun hon,
nn ngi ta lp lun rng s ngi tht nghip c thng bo phn nh
khng ht lng ngi tht nghip thc s do khng tnh nhng cng nhn
chn nn.
1451 High-powered money Tin mnh. Trong l thuyt truyn thng v s nhn tn dng, ti sn d tr m da vo
h thng ngn hng to ra tin gi ngn hng rng buc cc hot ng
cho vay ca ngn hng v dn n to ra tin gi gp chung c gi l
"tin mnh".
1452 Hiring rate T l thu. Xem ACCESSION RATE.
1453 Hiring standards Cc tiu chun thu ngi. Kh khn trong tuyn ngi i vi ngi ch khng phi l tip xc vi
nhiu ng c vin nht, m vn l tm s ng c vin xng ng
dnh thi gian xem xt.
1454 Histogram Biu tn xut. Mt minh ho bng th ca phn phi theo tn xut ( hay PHN PHI
XC SUT), trong tn sut (hay xc sut) l mt bin ly gi tr gia
cc gii hn c tnh bng chiu cao ca mt ct trn trc honh gia cc
gii hn .
1455 Historical costs Chi ph lch s. Chi ph xy ra vo thi im mt yu t u vo hoc ngun liu c mua
vo v v vy khng bng chi ph thay th u vo (chi ph thay th) nu
gi tng ln vo thi im .
1456 Historical model Cc m hnh lch s. Cc m hnh kinh t c kh nng phn tch cc bin i vtnh hnh trong
th gii hin thc, i lp vi cc m hnh CN BNG thng nng tnh
l thuyt.
1457 Historical school Trng phi lch s. Mt nhm cc nh kinh t c th k XIX m phng php lun v phn
tch ca h c nh hng ln trong cc nc ni ting c.
1458 Historicism Ch ngha lch s. Xem Historical school.
1459 Hoarding u c tch tr. Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
1460 Hoarding company Cng ty nm gi. Mt cng ty kim sot mt s cng ty khc thng qua s hu mt t l
trong vn c phn chung ca cc cng ty .
1461 Homogeneity Tnh thun nht, tnh ng
nht.
Tnh cht ca hng ho dch v hoc cc yu t ging nhau theo cch suy
ngh ca nh phn phi v ngi tiu dng.
1462 Homogeneous functions Cc hm ng nht. Mt hm c coi l ng nht bc n nu nhn tt c cc bin C LP
vi mt hng s Lamda c kt qu bng BIN PH THUC nhn vi
Lamda.
1463 Homogeneous product Sn phm ng nht. Khi cc n v kinh t a ra trn mt th trng nht nh mt lot cc sn
phm v dch v ging nhau di con mt ca ngi mua th sn phm
c gi l ng nht.
1464 Homogeneous product
functin
Cc hm sn xut ng nht. Xem PRODUCTION FUNCTION.
1465 Homoscedasticity Hip phng sai ng nht. Mt tnh cht ca phng sai ca thnh phn nhiu trong cc phng trnh
hi quy khi n c nh trong tt c cc quan st.
1466 Horizontal equity Cng bng theo phng
ngang.
Tnh cng bng hoc cng l p dng vi cc c nhn trong cng mt hon
cnh.
1467 Horizontal intergration Lin kt theo phng ngang. Lin kt theo phng ngang xy ra khi hai hng cng mt giai on trong
qu trnh sn xut st nhp vi nhau lp ra mt doanh nghip duy nht.
Xem MERGER.
1469 Horizontal / vertical /
conglomerate merger
Hp nht theo tuyn ngang/
dc/ kt khi.
1470 Hot money Tin nng. Mt quc gia c li sut cao s thu ht tin t nc ngoi vo.
1471 Hotelling's Rule Quy tc Hotelling. Mt quy tc v s dng ti u cc ti nguyn thin nhin khng ti to
c do H.Hotelling a ra nm 1931 (Kinh t hc v ti nguyn c th b
cn kit, Tp ch kinh t chnh tr , tp 39, trang 137-175).
1472 Housing benefit Li nhun nh . Xem BEVERIDGE REPORT.
1473 Human capital Vn nhn lc. Ct yu ca vn nhn lc l ch u t co ngun nhn lc s lm tng
nng sut lao ng.
Page 61
1474 Hume, David (1711-1776) Nh t tng ln ngi Scotland. ng c nhiu ng gp i vi kinh t
chnh tr trong tc phm Thuyt trnh chnh tr (1752). ng nhn mnh
(theo sau LOCKE) rng khi lng tin t trong nc khng c vai tr g
i vi ca ci thc t ca nc v hon thin THUYT TIN T
NH LNG. ng b sung v cng ph nhn l thuyt ca LOCKE
rng mt quc gia c th cao thng d hoc thm ht thng mi thng
xuyn. C CH CHY VNG m bo rng thng mi quc t lun cn
bng. L thuyt cung cu ca ng rt c quan tm. Nhu cu v vay tin
thng b nh hng mt phn bi cc k vng v kinh doanh v do vy t
l li nhun v li sut c quan h mt thit vi nhau. ng cho rng
phng php lun khoa hc x hi l mt ngnh ca tm l hc ng dng.
Trit l ny v quan im ca ng v li ch ring v nhu cu tch tr vi t
cch l ng lc thc y cho cc hot ng kinh t c nh hng quan
trng n A.SMITH v cc nh kinh t hc tip theo.
1475 Hunt Commission U ban Hunt. U ban ca tng thng v c cu v lut l ti chnh a ra bo co nm
1972, ku gi ci t dn dn cc nghnh dch v ti chnh M.
1476 Hunt Report Bo co Hunt. Kt qu lm vic ca u ban Hong gia Anh, c lp ra xem xt kh
khn ca a phng nc Anh c gi l trung gian - tc l nm gia
cc vng thnh vng v cc vng tr tr v c nhn tr cp nh CHNH
SCH A PHNG U ban hong gia (HMSO) v cc vng trung gian
Cmnd, 3998, London, 1969.
1477 Hiperbola Hypecbn
1478 Hyperinflation Siu lm pht. Tnh trng lm pht tng nhanh khi c siu lm pht, gi c tng ln 10 ln,
thm ch 100 ln ch trong vng 1 thng.
1479 Hypothesis testing Kim nh gi thuyt. Mt cm thut ng chung miu t cc th tc thng k xc nh tnh
ng n ca mt gi thuyt.
1480 Hysteresis Hin tng tr. Cc nh khoa hc s dng thut ng ny miu t mt trng thi trong
cn bng ca mt h thng ph thuc vo lch s ca h thng .
1481 Human wealth Ca ci ca con ngi.
1482 ICOR T l bin t gia vn v sn
lng.
1483 IBBD Ngn hng Ti thit v Pht
trin.
Xem INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT.
1484 ICFC Cng ty Ti chnh Cng
nghip v Thng mi.
Xem INVESTOR OF INDUSTRIES.
1485 IDA Hip hi Pht trin quc t. Xem INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION.
1486 Identification problem Bi ton nhn dng. Bi ton kinh t lng ny sinh trong qu trnh c lng cc tham s ca
cc phng trnh ng thi.
1487 Identity ng nht thc. Mt phng trnh ng theo nh ngha hay c tc dng xc nh mt bin
no .
1488 Identity matrix Ma trn n v. Thng k hiu l I. L mt ma trn c cc phn t nm trn ng cho
bng 1 cn cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho bng 0.
1489 National Income
Identities
ng nht thc ca thu nhp
quc dn.
1490 Idiosyncratic exchange Trao i tnh cht ring; trao
i t cht.
Bn cht c o ca cc nhim v v do vy cc k nng ca tng cng
nhn gip cho cc cng nhn v cc ng ch c c cc t do nht
nh khi ra mc tin cng.
1491 Idle balances Tin nhn ri. Tin c rt ra khi lu thng v c lu di dng tin tch tr ca ci.
1492 Illiquidity Khng tnh chuyn hon. Vic thiu tnh chuyn hon ca mt ti sn nht nh hoc ca mt danh
mc ti sn do mt ngi giao dch nm gi.
1493 Ilo Vn phng Lao ng Quc t. Xem INTERNATIONAL LABOR OFFICE.
1494 Imaginary number S o. Con s c cn bc hai ca m mt, v thng k hiu l i. Xem COMPLEX
NUMBER.
1495 IMF Qu tin t quc t. Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
1496 Imitative growth Tng trng m phng. Mt hng tng trng ca HNG thng qua A DNG HO chi mt
qu trnh tng trng c kch thch bng cch a vo nhng sn phm
c c tnh sao cho ngi tiu dng khng nhn thc c sn phm ny l
mi; ngha l chng khng thc tnh v tho mn CC NHU CU TIM
N.
Page 62
1497 Immiserizing growth Tng trng lm khn kh. Mt trng hp c th xy ra nhng khng chc chn, trong mt s gia
tng sn lng kinh t trong mt nc thng qua tc ng phn hi ca
thng mi s dn n mt tnh hung trong PHC LI KINH T b
gim st.
1498 Impact analysis Phn tch tc ng. Mt tn gi chung cho nhng k thut dng o lng nh hng ca
mt thay i nht nh trong hot ng kinh t n mt nn kinh t cp
vng hay cp a phng.
1499 Impact multiplier S nhn tc ng Tc ng ngay tc th ca mt thay i trong BIN NGOI SINH ln
BIN NI SINH, tng phn vi tc ng tng hp hay di hn ca s
thay i ny.
1500 Impact of taxation Tc ng ca vic nh thu. cp n mt ngi, mt cng ty hay mt giao dch b nh thu.
1501 Imperfect competition Cnh tranh khng hon ho. Mt cm thut ng chung c th c s dng theo 2 cch. 1)Dng ch
bt k mt dng c cu th trng no khng pah l cnh tranh hon ho
v do vy n bao gm CNH TRANH C QUYN, C QUYN
NHM v C QUYN. 2)Dng ch bt k mt c cu th trng no
khng phi l CNH TRANH HON HO v C QUYN.
1502 Imperfect market Th trng khng hon ho. L th trng trong cc iu kin sau y ca mt th trng hon ho
khng c tho mn: 1)Sn phm ng nht. 2)Mt s ln ngi mua v
ngi bn. 3)Ngi mua v ngi bn c quyn t do nhp v ra khi th
trng. 4)Tt c ngi mua v ngi bn u c thng tin hon ho v thy
c trc tp hp cc mc gi hin ti v tng lai. 5)Lng mua v
lng bn ca tng thnh vin th trng l khng ng k so vi tng khi
lng giao dch. 6)Khng c s kt cu gia ngi bn v ngi mua.
7)Ngi tiu dng cc i ho tng THO DNG v ngi bn cc
i ho TNG L NHUN. 8)Hng ho c kh nng chuyn nhng.
1503 Imperialism Ch ngha quc. Theo t tng Mac-xt hay t tng X hi ch ngha th Ch ngha
quc l mt chnh sch ca nc ngoi nhm tm cch p dng s kim
sot v chnh tr v kinh t i vi khu vc lc hu m bo cho nc
ch c c mt th trng tng i vi nhng khon tin tit kim nhn
ri v cc hng ho ch to d tha nhm i ly cc nguyn vt liu chin
lc.
1504 Implementation lag tr thc hin. Thi gian cn c thc thi CHNH SCH TIN T, v cn c gi l
tr bn trong.
1505 Implicit contracts Cc hp ng n. Khi nim hp ng n c s dng nhm cung cp mt c s cho vic
tn ti tin cng v gi c t bin i v c da trn nhng c tnh
KHNG THCH RI RO khc nhau ca chu doanh nghip v ngi lm
thu.
1506 Implicit cost Chi ph n. Chi ph c hi ca vic s dng cc yu t sn xut m mt nh sn xut
khng phi mua hay thu m li s hu chng.
1507 Implicit function Hm n. Hm s c biu din di dng khng c BIN PH THUC.
1508 Implicit price deflator Ch s gim pht gi n. Mt ch s gi c s dng gim pht mt hay nhiu thnh phn ca ti
khon thu nhp quc dn.
1509 Implicit rental value Gi tr tin thu n. Gi c m ngi ch mt yu t sn xut di dng vt cht chng hn nh
t bn, tnh i vi mt hng cho vic s dng yu t ny. Xem USER
COST OF CAPITAL.
1510 Import Hng nhp khu. Hng ho hay dch v c tiu dng mt nc nhng mua t nc khc.
1511 Import duty Thu nhp khu. Xem TARIFFS.
1512 Import quota Hn ngch nhp khu. Xem QUOTA.
1513 Import restrictions Cc hn ch nhp khu. Cc hn ch v s lng hoc chng loi hng ho c nhp khu vo
mt nc thng qua vic s dng thu quan hay hn ngch.
1514 Import substitution Thay th nhp khu. Mt trong nhng chin lc pht trin ch yu c cc nc ang pht
trin la chn.
1515 Import tariff Thu quan nhp khu. Xem TARIFFS.
1516 Import substitution
industrialization
Cng nghip ho bng thay
th hng nhp khu.
1517 Impossibility Theorem nh l v tnh bt kh th;
nh l v iu khng th c.
Xem SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTION.
1518 Impure public good Hng ho cng cng khng
thun tu.
Xem MIXED GOOD.
1519 Imputed rent Tin thu khng quy i. Khi nim tin thu do doanh nhip t tr cho mnh trong vic s dng t
ai m doanh nghip s hu. Xe, IMPLICIT COST.
1520 Inactive money Tin nhn ri. Xem IDLE BALANCES.
Page 63
1521 Incentive payment
systems
H thng thanh ton khuyn
khch.
Xem PAYMENT BY RESULTS.
1522 Incidence of taxation Phm vi tc ng ca vic
nh thu, i tng chu
thu.
Ch s phn phi cui cng gnh nng ca mt khon thu. Cm thut ng
ny cp n nhng ngi c thu nhp thc t b gim do vic nh thu.
1523 Income Thu nhp S lng tin, hng ho hoc dch v do mt c nhn, hay cng ty hay mt
nn kinh t nhn c trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.
1524 Income, circular flow of Lung lun chuyn ca thu
nhp.
Xem Circular flow of Income.
1525 Income consumption
curve
ng tiu dng thu nhp. Tip im ca ng BNG QUAN ca ngi tiu dng v NG
NGN SCH xc nh v tr cn bng ca ngi tiu dng.
1526 Income determination Xc nh thu nhp. Xem INCOME - EXPENDITURE MODEL.
1527 Income differentials S khc bit v thu nhp. S khc nhau v mc thu nhp gia nhng ngi khc nhau. S khc nhau
ny thng l do cc loi cng vic nh s khc bit v k nng lm vic,
v v tr a l trong mt s vng c th c mc tin cng cao hn vng
khc, hay c th c s khc nhau gia mc tin cng thnh th v nng
thn.
1528 Income effect Hiu ng thu nhp, nh hng
thu nhp.
Mt s thay i gi c ca mt hng ho s lm gim hay tng thu nhp
thc t ca ngi tiu dng.
1529 Income distribution Phn phi thu nhp.
1530 Income elasticity of
demand
Co gin ca cu theo thu nhp. o lng mc phn ng ca lng cu v mt hng ho i vi mt
mc thay i v mc thu nhp ca nhng ngi c yu cu v hng ho
ny.
1531 Income - expenditure
model
M hnh thu nhp - chi tiu M hnh mt khu vc dng Keynes n gin cho php xc nh c MC
THU NHP QUC DN CN BNG.
1532 Income maintenance Duy tr thu nhp. Cc chnh sch c ra nhm nng mc thu nhp ca mt s nhm
ngi hay c nhn no .
1533 Income effect of wages nh hng thu nhp ca
lng.
1534 Income approach Phng php da theo thu
nhp ( tnh GDP).
1535 Income-sales ratio T s thu nhp / doanh thu. T s gia gi tr gia tng v tng doanh thu ca mt doanh nghip hay mt
ngnh.
1536 Incomes policy Chnh sch thu nhp. nh ca chnh ph mun kim sot tin cng bng mt hnh thc can
thip no vo qu trnh thng thuyt v tin cng.
1537 Income and substitution
effect
nh hng ca thu nhp v
nh hng ca thay th.
1538 Income support Tr gip thu nhp. Xem BEVERIDGE REPORT.
1539 Income tax Thu thu nhp y l mt loi thu quan trng nht Ah v ng mt vai tr quan trng
trong cc ch ti chnh ca tt c cc nc phng Ty.
1540 Income statement Bo co thu nhp / Bn thu
nhp.
1541 Income terms of trade T gi thng mi theo thu
nhp
Xem TERM OF TRADE.
1542 Income velocity of
circulation
Tc lu thng ca thu
nhp.
S o tc lu thng ca tin c ngun gc t s phn tch ca trng
phi Cambridge (xem QUANTITY, THEORY OF MONEY ), trong s
lng tin mt trung bnh c quan h vi mc thu nhp trong mt thi k
nht nh.
1543 Increasing returns to
scale
Li tc tng dn theo quy m. Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE, RETURNS TO SCALE.
1544 Incremental capital-
output ratio
T s vn/ sn lng tng
thm (ICOR).
S n v VN tng thm cn thit sn xut ra mt n v sn lng
tng thm.
1545 Independent variable Bin c lp. Bin xut hin v phi ca du phng trnh, gi l bin khng ph thuc
bi v gi tr ca n c xc nh "mt cch c lp" hoc c xc nh
ngoi phng trnh ny.
1546 Indexation Phng php ch s ho. Mt c ch iu chnh theo tng thi k gi tr danh ngha ca cc hp
ng theo s bin ng ca CH S GI c xc nh.
1547 Indexation of tax
allowances and taxation.
Ch s ho vic tr cp thu v
vic nh thu.
Ch s ho cc khon tr cp thu l qu trnh gi cho s lng tr cp thu
khng i tnh theo gi tr thc t.
1548 Index number S ch s. Con s th hin gi tr ca mt i lng no .
1549 Index number problem Vn ch s. Vn ch s c th ny sinh khi mun so snh hai tp hp bin s ti hai
thi im khc nhau nhng s dng mt ch s thi v c nhiu cch khc
nhau tng hp cc bin s vo cng mt s o.
Page 64
1550 Indicative planning K hoch ho ch dn. Vic s dng cc mc tiu c xc nh t trung ng phi hp cc k
hoch sn lng, U T CA KHU VC CNG CNG v u t t
nhn.
1551 Index of distortion Ch s bin dng / bp mo /
sai lch.
1552 Indifference Bng quan Mt nhn nh cho rng mt HNG HO, mt s kin hay mt d n va
c a thch hn va khng c a thch hn mt hng ho khc
1553 Indifference curve ng bng quan, ng
ng dng.
1554 Indifference map H ng bng quan, bn
ng ng dng.
Tp hp cc ng BNG QUAN, trong mi ng k tip nm pha
ngoi ng trc theo hng ng bc. Cc ng bng quan cao hn
ch mc tho dng cao hn.
1555 Indirect least squares
(ILS)
Bnh phng ti thiu gin
tip.
Mt cch c lng cc tham s ca cac PHNG TRNH NG THI
trnh c S CHCH CA CC PHNG TRNH NG THI.
1556 Indirect taxes Thu gin thu. Thng thng, y c coi l nhng loi thu nh vo hng ho v dch
v v do vy, vic tr thu ch l gin tip.
1557 Indirect utility function Hm tho dng gin tip. Hm tho dng biu hin tho dng thu c t mt tp hp hng ho
c xc nh bi gi c ca nhng hng ho ny v mc thu nhp.
1558 Indivisibilities Tnh bt kh chia; Tnh khng
th phn chia c.
c tnh ca mt yu t sn xut hay mt hng ho khng cho php s
dng n di mt php ti thiu no .
1559 Industrial action Trng pht lao ng. Hnh pht do mt s c nhn hay cc nhm ngi mu toan gii quyt BT
NG V LAO NG trong doanh nghip ca h.
1560 Industrial and
Commercial Finance
Corporation
Cng ty Ti chnh Cng
nghip v Thng mi.
Xem INVESTORS INDUSTRY.
1561 Industrial bank Ngn hng cng nghip. Mt tn gi khc ca mt CNG TY TI CHNH, chng hn nh mt t
chc to tn dng THU MUA.
1562 Industrial complex
analysis
Phn tch t hp cng nghip. Mt k thut c s dng trong k hoch ho vng lnh th, n tp trung
vo phn tch mi quan h tng tc gia cc hot ng cng nghip c
thc hin trn cng mt vng a l.
1563 Industrial democracy Dn ch cng nghip Mt s m rng qu trnh ra quyt nh trong phm vi mt x nghip t
mt nhm nh theo hng cho ton th lc lng lam vic.
1564 Industrial Development
Certificate
Chng ch Pht trin cng
nghip.
Mt s kim sot trc y v xy dng cng nghip c hnh thnh theo
o lut K hoch ho qun v th x nm 1947, i hi phi c mt chng
ch (IDC) trc khi xy dng hay m rng mt khu cng nghip qu mt
quy m nht nh. Sau khi thng qua Lut Cng nghip nm 1972, IDCS
khng cn cn cho s pht trin trong CC KHU VC CN PHT
TRIN hay cc KHU VC C BIT CN PHT TRIN v IDCS thc
t b b t nm 1982.
1565 Industrial dispute Tranh chp lao ng Mi s bt ng hay s bt ho hoc l gia ch v ngi lm thu hoc l
gia nhng ngi lm thu v thi hn v iu kin lm vic ca mt
ngi, mt nhm ngi hay l tnh trng khng c vic lm ca mt ngi.
1566 Industrial concentration S tp trung cng nghip.
1567 Inductive reasoning Lp lun quy np.
1568 Industrial policy Chnh sch cng nghip.
1569 Industrial inertia Tnh cng nghip. Mt cm thut ng c s dng m t mt hin tng, cc doanh
nghip khng thay i c v tr a l khi v tr hin ti khng cn l mt
v tr mang li nhiu li nhun nht na.
1570 Industrialization Cng nghip ho ( cc nc
ang pht trin).
S pht trin ca cc ngnh cng nghip c coi l chin lc pht trin
chung.
1571 Industrial organization T chc cng nghip Thng thng, y l lnh vc ca L THUYT GI C NG DNG.
N quan tm n s vn hnh ca nn kinh t th trng v nhn chung l
n tip cn theo c cu th trng, s iu hnh v kt qu ca th trng.
1572 Industrial relation Cc quan h lao ng. Nghin cu v thc hnh cc quy tc chi phi vic lm.
1573 Industrial
Reorganization
Corporation
Cng ty ci t cng nghip. Mt t chc c lp c mt chnh ph Anh lp ra vo nm 1966 ri sau
b mt chnh ph Anh khc gii tn vo nm 1971. Mc ch ca t
chc l tng hiu qu ca khu vc cng nghip trong nn kinh t thng qua
vic khuyn khich hp l ho v hp nht cc doanh nghip "nh" thnh
cc n v ln hn v hy vng c hiu qu ln hn.
1574 Industrial unions Nghip on theo ngnh. Nghip on l t chc ca tt c cc cng nhn trong mt ngnh bt k
chuyn mn ca h l g. Xem GENERAL, UNION AND CRAFT
UNIONS.
Page 65
1575 Industrial wage
differentials
Chnh lch v tin cng gia
cc ngnh.
Cc chnh lch v mc tr cng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn c
phn loi theo ngnh m h lm vic.
1576 Industrial wage structure C cu tin cng theo ngnh. Vic xp hng mc tr cng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn khc nhau
c phn loi theo ngnh m h lm vic.
1577 Industry Ngnh cng nghip. Mt ngnh trong khun kh C CU TH TRNG CNH TRANH
HON HO c th c nh ngha l mt s ln doanh nghip cnh tranh
vi nhau trong vic sn xut MT SN PHM NG NHT.
1578 Industry-wide
bargaining
Thng lng trong ton
ngnh.
Xem NATIONAL BARGAINING
1579 Inelastic Khng co gin. Xem Elasticity.
1580 Inequality Bt ng thc. Quan h ni ln mt hm s ca mt bin (hay mt tp hp cc bin) ln
hn hay nh hn mt s no .
1581 Infant industry Ngnh cng nghip non tr. Ngnh cng nghip trong thi k u pht trin, th phn ni a ca n
hin cn nh do s cnh tranh ca cc i th nc ngoi.
1582 Infant industry argument
for protection
Lun im bo h ngnh cng
nghip non tr.
Mt trong nhng l l bo h lu i nht cho rng mt ngnh cng nghip
l mi i vi t nc v nh hn quy m ti u c th khng c kh ng
ng vng trong cnh tranh vi nc ngoi trong thi k non tr.
1583 Infant industry tariff
argument
Lun im v lp thu quan
bo h ngnh cng nghip non
tr.
1584 Inference Suy lun Xem STATISTIC INFERENCE.
1585 Inferior good Hng ho h ng; hng ho
th cp
Hng c nh thu nhp m, ngha l khi thu nhp tng ln, cc yu t khc
khng i, lng cu i vi hng ho gim.
1586 Infinite memory B nh v hn. Mt C TNH CA QU TRNH TNH SAI PHN .
1587 Inflation Lm pht. S gia tng ng k trong mc gi chung hay t l tng ca mc gi chung
trn mt n v thi gian.
1588 Inflation, suppressed Lm pht b nn. Lm pht b nn ny sinh nu vic kim sot gi gi gi c mc thp
trong khi nn kinh t ang c xu hng lm pht ni chung. Xem Inflation.
1589 Inflation accounting Hch ton lm pht. Ch cc k thut xc nh tc ng ca lm pht n cc ti khon v cc
th tc hch ton.
1590 Inflationary gap H cch / khong trng lm
pht, chnh lch lm pht.
Tng chi tiu vt qu mc sn lng ti a c th t c dn n kt
qu gy sc p lm cho gi c tng ln.
1591 Infinitely elastic Co gin hon ton.
1592 Inflationary spiral Vng xoy c ca lm pht. Xem HYPERINFLATION, INFLATION.
1593 Inflation subsidy Tr cp lm pht. Do tnh khng linh hot v th ch m li sut v thanh ton n c th
khng cng tng vi lm pht, do LI SUT THC T v gi tr thc
t ca n gim xung.
1594 Inflation tax Thu lm pht. Tnh hung khi chnh ph thc hin chnh sch tng lm pht thay cho vic
tng thu thanh ton cho cc khon chi tiu ca mnh.
1595 Informal sector Khu vc khng chnh thc. Ch mt s lng ln nhng ngi t lm vic cho mnh trong mt nc
ang pht trin, nhng ngi ny tham gia vo cc cng vic quy m nh,
chng hn ch may v, dch v n ung, bun bn, sa cha giy dp.
1596 Information Thng tin Xem PERFECT INFORMATION.
1597 Information matrix Ma trn Thng tin. Ma trn gm cc o hm bc hai ca HM XC SUT trong c lng
xc sut ln nht ca m hinh kinh t lng.
1598 Inflation rate T l lm pht.
1599 Inflation-adjusted
budget
Ngn sch c iu chnh
theo lm pht.
1600 Informative economy
analysis
Phn tch thng tin kinh t.
1601 Infra-marginal
externality
Ngoi ng bin. Xem EXTERNALITIES.
1602 Infrastructure H tng c s. Cc yu t c cu ca mt nn kinh t to iu kin thun li cho vic lun
chuyn hng ho v dch v gia ngi mua v ngi bn.
1603 Inheritance tax Thu tha k. y l mt loi thu nh vo ca ci Anh v n tn nm 1986 vn c
coi l THU CHUYN NHNG VN, thu ny thay th cho THU
BT NG SN nm 1974.
1604 Initial claims series Nhm ngi yu cu u tin. Bo co thng k s ngi ln u tin xin tr cp tht nghip M.
1605 Injections S bm tin. S b sung ngoi sinh vo s thu nhp ca cc doanh nghip v h gia
nh. 1606 In-kind redistribution Phn phi li bng hin vt. Bao gm tt c cc dng phn phi li khng phi bng chuyn tin mt
hay thu nhp.
1607 Inland bill Hi phiu ni a. Mt hi phiu c rt nhm ti tr cho sn xut v bun bn trong nc.
Page 66
1608 Innovations Pht kin; sng kin Thng c s dng thay cho t "pht minh" v ch nhng tin b v
cng ngh trong qu trnh sn xut cng nh vic to ra nhng thuc tnh
khc nhau v kt hp cc thuc tnh trong cc sn phm c th trao i
c. 1609 Input u vo. Xem FACTOR OF PRODUCTION.
1610 Input orientation nh hng theo u vo. Xu hng ca mt s phng thc sn xut v ch to mun gn ngun
nguyn vt liu hay u vo.
1611 Innocent entry barrier Cn tr v tnh i vi vic
nhp ngnh; Cn tr ngu
nhin i vi vic nhp ngnh.
1612 Input - output u vo - u ra (I-O), bng
cn i lin ngnh.
Mt phng php phn tch trong nn kinh t c th hin bng mt
tp hp cc HM SN XUT TUYN TNH m t mi quan h tng tc
gia cc ngnh.
1613 Inside lag tr bn trong. S chm tr gia vic nhn thc ra nhu cu phi c hnh ng chnh sch
v s thc hin chnh sch.
1614 Inside money Tin bn trong. Cc dng tin da trn s n ca khu vc t nhn , v d quan trng nht l
tin gi ngn hng thng mi ng vi s tin ngn hng cho khu vc t
nhn vay.
1615 Insider - outsider Ngi trong cuc - ngi
ngoi cuc.
1616 Insider - outsider model M hnh Ngi trong cuc -
ngi ngoi cuc.
Cc m hnh phn bit nhng ngi hin ang lm vic, gi l nhng
ngi bn trong - nhng ngi ny c coi l c mt t sc mnh i vi
th trng - vi nhng ngi khng c vic lm nhng ang mun lm
vic, gi l nhng ngi bn ngoi.
1617 Insolvency Tnh trng khng tr c n. Mt ngi hay cng ty khng tr c n, sau khi qua cc khu xem xt v
lut php, c th c tuyn b Ph sn hay h c th dn xp vi nhng
ngi cho vay xo n.
1618 Instalment credit Tn dng tr dn. Cm thut ng chung ch ti chnh cho vay theo cc iu kin v vic tr
gc v li lm nhiu ln.
1619 Institutional economics Kinh t hc th ch. Mt loi phn tch kinh t nhn mnh n vai tr ca cc t chc x hi,
chnh tr v kinh t trong vic hnh thnh cc s kin kinh t.
1620 Institutional training o to th ch. Thng c s dng m t s o to vic lm do chnh ph trc tip
cung cp.
1621 Instrumental variables Cc bin cng c (IV). Bin s thay th BIN GII THCH THC T lm trng s trong phn
tch hi quy.
1622 Instruments Cc cng c. Cn gi l cc CNG C CHNH SCH. Thut ng ny xut pht t vic
phn loi cc bin trong qu trnh n nh ho kinh t thnh cc cng c
chnh sch, mc tiu chnh sch v cc bin ngoi sinh.
1623 Insurance Bo him Bo him cho php mi ngi i ri ro ca vic thua thit ln ly s
chc chn ca vic thua thit nh.
1624 Insurance premium Tin ng bo him. Xem INSURANCE.
1625 Intangible assets Ti sn v hnh. Xem TANGIBLE ASSETS, GOODWILL.
1626 Intangible capital Vn v hnh.
1627 Integer S nguyn Mt s trn, khng c phn thp phn hay phn s.
1628 Integerated economy Nn kinh t lin kt. Cm thut ng ch tnh hung khi m cc khu vc t nhn khc nhau ca
mt nn kinh t, thng l cc khu vc cng nghip v nng nghip, hot
ng phi hp vi nhau mt cch c hiu qu v ph thuc ln nhau.
1629 Integerated time series Chui thi gian c ly tch
phn.
1630 Integration Tch phn ho. y l qu trnh ngc li ca vi phn. Xem DERIVATIVE.
1631 Intended inventory
investment
u t vo hng tn kho c
ch
S gia tng d tr c ch tm. Xem INVESTORIES.
1632 Intensive margin Gii hn thm canh. Trng hp gim li tc vt cht i vi vn v lao ng khi t ai l c
nh.
1633 Inter-Bank Market Th trng Lin ngn hng. Mt trong cc nhm TH TRNG TIN T c quan h ln nhau
London. Th trng ny pht trin vo nhng nm 1960 v l mt th
trng trong CC NGN HNG KHNG THANH TON B TR
cho vay ln nhau, nhng ri n tr thnh mt th trng tin ln c
rt nhiu th ch ti chnh s dng trong vic cho vay v i vay.
1634 Intercept H s chn. Trong HM TUYN TNH h s chn l mt hng s, ngha l s hng
khng cha BIN C LP.
Page 67
1635 Interdependent utility tho dng ph thuc ln
nhau.
Nu tho dng ca mt nhi b tc ng bi s lng hng ho v dch
v m nhng ngi khc tiu dng th ny sinh trng hp tho dng
ph thuc ln nhau.
1636 Interdistrict Settlement
Account (or Fund)
Ti khon (hay qu) Thanh
ton lin vng.
Mt ti khon c bit ca s thanh ton b tr c s dng iu tit
s chuyn tin gia 12 Ngn hng vng thuc H THNG D TR LIN
BANG.
1637 Interest Tin li, li sut. Xem RATE OF INTEREST.
1638 Interest equalization tax Thuu san bng li sut. Vo u nhng nm 1960, nc M tri qua mt thi k cn cn thanh ton
lin tc thm ht vi s lng ln do vn chay khi t nc. Thu san
bng li sut l mt nh nhm ngn lung vn i ra ny bng cch nh
thu vo vic cng dn M mua tri phiu v ti sn nc ngoi.
1639 Interest sensitivity nhy theo li sut.
1640 Intergenerational equity Cng bng gia cc th h. Tnh cng bng trong vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin gia
cc th h khc nhau.
1641 Intergovernmental
grants
Cc tr cp lin chnh quyn. S tin do mt cp chnh ph mt nc (v d chnh ph trung ng) cp
cho mt chnh ph nc khc.
1642 Interlocking directorates Cc ban gim c chung, cc
ban gim c kt hp.
Ch tnh hung trong mt hay nhiu ngi tham gia vo ban gim c
ca hai hay nhiu cng ty.
1643 Intermediate areas Cc vng trung gian. Xem HUNT REPORT, ASSISTED AREAS.
1644 Intermediate goods Hng ho trung gian. Hng ho c s dng vo mt thi im no trong qu trnh sn xut
cc hng ho khc ch khng phi cho tiu dng cui cng.
1645 Intermediate lag tr trung gian. y l mt phn tr ca tr hot ng c lin quan vi CHNH SCH
TIN T.
1646 Intermediate technology Cng ngh trung gian. Tp hp cc k thut v qu trnh cng ngh nm gia cng ngh DNG
NHIU VN ca th gii phng Ty v cc k thut ni sinh, th s ca
cc nc ang pht trin.
1647 Intermediate Technology
Development Group
Nhm Pht trin Cng ngh
trung gian.
Nhm do E.F.Schumacher thnh lp vo nm 1965 London. C 3 hot
ng chnh. 1)K hoch thu thp v th mc ho s liu v cc k thut
DNG NHIU LAO NG c hiu qu ph hp vi vic p dng quy m
nh. 2)Xut bn cc tng v CNG NGH TRUNG GIAN thng qua
cc bi bo, sch, bi ging, tp ch ring v thng qua c n lc gy nh
hng i vi chnh sch vin tr ca cc chnh ph v cc t chc quc t.
3)C mt chng trnh cung cp vin tr cho cc d n c bit cc nc
chm pht trin, cc d n ny nhn mnh n qu trnh t gip thng
qua vic s dng cng ngh thch hp cho cc cng ng dn c nh.
1648 Intermediate variables Bin trung gian Xem Intermediate lag.
1649 Internal convertibility of
soft currencies
Kh nng chuyn i trong
nc ca tin yu.
iu kin d dng cho cng dn mt nc mun i ni t vi khi lng
tin khng hn ch ly ngoi t theo mt t gi do ngn hng trung ng
quy nh nhng ni v vic s dng ngoi t c hn ch trong cc giao
dch thuc TI KHON VNG LAI.
1650 Internal drain S x tin trong nc. S vn ng ca tin mt, tc l mt phng tin lu thng, t cc ngn
hng vo lu thng trong nc.
1651 Internal growth Tng trng nh ni ng. Phn m rng ca mt doanh nghip c to ra bi u t trong ni b
doanh nghip ch khng phi u t c c thng qua thu mua ca cc
doanh nghip khc v hot ng hp nht, ngha l TNG TRNG T
BN NGOI.
1652 Internalization Ni ho. Mt tnh hung trong mt ngoi ng, thng l ngoi ng phi kinh t,
c tnh ton n v SN LNG ca hng ho gy ra tc ng khng
tt c gim xung mc ti u, ng thi vn tn ti mt lng ngoi
ng ti u, ngha l chi ph ca vic gim ngoi ng i thm mt n v
na ln hn li ch thu c t vic lm nh vy.
1653 "internal" labuor market Th trng lao ng ni vi. Mt dn xp qua lao ng c cung v cu trong phm vi mt doanh
nghip m khng c s tham gia trc tip vo TH TRNG LAO NG
BN NGOI.
1654 Internal finance Ti chnh bn trong. Khon tin gi li t LI NHUN RNG s dng cho vic ti tr cc
hot ng ca mt doanh nghip. Xem External finance.
1655 Internal rate of return Ni sut sinh li Xem RATE OF RETURN.
1656 Internal wage
differentials
Cc mc chnh lch tin cng
ni ti.
Xem RELATIVITIES.
1657 Internal balance Cn bng bn trong
1658 External balance Cn bng bn ngoi.
Page 68
1659 International Bank for
Reconstruction and
Development
Ngb hng Ti thit v Pht
trin Quc t.
Mt ngn hng pht trin quc t c thnh lp vo nm 1945 cng vi
Qu tin t quc t IMF theo cc iu khon ca hip nh c k trong
Hi ngh v Ti chnh v Tin t ca Lin hp quc t chc ti BRETTON
WOODS, New Hampshire thng 7 nm 1944.
1660 International cartel Cartel quc t. Mt hip nh gia cc nh sn xut, khi s lng sn xut ca h cn nh,
phn chia vi nhau th trng th gii v mt loi hng ho nhm thu
c li nhun trn mc cnh tranh v khi suy thoi th li trnh c cnh
tranh khc lit.
1661 International clearing
unions
Cc lin minh thanh ton quc
t.
Xem KEYNES PLAN
1662 International commodity
agreements
Cc hip nh hng ho quc
t.
Cc hip nh gia cc nc sn xut v tiu dng, nhng i khi ch l
hip nh ca cc bn sn xut, nhm bo m n nh gi c cc hng ha
s ch.
1663 International
Development
Association
Hip hi pht trin quc t Mt c quan chuyn mn ca Lin hp quc c thnh lp vo nm 1960
vi t cch l mt phn hiu ca NGN HNG TI THIT V PHT
TRIN QUC T hay Ngn hng th gii.
1664 International
Development Co-
operation Agency (ID)
T chc hp tc pht trin
quc t.
Mt t chc hnh chnh c thnh lp nm 1970 nhm gim st tt c cc
hnh thc tr gip ca M i vi cc nc chm pht trin, bao gm tin
vin tr nc ngoi, cc khon cho vay u i, vin tr lng thc, thc
phm theo Lut cng chng 480, tr gip k thut v chuyn giao nhn lc
(v d nh cc i qun gn gi ho bnh).
1665 International division of
labour
S phn chia lao ng quc t. Chuyn mn ho trong sn xut trn c s quc gia.
1666 International economics Kinh t hc quc t B phn ca kinh t hc nghin cu cc giao dch gia cc nc trong lnh
vc hng ho v dch v, lu thng ti chnh v di chuyn cc yu t sn
xut.
1667 International Finance
Corporation
Cng ty Ti chnh Quc t. Mt t chc pht trin quc t c thnh lp vo nm 1956 v sau tr
thnh mt c quan chuyn mn ca Lin hp quc vo nm 1957.
1668 International debt crisis Khng hong n quc t.
1669 International Labuor
Office
Vn phng Lao ng quc t. Mt t chc lin chnh ph c thnh lp nm 1919 theo hip c
Versaille, sau tr thanh mt c quan chuyn mn ca Lin Hp
Qucvo nm 1946. T chc ny mong mun xc tin s hp tc quc t
theo cc chnh sch c ra mhm mc ch t c mc tiu vic
lm, ci thin iu kin lm vic, m rng bo him x hi v nng cao
mc sng ni chung.
1670 International liquidity Thanh khon quc t. Phn tch n cng, cc khon n gia cc nc khc nhau c gii quyt
bng cch chuyn giao cc phng tin thanh ton c quc t chp nhn
nh: vng, mt hoc nhiu NG TIN D TR ch yu, hoc trong
phm vi hp hn l cc QUYN RT TIN C BIT (SDRs).
1671 International
monetarism
Ch ngha trng tin quc t. Mt trng phi t tng cho rng nhng thay i ca MC CUNG TIN
th gii l ngun gc c bn to ra sc p lm pht v gim pht trong nn
kinh t th gii.
1672 International monetary
Fund
(IMF) - Qu tin t quc t. (IMF) - Qu tin t quc t c thnh lp vo 12/1945 theo s ph chun
cc iu khon ca Hip nh v qu, c lp ra ti Hi ngh Ti chnh v
Tin t ca Lin hp quc t chc ti BRETTON WOODS, New
Hampshire, 1944. Mc ch ca qu l khuyn khch s hp tc v tin t
quc t, to iu kin cho vic m rng tng trng cn i trong
THNG MI QUC T, gip cc nc thnh vin trong vic khc
phc CN CN THANH TON v xc tin vic n nh NGOI T.
1673 International payments
system
H thng thanh ton quc t. Mt cm thut ng chung ch cch thc tin hnh cc giao dch ti chnh
quc t, ngha l cc thanh ton gia cng dn ca cc nc ang gi cc
ng ni t khc nhau.
1674 International Standard
Industrial Classification
(ISIC)-Phn loi Ngnh Cng
nghip theo C1683Tiu chun
Quc t.
S phn loi cng nghip v cc hot ng kinh t c ra nhm tng
cng kh nng so snh quc t ca cc s liu thng k do Lin hp quc
tp hp v xut bn.
1675 International trade Thng mi quc t. Trao i bun bn hng ho v dch v gia cc quc gia.
1676 International Trade
Organization
(ITO) - T chc thng mi
quc t.
Nm 1947, Hi ng Kinh t v X hi ca Lin hp quc nhm hp
Havana, Cuba, mt hi ngh quc t v Thng mi v Pht trin "nhm
mc ch thc y sn xut, trao i v tiu dng hng ho".
1677 International Wheat
Council
Hi ng la m Quc t. Mt t chc hnh ho quc t c thnh lp nm 1979 theo Hip nh v
la m Quc t ln th nht nhm iu hnh Cng c Bun bn la m
theo Hip nh v la m quc t nm 1971.
Page 69
1678 Interpersonal
comparisons of utility
So snh tho dng gia cc
c nhn.
Xem WELFARE ECONOMICS.
1679 Interquartile range Khong cch gia cc t v
phn v.
Mt thc o s phn tn ca s liu mu hoc phn phi, thut ng ny
c nh ngha nh s chnh lch gia gi tr cao nht v thp nht ca
cc t phn v, v v vy n cha 50% gi tr trung tm cc quan st ca cc
bin s lin quan.
1680 Interstate Commerce Act o lut thng mi gia cc
tiu bang.
o lut ny thit lp U ban Thng mi gia cc Bang (ICC) M nm
1887. ICC l t chc iu tit lin bang u tin.
1681 Intersection Giao
1682 Interval estimation c lng khong. c lng mt khong trong gi tr ca THAM S thc t c kh nng
ri vo.
1683 "In the bank" "ti Ngn hng". TH TRNG CHIT KHU LONDON c gi l "ti Ngn hng" khi
tt c hay mt s TR S CHIT KHU buc phi vay hay gim chit
khu hi phiu ti Vn phng Chit khu ca NGN HNG ANH do cc
ngn hng rt tin THEO YU CU ca chng.
1684 Inventories Hang tn kho, d tr. D tr hay mc duy tr hnh ho ca cc doanh nghip p ng nhng
dao ng tht thng tm thi trong sn xut hay kinh doanh.
1685 Inventory cycle Chu k hng tn kho. Nhng dao ng ca mc sn lng do nhng thay i ca LNG TN
KHO.
1686 Inventory investment u t tn kho S tch lu hng tn kho khi sn xut vt qu sn lng bn thc t.
1687 Inverse function rule Quy tc hm ngc. Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt hm s, trong bin s m chng
ta mun ly o hm c biu din di dng bin ph thuc.
1688 Investment u t. Thut ng ny c s dng ph bin nht m t lu lng chi tiu
c dng tng hay duy tr DUNG LNG VN thc t.
1689 Investment criteria Cc tiu chun u t. (i vi cc nc ANG PHT TRIN). Cc tiu chun c ra nhm
lm c s cho vic phn b cc ngun lc u t.
1690 Investment grants Tr cp u t. Cc khon tin do chnh ph hay cc t chc khc cung cp nhm mc ch
khuyn khch cc doanh nghip chi tiu mua VND vt cht.
1691 Investment trust T-rt u t. Mt cng ty vi chc nng u t vo cc t chc khc.
1692 Investors in Industry Cc nh u t trong Cng
nghip.
Mt cng ty ti chnh pht trin c ngn hng Anh v Ngn hng thanh
ton London v Scotland thnh lp nm 1946 gi l HIP HI TI
CHNH CNG NGHIP V THNG MI (ICFC) vi s tr gip ca
chnh ph Anh nhm lp mt trong nhng "l hng" ca th trng vn
Anh do u ban MACMILLAN xc nh.
1693 Invisible hand, the Bn tay v hnh. Mt cm thut ng ch mt qu trnh phi hp khng trng thy c
nhm m bo cho s nht qun ca cc k hoch c nhn trong nn kinh t
th trng phi tp trung.
1694 Invisibles Khon v hnh Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, BALANCE OF TRADE, CURRENT
ACCOUNT, EXPORTS.
1695 Involuntary
unemployment
Tht nghip khng t nguyn. Tht nghip s c loi b khi tng cu tng ln, tng cu lm cho gi c
tng ln v tin cng thc t thp i.
1696 Iron law of wages Quy lut st v tin cng. Gi thit rng, vi bt k kh nng tng tin cng trong ngn hn, tin cng
chc chn s tr li mc va sng trong di hn.
1697 Irredeemable loan stock Lng cho vay khng tr
c.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
1698 Irredeemable preference
shares
Cc c phiu u tin khng tr
c.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
1699 Irreversibility Tnh bt kh o; Tnh khng
th o ngc c.
Xt v phng din TI NGUYN THIN NHIN v mi trng, thut
ng ny ch mt hnh ng no c nhng tc ng khng th o ngc
c mt cch tuyt i hoc do chi ph lm nh vy l qu ln.
1700 IS curve ng IS Xem IS - LM DIAGRAM
1701 ISIC Phn loi Ngnh Cng nghip
theo tiu chun Quc t.
Xem INTERNATIONAL STANDARD INDUSTRAL CLASSIFICATION
1702 Islamic Development
Bank
Ngn hng pht trin Hi gio. Mt ngn hng pht trin khu vc c T chc Hi ngh o hi thnh lp
nm 1974 nhm khuyn khch tng trng kinh t cc nc v cng ng
hi gio.
1703 IS- LM diagram Lc IS - LM. Lc m t vic xc nh ng thicc gi tr cn bng ca li sut v
mc thu nhp quc dn do kt qu thc hin cc iu kin trong th trng
hng ho v tin t.
1704 Iso-cost curve ng ng ph. ng cong hay ng thng m t t hp ca hai u vo bt k c th
mua c vi mt s tin c nh.
1705 Iso-outlay line ng ng chi. (Cn c gi l ng cong ng chi). Xem ISO-COST CURVE.
Page 70
1706 Iso-product curve ng ng sn phm. (Cn c gi l ng bng quan ca ngi sn xut hay ng ng
lng). Mt ng ng sn phm l tp hp cc t hp ca hai hay nhiu
U VO to ra cng mt mc SN LNG.
1707 Iso-profit curve Cc ng ng nhun. Qu tch cc t hp ca hai hay nhiu bin ph thuc ca HM LI
NHUN to nn mt mc li nhun nh nhau.
1708 Isoquant ng lng. Xem Iso-profit curve.
1709 Iso-revenue line (curve) ng ng thu. Qu tch cc t hp SN LNG v ph tn tip th to nn mt mc
TNG DOANH THU nht nh.
1710 Issued capital Vn pht hnh. Khi mt cng ty c hn ch v c phn c thnh lp, cng ty ny c
php tng vn bng cch pht hnh c phiu vi mt s lng nht nh.
1711 Issue department Cc pht hnh. Mt cc thuc Ngn hng Anh c trch nhim trong vic pht hnh giy
bc ngn hng.
1712 Issuing broker Ngi mi gii pht hnh. Mt s loi chng khon pht hnh mi ca cc cng ty v cc t chc
khc c nhng ngi mi gii chng khon iu khin v trn phng
din ny th h hot ng ging nh nh pht hnh.
1713 Issuing house Nh pht hnh. Mt t chc, thng l mt ngn hng thng mi, bn cnh cc hot ng
khc cn chuyn mn ho trong qun l vic pht hnh c phn mi, tri
phiu cng ty hoc tri phiu nhn danh cc cng ty hoc cc t chc khc
c nhu cu v ti chnh, v d nh chnh ph v cc cp chnh quyn a
phng.
1714 Issuing House
Association
Hip hi cc Nh pht hnh. Mt hip hi c thnh lp vo nm 1945 t chc mt din n nhm
tng cng nhng li ch ca cc ngn hng thng mi v cc t chc
khc hot ng vi t cch l cc nh pht hnh.
1715 ITO T chc thng mi Quc t. Xem INTERNATIONAL TRADE ORGANIZATION.
1716 Inverse relation Tng quan nghch bin.
1717 Invention and
innovation
Pht minh v pht kin.
1718 Intra-industrial trade Thng mi trong ngnh.
1719 Invention and official
financing
Can thip v ti tr chnh
thc.
1720 Investment demand
schedule
Biu nhu cu u t.
1721 IOU money Tin da theo n.
1722 IS and LM schedule Biu IS v LM.
1723 J curve ng ch J Thi k ngay sau khi ng tin ca mt quc gia b mt gi hay ph gi,
quc gia c th tri qua mt thi k thm ht CN CN THANH
TON.
1724 "jelly" capital Vn "mm do". Cm thut ng miu t vn khi phng din l thuyt ngi ta gi nh
rng T S VN - LAO NG c th c thay i ngay lp tc.
1725 Jevon, W.Stanley (1835-1882) Mt cng chc v sau l mt gio s u tin ti trng i hc Owens,
Manchester v sau ti trng i hc tng hp London, Jevon l mt
nh kinh t y nng lc c tng ban u rt v i, mc du ng
khng pht trin ht nhng tng ca mnh mt cch rt y . Trong
cc tc phm chnh ca mnh, Hc thuyt kinh t chnh tr (1871), Jevon
ch yu vit v nhng tng ca TRNG PHI O v phn tch gi tr
tho dng bin v l thuyt v vn v li. L mt trong ba nh sng lp
phng php tho dng bin, (nhng ngi khc l Merger v Walras),
Jevon l ngi u tin cng b hc thuyt ny vo nm 1862. ng cng
a ra khi nim phi tho dng ca lao ng. ng gn thi gian vo qu
trnh sn xut v vo l thuyt v vn trc Bohm Bawerk. ng coi u t
c hai kha cnh, dung lng vn v thi gian u t. ng cho rng tng
vn ng ngha vi vic ko di thi gian u t v rng nng sut ca vn
l mt hm s thi gian. Li sut th ph thuc vo sn phm bin ca vn.
Jevon cng ng gp nhiu vo vn cc s ch s. ng xy dng ch s
gi c bnh qun gia quyn v thuyt chu k thng mi vi thuyt "vng
nng nng" ca mnh. Vng nng nng b nh hng n thi tit v nh
hng n ma v cy trng v do vy nh hng n nn kinh t ni
chung.
1726 Jobber Ngi bun bn chng khon. Thut ng trc khi c khi nim v n ln vo nm 1986, ch mt nh lp
th trng ti s chng khon London.
1727 Job cluster Nhm ngh. Mt nhm n nh cc ngh nghip hay cng vic nm trong mt th
trng lao ng ni b lin kt cht ch vi nhau n mc chng c cng
cc c im quy nh v lng bng.
Page 71
1728 Job competition theory Thuyt v cnh tranh vic lm. Mt nh thay th cnh tranh lng bng chnh thng m trong cng
nhn cnh tranh vi nhau ginh ly vic lm bng vic thay i mc
lng m h sn sng lm vic.
1729 Job creation To vic lm. Hnh ng c hiu theo ngha rng nht l gim s ngi tht nghip
trong thi k suy thoi, hoc bng cch gim tc ngi b sa thi do d
tha hoc bng cch tng tc ngi tht nghip tm kim c vic lm.
1730 Job acceptance schedule Biu s ngi chp nhn
cng vic.
1731 Job dublication Vic lm kp. iu ny din ra khi mt c nhn ng thi c hn mt vic lm v do vy
khng ph thuc vo mt ngun thu nhp duy nht.
1732 Job evaluation nh gi vic lm. Mt qu trnh m trong cc yu t khc nhau ca mt vic lm lm nh
k nng, kin thc tch lu, trch nhim v cc iu kin lm vic - c
nh gi, cho im v a ra mt im chung cho vic lm .
1733 Job search Tm kim vic lm. L qu trnh thu thp thng tin v nhng c hi vic lm v mc lng ca
mi c hi c hi vic lm trong th trng lao ng.
1734 Job search channels Cc knh tm vic. Cc phng php tm vic hoc nhn vic lm c phn loi thnh "chnh
quy" v "khng chnh quy".
1735 Job shopping Chn vic lm. Mt xu hng trong gii cng nhn tr, v c bit trong s nhng ngi
v thnh nin tm kim vic lm thch hp trn c s th nghim.
1736 Johnson, Harry Gordon (1923-77) L nh kinh t hc ngi Canada c b nhim l ch nhim cng trnh
v thuyt kinh t ti Manchester nm 1956. nh dy hc ti Chicago,
Trng Kinh t London v Geneva. ng l bin tp vin ca nhiu thi bo
khc nhau nh Thi bo kinh t, Tp san Kinh t chnh tr v Kinh t hc
quc t. Cc tc phm ni ting ca ng bao gm Thng mi quc t v
tng trng kinh t, Nhng nghin cu v l lun thun tu (1958), cc tiu
lun tip theo v kinh t hc tin t (1972), Kinh t hc v X hi (1975).
L thnh vin ca TRNG PHA CHICAGO, ngoi nhng ng gp ban
u vo lnh vc cn cn thanh ton, thu quan v thanh ton cho cc yu t
sn xut, ng tng hp nhiu tc phm ng thi v kinh t hc quc
t v kinh t hc tin t quc t.
1737 Joint probability
distributions
Cc phn phi xc sut kt
hp.
Cc phn phi xc sut m cho bit xc sut vi hai hay nhiu hn cc bin
s nhn ng thi nhng gi tr nht nh (hoc nm trong nhng khong
nht nh).
1738 Joint products Cc sn phm lin kt. Cc hng ho c c tnh l nu c s thay i trong tc sn lng ca
mt sn phm th s em li s thay i tng t i vi cc sn phm kia.
1739 Joint profit
maximination
Ti a ho li nhun chung. Ti a ho li nhun kt hp ca mt nhm doanh nghip.
1740 Joint stock company Cng ty c phn. Cng ty c phn c thnh lp m khng phi tun theo nhng i hi
phi cam kt nhiu vn ti chnh.
1741 Joint venture Lin doanh. Mt tnh hung trong c khu vc cng cng v t nhn hp tc vi nhau
trong mt hot ng kinh t; iu ny c bit ph bin trong cc nc km
pht trin ni m vn rt khan him trong khu vc t nhn v cc qu ca
chnh ph thng c dng pht trin cng nghip hay dch v ngn
hng
1742 Joint venture in
European Countries
Lin doanh cc nc ng
u.
Mt hnh thc hp tc kinh doanh quc t gia cc cng ty Phng Ty v
cc cng ty ng u v l m hnh u t nc ngoi chnh cc nc
ng u.
1743 J - test Kim nh J. Mt php kim nh c to ra gii quyt cc gi thit khng c bin
chung trong khun kh ca m hnh hi quy.
1744 Juglar cycle Chu k Juglar. Mt chu k trong thng mi trong mc hot ng kinh t vi thi gian
t 9 ti 10 nm.
1745 Justice as fairness Chn l nh l cng bng. Xem RAWLSIAN JUSTICE.
1746 Just price Gi cng bng. Mt tiu chun o c v gi tr ca mt hng ho hay dch v - ngha l
mt mc gi m c coi l "ng v o l".
1747 Junk bonds Tri phiu li sut cao.
1748 Kahn, Richard F. (1905-1989) Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, ngi c nh hng ln ti Cambridge, t
nhng nm 1930 ti nhng nm 70. Uy tn v nh hng ca ng vt xa
nhng tc phm xut bn ca mnh m trong tc phm Cc tiu lun
la chn v vic lm v tng trng (1973) miu t nhng ng gp ch
yu ca ng.ng c cho l ngi a ra khi nim s nhn v c
ghi nhn v nhng ng gp quan trng trong nhng nm 1930 v KINH
T HC PHC LI trong vic xc nh nhng iu kin c mt S
TI U V X HI.
Page 72
1749 Kaldor, Nicholas (1908-1986) Sinh ra Hungary, Kaldor hc v dy Anh t nhng nm 1920. ng
ta c mt s ng gp cho l thuyt kinh t v i khi l nhn vt quan
trng trong vic t vn cho cc chnh ph v chnh sch kinh t. ng c
ng gp vo l thuyt kinh t trong lnh vc KINH T HC PHC LI
m theo ng cng vi J.R.Hicks pht trin m hnh KIM NH N
B phc li thu c. ng ta l ngi ng h chnh i vi cuc tranh ci
v vn v cng vi Joan Robinson v nhng ngi khc ng tn cng
hc thuyt tn c in v phn phi thu nhp v tin b k thut da trn
phn tch bin thay th chng vi cc m hnh da trn phn tch ca
J.M.Keynes, David Ricardo v Pireo Sraffa. Trong khi lm c vn cho b
trng b ti chnh Anh v cc chnh sch thu kho t nm 1964-1968 v
1974-1976, ng ngh s dng THU LI VN phn phi li thu
nhp v thu s dng lao ng chn lc khuyn khch thuyn chuyn lao
ng sang ngnh ch to. L ngi bo v chung thnh kinh t hc Keynes,
ng c nh hng rt ln trong mt s lnh vc c bit trong cc tc phm
ca Nhm chnh sch kinh t Cambridge, ch yu l ca Kaldor v CU
HIU LC v s cn thit ca chnh ph cn phi can thip vo nn kinh
t n nh nn kinh t v c bn trong v bn ngoi v khuyn khch
tng trng. Cc tc phm chnh ca ng bao gm: Thu chi tiu (1955),
Cc tiu lun v tng trng v n nh kinh t (1960), Cc tiu lun v gi
tr v phn phi (1960), Tch lu vn v tng trng kinh t (1961),
Nguyn nhn ca t l tng trng chm Anh (1966), Mu thun ca cc
mc tiu chnh sch (1971), Cc tiu lun v kinh t c thu thp, tp 5
(1978).
1750 Kaldor - Hicks test Kim nh Kaldor - Hicks. Kim nh ny c Kaldor v Hicks a ra trong cc bi bo c in
Tp ch Kinh t nm 1939. Xem COMPENSATION TESTS.
1751 Kalecki, Micheal (1899-1970) Nh kinh t hc ngi Balan, trong u nhng nm 30 ng c lp pht
trin thuyt ca Keynes. Kalecki cng l ngi a ra khi nim "mc
c quyn" c xc nh bi t l gia mc li sut trn gi bn, iu ny
cho thy khng c s cnh tranh v gi c. Khi nim ny c dng
gii thch ti sao gi c li khng gim xung trong thi k suy thoi v
cng gii t trng ca li nhun v lng trong THU NHP QUC
DN. Kelecki cng l ngi a ra khi nim "ngi cng nhn tiu ci g
m h kim c v cc nh t bn kim ci g h chi tiu". Nu ngi
cng nhn tiu ton b tin lng ca vo mua hng ho th phn cn li
ca thu nhp quc dn, li nhun phi c sn cho u t v tiu dng ca
nh t bn. Nu cc nh t bn tng tiu dng ca mnh th n s tr li vi
h di dng li nhun cao hn. Nm 1943, Kalecki cng d on chu k
ngng tng trng chnh tr. iu xy ra Anh t cui Chin tranh
th gii th hai. Ti cui i mnh, Balan, Kalecki quan tm n NG
HC KINH T v s tng trng cc nc X hi ch ngha. Cc n
phm chnh ca ng bao gm: Cc tiu lun v l thuyt giao ng kinh t
(1939), L thuyt ng hc kinh t (1945), L thuyt tng trng mt nn
kinh t X hi ch ngha (1969) v cc tiu lun la chn v ng hc ca
nn kinh t t bn ch ngha (1971).
1752 Kalman filtering Php lc Kalman. y l phng php ti u d on CC BIN S NI SINH v cp
nht nhng THNG S C LNG trong cc phng trnh d on.
Page 73
1753 Kantorovich, Leonid (1912-1986) Nh kinh t hc v ton hc ngi Nga l ngi khi xng QUY HOCH
TUYN TNH trong nhng nm 1930. Kantorovich ng dng thuyt ny
khng nhng i vi vn kt hp cc yu t sn xut sn c trong mt
nh my ti a sn lng, m cn p dng thuyt ny vo vn k
hoch ho kinh t v m mt nn kinh t x hi ch ngha. Kt lun ca
ng l c th phi tp trung ho cc quyt nh sn xut m vn duy tr hiu
qu nu gi c bng (dn xut t p s ca cc bi ton quy hoch tuyn
tnh) c s dng cc mc thp ca qu trnh quyt nh. Lun im
chnh trong tc phm ca ng v cc nh kinh t khc Nga, nhng ngi
chu nh hng ca ng l: mt nn kinh t k hoch ho tp trung thnh
cng cn phi s dng h thng gi c xy dng bao gm t l chit khu
x hi hay li sut x hi. ng ngh ci cch k thut k hoch ho khi
ang c dng Lin X. ng c tng gii Nobel v kinh t hc
nm 1975 (cng vi T.KOOPMANS). Cc tc phm chnh ca ng bao
gm: Cc phng php ton hc trong lp k hoch t chc sn xut
(1939), Cc s dng tt nht cc ngun lc kinh t (1965) v Quyt nh ti
u trong kinh t hc (1972) (vi A.G.Gorstko).
1754 Kenedy Round Vng m phn Kenedy. Vng thng thuyt mu dch a phng ln th su, tin hnh di s bo
tr ca HIP NH CHUNG V THU QUAN V MU DCH din ra
Geneva t 1964-1967. Khng ging cc vng thng thuyt mu dch
trc thng khuyn khch gim hng ro mu dch a phng, vng
Kenedy dn ti vic thng lng gim thu quan i vi nhng nhm
hng ho c th ch khng thng lng v mt mt hng.
1755 Key bargain Thng lng ch cht. Mt hnh thc ch o tin lng c th m trong mt khon thanh ton
tin lng c dng lm tham chiu cho ton b nhng khon lng phi
tr sau .
1756 Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946) L mt hc tr ca Alffred Marshall.
1757 Keynes effect Hiu ng Keynes. Mt thay i ca cu i vi hng ho l kt qu ca s thay i trong mc
gi chung.
1758 Keynesian cross im ct Keynes Xem INCOME - EXPENDITURE MODEL.
1759 Keynesian economics Kinh t hc trng phi
Keynes
Mt cm thut ng dng miu t cc l thuyt kinh t v m v mc
hot ng kinh t s dng cc k thut do J.M.Keynes a ra.
1760 Keynesian Growth
Theory
L thuyt tn trng ca
trng phi Keynes.
Xem HARROD DOMAR GROWTH MODEL.
1761 Keynes Plan K hoch Keynes. B ti chnh Anh a ra nhng ngh v vic thit lp mt lin minh
Thanh ton B tr quc t ti Hi ngh Ti chnh v tin t ca Lin hp
quc BRETTON WOOD, New Hampshire nm 1944. John Maynard
Keynes l ngi chu trch nhim ch yu v vic to lp cc ngh
nn c gi chung l K hoch Keynes.
1762 Key rates Cc mc lng then cht. Cc mc lng ca ngh nghip trong th trng LAO NG NI B lm
im tip xc vi th trng bn ngoi.
1763 Kinked demand curve ng cu gp khc. Da trn gi thuyt rng trong cc th trng c c im c quyn nhm,
s ph thuc ln nhau buc cc doanh nghip phi tin rng gim gi xung
di mc hin hnh s b cc i th lm theo, nhng tnh hnh s
khng din ra i vi trng hp tng gi.
1764 Klein Goldberger model M hnh Klein Goldberger. Mt m hnh KINH T LNG c va ca nn kinh t M cho giai on
1929-1952 (khng k c giai on 1942-1945) c nh hng rt quan
trng i vi vic xy m hnh kinh t lng t thi gian xut bn nm
1955 n nay.
Page 74
1765 Klein, Lawrence R. (1920-) Nh kinh t hc ngi M v l gio s kinh t ti trng i hc
Pennsylvania; c tng gii thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1980 v tc
phm tin phong ca mnh trong vic pht trin cc m hnh d bo kinh t
nh lng, c th c dng d bo cc bin s nh tng sn phm
quc dn, xut khu, u t v cc tc ng ca cc bin php trong cc
chnh sch i vi cc bin s ny. Trong s nhiu m hnh c lin quan
n tn ny th m hnh thnh cng v ni ting nht l m hnh D bo
Kinh t Lng Wharton i vi nn kinh t M, a ra ti trng i hc
Pennsylvania. Klein quan tm nhiu n vic p dng cc pht trin l
thuyt trong kinh t lng vo cng vic ng dng hn l vic a ra
thuyt kinh t nh lng. S nghip ca ng gp phn pht trin lnh
vc ny v nh hng ti vic xy dng m hnh trn quy m ton th gii.
Thnh tu c mt khng hai ca Klein ni chung l vic dch chuyn m
hnh Keynes sang lnh vc thng k. Hai cun sch ni ting nht ca ng
l Cuc cch mng Keynes (1947) v Sch gio khoa v Kinh t lng
(1953).
1766 Knife edge im ta mng manh. Trong THUYT TNG TRNG, mt vt cn i vi tng trng n
nh khi Tc tng trng m bo l khng n nh, ngoi vn na l
liu tc m bo c ngang bng Tc tng trng t nhin hay khng.
1767 Knight, Frank (1895-1973) L mt nh kinh t hc ngi M, Knight c b nhim lm gio s kinh
t ti Chicago nm 1928. ng c ng gp quan trng vo o l v
PHNG PHP LUN ca kinh t hc cng nh i vi vic nh ngha
v gii thch CHI PH X HI. ng gp ln nht ca ng i vi kinh t
tc phm Ri ro, S khng chc chn v li nhun (1921). Cc n phm
chnh khc ca ng bao gm T chc Kinh t (1933), Lun l v cnh tranh
(1935), T do v i mi (1947), Nhng bi lun v lch s v Cc phng
php kinh t hc (1956), v Tnh bo v Hnh ng dn ch (1960). L mt
nh sng lp trng phi cc nh kinh t "T DO" CHICAGO, Knight
c nh hng ng k i vi cc thnh vin ca trng phi , mc du
ng ta b ph phn v quyn hnh ca nh nc, ng ta nghi ng kh nng
ca mt x nghip t do hot ng hiu qu v theo mt cch thc hp o
l. c bit ng b ph phn v cc tc ng ca kinh doanh t do i vi
thu nhp.
1768 Kondratieff, Nicolai D. (1892-..?) Mt nh kinh t ngi Nga c ng gp ng k vo kinh t nng nghip
v pht trin k hoch ho kinh t Lin X. Nm 1952 ng xut bn cun
Nhng ln sng di trong cuc sng kinh t, m nh ng tr nn ni
ting. ng tm ra nhng chu k di t cui nhng nm 1780 n 1844-51,
t 1844-51 n 1914-20. ng cho rng s tn ti ca cc ln sng di l "t
nht c kh nng" nhng khng a ra thuyt h thng, ch n thun a
ra mt s yu t lin quan. Cc nghin cu sau ny cho thy rng cc ln
sng tm c c th l do cc k thut thng k c Kondratieff s dng
to nn. Mong mun phn tch cc iu kin kinh t mt cch khch quan
ca ng v hnh lm cho ng mu thun vi cc chnh sch ca Lin X.
ng b bt nm 1930, v khng c a ra x cng khai, v sau cht
trong t khng ai bit ti.
1769 Koopmans, Tjalling (1910-1985) Nh kinh t hc ngi M sinh ra Halan. Koopmans l gio s kinh t ti
Chicago (1948-1955), gim c COWLES FOUNDATION (1961-1967),
v l gio s kinh t ti Harvard (1960-1961). L ngi c cng c lp
pht trin QUY HOCH TUYN TNH, Koopmans gn lin quy hoch
tuyn tnh vi thuyt kinh t vi m truyn thng v pht trin mt m hnh
phn b ngun lc trong mt nn kinh t cnh tranh. ng cho rng mt m
hnh sn xut nh vy c th lm c s cho vic thit lp nn mt l thuyt
cn bng tng th. Nm 1951, ng trnh by quan in ny trong phn tch
hot ng v sn xut v phn b, trong ng a ra cng c phn tch
hot ng. Kt lun ca tc phm ny l vic s dng gi bng to ra cc
kh nng phi tp trung ho cc quyt nh sn xut trong nn kinh t.
Koopmans c ng gp quan trng vo thuyt tng trng ti u v
thuyt kinh t lng. ng a ra mt s nh l quan trng v vic phn
chia ti u thu nhp quc dn gia u t v tiu dng thng qua thi gian
v cho thy kt qu ca nhng la chn i vi vic phn b phc li
gia cc th h. ng c tng gii thng Nobel nm 1975 (cng vi
L.KANTOROVICH). Cc tc phm chnh khc ca ng bao gm Ba tiu
lun v tnh trng khoa hc kinh t (1957).
Page 75
1770 Koych transformation Php bin i Koyck Mt lot cc bin i m trong mt phng trnh cha mt tr phn phi
gim theo cp s nhn c di v hn c bin i thnh mt s s
lng hu hn cc bin s, bao gm mt tr khng ng nht.
1771 Kuznets, Simon (1901-1985) Nh kinh t hc ngi M gc Nga, ngi c tng gii thng Nobel
kinh t nm 1971 do ng gp vo vic thu thp, c lng v gii thch
cc s liu lin quan n qu trnh thay i x hi. ng gp ca ng
chiu mt lung nh sng mi vo tng trng kinh t. ng quan tm n
chu k tng trng di m c v b nh hng mnh m bi nhng thay i
trong tc tng dn s, s n nh trong hu ht cc nc cng nghip
trong nhiu thp k ca t l gia tiu dng v thu nhp v vic ng pht
hin ra rng s lng vn thc s cn sn xut ra mt lng hng ho
nht nh c xu hng i xung. C mt s tranh ci v vic liu cc chu
k m ng tm ra c th khng phi l v k thut thng k m ng s dng.
Xem Fishman, G.S, Nhng phng php ph bin trong kinh t lng.
Harvard University press (1969). Cc n phm chnh ca Kuznuts l Thu
nhp quc dn v Thnh phn ca n (1941), Sn phm quc dn t nm
1869 (1946) v S tng trng kinh t ca cc dn tc (1971).
1772 Labour Lao ng. Ton b ngun nhn lc sn c trong x hi dng vo qu trnh sn
xut. 1773 Labour augmenting
technical progress
Tin b k thut lm tng sc
lao ng.
Tin b k thut lm tng sn lng ging nh kiu tng sn lng nh
tng LC LNG LAO NG m khng c s thay i thc s no v
s lng ngi trong lc lng lao ng tham gia thc hin.
1774 Labour economics Kinh t hc lao ng. S nghin cu bn cht v cc yu t quyt nh tin lng v vic lm.
1775 Labour force Lc lng lao ng. Lc lng lao ng bao gm nhng ngi ang lm vic v ang tm vic,
n bao gm nhng ngi c vic lm v c nhng ngi tht nghip.
1776 Labour force
participation rate
T l tham gia Lc lng lao
ng.
i vi ton b dn s hay i vi mt b phn ca dn s tnh theo tui
tc, gii tnh hay chng tc, t l tham gia lao ng c nh ngha l t l
gia s dn (c vic hay tht nghip) c kh nng hot ng kinh t so vi
tng s dn cng loi.
1777 Labour hoarding Tch tr lao ng. Khi cc hng u t mnh vo vic thu v o to mt cng nhn, h s
khng mun sa thi ngi trong thi k kinh t suy thoi.
1778 Labour force schedule Biu v lc lng lao ng
1779 Labour intensive S dng nhiu lao ng, thm
dng nhiu lao ng.
1780 Labour market Th trng lao ng. Mt th trng lao ng bao gm cc hot ng thu v cung ng lao ng
nht nh thc hin nhng cng vic nht nh, v l qu trnh xc nh
s tr bao nhiu cho ngi lm vic.
1781 Labour power Sc lao ng. Mt cm thut ng c C.Mc dng miu t hng ho m ngi cng
nhn bn cho cc nh t bn.
1782 Labour - saving
techniques
Cc k thut tit kim lao
ng.
Cc quy trnh cng ngh hay phng php sn xut thin v hng c gii
ho v s dng t lao ng hn.
1783 Labour's share T trng ca lao ng. T trng tin lng trong THU NHP QUC DN.
1784 Labour standard Tiu chun lao ng. Mt cm thut ng do J.H.HICKS pht trin th hin cch gii thch c
bit ca ng v cch thc m tin lng (v do vy, gi c) c n nh.
1785 Labour supply Cung lao ng. Xem SUPPLT OF LABOUR.
1786 Labour surplus economy Nn kinh t tha lao ng. Xem LEWIS-FEI - RANIS MODEL
1787 Labour theory of value L thuyt lao ng v gi tr. Mt hc thuyt c CC NH KINH T HC C IN, nh
RICARDO v c bit l C.Mc s dng gii thch vic n nh cc gi
c tng i trn c s s lng lao ng, hin ti v tch dn, c bao
hm trong hng ho.
1788 Labour turnover Mc thay lao ng. Mt cm thut ng p dng cho cc doanh nghip miu t s vic lm
thay i, nhng ngi thi lm vic v nhng ngi mi c thu mn.
1789 Laffer curve ng Laffer.
1790 Lagged relationship Quan h tr. Mi quan h gia cc bin m trong gi tr hin ti ca BIN PH
THUC c quan h vi cc gi tr trc ca mt hay nhiu BIN C
LP.
1791 Lagrangean technique Phng php nhn t
Lagrange.
Mt phng php gii quyt cc bi ton ti u ho c rng buc, trong
cc rng buc c vit thnh HM N gp cng vi HM MC TIU
to ra phng trnh gi l "phng trnh Lagrange".
1792 Laissez - faire Hc thuyt v nn kinh t t
vn hnh.
Mt hc thuyt cho rng cc vn kinh t ca x hi c nh hng tt
nht bi quyt nh ca cc c nhn m khng c s can thip ca cc c
quan chnh quyn.
Page 76
1793 Laissez - faire economy Nn kinh t t vn hnh
(chnh ph t can thip).
1794 Land t ai. Mt thut ng s dng trong kinh t hc miu t khng ch phn b mt
tri t khng tnh n bin m cn bao gm ton b ti nguyn thin nhin
nh rng, khong sn, ngun lc bin, mu ca t c th c s
dng trong qu trnh sn xut.
1795 Land intensive S dng nhiu t.
1796 Land reform and tenure Bo h v ci cch rung t. Mt cm thut ng rng thng thng m ch cc kh nng tng s phn
thnh cc vng nng thn (thng l cc nc ang pht trin) thng qua
cc thay i v th ch trong khu vc nng nghip.
1797 Land tax Thu t. Mt loi thu nh vo gi tr hoc kch thc ca mnh t.
1798 Lange, Oscar (1904-1965) Nh kinh t ngi Balan dy mt vi trng i hc M v gi v tr cao
trong trng i hc Chicago. ng l mt trong nhng nh sng lp kinh t
lng v l ngi ng h kinh t hc Keynes (Gi linh hot v ton dng
cng nhn, 1944), mc d vn coi kinh t hc Keynes l mt trng hp
c bit ca Walras. Tuy ng c ng gp ng k vo nhiu lnh vc
nhng ng c ngi ta nh n nhiu nht trong cuc tranh lun trong
nhng nm 1930 v vn liu rng cc tnh ton kinh t hp l c th xy
ra trong nn KINH T HOCH HO hay khng. ng cho rng iu ny
c th xy ra, v gi c cn tnh ch s khan him c th c tnh ton
bn ngoi H THNG TH TRNG m khng cn bt k hnh ng trao
i no, mc du trong thc t c c h thng gi c ca mnh, Lange
i hi to ra mt th ch v th ch ny ging mt th trng. Tc phm
Kinh t chnh tr ca ng, mc d khng hon chnh (bn dch ting Anh
nm 1963), nhng l tng hp ln u tin v KINH T HC MC XT.
1799 Laspeyres price index Ch s gi Laspeyres. Mt ch s bnh qun gia quyn so vi nm gc.
1800 Latin American
Economic System
H thng kinh t M Latinh. Mt t chc lin chnh ph c thnh Lp nm 1975 khuyn khch hp
tc v hi nhp kinh t trong khu vc M Latinh.
1801 Latin American Free
Trade Association
(LAFTA)
Hip hi thng mi t do M
latinh.
Hip hi thng mi t do c thnh lp nm 1961 cn c vo s chun y
ca Hip c Motevideo nm 1960, nh du s kt thc hng lot cuc
hi tho s b di s bo tr ca U BAN KINH T M LATINH,
LIN HP QUC.
1802 Lausanne School Trng phi Lausanne. Mt trng phi t duy kinh t c ngun gc ti trng i hc Lausanne
Thu s nhn mnh vo vic s dng cc k thut ton hc th hin s
ph thuc ln nhau trong mt th trng.
1803 Law of demand Quy lut ca cu. Mt quan im c cng nhn rng ri, nu mi yu t khc khng i th
hng ho s c mua nhiu hn nu gi c thp hn, v hng ho s c
mua t hn nu gi c tng ln.
1804 Law of diminishing
returns
Quy lut li tc gim dn. Khi s lng ngy cng nhiu ca mt yu t kh bin c thm vo s
lng c nh ca mt yu t no khc, th trc hts l li tc bin, v sau
l li tc trung bnh i vi yu t bin i s, sau mt im no
gim dn
1805 Law of diminishing
marginal utility
Quy lut tho dng cn
bin gim dn.
1806 Law of variable
proprerties
Quy lut v cc c tnh bin
i.
Xem Law of diminishing returns.
1807 Law of one price Quy lut mt gi.
1808 Layfield Report Bo co Layfield. Mt bn bo co ca chnh ph Anh v thu v chi tiuu ca cc chnh ph
a phng Anh xut bn nm 1976 (HMSO, Ti chinh chnh quyn a
phng, bo co theo yu cu U ban iu tra, London, 1976).
1809 Layoffs Sa thi tm thi Xem TEMPORARY LAYOFFS.
1810 Leading links principle Nguyn tc u mi hng u. Trong nn kinh t k hoch ho, chnh quyn c th gn tm quan trng c
bit cho mt mc tiu c th no .
1811 Leading sector Ngnh dn u. Mc thanh ton lng bng chung trong mt ngnh kinh t c coi l
im tham kho v lng cho cc khu vc khc (v d nghip on trong
mt khu vc cng cng c th ly mc thanh ton lng bng trong khu
vc t nhn tham kho).
1812 Leakages Nhng khon r r. Xem Withdrawals.
1813 Leap - frogging S nhy cc. Mt qu trnh c coi l s xoy trn c lng/ lng v c cho l mt
l do c lp dn n lm pht lng v gi c bi nhng ngi to lp
thuyt LM PHT DO CHI PH Y.
Page 77
1814 Learning Hc hi Mt cch gii thch v TIN B K THUT (nh thy trong s gim dn
u vo lao ng trn mi n v u ra) xt theo kinh nghim thc hin
cng vic .
learning by doing Hc qua hnh
1815 Lease Thu Mt tho thun trong mt bn c quyn s dng ti n no thuc v
quyn s hu ca ngi khc trong mt thi gian nht nh, i li ngi
s dng ti sn ny phi tr mt khon ph c nh tho thun, thng
tr thnh nhiu ln theo nh k.
1816 Least cost method of
production
Phng sn xut da trn gi
thnh thp nht.
Xem COST MINIMIZATION.
1817 Least squares Phng php bnh phng
nh nht.
Mt cm thut ng chung miu t c s ca mt nhm cc k thut c
lng kinh t lng.
1818 Le Chatelier principle Nguyn tc Le Chatelier. Mt m hnh ton hc c s dng rng ri trong kinh t hc, gii quyt
cc tc ng ca cc rng buc i vi vic ti a ho hnh vi.
1819 Lender of last resort Ngi cho vay cu cnh cui
cng.
Mt trong nhng chc nng, v l mt trong nhng l do tn ti ca mt
NGN HNG TRUNG NG HIN I.
1820 Leontief, Wassily W. (1906-) Sinh ra Lin X, Leontief tr thnh gio s kinh t ti Harvard nm 1946.
Tc phm chnh ca ng l mt bi phn tch v ph thuc ln nhau bn
trong mt nn kinh t, v c bit l bn trong khu vc sn xut, s dng
mt k thut m ng ta gi l phn tch u ra - u vo. Trong cc tc
phm nh Cc nghin cu v c cu kinh t M (1953) v Kinh t hc u
vo - u ra (1966), ng m rng m hnh tc ng qua li ca QUESNAY
v cnhngx ngi kc thnh mt m hnh ton cao cp cho thy mi quan
h gia cc thnh phn ca mt h thng kinh t. Leontief p dng k
thut vo nn kinh t M, v to ra cc kt qa l th trong lnh vc
thng mi quc t v kinh t ti nguyn thin nhin. K thut tr
thnh c s ca k hoch ho trong nhiu nn kinh t phi th trng.
Leontief c tng gii thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1973.
1821 Leontief inverse S nghch o Leontief.
1822 Leontief paradox Nghch l Leontief. Xem HECKSCHER - OHLIN APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL
TRADE.
1823 Lerner, Abba P. (19031983). Sinh ra Nga v hc Anh, s nghip nghin cu ca ng din ra mt
s trng i hc M. Tc phm ban u ca ng bao gm vic miu t
bng th v m rng thuyt gi tr ca Marshall bao gm nhng
nghin cu v cnh tranh khng hon ho ca Joan ROBINSON v
CHAMBERLIN. Tc phm ny tp trung vo vic tm kim mt khi nim
y v quyn lc c quyn v bo v ch ngha bnh qun bng cch
s dng quy lut li tc bin gim dn. Tc phm chnh ca ng l Kinh t
hc kim sot (1944) s dng nhiu nhng phn tch ca Marshall to ra
mt tnh hung ng h CH NGHA X HI TH TRNG. ng cng
a ra nhng iu kin m theo mt s thay i v t gi hi oi ca
mt quc gia s ci thin c cn cn thng mi ca n. iu kin ny
thng c gi l IU KIN MARSHALL - LERNER. Ngoi ra, Lerner
cn l ngi ng h v bo v kinh t hc KEYNES.
1824 Lerner case Tnh hung Lerner. Tnh hung do Lerner phn tch trong thuyt v thu quan trong vic p
dng mt loi thu quan vo mt mt hng nhp khu c nhu cu trong
nc khng co gin theo gi th kt qu s dn ti cn cn thng mi ti t
hn v cu i vi sn phm tng ln.
1825 Lerner index Ch s Lerner Khi CNH TRANH HON HO tn ti th gi bn chi ph bin; do vy
ch s ny s c gi tr bng 0.
1826 Leger tender Phng tin thanh ton hp
php (lut nh).
1827 Less devoloped
countries (LDCs)
Cc nc chm pht trin. Xem DEVOLOPING COUNTRIES.
1828 Letter of credit Th tn dng. Mt vn bn do mt ngn hng pht hnh thay mt khch hng bo m
rng ngn hng s thanh ton cc sc do khch hng rt, hay ph bin
hn ngy nay gi l cc hi phiu do cc bn m khch hng mua hng rt
theo tn ca khch hng.
1829 Level of significance Mc ngha. Mt khi nim s dng trong kim nh gi thuyt xc nh cc gi tr
ti hn nhm so snh thng k kim nh vi chng.
1830 Level field Sn chi cng bng / cng
mt sn chi?
Page 78
1831 Leverage T phn vn vay; n by v
ti chnh; T l vn vay so vi
tng vn.
Mt ch s v mi quan h gia n di hn v vn s dng.
1832 Lewis, Sir W.Arthur (1919-1991). Nh kinh t hc Ty n v l ngi cng c tng gii thng Nobel vi
Theodore Schultz v kinh t nm 1979. Hun tc W.Athur c o to
ti trng kinh t London v l trng khoa kinh t ti trng i hc
Manchester v Princeton. Mi quan tm chnh ca ng l chnh sch cng
cng v kinh t ca cc nc km pht trin v m hnh pht trin ca
Lewis, trong gi nh mt nn kinh t hai khu vc hin i ang pht
trin, trong li nhun c ti u t, v hp th s lao ng khng hn
ch t khu vc nng nghip truyn thng, c chp nhn rng ri. Tc
phm chnh ca ng l L thuyt v tng trng kinh t (1955), trnh by
nhng phn tch tng hp v pht trin kinh t cho n thi gian . Trong
k hoch pht trin: s ct yu ca chnh sch kinh t (1966), ng a ra
nhng hng dn v cch thc to lp v nh gi mt k hoch kinh t.
Cc n phm khc ca ng l Kho st kinh t, 1948 - 1935 (1949), phn
tch v xem xt cc s kin v chnh sch ca giai on , Chi ph c nh
(1949) v Cc nguyn tc k hoch ho kinh t (1949).
1833 Lewis - Fei - Ranis
model
M hnh Lewis - Fei - Ranis. Mt m hnh kinh t v tht nghip cc nc ang pht trin c
A.Lewis gii thiu nm 1954 v 1958 v sau ch chn thc ho bi
Fei v Ranis nm 1964.
1834 Leveraged buy out
(LBO)
Tng vay bng cch thay c
phn
1835 Leveraged financing Ti tr n by.
1836 Lexicographic
preferences
Th hiu thin lch. S thch ca mt c nhn i vi mt nhm hng ho ny so vi mt hng
ho khc, nu n cha nhiu hn mt hng ho c th no v bt k s
lng ca cc hng ho khc trong nhm nh th no.
1837 Liabilities N. Mi tri quyn, thc ti hay tng lai, i vi mt c nhn hay t chc.
1838 Liberalism Ch ngha t do. Xem ECONOMIC LIBERALISM.
1839 LIBOR Li sut lin ngn hng
London.
Li sut cho vay lin ngn hng London London l li sut khc nhau trong
nhng hon cnh khc nhau m cc ngn hng c th cho vay nhng
loi tin no vi s lng v thi hn no , trong th trng tin t
Chu u.
1840 Licensed deposit takers C quan c cp giy php
nhn tin gi.
Theo Lut ngn hng ca Anh nm 1979, mt loi t chc tn dng c
php nhn tin gi. B lut nhm thit lp mt h thng quy nh v kim
sot bo v cng chng c tin gi, v c tc dng lm hn ch cc hot
ng nhn tin gi hai loi t chc tn dng, "cc ngn hng c cng
nhn" v "cc c quan c php nhn tin gi".
1841 Life-cycle hypothesis Gi thuyt v vng i, thu
nhp theo vng i / Chu k
tui th sn phm.
Gi thit cho rng c nhn tiu dng mt t l c nh gi tr hin ti ca
thu nhp ca c i h trong mi thi k.
1842 Life-cycle oriented
expectation
K vng nh hng theo chu
k i ngi.
1843 "Lifeboat" "Thuyn cu sinh". T lng ch nghip v vo thng 12/1973 ca ngn hng trung ng Anh,
cng vi s gip ca cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr London v
Scotland, gii quyt ci gi l khng hong NGN HNG CP HAI,
din ra trong thng 12/1973.
1844 Likehood function Hm hp l Trong kinh t lng, mt trung bnh m theo m hnh c kh nng thc
nht c th c suy ra t mt tp hp hu hn cc quan st i vi cc s
kin c cho l do m hnh to ra.
1845 Likehood ratio test (LD) Kim nh t s hp l.
1846 Limited company Cng ty trch nhim hu hn. C hai loi cng ty trch nhim hu hn Anh: Cng ty trch nhim hu
hn cng cng v cng ty trch nhim hu hn t nhn.
1847 Limited dependent
variables
Cc bin s ph thuc hn
ch.
Xy ra trong m hnh hi quy theo bin ph thuc b hn ch mt s
khong gi tr no .
1848 Limited information (LI) Thng tin hn ch. Mt cm thut ng miu t mt nhm k thut c tnh kinh t lng s
dng trong vic c tnh cc bin s ca cc hm ng thi.
1849 Limited liability Trch nhim hu hn.
1850 Limit pricing nh gi gii hn. Cc cch thc m cc hng thit lp cho mt nghnh cng nghip c th
nh gi vi mc ch ngn cn nhng i th cnh tranh mi mun thm
nhp vo th trng.
1851 Lindahl model M hnh Lindahl. Xem VOLUNTARY EXCHANGE MODEL.
Page 79
1853 Linder thesis Thuyt Linder. Thuyt ca nh kinh t Thy in c tn l Linder cho rng cc nc cng
c thu nhp bnh qun u ngi ging nhau th lng bun bn v hng
ch to gia cc nc cng cao v ngoi thng c coi l vic m
rng tiu dng v sn xut trong nc.
1854 Linear combination T hp tuyn tnh. Tng ca mt dy bin s (hoc cc VECT) c nhn vi mt s
hng s no .
1855 Linear dependence Ph thuc tuyn tnh Mt tnh cht ca mt tp hp cc vect trong mt trong cc vect c
th c biu din bng mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vect khc.
1856 Linear estimator c lng tuyn tnh. Mt cng thc c tnh cc tham s ca phng trnh hi quy, trong cc
c tnh c tm ra nh l cc hm tuyn tnh ca cc gi tr bin ph
thuc c lng OLS l mt cch c lng tuyn tnh.
1857 Linear expenditure
systems
Cc h thng chi tiu tuyn
tnh.
Trong cc h thng chi tiu tuyn tnh, cc HM CU c din t i vi
cc nhm hng ho, chc khng phi vi cc hng ha n l.
1858 Linear function Hm tuyn tnh. Mt mi quan h ton hc trong cc bin s xut hin nh l cc yu t
cng, khng c cc thnh phn s m hay nhn.
1859 Linear nomogenous ng nht tuyn tnh. Xem HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION.
1860 Linear probability model M hnh xc sut tuyn tnh. Cng gi l m hnh PROBIT - m hnh xc sut n v. Mt m hnh
trong bin ph thuc l mt bin gi hay bin nh nguyn v c biu
din bng mt hm tuyn tnh ca mt hay nhiu bin c lp.
1861 Linear programming Quy hoch tuyn tnh. Mt k thut to lp v phn tch cc bi ton ti u hc rng buc trong
hm mc tiu l mt hm tuyn tnh v c ti a ho hay ti thiu ho
tu thuc v s lng cc bt ng thc rng buc tuyn tnh.
1862 Liquid asset Ti sn d hon chuyn; Ti
sn lng; ti sn d thanh tiu .
Xem LIQUIDITY.
1863 Liquid assets ratio T l ti sn d hon chuyn.
1864 Liquidation Pht mi. y l qu trnh chm dt s tn ti ca mt cng ty, ti sn ca n c
pht mi v phn chia cho cc ch n ca n v trong trng hp cn d
tha th c chia cho cc thnh vin trong cng ty.
1865 Liquility Kh nng chuyn hon. Tnh cht ca ti sn "gn" ti mc mua t do, TIN c nh ngha l c
kh nng chuyn hon cao nht.
1866 Liquidity Tnh thanh ton, thanh tiu.
1867 Liquidity preference S a thch ti sn d thanh
tiu
Xem MONEY, DEMAND FOR.
1868 Liquidity ratio T s v kh nng hon
chuyn
Anh, cc ngn hng phi tun th mt t l chuyn hon ti thiu l 30%,
sau li gim xung cn 28%. Xem MONEY MULTIPLIER, FUNDING.
1869 Liquidity trap By tin mt; By thanh
khon.
Tnh hung m trong vic tng cung tin khng dn ti vic gim li
sut m n thun ch dn n vic tng s d tin nhn ri; co gin cu
v tin i vi li sut tr thnh v hn.
1870 Listed securities Cc chng khon yt gi. Tn ch cc chng khon c bun bn trn s giao dch chng khon
Anh quc.
1871 Little - Mirrlees method Phng php Little - Mirrlees. Mt k thut nh gi d n trong cc NC ANG PHT TRIN
c ch rng ri.
1872 LM curve ng LM. Xem IS - LM DIAGRAM.
1873 Loan Khon cho vay. Mt khon tin do ngi cho vay ng cho ngi vay.
1874 Loanable funds Cc qu c th cho vay. Cm thut ng ny c ngha l cc khon tin sn c cho vay trn th
trng ti chnh, nhng thng n ny sinh trong vn cnh l thuyt li
sut. 1875 Loan capital Vn vay. Xem DEBENTURES.
1876 Loan stock S vn vay. Xem DEBENTURES, FINANCIAL CAPITAL
1877 Loan facility Chng trnh cho vay.
1878 Local authorities' market Th trng ca chnh quyn
a phng.
TH TRNG TIN T bn bun London, gn b cht ch vi cc th
trng cng ty ti chnh, tin t Chu u v Lin ngn hng, trong
ngi ta cho cc c quan chnh quyn a phng vay cc khon vay ngn
hn, thng qua cc cng ty mi gii tin t.
1879 Local finance Ti chnh a phng. Thu nhp v chi tiu ca chnh quyn khu vc (a phng).
1880 Local labour market Th trng lao ng a
phng.
S phn chia nh theo a l ca TH TRNG LAO NG ch yu l
hu qu ca cc chi ph v tm l v c bit ca vic i li nhiu n
ch lm.
1881 Local mutiplier S nhn a phng Xem REGIONAL MUTIPLIER
1882 Local public good Hng ho cng cng a
phng.
Hng ho cng cng ca mt cng ng, chng hn h thng n ng.
Page 80
1883 Locational integration Lin kt theo v tr. Mt tp hp nhng u mi quan h tn ti gia mt s ngnh va gn
nhau v mt v tr a l va lin quan vi nhau do sn phm ca mt s
ngnh l u vo ca ngnh khc.
1884 Locational
interdependence
S ph thuc ln nhau v v
tr.
Mi quan h tng h gia cc hng trong quyt nh ca mt loi hng
v vic la chn v tr cho mt nh my ca n b tc ng bi nhng la
chn v v tr ca cc i th cnh tranh.
1885 Location quotient Thng s v tr. Thc o thng k v mc chnh lch m mt lot hot ng kinh t c th
c nh gi trong mt vng ca nn kinh t so vi ton b nn kinh t
ni chung.
1886 Location theory L thuyt v v tr. Hc thuyt phn tch nhng tc ng quyt nh n v tr ca hot ng
kinh t, gii thch v on trc hnh thi v tr ca cc n v kinh t.
1887 Locking - in effect Hiu ng kt Hiu ng lm cho mt ngi c mt ti sn khng bn ti sn na v gi
tr th trng ca n gim xung v s gy ra thua l.
1888 lockout S ng ca gy p lc (i
vi cng nhn).
Vic ngi ch ng ca ni lm vic buc cng nhn tha nhn cc
iu khon tuyn dng ca ban lnh o.
1889 Logarithm Lgart Lgart ca mt s l mt s m khi c s ca n nng ln s m l gi tr
ca lgarit th bng s .
1890 Logistic function Hm Lgistic th ca hm ny c hnh ch S, v n c s dng biu din mi
quan h gia gi tr ca mt bin s kinh t v thi gian.
1891 Logit analysis Php phn tch lgit
1892 Log-linear Tuyn tnh lgarit Mt mi quan h ton hc m nu biu din bng lgarit th l mt hm
tuyn tnh.
1893 Logolling S trao i phiu bu; b
phiu gian ln.
L t tn cho qu trnh "trao i l phiu" trong mt ngi ng ng
h mt ngi khc i vi mt vn nht nh i li ngi kia s ng h
anh ta i vi mt vn khc.
1894 Lombard Street Ph Lombard. L ph trung tm ca ngn hng v ti chnh ca thnh ph London.
1895 Lom Convention Cng c Lom. Cng c hp tc kinh t v thng mi c k kt nm 1975 Lom,
th ca Togo, gia cc nc thnh vin ca Cng ng Chu u (EC)
v 46 nc ang pht trin Chu Phi, Caribe v Thi bnh Dng (ACP).
1896 Long-dated securities Cc chng khon di hn. Cc chng khon dng n ch khng phi dng c phn - v d nh
chng khon vin vng hay tri khn cng ty - c ngy o hn di, thng
l hn 10 nm.
1897 Long-haul economies Tnh kinh t theo qung
ng.
Xu hng chi ph vn ti tng t hn v t l so vi qung ng chuyn
ch.
1898 Longitudinal data D liu dc. Mt kiu d liu PANEL, trong cc thng tin trong giai on trc thi
im thu thp c a vo.
1899 Long rate Li sut di hn. Mt lot cc li sut c th thu c t cc chng khon di hn, v do
c th tr cho cc khon vay di hn mi.
1900 Long run Di hn. Khong thi gian lin quan n qu trnh sn xut trong c thi gian
thay i tt c cc yu t sn xut, nhng khng thi gian thay i
quy trnh cng ngh c bn c s dng.
1901 Long run average cost
(LAC)
Chi ph trung bnh di hn. Trong di hn tt c cc chi ph c xu hng l chi ph kh bin.
1902 Long run comsumption
function
Hm tiu dng di hn. Mi quan h hm s gia tiu dng v thu nhp trong giai on hn 50
nm.
1903 Long run marginal cost Chi ph cn bin di hn. Chi ph tng thm khi sn sut thm mt n v sn phm trong di hn.
1904 Long term capital Vn di hn. Vn di dng ti chnh (tin) nu c vay theo cc iu khon vay n, c
k hn tr n di, thng trn 10 nm; hoc theo cch khc nu ai huy ng
bng cch pht hnh c phn th s khng c hon tr, tr khi cng ty
ng ca.
1905 Lorenz curve ng Lorenz Mt th dng tnh mc bt bnh ng.
1906 Losch model M hnh Losch Xem LOCATION THEORY.
1907 Loss aversion S khng thch mt mt. Mt gi thit cho rng PHI THO DNG do b mt mt hng ho
nhiu hn so vi tho dng ca hng ho y.
1908 Loss function Hm thua l. Mt hm phi tho dng m mt nh lp chnh sch mun ti thiu ho.
1909 Loss leader pricing Bn h gi trc. Khi cc doanh nghip c hng ho a dng cho bn mt phn trong lot
sn phm ca h mc gi thp hn chi ph, v tin rng iu ny s thc
y vic tiu th cc sn phm c chnh lch li nhun cao hn.
1910 Long run competitive Cn bng cnh tranh di hn.
1911 Lon run total cost curve ng tng chi ph di hn.
1912 Long run Phillips curve ng Phillips di hn.
1913 Short run Phillp curve ng Phillips ngn hn.
Page 81
1914 Lump - sum tax Thu gp / khon.
1915 Loss offsetting
provisions
Cc iu khon b l. Thng ni n tho thun, theo cc khon l ca mt d n c th
c b li bi thu nhp t cc ngun khc.
1916 Low - level equilibrium
trap
By cn bng mc thp. Xem POPULATION POLYCY, POPULATION.
1917 Low wage trade Thng mi lng thp. Xem DYNAMIC THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE.
1918 Lucas critique Lun im ph phn ca
Lucas
Bi ph bnh v vic s dng m hnh kinh t lng nh gi kt qu
ca cc quyt nh chnh sch v cc tham s c lng ngm bao hm nh
hng ca chnh sch.
1919 LUS S d tuyn tnh v hng
khng chch.
Tnh t dng m t cc s d tuyn tnh (L), khng chch (U) v c ma
trn hip phng sai cho v hng (S)>
1920 Luxury Hng xa x (cng coi l hng
thng lu).
Mt thut ng khng c s dng rng ri trong kinh t hc hin i,
nhng nu c dng th ch mt hng ho c co gin cu theo thu
nhp ln hn 1, do khi thu nhp tng th hng chim mt t l cao
hn trong thu nhp ca ngi tiu dng.
1921 Luxury taxes Thu hng xa x. Tng thu cho ngn sch chnh ph c th rt rc ri cc nc km pht
trin, nhiu ngi t hnh ngh hoc c tr bng hin vt v khng th
nh thu thu nhp c.
1922 M1 and M0 Mc cung tin M1 v M0.
1923 Macmillan Committee U ban Macmillan. U ban iu tra ca Anh c thnh lp nm 1929 vi tn gi "U ban Ti
chnh v Cng nghip", do H.P Macmillan (sau ny l Hun tc) lm ch
tch, nhm nghin cu h thng ti chnh v ngn hng trong cc nghip v
trong nc v quc t ca n, v nhm a ra nhng khuyn ngh v vic
lm th no h thng ny c th thc y "vic pht trin ni thng v
ngoi thng v vic tuyn dng lao ng".
1924 "Macmillan" gap L hng Macmillan. Xem Macmillan Committee.
1925 Mc Guire Act o lut Mc Guire. S sa i vo nm 1952 i vi o lut v U ban thng mi Lin bang
Hoa k, o lut Mc Guire c ban hnh nhm cng ch cc nh bn l
khng k kt cc tho thun v cch nh gi cng nh nhng ngi c k
kt tho thun phi nh gi trn nguyn tc "thng mi cng bng".
1926 Macroeconomics Kinh t hc v m. L khoa hc nghin cu hnh vi ca ton b nn kinh t ni chung.
1927 Macroeconomics
demand schedule
Biu cu mang tnh kinh t
hc v m.
1928 Majority rule Quy tc a s. L mt hnh thc LA CHN TP TH hoc QUY TC QUYT NH
X HI m theo bt k ngh no c s ng h ca hn mt na s
"ngi biu quyt" s c chn.
1929 Malleable capital Vn uyn chuyn L mt gi nh v bn cht ca vn hin vt thng s dng trong kinh t
hc c in, theo cc vt liu hnh thnh nn mt c my c th c th
c thay i ngay lp tc v khng h tn km thnh mt c my khc.
Page 82
1930 Malthus, Rev. Thomas
Robert
(1766-1834). Malthus l mt mc s v cng l mt gio s mn lch s hin i v kinh
t chnh tr (l ngi u tin c cp danh hiu ny ti Anh). Tuy nhin,
ng cng c nhng ng gp cho vic phn tch tin t v cho "hc thuyt
v tnh trng d tha" v tham gia v mt cuc tranh lun ni ting vi
ngi bn ca ng lad Ricardo, ng c bit n nhiu nht vi t tng
l tc gi ca Tiu lun v nguyn tc dn s (1798). Trong tc phm nay,
ng thch thc quan im truyn thng ca cc nh kinh t hc dn s cho
rng dn s ng v ng cng gia tng ng ngha vi s giu c v ng
lp lun rng dn s s tng ln cho n khi t ti mc rng buc v cung
cp lng thc. ng cho rng dn s c xu hng gia tng theo cp s
nhn v ngun lng thc li tng theo cp s cng. S tng dn s c th
c km hm hoc l mt cch tch cc (ngha l qua s t vong tng ln)
thng qua nhng hnh thc nh chin tranh, bnh dch hoc mt cch
tiu cc (ngha l qua vic sinh t i) thng qua cc hnh thc nh hn
ch bng o c, kt hn mun Hc thuyt ny ca Malthus v tin
lng t ra mt mc lng khng thay i mt mc tn ti. Tri vi d
on ca ng, c dn s v mc lng u c xu hng gia tng cc nc
cng nghip pht trin; s d nh vy l do tin b khoa hc k thut, m
Malthus nh gi thp vai tr ca n i vi vic qun gim t l sinh
khi thu nhp tng v i vi vic khai thc cc vng t mi. Ni m nh
v vn ca Malthus cho n nay vn cn tn ti cc nc chm pht trin
khi h mun nhp khu cc loi thuc m em li cho nc cng nghip
pht trin nhng t l t vong tng ng vi cc t l sinh ca nc
ang pht trin. Vn ny cng c mt s nh sinh tha hc a ra trn
phm vi ton cu khi h cn tin on rn dn s v sn lng cng nghip
tng s khin cho th gii b cn kit cc ngun ti nguyn.
1931 Malthus's law of
population
Quy lut dn s ca Malthus. Xem IRON LAW OF WAGE.
1932 Management Ban qun l. L nhng nhn vin trong mt hng c quyn thay mt cho cc ch s hu
kim sot cc hot ng ca hng.
1933 Management buyout Thu mua bng nghip v qun
l.
L vic ban qun l thu mua cc ti sn ca mt cng ty.
1934 Management board Ban qun l / Hi ng qun
tr.
1935 Managed or dirty
floating
S th ni c qun l hay
khng thun khit.
1936 Management science Khoa hc qun l. Trong khun kh ca vic nghin cu doanh nghip, mn hc ny p dng
cc nguyn tc khoa hc nhm h tr cho vic t c hiu qu hot ng
trong vic thc hin cc mc tiu kinh doanh.
1937 Manager controlled firm Hng do nh qun l kim
sot.
L mt cng ty khng c mt c ng hoc mt nhm c ng no chim
c t l biu quyt cao nm quyn kim sot cc chnh sch ca
cng ty.
1938 Managerial capitalism Ch ngha t bn thin v
qun l.
Vic t chc nn kinh t thnh cc tp on ln, trong quyn nh ot
cc ngun lc nm trong tay mt tng lp qun l c th xc nh c
tch bit khi gii ch s hu ti sn v hu nh khng chu s kim sot
ca h. 1939 Managerial discretion S tu tin trong qun l. L kh nng ca cc nh qun l ca mt cng ty thc hin nhng mc tiu
m h t thy l c li hn cho h.
1940 Managerial revolution Cuc cch mng qun l. L mt khi nim gn vi tng ca Galbraith cho rng quyn lc kinh t
chuyn t vn sang ch s hu ca cc b quyt k thut, tc l tng lp
qun l.
1941 Managerial slack S lng lo trong qun l. Xem X - EFFICIENCY.
1942 Managerial theories of
the firm
Cc hc thuyt v hng thin
v qun l.
L cc hc thuyt bt ngun t quan nim cho rng CH NGHA T BN
ng thi c c trng bi s khng ch trong khu vc sn xut ca
cc tp on ln, ni m quyn s hu v quyn kim sot c phn tch
r rng gia cc c ng v cc nh qun l.
1943 Managerial utility
function
Hm tho dng trong qun l. Mi quan h ny quy nh c th nhng lun chng m th t u tin ca
cc nh qun l ca doanh nghip ph thuc vo .
1944 Marginal cost Chi ph cn bin. L chi ph tng thm cho vic sn xut thm mt n v sn lng.
1945 Marginal cost of labor Chi ph cn bin cho lao ng.
1946 Marginal cost pricing nh gi theo chi ph cn bin. L mt phng php nh gi ca cc hng t nhn hoc cc cng ty nh
nc theo c xc nh bng chi ph bin.
1947 Marginal firm Xut bin?
Page 83
1948 Marginal income tax
rate
Mc thu sut cn bin nh
vo thu nhp.
1949 Marginal principle Nguyn l cn bin.
1950 Marginal product of
labors
Sn phm cn bin ca lao
ng.
1951 Marginal propensity to
comsume (MPC)
Thin hng tiu dng cn
bin.
L mc thay i trong tiu dng do tng thm mt n v thu nhp.
1952 Marginal propensity to
import
Thin hng nhp khu cn
bin.
L mc thay i nhp khu do thay i mt n v thu nhp.
1953 Marginal propensity to
save (MPS)
Thin hng tit kim cn
bin.
L mc thay i tit kim do thay i mt n v thu nhp.
1954 Marginal rate of
substitution (MRS)
T l thay th cn bin. Trong hc thuyt v cu ca ngi tiu dng, t l thay th bin cp n
s lng ca mt loi hng ho, b p cho ngi tiu dng i vi vic
t b s lng mt loi hng ho khc sao cho vn c c mc phc li
(tho dng ) nh trc.
1955 Marginal rate of
transformation
T l chuyn i cn bin. L gi tr biu hin bng s ca dc ca ng GII HN KH NNG
SN XUT.
1956 Marginal revenue Doanh thu cn bin. L mc thay i trong tng doanh thu pht sinh t vic bn thm mt n
v sn lng.
1957 Marginal revenue
product of labor
Mc doanh thu cn bin ca
lao ng.
1958 Managing director Gim c iu hnh. L mt ngi c b nhim l gim c mt cng ty trch nhim hu hn,
c trch nhim chnh l iu hnh cc hot ng hng ngy ca cng ty.
1959 Manoilescu argument Lp lun Manoilescu. L mt phin bn, do nh kinh t Manoilescu a ra, v lun chng v
NGNH CNG NGHIP NON TR, da vo nhn nh rt ra t thc t
rng mc lng trung bnh trong khu vc ch to mt nc chm pht
trin cao hn mc lng trung bnh trong khu vc nng nghip mc d
nng sut lao ng c th nh nhau.
1960 Manpower policy Chnh sch v nhn lc. L mt n lc nhm tng cng hot ng ca th trng lao ng, v nu
c th, l s nh i gia tht nghip v lam pht.
1961 Manual workers Lao ng chn tay. L nhng nhn vin lm cc cng vic chn tay v c tr tin cng theo
tun.
1962 Margin, at the ti bin Trong kinh t hc, "ti bin" c ngha l ti im m n v sn phm cui
cng c sn xut hoc tiu th.
1963 Marginal Cn bin, gia lng. Mt n v bin l n v tng thn\m ca mt ci g , chng hn nh vi
CHI PH BIN, THO DNG BIN..
1964 Marginal analysis Phn tch cn bin. Xem NEO - CLASSICAL ECONOMICS
1965 Marginal cost of funds
schedule
Biu chi ph cn bin ca
vn.
L biu xc nh chi tit chi ph thc s ca vn ti chnh ca doanh
nghip.
1966 Marginal damage cost Chi ph thit hi cn bin. L chi ph tng thm cho mt thit hi pht sinh, thng do nhim gy ra,
t mt n v tng thm ca hot ng gy hi.
1967 Marginal disutility phi tho dng cn bin. L phi tho dng tng thm pht sinh t mt thay i nh trong mt
bin s no .
1968 Marginal efficiency of
capital
Hiu sut cn bin ca vn. L T L CHIT KHU c nht c th khin cho gi tr hin ti ca li
ch rng d kin t mt ti sn vn bng ng vi gi cung cp n khi gi
cung cp ti sn khng h tng.
1969 Marginal efficiency of
capital schedule
Biu hiu sut bin ca
vn.
L biu trnh by chi tit mi quan h cn bng di hn gia s vn cn
c v li sut.
1970 Marginal efficiency of
investment
Hiu sut cn bin ca u t. Cn gi l t st li tc ni hon. L t l chit khu lm cho gi tr hin
ti ca li tc rng d kin t mt ti sn vn bng ng gi cung cp ca
n trong trng hp mc gi ny c cng nhn s tng ln trong ngn
hn. 1971 Marginal efficiency of
investment schedule
Biu hiu sut cn bin ca
u t.
L ng cu v u t. L biu trnh by chi tit mi quan h gia hiu
sut bin ca u t v t l li sut.
1972 Marginal per capita
reinvestment quotient
criterio
Tiu chun v thng s ti
u t cn bin theo u
ngi.
L mt tiu chun v u t vi mc tiu ti a ho thu nhp bnh qun u
ngi ti mt thi im trong tng lai.
1973 Marginal physical
product
Sn phm vt cht cn bin. L mc tng thm tng sn lng nh vic s dng thm mt n v lao
ng v c th dn xut t hm sn xut, vi iu kin cc yu t khc
khng i.
1974 Marginal product Sn phm cn bin. L sn lng tng thm do s dng thm mt n v u vo.
Page 84
1975 Marginal productivity
doctrine
Hc thuyt v nng sut cn
bin.
Hc thuyt ny cho rng mt ch s dng lao ng mong mun ti a ho
li nhun ca mnh s chu s chi phi ca quy lut v nng sut bin gim
dn, theo cc n v lao ng ln lt c s dng s to ra cc n v
SN LNG gim dn tng ng.
1976 Marginal propensity to
tax
Thin hng nh thu cn
bin.
L mc thay i trong thu nhp v thu do thay i mt n v thu nhp.
1977 Marginal propensity to
withdraw
Thin hng rt tin cn bin. L mc thay i nhng khon rt tin do thay i mt n v thu nhp.
1978 Marginal rate of tax Thu sut cn bin. L mc thu i vi mt n v thu nhp tng thm, nhng khi nin ny
cng c p dng tng ng vi vic tng thm ca chi tiu, ca qu
tng.
1979 Marginal rate of
technical substitution
T sut thay th k thut cn
bin; th sut k thut cn
bin.
L t l thay th k thut bin ca hai yu t u vo.
1980 Marginal revenue
product
Sn phm doanh thu cn bin. L sn phm vt cht bin nhn vi doanh thu bin t vic bn thm mt
n v sn phm nh vic s dng thm mt n v u vo.
1981 Marginal user cost Chi ph s dng cn bin. Trong kinh t hc ti nguyn, l li ch rng (vic nh gi mt n v
ti nguyn, tc l gi ca n tr i chi ph khai thc) m th h tng lai
khng c c do th h hin ti s dng mt n v ti nguyn hu
hn. 1982 Marginal utility tho dng cn bin. L tho dng ph thm c c t vic thm mt n v ca bt k loai
hng ho no.
1983 Marginal utility of
income
tho dng cn bin ca thu
nhp.
Xem Marginal utility of money.
1984 Marginal utility of
money
tho dng cn bin ca
tin.
L t l gia tng tho dng ca mt c nhn khi ngn sch ca ring ngi
(thu nhp) tng thm 1 n v.
1985 Marginal value product
of capital
Sn phm gi tr bin ca vn.
1986 Marginal value product
of labor
Sn phm gi tr bin ca lao
ng.
1987 Margin requirement Yu cu v mc chnh lch. L t l gi tr th trng ca 1 chng khon m ngi mua c th vay c
khi mua chng khon .
1988 Market Th trng. Thng thng, l bt k khung cnh no trong din ra vic mua bn
cc loi hng ho v dch v.
1989 Market classification Phn loi th trng. C rt nhiu cch khc nhau phn loi th trng.
1990 Market clearing im th trng bn sch.
1991 Market demand curve ng cu ca th trng. L tng hp ca mt lot cc ng cu ring r i vi mt loi hng ho.
1992 Market demand curve
for labour
ng cu ca th trng i
vi lao ng.
Vi mt mc gi bn sn phm khng i, ng cu ca th trng hay
ca mt nghnh sn xut chnh l s tng hp theo chiu ngang cc ng
DOANH THU SN PHM BIN ca cc doanh nghip tham gia.
1993 Market economy Nn kinh t th trng L mt h thng kinh t trong cc quyt nh v vic phn b ngun lc
v sn xut c din ra trn c s cc mc gi c xc nh qua nhng
giao dch t nguyn gia cc nh sn xut, ngi tiu dng, cng nhn v
ch s hu cc yu t sn xut.
1994 Market failure S khim khuyt ca th
trng; S trc trc ca th
trng.
L vic mt h thng cc th trng t nhn khng c kh nng cung cp
mt s mt hng nht nh cho d l mt phn nh hay vi mc hp l
nht nh hoc ti u nht.
1995 Market forces Cc tc nhn th trng. L nhng tc nhn pht sinh t quan h t do gia cung v cu ca th
tng dn n vic phi iu chnh gi bn v/hoc s lng c giao
dch. 1996 Market imperfection S khng hon ho ca th
trng.
L bt k s sai lch no khi cc iu kin cn thit c c cnh tranh
hon ho.
1997 Market mechanism C ch th trng.
1998 Marketing Marketing L mt thut ng dng ch nhng hot ng ca cc doanh nghip lin
quan n vic bn v phn phi sn phm.
1999 Marketing boards. Cc ban Marketing. Cc ban ny c thnh lp ti mt s nc chu Phi, v chng p ng
c nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Chng mang li cho cc tiu nng mt th
trng chc chn v n nh i vi cc sn phm ca h v v sau hng
ha c bn trn quy m ln trn cc th trng quc t nn cc nh chc
trch c c c s hp l hn mc c gi bn hp l.
2000 Market maker Hng lp th. L tn gi xut hin ti S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON London k t
nm 1986, t cho hng to ra c mt th trng mua bn cc loi chng
khon khc nhau thng qua vic lun sn sng mua hoc bn nhng loi
chng khon ny.
Page 85
2001 Market orientation nh hng theo th trng. L vic cc nh sn xut c xu hng t nh my ca h gn th trng
tiu th sn phm ch khng phi ni khc, chng hn nh gn ngung
nguyn liu.
2002 Market oriented reform Ci cch theo nh hng th
trng.
2003 Market power Quyn lc th trng; Sc
mnh i vi th trng.
L vic nhm ngi mua hoc bn c kh nng tc ng n gi c ca sn
phm hoc dch v m h ang mua bn.
2004 Market premium rate T l chnh lch gi.
2005 Black market premium
rate
T l chnh lch gi trn th
trng ch en.
2006 Market share Th phn L t trng ca tng s hng ho bn trn th trng ca mt doanh nghip.
2007 Market socialism Ch ngha x hi theo c ch
th trng.
L mt h thng kinh t x hi ch ngha nhng li nhng quyn iu
hnh cc hot ng hng ngy ca nn kinh t cho c ch th trng.
2008 Markov process Qu trnh Markov. L mt qu trnh lin kt gi tr hin ti ca mt bin s vi nhng gi tr
trc ca chnh n v mt sai s ngu nhin.
2009 Markowitz, Harry (1927-) L mt nh kinh t ngi M ng ot gii Nobel v kinh t nm 1990
(cng vi M.Miller v W.F.Sharp). Cng vic quan trng m ng thc hin
trong nhng nm 1950 t nn mng cho hc thuyt hin i v DANH
MC U T. Hc thuyt ban u ca ng v s la chn danh mc u
t c da trn m hnh chun tc dnh cho cc nh qun l u t. ng
gp quan trng ca ng l vic pht trin thuyt nghip v c tnh ton
chnh xc v s la chn danh mc u t trong iu kin khng chc chn.
Markowitz ch ra rng trong nhng iu kin nht nh, s la chn danh
mc u t ca mt nh u t b hn ch vic cn bng gia li tc d
kin thu t danh mc u t vi sai s ca n. V mt nguyn tc,
s la chn phc tp gia nhiu ti sn vi nhng thuc tnh khc nhau ca
chng c xem nh mt bi ton khng gian hai chiu, thng gi l
php phn tch phng sai trung bnh. Cc n phm ln trung bnh ca
Markowitz bao gm: S la chn danh mc u t: S a dng ho c hiu
qu u t, Wiley (1959), v Php phn tch phng sai - trung bnh trong
vic la chn danh mc u t v cc th trng vn, Blackwell (1987)>
2010 Parallel market premium
rate
T l chnh lch gi ca th
trng song hnh.
2011 Market structure C cu th trng.
2012 Mark-up Phn thm vo gi vn; Phn
thm vo chi ph kh bin.
L mt phn cng thm vo cc chi ph kh bin trung bnh hnh thnh
gi bn do ngi bn xc nh nhm trang tri cc chi ph c nh v c
c li nhun.
2013 Marshall, Alfred (1842-1924) L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh m c s nghip ca mnh dnh cho cng
vic ca mt gio s kinh t ti aih hc Cambridge (1885-1908).ng coi
yu t gi thnh sn xut quan trng khng km g tho dng trong hc
thuyt v gi tr ca ng. tng c bn trong cng vic ca ng l kh
nng ca cung v cu trong vic to ra nhng mc gi cn bng trn th
trng. Marshall c v nh cu ni gia hc thuyt kinh t c in vi
hc thuyt tn c in ca Jevon v hc thuyt v cn bng tng qut ca
Walras. Cc tc phm ca Marshall khng ch c nh hng ng k n
chnh sch kinh t cho n hin nay m cn gy nh hng ng k n cc
th h nh kinh t ca Anh.
2014 Marshall Aid Vin tr Marshall. L vin tr ca M v Canada cho Anh v cc nc khc tr gip h
phc hi nn kinh t sau chin tranh th gii th hai.
2015 Marshallian demand
curve
ng cu Marshall L ng cu c s dng rng ri nht trong phn ng ca lng cu
i vi mc gi chu nh hng ca c hiu ng thu nhp ln hiu ng thay
th.
2016 Marshall - Lerner
condition
iu kin Marshall - Lerner. Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, vic ph ga ng tin c th ci thin
c cn cn thanh ton. iu kin Marshall - Lerner l mt iu kin
ging nh vy.
2017 Marshall plan K hoch Marshall Xem EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAMME.
Page 86
2018 Marx, Karl (1818-1883) L nh trit hc, X hi hc, s hc, l lun chnh tr hc, kinh t hc
ngi c. T 1849, sng ti Anh vi s gip ca ng-ghen, mt nh t
bn cng nghip. Chu nh hng su sc t tng H-ghen v t a ra
lun thuyt v x hi t bn, v lun im tng hp v ch ngha cng sn.
Nhng tin on ca C.Mc v ch ngha t bn vn cha tr thnh hin
thc nhng nhng thnh tu ca Mc l ht sc to ln khin chi Mc t
ti nh co ca mt nh phn tch kinh t.
2019 C.mcist economics Kinh t hc Mac xt. L mt trng phi t duy kinh t c mc ch phn tch s pht trin kinh
t v x hi ca h thng kinh t t bn ch ngha.
2020 Materials balance
principle
Nguyn l cn bng vt cht. L mt nguyn tc trong kinh t hc mi trng, theo khi lng cht
thi ra mi trng t qu trnh sn xut c coi l xp x khi lng cc
ti nguyn c s dng sn xut ra hng ho.
2021 Material forces of
production
Lc lng sn xut vt cht. L cm thut ng c C.Mc s dng xc nh nn tng kinh t thc t
ca mt x hi.
2022 Mathematical
expectation
K vng ton hc. Xem EXPECTED VALUE.
2023 Matrix Ma trn.
2024 Maturity n hn, ht hn. L ngy m khon n ca ngi pht hnh tri phiu n hn phi thanh
ton hoc l ngy n hn thanh ton tin n gc.
2025 Maximax Ti a ho cc i. L mt quy tc trong l thuyt RA QUYT NH gip cho vic la
chn trong nhng iu kin khng chc chn.
2026 Maximin Ti a ho cc tiu. L mt quy tc trong l thuyt RA QUYT NH gip cho vic la
chn trong nhng iu kin khng chc chn.
2027 Maximum Gi tr cc i. L gi tr ln nht ca mt hm s hoc ca bin s.
2028 Maximum likelihood Hp l cc i. L mt cm thut ng m t k thut c lng kinh t lng chung bao
gm vic ti a ho hm hp l ca nhng quan st mu v cc gi tr ca
cc tham s ca cc phng trnh ang c c tnh.
2029 Meade, James Edward (1907- ) L trng phng kinh t thuc vn phng ni cc Anh t nm 1940 n
nm 1945, gio s kinh t hc thuc trng Kinh t London t nm 1947
n nm 1957, gio s kinh t chnh tr thuc trng i hc Cambridge t
nm 1957 n nm 1969. ng c trao tng gii thng Nobel v kinh t
hc vo nm 1977. Nhng tc phm ni ting ca ng l: Hc thuyt v
chnh sch kinh t: Cn cn thanh ton (1951), H thng thng mi quc
t (1952); Hc thuyt v chnh sch quc t.v cc h thng khc nhau
v kinh doanh v tr lng cho cng nhn (1986). Tc phm ni ting nht
ca ng thuc v lnh vc chnh sch v hc thuyt thng mi quc t.
Nhng vn ca cc chnh sch N NH HO trong NN KINH T
M l trng tm ca nhng tc phm u tin ca ng, c bit l nhng
iu kin c c mt s cn bng trong nn kinh t trong nc v
trong giao dch vi nc ngoi. ng nhn mnh n nhng mu thun v
chnh sch c th xy ra gia cn cn thng mi quc t vi cn cn tng
cung v tng cu trong nc trong mt h thng t gi hi oi c nh.
ng cng tin hnh phn tch v kinh t hc phc li ca lin minh thu
quan v thu quan trong nhng iu kin m s cnh tranh hon ho s
khng dn n kh nng ti a ho phc li.
2030 Mean Trung bnh Mt s o thng c s dng tnh xu hng tp trung ca mt bin
s, c th dng tnh cho mt mu nht nh hoc ton b tn th.
2031 Means tested benefits Tr cp theo mc trung bnh. L nhng tr cp m ch c th nhn c nu nh thu nhp ca ngi xin
c hng tr cp thp hn mt gi tr nht nh.
2032 Mean-variance analysis Phn tch trung bnh - phng
sai.
L phng php tm ra DANH MC cc ti sn c hiu qu cao.
2033 Measurement error Sai s o lng. Xem ERRORS IN VARIABLES.
2034 Median Trung v. Mt s o xu hng tp trung.
2035 Median location
principle
Nguyn l nh v trung bnh. L mt quy tc dng tm ra a im m ti tng khi lng vn
chuyn cn phi thc hin phc v cho mt nhm cc th trng phn
tn v v tr a l c gi tr ti thiu.
2036 Median Vote Theorem nh l c tri trung dung. L mt nh l lin quan n s LA CHN TP TH trong mt x hi
dn ch, n d on rng cc chnh tr gia hu ht u s i din cho quan
im ca nhng c tri trung tm ca ph chnh tr hoc x hi .
2037 Mediation Ho gii. L s can thip vo CUC TRANH CHP LAO NG bi mt bn th
ba c lp khch quan, l bn xem xt lp lun ca c hai pha v a ra
khuyn ngh gii quyt tranh chp.
Page 87
2038 Medium of exchange Phng tin trao i. L bt k ti sn hoc phng tin no c chc nng trung gian trong qu
trnh trao i, ngha l mt vt m ngi bn hang hoc cung cp dch v
chp nhn thay th, khng phi cho bn thn n m l v thc rng n
c th s dng trong nhng cuc trao i mua bt k ci g m anh ta
cn.
2039 Median Voter C tri trung dung.
2040 Medium term financial
strategy (MTFS)
Chin lc ti chnh trung
hn.
L mt chnh sch do chnh ph Anh xng trong k hoch ngn sch
nm 1980 theo cc t l tng mc cung tin gim dn hng nm c n
nh nhm kim ch lm pht. Vo thng 10/1985, chin lc ny trn thc
t b t b khi mc tiu t ra cho ng Sterling M3, bn v tin c a
chung b nh li.
2041 Menger, Carl (1840-1921) L nh kinh t ngi o, ngi sng lp ra trng phi o. ng l mt
trong nhng tc gi ca hc thuyt v gi tr THO DNG BIN, cn
nhng ngi khc c lp nghin cu hc thuyt ny l Jevons v Walras.
Menger lp lun rng gi tr mc gia tng ca mt hng ho khi c cung,
c th hin bi cng dng km quan trng nht m mc gia tng
c s dng. ng cng xy dng nn mt hc thuyt quy trch nhim v
phn phi (tc l th lao cho yu t sn xut) theo gi tr v a c ca
phng tin sn xut bt ngun t vai tr ca chng trong vic sn xut cc
mt hng cn mua trc tin ngha l hng tiu dng. Gi tr pht sinh t
tho dng v t cc chi ph sn xut cho php; gi tr khng bt ngun t
cc chi ph sn xut, c bit l lao ng ch khng theo quan im, chng
hn nh KINH T HC C IN ANH. Tc phm ln ca ng mang ta
Grundsatze Der Volkwirtschaftslehre.
2042 Mercantilism Ch ngha trng thng. Trit l kinh t ca cc nh bun v cc chnh khch th k XVI v XVII.
T tng ny ph thuc vo mt nh nc mnh v can thip su vo hot
ng kinh t.
2043 Merchant bank Ngn hng nh bun L mt nhm trong s cc th ch ti chnh Anh tin hnh mt lot cc
hot ng a dng v ti chnh hoc lin quan n ti chnh.
2044 Merger St nhp. L vic hai doanh nghip sat nhp li vi nhau, trong cc c ng ca
hai bn cng ty ng kt hp gp vn ca mnh li hnh thnh mt
cng ty mi.
2045 Menu cost of inflation Chi ph thc n ca lm pht.
2046 Merit goods Hng khuyn dng; Hng c
li.
L mt mt hng m xt v bn cht c coi l ng tiu dng.
2047 Merit bad Hng khng khuyn dng. L mt loi hng ho m ngi ta lp lun rng khng nn khuyn khch
tiu dng hoc cm tiu dng cho d nhiu ngi vn thch th hng ho
. 2048 Methodology Phng php lun. L mt thut ng thng c s dng mt cch khng cht ch trong kinh
t hc m t cch thc m cc nh kinh t s dng trong cch phn tch
vn .
2049 Metzler case Tnh hung Metzler. L tnh hung trong hc thuyt THU QUAN c nh kinh t Metzler
phn tch, theo vic nh thu vo mt hng nhp khu s ci thin t
gi thng mi theo hng khng ch t gi trao i ngoi nc m ngay
c t gi trao i trong nc tnh c thu quan cng c ci thin.
2050 M-form enterprise Doanh nghip dng M L hnh thc t chc ni b rt ph bin c cc cng ty ln p dng
nhm phi hp nhm i ph vi tnh trng QUN L LNG LO.
2051 Microeconomics Kinh t hc vi m. L thut ng s dng m t nhng phn trong phn tch kinh t quan
tm n hnh vi ca nhng n v n l, c th l nhng ngi tiu dng
v cc doanh nghip.
2052 Microfoundations Cc c s vi m. L n lc tm ra c nhng mi qun h v hnh vi ca kinh t hc v m
t nhng m hnh hnh vi ca cc c th m kinh t hc vi m bn n.
2053 Miller - Tydings Act of
1937
o lut Miller - Tydings nm
1937.
L o lut v "bun bn cng bng", nh ra quyn ca mt nh sn xut
M trong vic quy nh nhng mc gi bn l ti thiu cho cc mt hng c
nhn hiu thng mi v c ng k vo nm 1972, quc hi tuyn
b nhng o lut trn u v hiu.
2054 Minimax regret Quy tc ti thiu ho mc
ng tic ti a.
L mt quy tc trong l thuyt v qu trnh ra quyt nh trong nhng diu
kin khng chc chn.
2055 Minimum Gi tr ti thiu. Gi tr nh nht ca mt bin hay mt hm.
2056 Minimum efficient scale Quy m hiu qu ti thiu. L: quy m ca mt nh my hoc doanh nghip m ti cc chi ph trung
bnh di hn t c mc ti thiu.
2057 Minimum employment
target
Mc tiu ti thiu v vic lm. Trong cc k hoch pht trin ca ccc nc chm pht trin thng xc
nh nhng mc ch tiu ti thiu v vi lm.
Page 88
2058 Minimum lending rate
(MLR)
Li sut cho vay ti thiu. Cm thut ng c a vo thng 10/1971 thay th cho cm thut ng
"li sut ngn hng", tn gi ca li sut m ngn hng Anh s h tr bng
cc khon tin vay hoc bng cch ti chit khu cc hi phiu cho cc
NGN HNG CHIT KHU do thiu vn trn th trng tin t buc
phi ti ngn hng trung ng nh l NGI CHO VAY CU CNH
CUI CNG. Vo thng 8/1981 MLR b xa b, d vn cn quy nh
s s dng n trong nhng trng hp khn cp.
2059 Minimum wage Tin lng ti thiu.
2060 Minimum wage
legislation
Lut v mc lng ti thiu. Cc lut nhm vi thin iu kin sng ca ngi cng nhn bng cch n
nh mt mc thp nht i vi lng theo gi m cc doanh nghip tr
cho cng nhn.
2061 Minority control Quyn kim sot ti thiu. L kh nng ca mt c nhn hoc mt t chc nm c quyn kim sot
mt cng ty, mc d s hu t hn 51% s c phiu thng thng c
quyn b phiu ca cng ty.
2062 Mint Nh my c tin. L ni tin kim loi c sn xut ra.
2063 Mis-specification Thng s sai lch. Xem Specification error.
2064 Mixed estimation Phng php c tnh hn
hp.
L phng php c tnh trong c s dng thng tin ph.
2065 Mixed good Hng ho hn hp. L loi hng ho m li ch c c t vic tiu dng n khng ch thuc
v mt c nhn m cn c san s cho nhiu ngi.
2066 Mixed market economy Nn kinh t th trng hn
hp.
L mt h thng kt hp cc doanh nghip t nhn mang tnh cnh tranh
vi mt mc kim sot nht nh t trung ng.
2067 Mode Mt. L thc o xu hng tp trung ca mt bin s.
2068 Model M hnh LA mt khung mu chnh quy hoc khng chnh quy ca php phn tch
nhm rt ra t nhng hin tng phc tp ca th gii thc ti nhng c
im ca mt h thng kinh t c ngha quan trng trong vic gip nm
gi c nhng mi quan h v hnh vi, th ch v k thut l nn tng ca
h thng .'
2069 Modern quantity theory
of money
Thuyt nh lng tin t hin
i.
Xem MONETARISM, MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
2070 Modern sector Khu vc hin i. Mt tn gi khc ca khu vc cng nghip, hoc i khi dng gi khu
vc chnh ph.
2071 Mode of production Phng thc sn xut. L cm thut ng m C.Mc dng ch c s kinh t ca x hi, l yu t
m ng cho rng c nh hng ln nht trong vic quyt nh c cu x
hi. 2072 Modigliani, Franco (1918-) L nh kinh t hc ngi M gc Italia c trao gii thng Nobel kinh t
vo nm 1985 chnh nh tc phm v hm tiu dng, trong sng to ln
nht ca ng l gi thit v chu k sng. Modigliani cng c nhng ng
gp quan trng vo hc thuyt t bn, c bit l v chi ph t bn trong
hc thuyt MODIGLIANI - MULLER. Xem CAPITAL STRUCTURE.
2073 Modigliani-Miller
theory of cost of capital
Hc thuyt v chi ph t bn
ca Modigliani-Miller.
Xem CAPITAL STRUCTURE.
2074 Modulus Gi tr tuyt i. Xem ABSOLUTE VALUE.
2075 Moments M men L mt thut ng m t THNG K tng c tc dng biu th c im
hnh dng v v tr ca mt PHN PHI XC SUT, hoc mt mu s
liu.
2076 Monetarism Ch ngha trng tin. L mt trng phi t duy kinh t lp lun rng nhng xo trn trong lnh
vc tin t l nguyn nhn ch yu ca s bt n trong nn kinh t.
2077 Money multiplier S nhn tin t. 1)Xem CREDIT MULTIPLIER. 2)L h s ca mc cung tin thc t trong
phng trnh thu nhp dng n gin rt gn trong m hnh kinh t v m.
2078 Mixed economy Nn kinh t hn hp.
2079 Mix of fiscal and money
policy
S kt hp gia chnh sch
thu kho v tin t.
2080 Money price Gi ca tin. Xem PRICE.
2081 Money stock Dung lng tin. L mt cch gi khc ca cung tin.
2082 Mobility of labor Tnh lun chuyn ca lao
ng. 2083 Monetarists Nhng ngi theo thuyt
trng tin.
2084 Monetary
accommodation
S iu tit tin t.
2085 Monetary aggregate Cung tin (M1,M2,M3).
2086 Monetary base C s tin t.
2087 Monetary overhang S s dng qu nhiu tin
mt.
Page 89
2088 Monetary standard Bn v tin t.
2089 Monetary Union Lin minh tin t.
2090 Money supply Cung tin. L s lng tin trong mt nn kinh t, c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau lin
quan n cc ti sn c kh nng chuyn hon m c coi l tin t.
2091 Money terms (Biu th gi tr) bng tin. L vic biu hin nhng gi tr ca mt loi hng ho theo tin trn danh
ngha - hay n cch khc l bao gm c nhng thay i trong mc gi
chung.
2092 Monoculture c canh L tp qun canh tc mt loi hoa mu trn mt din tch t ai nht nh,
tp qun ny xut hin ti Anh trc cch mng rung t v hin vn cn
ph bin cc vng nhit i.
2093 Monopolies and Merger
Act in1965.
o lut v c quyn v st
nhp nm 1965.
o lut ny c hai quan im mi quan trng trong chnh sch cnh tranh
ca Anh. Th nht, CC CUC ST NHP ln u phi chu s iu tra
ca c quan hu trch lc c tn l U ban v c quyn. Th hai l quy
nh cho U ban v c quyn c quyn iu tra chung v cc v vic lin
quan n cung cp cc dch v cng nh cung cp hng ho.
2094 Monopolies and Merger
Commission
U ban v c quyn v St
nhp.
Tng gim c v thng mi cng bng v B thng mi v cng nghip
l nhng ngi c th a cc HNG C QUYN V CC V ST
NHP ra iu tra ti U ban v c quyn v st nhp, mt t chc xt x
hnh chnh c lp c thnh lp vo nm 1973 thay th cho U ban v
c quyn trc c thnh lp vo nm 1948.
2095 Monopolies and
Restrictive Practices
(Inquiry and
o lut c quyn v nhng
thng l hn ch (iu tra v
Kim sot) 1948.
o lut ny nh du s ra i mt chnh sch v cnh tranh ca Anh vi
vic thnh lp U ban v c quyn v nhng thng l hn ch.
2096 Monopolistic
Competition
Cnh tranh c quyn. L mt hc thuyt do E.H.Chamberlin (THUYT V CNH TRANH V
C QUYN, nh xut bn Harvard University, 1933) v J.Robinson
(Kinh t hc v cnh tranh khng hon ho, Macmillan,1933) khi xng.
2097 Monopoly c quyn. Theo ngha chnh xc nht ca cm thut ng ny th mt doanh nghip
c coi l c quyn nu n l nh cung cp duy nht mt lot sn phm
ng nht m khng c mt hng no c th thay th v c rt nhiu ngi
mua.
2098 Monopoly power Quyn lc c quyn. L kh nng ca mt doanh nghip hoc mt nhm cc doanh nghip trong
vic tc ng n gi c th trng ca mt loi hng ha hoc dch v m
h bn.
2099 Monetized economy Nn kinh t tin t ho.
2100 Money illusion o tng v tin.
2101 Money market
equilibrium
S cn bng ca th trng
tin t.
2102 Monopoly profit Li nhun c quyn. Xem SUPER-NORMAL PROFITS
2103 Monopsony c quyn mua. Theo ngha cht ch th mt nh c quyn mua l ngi mua duy nht i
vi mt yu t sn xut.
2104 Monte Carlo method Phng php Monte Carlo. L mt k thut nhm khm ph ra nhng tnh cht nh ca mu ca cc
c tnh kinh t lng.
2105 Moonlighting S lm thm Xem UNDEREMPLOYED WORKERS.
2106 Moral hazard Mi nguy o c; S lm tn. L nh hng ca mt s loi hnh nht nh ca cc h thng bo him
trong vic gy ra s chnh lc gia chi ph bin c nhn ca mt hnh ng
v Chi ph bin x hi ca hnh ng , do vy dn n vic phn b cc
ngun lc khng ti u.
2107 Mortgage Th chp. L mt s thu xp v mt php l theo mt hnh thc s hu mt loi ti
sn no c ngi i vay chuyn cho ngi cho vay nh mt s bo
m i vi khon vay .
2108 Most favoured nation
clause
iu khon ti hu quc. L iu khon trong mt hp ng thng mi quc t quy nh rng cc
bn tham gia hp ng c ngha v phi dnh cho nhau s i x m h
dnh cho bt k nc no khc trong lnh vc thu XUT NHP KHU
v trong cc quy nh khc v thng mi.
2109 Moving average Trung bnh ng. L mt phng php nhm loi bt nhng bin ng s liu.
2110 Multicollitnearity Tnh a cng tuyn. L mt bi ton kinh t lng trong hai hoc nhiu BIN S GII
THCH trong mt phn tch hi quy c tng quan mt thit vi nhau.
2111 Multilateral aid Vin tr a phng L vin tr bng tin hoc hin vt do mt nhm cc nc cng nhau cung
cp hoc thng qua mt t chc quc t cho mt nhm cc nc khc.
2112 Multilateral Investment
Guarantee Agency
(MIGA)
C quan bo him u t a
phng.
L mt thnh vin ca Ngn hng th gii. MIGA c hnh thnh lp vo
nm 1988 vi chc nng chuyn trch l khuyn khch u t c phn v
cc u t trc tip vo cc nc ang pht trin.
Page 90
2113 Multilateral trade Thng mi a phng L hnh thc thng mi gia mt s nc vi nhau, nhng lng hng
xut v nhp ca cc nc ny khng cn bng gia tng cp nc vi
nhau, mc d nc no cng c xu hng cn bng trong tng chi ngoi
thng v tng thu ngoi thng.
2114 Multinational
corporation
Cng ty a quc gia. L mt doanh nghip ln ng tr s ti mt nc nhng li iu hnh cc
cng ty con thuc s hu hon ton hoc mt phn ca hc cc nc
khc.
2115 Multiplant economies Tnh kinh t nh vn hnh
nhiu nh my.
L vic gim c tng chi ph trung bnh nh vn hnh nhiu hn mt nh
my.
2116 Multiplant operations S vn hnh a nh my. Nhng yu t thng thng khuyn khch hnh thc hot ng ni trn l
cc th trng phn tn v mt a l cng vi chi ph vn chuyn cao, tnh
kinh t v chi ph vn cho s hot ng a nh my v mc linh hot
cao hn trong vic p ng nhng i hi ca nhu cu m hnh thc hot
ng a nh my c th c c. Xem Multiplant economies.
2117 Multiple correlation
coefficient
H s a tng quan. Xem Coefficient determi-nation.
2118 Multiple regression Hi quy bi s. Xem REGRESSION ANALYSIS.
2119 Multiplier S nhn. L t s thay i trong thu nhp vi thay i ban u trong chi tiu m to
ra thay i thu nhp ni trn.
2120 Multiplier - accelerator
interaction
Tc ng qua li gia s nhn
- gia tc.
Mt phng php dng gii thch nhng bin ng trong mc pht
trin ca hot ng kinh t - CHU K KINH DOANH - vn ph thuc vo
nhng tc ng qua li gia S NHN v GIA TC.
2121 Multiplier - accelerator
model
M hnh gia tc theo tha s /
h s nhn.
2122 Multiproduct firm Hng sn xut a sn phm L mt doanh nghip kt hp cc yu t sn xut vi nhau sn xut ra
nhiu loi sn phm.
2123 Multiplier coefficient H s khuych i.
2124 Multisector growth
model
M hnh tng trng a
ngnh.
L m hnh c s dng trong l thuyt tng trng theo cho php sn
xut nhiu loi hng ho.
2125 Multivariate analysis Phn tch a bin s. L mt phn tch (thng l mang tnh thng k) trong c t hai bin s
tr ln.
2126 Mundell - Fleming
model
M hnh Mundell - Fleming. L mt M hnh do hai nh kinh t hc Mundell v Fleming xy dng mt
cch c lp, n cho thy tc ng m rng ca cc bin s chnh sch,
CHNH SCH TI CHNH v CHNH SCH TIN T u bin i tu
thuc vo ch t gi hi oi c gi nh.
2127 Mutually exclusive
projects
Cc d n loi t ln nhau. y l ni ti tnh hung trong c hai hoc nhiu d n khng th cng
thc thi v chng cn c mt u vo m ch c th c dng cho mt d
n.
2128 Mutually exclusive Loi t ln nhau.
2129 Naive accelerator Gia tc dng n gin. Xem ACCELERATOR PRINCIPLE
2130 Nash solution Gii php Nash. Trong L THUYT TR CHI khi nim ny c p dng trong nhng
iu kin nht nh tm ra cch gii quyt cho nhng tr chi hai ngi
hp tc vi nhau.
2131 National accounts H thng ti khon quc gia. L vic son tho cc ti khon nhm a ra c nhng c tnh v THU
NHP QUC DN.
2132 National bargaining Thng lng mang tnh quc
gia.
L s thng lng tp th gia nhng ngi lm cng n lng v i
din ca gii ch ra mc lng v nhng iu kin lm vic trong
mt ngnh hoc mt nhm ngnh trn ton quc.
2133 National Bureau for
Economic Research
Phng nghin cu kinh t
quc gia.
L mt t chc t nhn phi li nhun ca M c thnh lp nm 1920
di hnh thc mt trung tm nghin cu c lp v khch quan.
2134 National debt N quc gia. Theo nh ngha thng thng th khi nim ny phn nh tng s ngha v
n cn tn ng ca chnh quyn trung ng v c chia l hai loi: n c
th bn c, tc l CHNG KHON c trao i ; v n khng th bn
c, v d nh giy chng nhn tit kim quc gia.
2135 National Economic
Development Council
(NEDC)
Hi ng pht trin kinh t
quc gia.
L mt hi ng Anh, ch tch ca hi ng l B trng Ti chnh, l
mt din n cho cc i din ca chnh ph, cc doanh nghip nh nc
v t nhn, cc nghip on v gii hc gi nhm ra v nh gi cc
chnh sch lin quan n hot ng v s tng trng nn kinh t Anh vo
nm 1962.
2136 National Enterprise
Board (NEB)
Ban doanh nghip quc gia. L mt t chc ca nh nc c thnh lp bi o lut cng nghip nm
1975. Chc nng chnh ca NEB l tng cng hiu qu sn xut cng
nghip v tnh cnh tranh quc t, tip qun cc c phn hin c ca chnh
ph m bo mc sinh li.
Page 91
2137 National income Thu nhp quc dn. L thc o gi tr tin t v hng ho v dch v c cung cp trn ton
quc t hot ng kinh t.
2138 National income
accounting
Hch ton Thu nhp quc dn.
2139 National Girobank Ngn hng Giro quc gia. Xem GIRO SYSTEM.
2140 National Institute for
Economic and Social
Research
Vin Nghin cu Quc gia v
Kinh t v X hi.
L mt t chc phi li nhun c lp ca Anh c thnh lp vo nm
1938 nhm mc ch nng cao kin thc v cc iu kin kinh t v x hi
ca x hi ng thi.
2141 Myrdal, Gunnar K. (1898-1987) L mt nh kinh t hc, chnh tr gia v nh hot ng quc t ngi Thu
in, Myrdal kin nh thch thc t duy kinh t chnh thng trn mt
lot cc ch . Trong cc lnh vc, Myrdal u by t quan im rng cc
yu t v th ch quan trng hn cc quan h th trng trong vic quyt
nh nhng s kin kinh t. Myrdal cng c nhng ng gp cho hc
thuyt kinh t "thun tu", v nhng tc phm trc ca ng, c bit l
cc tc phm Cn bng tin t (1931) pht trin thm kinh t hc ca
Knut Wicksell v d bo c phn ln nhng nghin cu sau ny ca
J.M.Keynes. Trong phm vi vn ny, Myrdal l ngi a ra nhng
khi nim EX ANTE V EX POST. ng s dng nhng tng ny
bn v nhng quyt nh u t ch cht v mi quan h ca chng vi
tng sn lng quc dn im cn bng theo cch thc m ngi ta cho
l ging ca Keynes. Nhng tc phm quan trng khc ca ng bao gm:
Mt nn kinh t quc t: Nhng vn v trin vng (1956); Hc thuyt
kinh t v cc khu vc km pht trin (1957); Thch thc vi s phong lu
(1963); v Li ngc dng (1973). Myrdal c trao gii thng Nobel
kinh t (cng vi F.A.von HAYEK) vo nm 1974 do c nhng n lc m
rng phm vi nghin cu kinh t hc.
2142 National Insurance
Contributions
Cc khon ng gp bo him
quc gia.
L mt hnh thc thu lao ng ti Anh, nh vo c gii ch ln ngi lao
ng. Cc khon np trn c dnh ring dng vo vic chi tr cho tr
cp bo him quc gia nhng chng khng to ra c ton b ngun thu
cn thit thc hin vic chi tr ny.
2143 National Insurance Fund Qu bo him quc gia. L mt qu tip nhn cc khon ng gp bo him quc gia v thc hin
thanh ton tr cp bo him x hi.
2144 National Labor Relation
Act
o lut quan h Lao ng
Quc gia.
"o lut Wager" c quc hi M thng qua vo nm 1935. N l kt
qu ca mt Lch s lu di trong vic gia tng sc p ca chnh quyn lin
bang nhm ng h nguyn tc thng lng tp th. Ch yu nh ao lut
m s thnh vin ca cc nghip on ca M tng mt cch nhanh
chng t 3,9 triu nm 1935 ln ti 15 triu nm 1947 khi m a lut
Wagner c sa i theo cc quy nh ca o lut Taft-Harley.
2145 Nationalized industry Ngnh b quc hu ho. Ngnh sn xut ra cc sn phm bn cho ngi tiu dng v cc nh sn
xut khc thng qua cc th trng nhng li thuc s hu duy nht ca
chnh ph v chu s kim sot ca chnh ph.
2146 National product Sn phm quc dn. Xem NATION INCOME.
2147 National Research
Development
Corporation
Cng ty nghin cu pht trin
quc gia.
L mt cng ty nh nc c lp c thnh lp vo nm 1949 nhm
khuyn khch vic trin khai v khai thc cng ngh mi.
2148 National Saving Bank Ngn hng tit kim quc gia. y l mt ngn hng tit kim ca nh nc Anh hot ng thng qua
mng li bu in.
2149 Natural law Quy lut t nhin. L mt tp hp cc quy tc t nhin t ra i vi con ngi v do
khng bao gi thay i c.
2150 Natural logarithm Lgarit t nhin. Xem LOGARITHM.
2151 Natural price Gi t nhin. L mt cm thut ng c Adam Smith dng m t gi tr ca mt loi
hng ho m cc mc gi th trng dao ng xung quanh gi tr ny.
2152 Natural rate of growth T l tng trng t nhin. L t l tng trng ca lc lng lao ng c lm vic trong m hnh tng
trng HARROD - DOMAR.
2154 Natural rate of
unemployment
T l tht nghip t nhin. L t l tht nghip c ngm hiu theo c cu hin i ca nn kinh t.
T l tht nghip ny c xc nh bi cc tc nhn c cu v tc nhn dai
dng trong nn kinh t, nhng tc nhn nay khng h gim bt khi tng
tng cu ng Philips thng ng cho ta thy rng bt k n lc no
trong vic gi cho vic gi cho mc tht nghip thp hn t l t nhin ca
n s lm gia tng lm pht.
2155 Natural resources Ti nguyn thin nhin. L nhng hin tng vt cht ca thin nhin ny sinh mt cch t do trong
phm v nhng ranh gii ca hot ng ca con ngi.
Page 92
2156 Natural selection
hypothesis
Gi thuyt v s la chn t
nhin.
Gi thit ny cp n lun im cho rng cc th trng vn hoc cc th
trng sn phm mang tnh cnh tranh m bo hnh vi ti a ho li
nhun thay cho cc doanh nghip.
2157 Near money Tin cn; Chun t. L ca ci c nm gi di mt hnh thc m c th chuyn i mt
cch nhanh chng v d dng thnh tin.
2158 Necessity Hng thit yu. y khng phi l mt thut ng c s dng rng ri trong kinh t hc
hin i, nhng nu s dng, l cp ti mt loi hng ho c co
gin thu nhp ca cu nh hn 1.
2159 NEDC U ban pht trin kinh t quc
gia.
Xem NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL.
2160 "Neddy" L tn gi khng chnh thc ca c hi ng pht trin kinh t quc gia
cng nh Vn phng pht trin kinh t quc gia.
2161 NEDO Vn phng pht trin kinh t
quc gia.
Xem NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL.
2162 Need Nhu cu. i khi ngi ta lp lun rng trong mt th trng t do, cc c nhn s
khng c cu i vi mt s hng ho no nhiu n mc m "x hi"
hay "cng ng" cho l h cn phi tiu dng.
2163 Negative income tax Thu thu nhp m. L mt chng trnh h tr thu nhp trong cc c nhn hoc h gia nh
c thu nhp thp hn mc "ho vn" nht nh s nhn c cc khon
thanh ton, mc thanh ton lin quan n mc thu nhp. Do vy, nhng
ngi khng c khon thu nhp no khc s nhn c mt khon tin ti
thiu c bo m.
2164 Neighborhood effects Nhng hiu ng n xung
quanh.
L mt cm thut ng khc dng thay cho thut ng NHNG NGOI
NG, khi ngoi ng c tnh khng gian.
2165 Neo-classical economics Kinh t hc tn c in. L mt phn ca hc thuyt kinh t trong c s dng nhng k thut v
phng php tip cn tng hp ca cc nh kinh t hc u tin theo
trng phi bin th k XIX.
2166 Neo-classical growth
theory
Hc thuyt tng trng tn c
in.
L cm thut ng tng hp cp n nhng m hnh tng trng kinh t
c xy dng trong khun kh hc thuyt tn c in, trong ch trng
n vic thc y kh nng thay th gia vn v lao ng trong hm sn
xut m bo s tng trng n trng thi bn vng, cho nn tnh trng
mt n nh c pht hin ra trong m hnh tng trng HARROD -
DOMAR do gi nh v h s c nh gia vn v lao ng gy ra.
2167 Neo-classical synthesis Hp tn c in. Lun chng cho rng s tn ti ca CN BNG THT NGHIP pht sinh
t gi nh v mc lng cng nhc ca Keynes. y l s kt hp gia
mt bn l vic lng ghp ca Keynes i vi cc khu vc thc t v khu
vc tin t ca mt nn kinh t, nhm chng minh cho s quyt nh cng
mt lc ca thu nhp danh ngha v li sut vi pha bn kia l cc quan
im c in cho rng xu hng t ti im cn bng ton dng nhn
cng ch c th b cn tr bi tnh cng nhc trong h thng kinh t.
2168 Neo-imperialism Ch ngha quc kiu mi. Theo cc tc phm ca phi MC XT v X HI CH NGHA th l
s kim sot nn kinh t ca cc nc chm pht trin bi cc tp on t
bn khng l c tr s ti cc nc t bn pht trin.
2169 Neo-orthodoxy Trng phi tn chnh thng. L tn gi c t cho nhng ngi phn i phi CHNH THNG MI
trong cuc tranh lun v vic kim sot cung tin t.
2170 Nested hypotheses Cc gi thuyt lng nhau Trong M HNH HI QUY, CC GI THIT c coi l "lng nhau
trong" nu CC BIN GII THCH trong mt gi thit l mt tp hp con
ca cc bin s gii thch trong cc bin khc.
2171 Nationalized indentities ng nht thc ca thu nhp
quc dn.
2172 Natural monopoly c quyn t nhin.
2173 Net advantages, the
equalisation of
S cn bng ho nhng li th
rng.
L gi thuyt cho rng s cnh tranh trong CC TH TRNG LAO
NG s m bo rng ton b nhng li th v bt li ca cc cng vic
khc nhau s hoc l hon ton ngang bng nhau hoc lin tc c xu hng
ngang bng nhau.
2174 Net barter terms of trade T gi trao i rng. Xem TERMS OF TRADE.
2175 Net book value Gi tr rng theo s sch. L bo co v gi tr ca cc ti sn c nh c dng trong k ton.
2176 Net economic welfare Phc li kinh t rng.
2177 Net export Xut khu rng.
2178 Net present value Gi tr hin ti rng. L kt qu thu c khi ly gi tr trit khu ca cc khon li nhun d
kin tr i gi tr chit khu ca cc chi ph u t d kin.
Page 93
2179 Net investment u t rng ( Cn gi l s
to vn rng) .
L vic b sung thm vo tng ngun vn ca nn kinh t, hay ni cch
khc l gi tr ca vn u t tr khu. Xem INVESTMENT.
2180 Net material product
(NMP)
Sn phm vt cht rng. L thc o c s dng ti cc nc x hi ch ngha (ch yu l Khi
ng u) nh gi sn lng hng nm ca ci gi l "lnh vc sn
xut", bao gm nng nghip, lm nghip, ng nghip, ngnh ch to, xy
dng, vn ti v mt s "dch v mang tnh sn xut" nh du lch, n ung
v ngn hng.
2181 Net national income Thu nhp quc dn rng Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
2182 Net national product Sn phm quc dn rng. Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
2183 Net profit Li nhun rng. L phn cn li ca tng s li nhun sau khi tr i thu v khu hao.
2184 Net property income
from abroad
Thu nhp ti sn rng t nc
ngoi.
L mc chnh lch gia LI NHUN, C TC v LI SUT nhn c
t cc ti sn nc ngoi ca cc c dn trong nc v li nhun, c tc
v li sut thanh ton ra nc ngoi cho cc TI SN ca cc c dn ngi
nc ngoi nn kinh t TRONG NC.
2185 Neutrality of money Tnh cht trung lp ca tin. nh l ny cho rng nh cc tc ng S D THC T TRN TH
TRNG TIN T m c mi khi cung tin t tng ln mt mc bao
nhiu th gi tin t ti im cn bng cng tng ln mt mc by nhiu.
2186 Neutralizing monetary
flows
Trung ho cc lung tin t. Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARISM
2187 "New classical
macroeconomics"
"Kinh t hc v m c in
mi"
V c bn th y l s trnh by li di mt hnh thc t m hn v KINH
T HC C IM chnh thng.
2188 New Economic Policy
(NEP)
Chnh sch kinh t. L mt thut ng c s dng m t c ch hot ng ca h thng
kinh t Lin X trong nhng nm 20.
2189 New industrial state Tnh trng cng nghip mi. Cm thut ng ny c lin quan n cng trnh nghin cu ca
J.KGALBRAITH, ngi lp lun rng cc nn kinh t t bn ch ngha
pht trin hin i tri qua mt s chuyn i trong quyn lc kinh t v
chnh tr t nhng nh s hu vn sang ci m ng gi l C CU CNG
NGH.
2190 New inflation Lm pht kiu mi L quan nim cho rng lm pht hin ti m kinh t cc nc phng Ty
tri qua k t sau Chin tranh th gii th hai c bn cht hoc ngun
gc khc so vi cc kiu lm pht trc y trong lch s.
2191 New issues market Th trng cc chng khon
mi pht hnh.
L th trng s cp, khng xc nh c r rng lm, trong ngi ta
bn cc loi CHNG KHON mi c to ra, hoc l cc chng khon
trc cha c nim yt chnh thc v do vy cha c trao i ti s
giao dch chng khon: bng cch cho cng khai ti dn chng, ti cc c
ng c c phn trong trng hp "pht hnh c phiu c quyn", hoc
bn ring cho mt s c nhn v t chc c la chn c kh nng mua
vi s lng ln i vi cc chng khon ca cc cng ty t nhn hoc ca
cc cng ty nh nc khng c nim yt chnh thc.
2192 New microeconomics Kinh t hc vi m mi. L tn gi c t cho cc ti liu kinh t thc hin vic phn bit kinh
t hc v m; c th l a mt c s kinh t hc vi m vng chc cho
nhng c cu lm nn tng cho mi quan h tng hp gia nhng thay i
v gi v tht nghip.
2193 New-new
microeconomics
Kinh t hc vi m mi-mi. L tn gi c t cho nhng phng php xy dng m hnh trong
tm cch gii thch nhng hp ng v lng v gi trn c s xem xt
hnh vi ti u ho ca kinh t hc vi m.
2194 New-orthodoxy Trng phi chnh thng mi. S tch ri khi quan im chnh thng cho rng cc nh chc trch khng
kim sot c cung tin.
2195 New quantity theory of
money
L thuyt nh lng mi v
tin t.
Xem Quantity theory of money.
2196 New international
economic order
Trt t kinh t quc t mi.
2197 New protectionism Ch ngha bo h mi.
2198 Newly industrilizing
countries (NICs)
Cc nc mi cng nghip
ho.
2199 New view of investment Quan nim mi v u t. L quan nim v u t trong cc M HNH TNG TRNG THEO
GIAI ON trong ghi nhn rng TIN B K THUT lm gim
tui th trung bnh ca ngun vn v tng t l ca NGUN VN m c
hm cha yu t cng ngh mi.
2200 "New view" on money
supply
"Quan im mi" v cung
tin.
L hc thuyt v bn cht ca tin t v s to ra tin, trong bc b phn
ln hc thuyt truyn thng v s to ra tn dng v v S NHN TN
DNG, nh l mt l do c gi tr gii thch cc thc xc nh s lng cc
khon tin gi ngn hng - yu t c bn ca lng tin.
Page 94
2201 New York Stock
Exchange
S giao dch chng khon
New York
L th trng chng khon chnh M, ti c nim yt hn 1000 loi
chng khon.
2202 Nominal Danh ngha. L tnh t m t s anh gi v mt i lng kinh t trong cc mc gi
hin ti.
2203 Nominal balances S d tin mt danh ngha Xem MONEY BALANCES.
2204 Nominal value Gi tr danh ngha. L gi tr c ghi trn mt t chng khon hoc mnh gi ca n, tri vi
gi tr danh ngha l gi th trng.
2205 Nominal yield Li tc danh ngha. Trong trng hp mt c phiu thng, c tc c cng b v c tnh
theo t l phn trm ca MNH GI ca n.
2206 Non-accelerating
inflation rate of
unemployment
T l tht nghip khng lm
tng lm pht.
ng ngha vi t l tht nghip t nhin.
2207 Nominal and real
interest rates
Li sut danh ngha v li sut
thc t.
2208 Nominal and real money
balances
S d tin mt danh ngha v
thc t.
2209 Nominal and exchange
rate
T gi hi oi danh ngha v
thc t.
2210 Nominal variables Cc bin s danh ngha.
2211 Non-market Phi th trng.
2212 Non-bank financial
intermediaries
Cc t chc trung gian ti
chnh phi ngn hng.
L nhng t chc trung gian ti chnh m cc ti sn n ca chng khng
c tnh vo trong cung tin theo nhng nh ngha thng thng.
2213 Non-competing groups Cc nhm khng cnh tranh. c c nhng mc chnh lch v ngh nghip c tc dng cn bng,
m bo rng cc c nhn c th t do la chn ngh nghip.
2214 Non-cumulative
preference shares
C phiu u i phi tch lu. Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
2215 Non-excludability Tnh khng th khu bit; tnh
khng th ngn cn.
Mt loi hng ho c coi l khng th khu bit c nu vic cung cp
hng ho cho bt k ngi no s t ng khin cho nhng ngi khc
cng c c hng ho . Tnh khng loi tr l mt c im ca HNG
HO CNG CNG.
2216 Non-labor income Thu nhp phi lao ng. L khon thu nhp pht sinh ngoi th trng lao ng, c th l t cc
khon u t hay quan trng hn l t cc khon THANH TON
CHUYN NHNG.
2217 Non-linear Phi tuyn. L thut ng thng c gn vi mt hm s m th ca n khng phi
l mt ng thng.
2218 Non-linear function Hm phi tuyn. L mi quan h ton hc gia cc bin s m mi quan h ny li khng
phi l mt hm tuyn tnh.
2219 Non-manual workers Lao ng phi th cng; Lao
ng tr c.
L nhng ngi lao ng v ch s dng lao ng lm cng n lng v
cng vic ca h l lao ng tr c ch khng phi l lao ng chn tay.
2220 Non-nested hypotheses Cc gi thit khng b lng
nhau.
Trong m hnh hi quy, hai gi thit c ci l khng lng trong nhau nu
cc bin s gii thch trong mt gi thit khng phi l mt tp hp con ca
cc bin s gii thch trong gi thit kia.
2221 Non-pecuniary goals Nhng mc tiu phi tin t. L nhng mc tiu m mt c nhn hay t chc anh theo ui, nhng mc
tiu nay khng th c xc nh mt cch trc tip thnh nhng n v
tin t.
2222 Non-price competition Cnh tranh phi gi c. L vic p dng bt k chnh sch no ngoi tr chnh sch gim gi, nhm
mc ch li ko nhng khch hng mi t cc i th ca mnh.
2223 Non-profit institutions Cc t chc phi li nhun L cc t chc khng tn ti v mc ch kim li nhun d l tuyn b mt
cch cng khai hay ngm hiu nh vy, v d nh nhiu t chc chm sc
sc kho v gio dc.
2224 Non-renewable resource Ti nguyn khng ti to
c.
L bt k ngun ti nguyn no tn ti di mt hnh thc c hn - hay ni
cch khc l vi mt s lng hn ch m khng c b sung thm ngoi
cch ti ch.
2225 Non-rival consumption S tiu dng khng b kn
ca; S tiu dng khng b
cnh tranh.
Khi s tiu dng ca mt c nhn i vi mt loi hng ho khng h lm
gim i ngun cung cp hng ho cho nhng c nhn khc th hng ho
c coi l khng cnh tranh trong tiu dng.
2226 Non-tariff barriers Cc hng ro phi thu quan. L nhng hn ch i vi thng mi quc t nh hn ngch, cc chnh
sch thu mua trong nc ca chnh ph v cc tiu chun v k thut v an
ton nhm gip cho cc nh sn xut trong nc c li th hn so vi cc
nh sn xut nc ngoi.
2227 Non-uniqueness Tnh phi c nht. Trong l thuyt cn bng b phn v cn bng tng th, y l mt tnh
hung trong tn ti t hai mc gi ti im cn bng tr ln.
Page 95
2228 Non-wage attributes Cc thuc tnh phi tin lng. L cc c im phi tin t ca mt quan h hp ng lao ng, chng hn
nh cc iu kin lm vic, uy tn v c hi thng tin.
2229 Non-wage labour costs Cc chi ph lao ng phi tin
lng.
L nhng chi ph lao ng m doanh nghip phi tr ngoi mc thu nhp
tnh theo gi.
2230 Norm nh mc tng lng. L mc tng lng thng thng c xc nh ti tng thi im trong
chnh sch thu nhp.
2231 Normal cost pricing 'nh gi theo chi ph nh
mc; nh gi theo chi ph
thng thng.
L gi thit cho rng qu trnh nh gi c cn c trn chi ph ca mc
sn lng gi thit ch khng da trn nhng chi ph hin ti hay mc d
cu.
2232 Normal distribution Phn phi chun. L mt hm phn ph xc sut i xng hnh chung, vi cc thng s l
trung bnh v phng sai.
2233 Normal equations Cc phng trnh chun. L mt nhm cc phng trnh ng thi, nhm phng trnh nay c
gii c c c lng bnh phng nh nht ca cc thng s trong
mt phn tch hi quy, bao gm tng ca cc bnh phng v tch cho ca
cc bin s trong phng trnh hi quy.
2234 Normal good Hng ho thng thng. L loi hng ho m cu i vi n s gim i khi thu nhp gim xung.
2235 Normal profits Cc khon li nhun thng
thng.
L mc li nhun ti thiu m mt doanh nghip phi t c khin
cho doanh nghip cn c th tip tc hot ng c.
2236 Normal unemployment T l tht nghip thng
thng.
Xem NATURAL RATE OF UNMENPLOYMENT.
2237 Normal variable Bin thng thng. L mt bin ngu nhin c phn phi chun.
2238 Normative costs of
production
Cc chi ph sn sut chun tc. L nhng chi ph c tnh, dn sut t nhng c s cng nghip n l
c cc nh k honh ho tp trung cc nc X hi ch ngha (trc
y) s dng lm c s cho vic n nh mc li nhun v mc thu ca
doanh nghip trong vic hon thnh k hoch.
2239 Normative economics Kinh t hc chun tc. L phn tch kinh t a ra nhng quy nh hoc nhng tuyn b v vic
iu "cn phi nh th no" ch khng phi iu "l nh th no".
2240 Norm following
behaviour
Hnh vi theo nh mc lng. Lp lun cho rng trong mt giai on ca chnh sch thu nhp khi tn ti
mt nh mc lng do lut nh hoc c p dng mt cch t nguyn
th inh mc ny trn thc t s tr thnh ci ch cho mi tho thun v
lng, hay ni cch khc n s tr thnh mc lng c bn.
2241 Notional demand Cu tm tnh; Cu nim; cu
t bin.
Xem EFFECTIVE DEMAND.
2242 Null hypothesis Gi thit Khng. Trong nhng kim nh gi thuyt, l gi thit m trong thng k
kim nh s da vo mt hm phn phi xc sut cho trc.
2243 Numbers equivalent
index
Ch s ng lng. Xem HERFINDAHL INDEX.
2244 Numeraire n v tnh ton. L mt n v hch ton, hoc l mt biu thc ca tiu chun gi tr.
2245 OAPEC T chc cc nc A-rp xut
khu du
2246 Objective function Hm mc tiu. L mt hm s lin h mc tiu (bin s cn ti u ho) vi bin s la
chn trong mt bi ton ti u ho.
2247 Occupational licensing Cp bng hnh ngh. L mt s tho thun trong nhng ngi hnh ngh thuc mt lnh vc
ngh nghip no cp bng hnh ngh trong lnh vc ni trn bng cch
quy nh v tiu chun gia nhp v quyn hn.
2248 Occupational wages
differentials
Nhng chnh lch v mc
lng theo ngh nghip.
L chnh lch trong tin lng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn c
phn loi theo ngh nghip m h ang lm.
2249 Occupational wages
structure
C cu lng theo ngh
nghip.
L vic phn hng nhng mc lng trung bnh tr cho cc nhm cng
nhn khc nhau c phn loi theo ngh nghip m h lm.
2250 OECD T chc hp tc v pht trin
kinh t.
Xem ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND
DEVELOPMENT, trc y l OEEC.
2251 OEEC T chc hp tc kinh t Chu
u.
Hin nay c gi l OECD. Xem ORGANIZATION FOR EUROPEAN
ECONOMIC COOPERATION.
2252 Offer curve ng cho hng. L mt k thut th do EDGEWORTH to ra nhm minh ho cho nhng
tc nhn ca cu tng h.
2253 Offer for sale Cho bn. L phng thc tin hnh mt t pht hnh chng khon mi, theo
chng khon c mt nh pht hnh mua li t ngi pht hnh, sau
c cho bn cho cng chng.
2254 Office of Fair Trading Vn phng thng mi cng
bng.
L mt c quan chnh ph ca Anh, ng u l mt tng gim c v
thng cng bng, chu trch nhim thc thi mt lot chc nng khc nhau
v chng c quyn .
Page 96
2255 Office of Management
and Budget (OMB)
Vn phng qun l v ngn
sch.
c thnh lp nm 1921 vi tn gi lc l vn phng ngn sch M,
OMB l mt b phn trong vn phng iu hnh ca tng thng v h tr
tng thng trong vic vhun b mt bn ngn sch lin bang tng hp
trnh ln quc hi.
2256 Offshore investment
centres
Cc trung tm u t hi
ngoi.
L nhng ni m ti , do thu nh vo thu nhp v ti sn rt thp hoc
khng c, v ti c cc o lut hon chnh v c quyn, nn vic gi
ti sn ti l c bit c li; hoc l t ni cc cng vic kinh doanh,
c bit l kinh doanh ti chnh c th c tin hnh vi nhng li th v
thu.
2257 Ohlin, Bertil (1899-1979) Nh kinh t hc Thu in, c nhn chung gii thng Nobel v kinh t
hc nm 1977. ng gp ch yu ca ng vo kinh t hc c th hin
trong tc phm Thng mi quc t v lin khu vc (1933), trong ng
pht trin v bn lun v phng php tip cn thng mi quc t v
lin khu vc do ngi ng hng vi ng l Eli Heckscher xng. Da
trn gi nh v cc hnh thi cu tng t cc nc c quan h thng
mi vi nhau, m hnh Heckscher - Ohlin cho thy mt nc s xut khu
nhng mt hng m c s dng nhiu cc yu t sn xut m nc d
tha v s nhp khu nhng mt hng s dng nhiu nhng yu t m nc
khan him.
2258 Okun's 'law' "lut" Okun. L tnh trng gim st tng sn lng m v mt thng k c lin quan n
t l tht nghip tng ln mt mc nht nh trong ngn hn.
2259 Oligopolistic Hnh vi c quyn nhm bn L hnh vi ca cc doanh nghip c c trng bi s ph thuc ln nhau
trong vic ra quyt nh v nhng linh vc chnh sch ln, chng hn nh
nh gi, qung co v u t.
2260 Oligopoly (Th trng) c quyn nhm
bn
L mt c cu th trng trong cc doanh nghip u thc c s
ph thuc ln nhau trong cc k hoch bn hng, sn xut , u t v qung
co.
2261 Oligopsony (Th trng) c quyn nhm
mua.
L mt th trng m ti c t ngi mua trong khi c rt nhiu ngi
bn.
2262 One sector growth
model
M hnh tng trng mt khu
vc.
L mt m hnh c s dng trong thuyt tng trng, trong mt sn
phm ng nht duy nht c sn xut ra v ng thi c hai tc dng
tng ng nhau - tc dng nh mt loi hng ho tiu dng v tc dng
nh mt loi hng ho u t.
2263 One tail tests Kim nh mt ui. L nhng kim nh gi thit trong php nh hng c p dng cho
gi thit i.
2264 On-the-job training o to ti ch. L hnh thc o to chnh quy hoc khng chnh quy c tin hnh ti
ngay ni lm vic.
2265 OPEC T chc cc nc xut khu
du m.
2266 Open access resource Ti nguyn c t do tip
cn.
L mt ti nguyn thin nhin m khng thuc quyn s hu ca mt ai.
2267 Open economy Nn kinh t m. L mt nn kinh t tham gia vo thng mi quc t.
2268 Opening prices Gi m ca. L mc gi quy nh cho cc giao dch khi mt ngy kinh doanh bt u
trn mt th trng.
2269 Open market operations Cc nghip v th trng m,
th trng t do.
L vic bn hoc mua li cc loi chng khon c th bn c, vic ny
c ngn hng trung ng tin hnh ti mt th trng m v c coi
nh mt cng c kim sot h thng tin t.
2270 Open unemployment Tht nghip m. L mt cm thut ng thng c s dng trong bi cnh ca cc nc
ang pht trin. L tnh trng m mt c nhn tha nhn rng anh ta ang
khg c cng n vic lm v sau anh ta c th ng k vi mt c s
giao dch lao ng.
2271 Operating gearing T phn chi ph nghip v c
nh.
L mt s o t l phn trm cc nghip v ca mt doanh nghip cu
thnh nn cc chi ph c nh, php phn tch im ho vn c th c s
dng xc nh t s ny.
2272 Operating income Thu nhp kinh doanh. L thu nhp pht sinh t hot ng kinh doanh bnh thng ca mt doanh
nghip.
2273 Operating profit Li nhun kinh doanh. L khon li nhun m doanh nghip s kim c nu khng c ngun
lc no dnh cho vic m rng doanh nghip trong tng lai.
2274 Opportunity cost Chi ph c hi. L gi tr ca hnh ng thay th b b qua khng lm.
2275 Opportunity cost
approach to international
trade
Phng ph s dng Chi ph
c hi trong thng mi quc
t.
Phng php ny coi chi ph sn xut ra mt hng ho c th khng phi
s lng chi ph thc t nht nh m l hng ho khc phi t b c
c hng ho ni trn.
Page 97
2276 Opportunity cost of
money holding
Chi ph c hi ca vic gi
tin.
Chi ph ny thng c phn nh trong li sut th trng, theo chi ph
c hi ca vic gi tin l mc li sut m l ra c c nu nh tin
c u t vo cc ti sn sinh li thay v c gi di dng tin mt.
2277 Opportunity wage Mc lng c hi. L mc lng m mt c nhn c th kim c nu anh ta chn lm mt
cng vic khc "tt nht" sau cng vic ang lm; l mc lng cao nht
phi t b do vn li lm cng vic hin ti.
2278 Optimal Ti u Xem OPTMUM.
2279 Optimal capacity Cng sut ti u. L sn lng tng ng vi im ti thiu ca mt biu ca tng chi ph
trung bnh.
2280 Optimal distribution S phn phi ti u. L hnh thc phn phi (thng thng l) thu nhp hoc ca ci "tt nht"
hay ng c mong mun nht cho cc c nhn trong mt x hi hoc
trong mt cng ng.
2281 Optimal level of
pollution
Mc nhim Ti u. L mc nhim m bt k chi ph thm no c b ra l gim thiu
nhim li ng bng vi gi tr thit hi do nhim gy ra.
2282 Optimum Trng thi ti u. L tnh hnh hay tnh trng "tt nht" ca cng vic.
2283 Optimum of optimorum Trng thi ti u trong ti u. Xem OPTMUM.
2284 Optimum plant size Quy m nh my mc ti
u.
L quy m ca nh my m vi quy m ny mc chi ph trung bnh di hn
l mc ti thiu.
2285 Optimum tariff Thu quan ti u. L thu quan c tc dng ti a ho phc li hay tho dng ca mt
quc gia.
2286 Option Hp ng mua bn trc. L mt hp ng trong mt bn cho php bn kia c mau hoc bn
hng ho hoc chng khon trong mt thi hn nht nh vi mt mc gi
tho thun.
2287 Option value Gi tr ca quyn la chn. L gi tr m ngi tiu dng c c trong vic c quyn chn mua mt
loi hng ho.
2288 Ordering Xp th t. L vic lit k cc s kin, hng ho, d n sao cho ci g c a thch
nht th c a ln u danh sch.
2289 Ordinalism Ch ngha th t. L hc thuyt cho rng cc tho dng ch c th c xp theo s th t.
2290 Ordinal utility tho dng theo th t. Hng ha no c tho dng cao nht th c xp trn hng ho c
tho dng cao nht tip theo v c tip tc nh vy. tho dng theo th
t l nn tng cho hc thuyt tn c in v cu ca ngi tiu dng.
2291 Ordinary least square
(OLS)
Phng php bnh phng
nh nht thng thng.
L phng php ph bin nht c s dng c lng nhng thng s
trong mt phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh.
2292 Ordinary share C phiu thng. Xem EQUITIES, FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
2293 Ordinate Tung . L gi tr trn trc tung ca mt im trn mt th hai chiu.
2294 Organic composition of
capital
Thnh phn hu c ca vn. L thut ng do C.MC dng gi t s gia vn c nh vi vn kh
bin v l khi nim gn ging nhng khng hon ton ng ngha vi khi
nim hin i v t sut VN-LAO NG v vn c nh ch th hin c
vn v nguyn liu c s dng trong qu trnh sn sut ch khong th
hin c tng s vn v nguyn liu sn c cho lao ng.
2295 Organization of
Economic Co-operation
and Development
(OECD)
T chc hp tc v pht trin
kinh t.
L mt t chc lin chinh ph c thnh lp nm 1961 thay th v m
rng t chc hp tc kinh t chu u (OEEC) theo cc iu khon ca cong
c k ti Paris nm 1960 bi cc nc thnh vin ban u ca OEEC gm
Canada, Ty ban nha v M.
2296 Organization for
European Economic Co-
operation (OEEC)
T chc hp tc kinh t chu
u.
Nm 1947, sau khi c s gi ban u ca Marshall, b trng ngoi giao
M v mt chng trnh h tr ca M nhm phc hi ca kinh t chu u
sau chin tranh, 16 nc chu u thnh lp U ban hp tc kinh t chu
u qun l v iu phi CHNG TRNH PHC HI CHU U.
2297 Organization of Arab
Petroleum Exporting
Countries
(OAPEC) - T chc Cc nc
rp xut khu du m.
L mt t chc hng ho quc t c thnh lp vo nm 1968, c nhim
v iu phi cc chnh sch kinh t v du m v khuyn khch hp tc
kinh t gia cc nc rp sn xut du m.
2298 Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries
(OPEC) - T chc cc nc
xut khu du m.
L mt t chc hng ho quc t c nhim v iu phi cc chnh sch sn
xut v nh gi du m ti cc nc thnh vin ca cc nc xut khu
du m.
2299 Outlier Gi tr ngoi lai. L mt thut ng c dng m t mt im s liu m cch xa mt
cch bt thng trung tm ca quan st.
2300 Outcome Kt cc, kt qu.
2301 Basic Outcome Kt cc, kt qu c s.
2302 Output Sn lng (hay u ra). L sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh chuyn i u vo thnh hng ho.
Page 98
2303 Output budgeting Lp ngn sch theo Sn lng
(hay u ra).
L mt h thng k ton phn loi cc chi ph theo sn lng c sn xut
ra da vo qu trnh sn xut ch khng da theo nhng u vo c
mua.
2304 Outside lag tr bn ngoi. L s tr gia vic thc thi mt chnh sch (kinh t v m) v tc ng ton
b hay hon ton ca n.
2305 Outside money Tin bn ngoi. Cm thut ng ny ni n tin m gi tr ca n da vo nhng ti sn
khng phi l ti sn n theo ngha l nhng ti sn khng to ra mt
khiu n i vi cc c nhn trong nn kinh t.
2306 Outstanding credit Tn dng cha thanh ton.
2307 Overdraff Chi di; Thu chi. L h thng cho vay trong ngn hng, do cc ngn hng ca Xctlen khi
xng, theo ngi i vay c php rt sc vt qu s d tn dng
trong ti khon ca mnh, cho n mt hn mc c tho thun v ch
phi tr hng ngy tnh trn s tin rt qu s d.
2308 Overfunding Vay qu mc. L mt thut ng m t hnh ng ca cc c quan qun l tin t ca
Anh vo u nhng nm 80 trong vic bn ra cc khon n ca chnh ph
cho cc t chc v c nhn khng phi ngn hng nhiu hn so vi quy
nh p ng c yu cu vay n ca khu vc cng cng trong nhng
nm .
2309 Overhead costs Chi ph duy tu Xem FIXED COSTS
2310 Overidentification S ng nht ho qu mc. Xem IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM.
2311 Overnight money Tin qua m. Tin cho vay mt th trng no trong CC TH TRNG TIN T
vi thi hn tr ngn nht.
2312 Overhead inputs Nhp lng gin tip.
2313 Overall fit of regression Mc ph hp tng th ca
phng trnh hi quy.
2314 Overpopulation Dn s qu ng.
2315 Overshooting Tng qu cao (t gi hi oi). Di ch T GI HI OI LINH HOT, l hin tng c thy
thng xuyn phn ng li mt cn sc ca gi tr thc t ca t gi hi
oi vt qu gi tr cn bng mi khi m gi tr ny c xc nh da
vo cc nguyn tc c bn chng hn nh s ngang bng sc mua.
2316 Over the counter market Th trng khng ni giao
dch.
L mt th trng c phiu, phn ln ca cc cng ty loi nh, c phn
bit bng thc t l th trng ny khng c tr s giao dch; vic mua bn
c thu xp bng vin thng, mc d khch hng c th mua bn c phiu
ngay trn bn lm vic ca mnh.
2317 Overtime Lm vic thm ngoi gi. S gi lm vic qu tun l lm vic tiu chun.
2318 Overvalued currency Tin c nh gi qu cao. Mt loi tin m t gi hi oi c quy nh vt trn t gi cn bng
ca th trng t do.
2319 Owner-controlled firms Cc hng do ngi ch s hu
kim sot.
NHng cng ty c mt nhm cc c ng r rng l ng quyn li, chim
hu mt t l c phn c b phiu kh ln, lm cho h c kh nng kim
sot hu hiu chnh sch cng ty.
2320 Passche price index Ch s gi Passche. Ch s gi gia quyn theo nm hin hnh.
2321 Paid-up capital Vn c huy ng Phn vn pht hnh ca mt cng ty m nhng ngi gp vn yu cu phi
thanh ton.
2322 Panel data D liu Panel Mt kiu d liu trong trong tin cho cc c nhn c ly mu vi cc
khong thi gian u n.
2323 Paper money Tin giy. Thut ng khi qut ch tin dng giy bc ngn hng.
2324 Paper profit Li nhun trn giy. Khi mt ti sn tng ln v gi tr danh ngha. iu ny c th biu hin
hoc khng biu hin hoc khng biu hin mt li nhun thc t, tu
thuc vo t l lm pht.
2325 Parabola Dng Parabn. Thng thng trong kinh t hc (mc d khng nht thit) l th hnh
ch U hoc ch U ngc ca mt phng trnh bc hai.
2326 Paradox of thrift Nghch l ca tit kim. Trong mt nn kinh t khng c vic lm, cc h gia nh cng tit kim
th sn lng v vic lm cng thp.
2327 Paradigm H thuyt; Lun thuyt.
2328 Par value of gold Gi tr ngang gi ca vng.
2329 Paradox of voting Nghch l v b phiu. Kh nng h thng quy tc a s n gin c th khng a ra mt s la
chn r rng gia nhiu gii php.
2330 Paradox of value Nghch l v gi tr. Xem USE VALUE, EXCHANGE VALUE.
2331 Parameter Thng s. Mt lng khng i mt bi cnh no .
Page 99
2332 Paretian Liberal,
Impossibility of
Tnh khng th ca t do
Pareto.
Tn t cho mt nh l do A.K.Sen trnh by. nh l chng minh rng
khng th c QUY TC QUYT NH X HI no c th ng thi tho
mn tiu chun Pareto v cho php cc c nhn c nhng quyt nh v mt
s vn "ring t" m khng tnh n (bt k) nguyn vng ca nhng
ngi khc (t do c nhn).
2333 Pareto, Vilfredo (1848 - 1923) Nh kinh t hc ngi Italia c o to su v ton hc, l hc v k
thut. Pareto l ngi k tc Leon Walras v tr ch nhim khoa kinh t
hc trng i hc Lausanne nm 1892. S quan tm n vic ng dng
ton hc v thng k hc vo kinh t ca ng dn n vic m rng cc
iu kin ton hc cho h thng cn bng tng th ca Walras, t thnh
lp mt trng phi Lausanne r rng. Trong gio dc kinh t chnh tr hc,
ng nu ln quan nim l cc iu kin ton hc ca mt h tng cn bng
tng th da trn s ph thuc ln nhau ca tt c cc i lng kinh t.
Ngoi vic nhn mnh vo bn cht chnh ca mt khoa hc hc kinh t
thc chng loi b mi yu t o c, Pareto cng bc b ch ngha x
hi trn cc c s chun tc v bin minh cho s bt bnh ng thu nhp
da trn c s ca mt s bt bin gi nh v phn phi thu nhp cc
nc v qua thi gian. (nh lut Pareto).
2334 Pareto conditions Cc iu kin Pareto. Mt lot cc quy tc t ra trong kinh t hc phc li, nu thc hin c
s a n mt ti u Pareto.
2335 Pareto criterion Tiu chun Pareto. Xem PARETO OPTIMUM.
2336 Pareto improvement S ci thin Pareto. Mt s phn phi li cc ngun lc lm cho t nht mt ngi kh ln m
khng lm cho bt c ai km i.
2337 Pareto non-
comparability
Tnh khng th so snh Pareto. Mt tnh trng x hi m mt s c nhn thch tnh trng ny hn v mt s
khc li thch tnh trng kia hn th hai tnh trng ny c coi l tnh trng
khng th so snh Pareto.
2338 Pareto-optional
redistribution
S phn phi li ti u theo
Pareto.
S dch chuyn thu nhp hoc ca ci t mt c nhn ny sang mt c nhn
khc lm tng tho dng, hoc tho mn ca c ngi cho ln ngi
nhn, do em li s ci thin Pareto.
2339 Pareto optimum Ti u Pareto. Khi cc ngun lc v sn lng ca mt nn kinh t c phn chia m
khng c s phn chia li no lm cho bt c ai kh ln m cng khng l
cho t nht l bt c mt ngi no khc km i th lc l c s hin hu
ca mt ti u Pareto.
2340 Pareto efficiency of
resource allocation
Tnh hiu qu Pareto ca phn
b ngun lc.
2341 Pareto-relevant
externality
Ngoi ng lin quan n
Pareto.
Xem EXTENALITIES.
2342 Paris Club Cu lc b Paris. Tn t cho din n - ni m cc nc ch n thng lng vi cc nc
vay n v vic nh li thi gian cho cc khon n chnh thc.
2343 Parity price system H thng gi tng ng. Mt h thng h tr gi i vi nn nng nghip M ln u tin c thit
lp vi o lut iu chnh nng nghip nm 1933.
2344 Par rate of exchange T gi hi oi tng ng. Vic th hin cc t gi hi oi bng vng hoc ng M.
2345 Partial adjustment iu chnh tng phn. Mt qu trnh m theo hnh vi c iu chnh mt cch khng hon
chnh hng ti mt mc mong mun no .
2346 Partial derivative o hm ring phn. Trong cc hm s c hai bin s c lp hay c nhiu hn, o hm ny
tnh theo mt trong nhng bin s ny, trong khi coi cc bin s c lp
khc l hng s.
2347 Partial equilibrium Cn bng b phn. Vic nghin cu th trng cho mt hng ho trong iu kin tch bit.
2348 Paricipating preference
shares
C phiu u tin tham gia. Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
2349 Paricipation rate T l tham gia. Xem LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPA-TION RATE.
2350 Partly rational
expectations
Nhng k vng hp l ring
phn.
Mt gi nh rng ngi ta k vng mt cch hp l s cn bng di hn
nhng li khng chc chn v con ng m nn kinh t s i n v tr ,
cho nn cc k vng s c xem xt li tng thi k tnh n s
khng nht qun gia gi tr thc t v gi tr k vng.
2351 Par value Gi tr danh ngha, mnh gi. Gi tr danh ngha, mnh gi ca mt c phiu hoc chng khon.
2352 Patent rights Quyn tc gi. C quan cp bng sng ch cp c quyn c bit cho mt sng ch quy
trnh.
2353 Path independence S c lp v ng tin trin;
c lp v ng i.
ni din ra s so snh nhm la chn mt s cc gii php, s la chn
ny c gi l c lp v ng i khi gii php c la chn c lp
vi mt trt t xem xt cc gii php ny.
Page 100
2354 Pattern bargaining Thng lng theo m hnh. Nhiu khi cc nghip on trong cc nghnh c quyn nhm s chn mt
cng ty c th lm mc tiu thng lng.
2355 Partnership Bn tham gia; Hi chung vn.
2356 Patents Bng sng ch.
2357 Path of government
spending
M hnh cch thc chi tiu ca
chnh ph.
2358 Patent of trade M thc ngoi thng.
2359 Pauper labour Lao ng bn cng. Gii lao ng cc nc giu cho rng vic nhp khu hng ho t nhng
nc c lng thp s ph dn ph hoi mc lng v vic lm nhng
nc giu.
2360 Payback period Thi k hon vn. Mt phng php k ton truyn thng thm nh cc d n u t. Thi
gian cn thit cho mt d n sinh ra lng tin tng thm b cc
chi tiu v vn ban u.
2361 Pay ceiling Mc lng trn; gii hn trn
ca tin lng; Gii hn cao
nht ca tin lng.
Mt gii hn cao nht c hiu lc v mc tin lng.
2362 Pay freeze C nh tin lng. Xem INCOMES POLICYM.
2363 Payment - by - results Tr theo kt qa. Cn gi l h thng tr lng theo khuyn khch. H thng tr lng theo
cng vic ca cng nhn.
2364 Payments, balance of Cn cn thanh ton. Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENTS.
2365 Pay-off Li ch rng. Li ch rng c c khi thc hin mt qu trnh hnh ng c th.
2366 Payout ratio T l tr c tc. Phn trm ca li rng m mt x nghip thanh ton di dng c tc.
2367 Pay in kind Tr bng hin vt. Mt loi thu da vo tin lng (thng) v tin cng do ngi ch thanh
ton.
2368 Peak-load pricing nh gi theo mc tiu th
nh; nh gi theo tiu dng
cao im.
Vn tnh gi theo tiu dng im nh xut pht khi m cu v sn
lng (u ra) ca mt x nghip cng cng c th c nhng bin ng ln.
2369 Peak period labour
demand
Cu lao ng thi k cao
im; Cu lao ng k gip
ht.
Mc cu v lao ng thi im cao nht, cm thut ng ny thng c
ni n vic lm trong nng nghip c tnh cht chu k vi nhng nh
im xy ra vo thi gian thu hoch.
2370 Pecuniary external
economy
Tnh kinh t tin t bn ngoi. Miu t mt tnh hung trong li nhun ca mt doanh nghip ph
thuc khng nhng vo u vo v u ra ca ring doanh nghip m cn
ph thuc vo u vo v u ra ca cc doanh nghip khc.
2371 Peg-neo "ct vo" Xem EXCHANGE RATES.
2372 Pendulum arbitration Trng ti con lc. S phn x trong trng ti vin c yu cu chn mt trong nhng v
tr ca cc bn tranh chp hn l i n mt v tr tho hip trung gian.
2373 Pension Tin lng hu. C ch lng hu gm hai kiu, c phm vi rng: 1)H thng vn d tr
lin quan n vic phn phi li sut i mt c nhn, da vo tit kim
ca ngi lao ng tch lu vn v sau vn c tiu dng trong thi
gian v hu; 2)H thng thanh ton cho ngi v hu, a n s phn
phi li mt thi im gia cc c nhn sao cho nhng ngi lm vic h
tr nhng ngi v hu.
2374 Pension fund Qu hu. Vi s tng trng nhanh chng ca cc c ch lng hu ca cng nhn
vin trong nhng thp k gn y, qu hu ca cc c quan ln cc khu
vc nh nc v x nghip khu vc t nhn tr thnh nhng th ch ti
chnh quan trng, u t nhng khon tin ln hng nm.
2375 Per capita Theo u ngi. Theo u ngi, chng hn nh THU NHP QUC DN tnh theo u
ngi.
2376 Per capita real GDP THU NHP QUC DN
thc t tnh theo u ngi.
2377 Percetile Phn v. Mt cch o tnh v tr cc d liu mu hoc cc phn phi.
2378 Perestroika i mi, ci t. Mt thut ng th hin s thay i c cu Lin bang X vit v gn lin
vi Mihail Gorbachev. Trong giai on u t gia nhng nm 1980 n
1987, qu trnh ci cch phn ln ch mang tnh cht trang im tp trung
vo vic ci thin h thng k hoch ho ch huy ang tn ti v t nhng
kt qu khng gy n tng ln.
2379 Perfect competition Cnh tranh hon ho. Mt c cu th trng hon ton c tnh cnh tranh nu c nhng iu sau
y duy tr: vi mt th phn ng k. Cc doanh nghip ny to ra mt sn
phm ng nht s dng cc qu trnh sn xut ging ht nhau v c thng
tin hon ho.
2380 Perfect markets Cc th trng hon ho. Xem PERFECT COMPETITION.
Page 101
2381 Permanent comsumption Mc tiu dng thng xuyn. Mc tiu dng trung bnh m mt c nhn hoc h gia nh d nh thc
hin trong mt s nm.
2382 Permanent income Thu nhp thng xuyn. Cng c ngha l thu nhp bnh thng v thu nhp d kin v trung bnh.
Thu nhp trung bnh m c nhn hoc h gia nh d kin nhn c trong
mt s nm trong khi vn gi nguyn ca ci ca mnh.
2383 Permanent income
hypothesis
Gi thuyt thu nhp thng
xuyn.
Gi thit cho rng tiu dng ca c nhn hoc hc gia nh ph thuc vo
thu nhp thng xuyn ca c nhn y hoc h y.
2384 Perpetuity Khon chi tr vnh cu. Xem ANNUITY.
2385 Personal income Thu nhp c nhn. Lu lng thu nhp tch lu li ca mt c nhn hoc h gia nh.
2386 Personal loan Khon vay cho c nhn. Khon vay do ngn hng v mt s th ch ti chnh khc quy nh cho
nhng ngi i vay mang tnh c nhn (c ngha l khng kinh doanh)
mua hng tiu dng, sa cha nh ca. V c th c thanh ton
li trong mt khong thi gian.
2387 Personal rate of
substitution
T l thay th c nhn. Xem MARGINAL RATE OF SUBSTI-TUTION.
2388 Personal saving Tit kim c nhn. Phn ca thu nhp c nhn khng thanh ton tr thu cng khng chi cho
hng ho v dch v (tiu dng hin ti).
2389 Perverse migration Di c ngc. Di c ca c nhn, c bit l cng nhn t khu vc c iu kin (hiu sut)
kinh t tng i tt n khu vc c iu kin kinh t thp km hn.
2390 PESC U ban iu tra chi tiu cng
cng.
Xem PUBLIC EXPENDITURE SURVEY COMMITTEE.
2391 Petroleum revenue tax
(PRI)
Thu thu nhp du la. ay l loi thu c bit do chnh ph Anh a ra i vi thu nhp do khai
thc du bin Bc, thu ny cng thm vo tin thu m v thu li tc.
2392 Phillips curve ng Philips Mt quan st c tnh thng k ca A.W.Philips (1958) rng c mt mi
quan h nghch gia t l thay i ca mc lng bng tin v t l tht
nghip Anh trong giai on 1861-1957
2393 Physiocrats Nhng ngi theo thuyt
trng nng.
Mt trng phi v k thuyt kinh t c a ra Php vo th k 18.
Trng phi ny ch yu gn vi tn ca F.QUESNAY v TURGOT.
2394 Piece rates Thu nhp tnh theo sn phm. Xem COMPENSATION RULES.
2395 Piecework Vic lm khon. Mt h thng thanh ton trong c nhn c thanh ton theo khi lng
sn phm lm ra.
2396 Pigou, Arthur Cecil (1877-1959) Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh k tc Marshall v tr ch nhim khoa kinh
t chnh tr hc ca trng i hc Cambridge nm 1908. Pigou m rng
cng vic ca Marshall, c bit l s phn tch cc nghnh m chi ph gia
tng v gim st. S phn bit gia chi ph c nhn v x hi v liu php
sa cha bng cch nh thu do ng xut to nn c s cho thuyt
cc ngoi ng, v phng php ca ng nhm loi tr chng c bit
n vi tn gi l thu PIGOU. Cng trnh ca ng v thuyt tin t v v
thu nhp quc dn ch yu l mt l thuyt C in v vic lm v thu
nhp. Do , Pigou phi chu sc mnh ca cuc tin cng ca Keynes
i vi h thng ny. Tuy nhin, Pigou a ra mt c ch t c
vic lm y thm ch c trong h thng ca Keynes. iu ny c bit
n vi ci tn l hiu ng Pigou. Trong iu kin khng c vic lm,
gi c gim s lm tng thm gi tr ca s d tin gi. iu ny to ra
s gia tng v cu i vi hng ho v do to ra mt s gia tng v
vic lm. ngha ca c ch ny ny thm ch n nay vn cn tranh ci.
2397 Pigou effect Hiu ng Pigou Xem REAL BALANCE EFFECT.
2398 Pigovian tax Thu Pigou. Mt loi thu nh vo ngi sn xut do to ra mt ngoi ng theo mt
cch m sau khi thu ny c p dng th cc chi ph c nhn do bn to ra
ngoi ng cm nhn c bng vi CHI PH X HI ca hot ng ny.
2399 Pivot effect hypothesis Gi thuyt v hiu ng quay. Lp lun cho rng CHNH SCH THU NHP khng nhng to nn cc
hiu ng dch chuyn trong qu trnh iu chnh tin lng m cn c th
lm thay i dc ca ng cong Phillips, hoc ni mt cch chuyn
mn hn, lm thay i ln ca s phn ng ca t l thay i v lng
i vi cc yu t quyt nh gy ra s thay i .
2400 Placing Nghip v by bn. Mt phng php thc hin mt cuc pht hnh mi v CHNG KHAN,
C PHN HOC TRI PHIU CNG TY, bng phng php ny cc
chng khon u tin c mt nh pht hnh mua, sau c bn thng
qua tho thun t nhn, cho cc th ch, cc ch u t t nhn vcng cho
nhng ngi bun bn c phn s giao dch chng khon London.
Page 102
2401 Planned economy Nn kinh t k hoch ho. Mt nn kinh t trong cc qu trnh kinh t ch yu c quyt nh
mt mc ln khng phi do cc tc nhn th trng, m do mt c quan
k hoch ho kinh t, c quan ny thc hin cc mc tiu kinh t ch yu
ca x hi.
2402 Planning programming
budgeting system
(PPBS)
H thng lp ngn sch theo
chng trnh k hoch ho.
Xem OUTPUT BUDGETING
2403 Planometrics K hoch lng. Mt nghnh kinh t hc c bit quan tm n vic xy dng cc k hoch
kinh t v m ti u.
2404 Plant bargaining S thng lng mt nh
my.
THNG LNG TP TH gia ngi ch ca mt nh my vi cc i
din ca cng nhn vin thit lp cc mc lng v iu kin lm vic
nh my .
2405 Plato (427-347BC) Nh trit hc Hy Lp phn ng li thi k ri ren trc ay v ng cho
rng chnh s tng trng kinh t chu mt phn trch nhim v s ri ren
, nn ng xut kin rng nh nc l tng phi l mt nh nc
vng vng da trn mt h thng ng cp v giai cp thng tr thc hin
mt cch sng mang tnh cng ng. Thnh tu kinh t ca ng bao gm
s phn tch s phn cng lao ng v phn tch vai tr ca tin quy c.
2406 Plurality Quy tc a s. Mt h thng gia s la chn tp th trong gii php c chn l gii
php xp u tin do c s ngi b phiu ln nht.
2407 Point elasticity of
demand
D co gin im ca cu. Xem PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND.
2408 Point estimation c lng im. S c lng ca gi tr thc t ca mt thng s, khc bit vi C
LNG KHONG CCH, n bao gm vic tnh ton cc khong tin cy
(thng thng) i vi gi tr thc ca thng s.
2409 Point of inflexion im un. Mt in trn th, hoc hm s m t l thay i ca dc ca hm s
i du. iu ny cho thy rng khi o hm th hai ca hm s bng 0.
2410 Point utility possibility
curve
ng kh nng tho dng
im.
Mt ng kh nng tho dng im c th c v cho mi gi hng ho.
2411 Point voting B phiu theo im. Mt h thng la chn tp th trong mi c nhn bt u vi mt s
im bng nhau m c nhn c t do phn phi theo bt c cch thc
no m h chn gia cc phng n la chn v nhng vn khc nhau
tho lun.
2412 Policy instruments Cc cng c chnh sch. Cc bin s kinh t v x hi c chnh ph vn dng tc ng n cc
bin s ca chnh sch, n c gi l cng c v ta c th phn bit bn
hng mc kinh t ch yu: CHNH SCH TI CHNH; CHNH SCH
TIN T, CHNH SCH T GI HI OI v CHNH SCH GI C
V THU NHP.
2413 Policy - off Thi k khng p dng chnh
sch.
Thi k "c s thng lng tp th t do". thi k ny khng c s tn
ti chnh sch thu nhp.
2414 Policy coordination iu phi chnh sch.
2415 Policy targets Cc mc tiu chnh sch. Xem TARGETS.
2416 Political economy Kinh t chnh tr. Cm thut ng bao hm mi lin quan gia kha cnh thc tin ca hot
ng chnh tr v l thuyt kinh t hc thun tu.
2417 Political business cycle Chu k kinh t chnh tr.
2418 Poll tax Thu thn. Thu tnh c gi m s thanh ton khng lin quan n thu nhp hoc chi
tiu.
2419 Pooled lending / loan Cho vay lin hip.
2420 Polluter pays principle Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim
tr ph.
tng cho rng gy nhim phi tr ph cho vic gy nhim mi
trng.
2421 Pollution nhim. Mt hot ng lm nhim mt hoc nhiu mi trng.
2422 Pollution rights Cc quyn c gy nhim. tng cho rng cn phi cp giy chng nhn cho ngi ch s hu
"quyn c gy nhim" mt mi trng nht nh, chng hn mt
dng sng.
2423 Polynomial a thc; Biu thc i s. Mt phng trnh m ni chung nhiu hng s trong mt bin s c lp
c nng ln nhiu lu tha khc nhau.
2424 Polynomial lag tr a thc; tr ca biu
thc i s.
Xem ALMON LAG.
2425 Pooled data D liu gp. D liu kiu hnh thnh khi (a) S LIU CHO v (b) D LIU CHUI
THI GIAN c sp nhp vo cng b d liu, thng thng khi khng
c d liu kiu (a) hoc (b) ring, c lng cc thng s ca mt
m hnh do khng cc bc t do.
2426 Population Dn s
Page 103
2427 Population explosion Bng n dn s. Tn gi t l tng trng ngy mt ln hn ca dn s th gii, c bit
cc nc ang pht trin.
2428 Population policy Chnh sch dn s. Mt chnh ph c th t ra mt chnh sch c th lin quan n mc dn
s do chnh ph cai qun.
2429 Population trap By dn s. Cng cn gi l by cn bng mc thp. Mt nn kinh t c mc thu nhp
tnh theo u ngi thp c th thy r rng t l tng trng dn s vt
qu mc t l tng trng ca thu nhp thc t.
2430 Porfolio Danh mc u t. Tp hp cc ti sn ca mt c nhn hoc t chc.
2431 Porfolio balance
approach
Phng php cn i danh
mc u t.
Mt phng php phn tch tin t nhn mnh vo ngha cc quyt ca
nhng ngi c ti sn v thnh phn danh mc u t ca h.
2432 Porfolio balance
approach to the balance
of payments/ exchange
rate
Phng php cn i danh
mc u t i vi cn cn
thanh ton/ t gi hi oi.
Mt phng n ca phng php tin t i vi cn cn thanh ton cho
rng cc ti sn l cc vt thay th khng hon ho.
2433 Porfolio diversification S a dng ho danh mc u
t.
Xem DIVERSIFIER.
2434 Positional good Hng ho theo v tr. Mt thut ng ca F.Hirsch s dng trong cc gii hn x hi i vi tng
trng (1976) ch mt loi hng ho b gii hn v kh nng cung cp
tuyt i hoc mt cch t nhin hoc thng qua cc kha cnh x hi v c
th b tc nghn nu s dng rng ri hn.
2435 Positive economics Kinh t hc thc chng. B phn khoa hc kinh t quan tm n cc nh c th kim tra c
bng i chiu vi thc t.
2436 Positivism Ch ngha thc chng. Hc thuyt trit hc cho rng cc nh m khng th xc minh c khi
i chiu vi bng chng thc tin th ch t phi coi l khng th chp
nhn c nh l mt b phn ca khoa hc hoc mc cao nht l v
ngha. 2437 Post-Keynesian
economics
Kinh t hc Hu-Keynes; Kinh
t hc sau Keynes.
Mt nhm cc nh kinh t hc coi s nhn nhn ca J.M.KEYNES v
M.KALECKI l khi im ca mt s ph bnh phn tch s cn bng
thng thng v l c s cho mn kinh t hc v m mi.
2438 Posterior distribution Phn phi sau. Phn phi xc sut ca mt bin s hoc thng k l kt qu ca s phi
hp gia phn phi trc v thng tin mu trong k thut BAYES.
2439 Postwar credits Cc tn dng hu chin. Mt hnh thc tit kim bt buc c p dung Anh trong chin tranh th
gii th hai trong ng sch nm 1941.
2440 Potential entry S nhp ngnh tim nng. i vi mt ngnh c th, l kh nng cnh tranh mi ca cc hng -
cc hng cha sn xut cc sn phm cnh tranh.
2441 Potential national
income
Thu nhp quc dn tim nng. Xem FULL EMPLOYMENT NATIONAL INCOME.
2442 Potential output Sn lng tim nng. Sn lng kh thi ti a ca mt doanh nghip, mt ngnh, mt khu vc
ca mt nn kinh t hoc ton b mt nn kinh t l mc c xc nh
ca cc yu t sn xut.
2443 Potential Pareto
improvement
S ci thin Pareto tim nng. Mt s ci thin Pareto tim nng tn ti khi nhng ngi kim c li do
mt s thay i, th vi tnh cht gi thit c th b p cho ngi thua
thit, v c th khng ai b km i sau s thay i hoc sao cho t nht cng
c mt ngi c kh ln.
2444 Poverty S ngho kh. S ngho kh c th c xem xt vi mt quan nim tuyt i hoc tng
i.
2445 Poverty trap By ngho kh. Vic tn ti ca nhiu li ch KIM NH BNG BIN PHP ni ln
rng ngi c tr lng thp c th i u vi mt t l thu bin hiu
lc - tc l mc thu i vi mt n v thu nhp thm - vt xa t l 34%
ca thu thu nhp v s ng gp bo him quc gia i vi phn ln
ngi lm cng n lng.
2446 Power function Hm lu tha. Mt hm s trong bin s c lp c nng ln ti mt lu tha no
.
2447 Prais - Winsten Bin i Prais - Winsten. Bin i Prais - Winsten c s dng trong phng php COCHRANE-
ORCUTT c tnh cc thng s ca mt phng trnh m s d ca
chng tun theo MI TNG QUAN TO THNH DY.
2448 Prebisch thesis Lun Prebisch Mt quan im cho rng tin b k thut cc nc pht trin thng c
kt qa l lng ca lc lng lao ng cao hn v c nhng ci thin
trong mc sng nhng khng lm cho mc gi ca cc hng ho thp hn
(mt s hng ho ny c xut khu n cc nc ang pht trin).
2449 Precautionary motive ng c d phng. Mt trong nhng ng c gi tin l d phng chi ph cho cc tnh
hung xy ra ngoi d kin nu khng c khon d phng th vic chuyn
i ca ci t mt dng khng phi l tin mt c th gy ra ph chuyn i
ln v gy mt nhiu th gi.
Page 104
2450 Precautionary
unemployment
Tht nghip phng nga. Cng cn gi l "tht nghip ch vic". Mt yu t ca tht nghip dai
dng, c xut hin khi tnh cht ca nhim v cng vic hoc hnh thc
ca hp ng lao ng bt buc ngi cng nhn khi nhn mt cng vic
no khng tranh th nhn c mt cng vic m mt thi gian sau mi
xut hin.
2451 Predatory pricing nh gi bn ph gi. Cch y gi xung ti mc khng th c li trong mt thi k nhm
lm suy yu hoc loi tr cc i th cnh tranh.
2452 Prediction D bo. Xem FORECASTING.
2453 Pre-emption rights Cc quyn u tin mua c
phiu.
Cc quyn dnh cho ngi c c phiu thng mua cc t pht hnh mi
da trn c s theo t l.
2454 Preference S thch; S u tin. C quan im cho rng mt th hng ho, s kin hoc d n no c
a chung hn mt hoc cc hng ho khc l s sp xp cc s
thch.
2455 Preference revelation S thch. S bc l thng c dn ra nh mt vn lin quan ti s cung cp
hng ho cng cng, (n cng c th l mt vn vi HNG HO T
NHN nu con s nhng ngi c nhu cu rt nh).
2456 Preference shares C phiu u tin. C phiu trong mt cng ty xp loi ng trc c phn nhng ng sau
tri phiu cng ty i vi vic thanh ton c tc.
2457 Preferential hiring S thu ngi u tin. Mt ngi ch dnh u tin cho vic thu nhng cng on vin mc d
ng ta khng tho thun ch thu cng on vin hoc iu khin mt
doanh nghip ch dng thnh vin cng on.
2458 Preferred ordinary
shares
C phiu thng c u tin. Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
2459 Premium Tin tr thm hay ph bo
him.
2460 Premium saving bonds Tri phiu tit kim c
thng.
Mt tri phiu tit kim ca Anh, c th mua bu in, li tc ca n l
c hi trng thng s x hng thng.
2461 Present value Gi tr hin ti. Gi tr ca mt lung li tc hoc ph tng lai tnh bng gi tr hin ti
ca chng.
2462 Price Gi Gi ca mt loi hng ho hoc gi u vo cho thy ci phi chi c
c mt th hng ho hay dch v.
2463 Price Commission U ban vt gi. Mt u ban c lp do Chnh ph Anh thnh lp nm 1973 thc hin cc
chnh sch kim sot gi c biu hin trong cc b lut v gi do B Ti
Chnh son v Quc hi thng qua. U ban ny chnh thc c bi b vo
nm 1980.
2464 Price consumption curve ng tiu dng theo gi. Cn c bit vi tn NG CHO GI. Tip im ca ng BNG
QUAN ca ngi tiu dng v ng ngn sch ca h xc nh s cn
bng ca ngi tiu dng.
2465 Price control Kim sot gi. Ni chung thng lin quan ti vic quy nh gi c bng lut php ca nh
nc.
2466 Price-cost margin Mc chnh lch gi-chi ph. Cc s o thc nghim ca CHNH LCH LI NHUN ni m cc s
liu k ton c s dng v do ta khng th trc tip quan st c
nh ngha kinh t v li nhun.
2467 Price discrimination Phn bit i x theo gi. C hai hnh thc ch yu v Phn bit i x theo gi : Th nht, vic cc
hng tnh gi khc nhau cho tng nhm ngi mua khc nhau v th hai
tnh cho cng loi ngi tiu dng cc gi khc nhau i vi cc lng
khc nhau ca cng mt loi hng.
2468 Price/earning ratio T l gi / Li tc (t l P/E) T s ca gi mt c phiu bnh thng i vi mi c phiu bnh thng.
2469 Price effect Hiu ng gi. S thay i ca cu i vi mt hng ho xy ra do c mt thay i ca gi
hng ho .
2470 Price elasticity of
demand
co gin ca cu theo gi. phn ng ca lng cu ca mt hng ho i vi gi ca chnh n.
2471 Price fixing agreement Tho thun c nh gi. Mt s tho thun gia hai nh sn xut hoc nhiu hn bn vi gi quy
nh trc, ni chung nhm thc thi sc mnh i vi th trng.
2472 Price index Ch s gi. Mt s ch s cho thy gi ca mt "tp hp" hng ho thay i th no
t mt thi k no ti thi k tip theo.
2473 Price leadership S dn gi. Tnh hung trong mt nghnh m mt hng c sng kin to ra cc thay i
v gi v cc hng khc sau lm theo.
2474 Price mechanism C ch gi. c dng lin quan n h thng th trng t do v cch thc m gi
hnh ng nh nhng tn hiu t ng phi hp hnh ng ca cc n v
ra quyt nh.
2475 Price-push Gi y. Tn gi mt dng lm pht ging nh chi ph y trong cc ch doanh
nghip b ch trch gy ra lm pht bng cch tnh gi cao mt cch
khng cn thit nhm kim li nhun ln.
Page 105
2476 Price revolution Cch mng gi. Tn t cho dng chy ca vng v bc t cc nc mi khm ph chu
M trong cc th k 15 v 16 lm cho gi c tng gp 3 ln.
2477 Price setter Ngi t gi. Mt hng hot ng mt th trng kng cnh tranh i din vi mt
ng cu dc xung i vi sn phm v do c quyn c quyt nh
gi bn hng ch khng pah l ngi chp nhn gi.
2478 Price specie mechanism C ch chy vng. Xem SPECIE FLOW MECHANISM
2479 Price support scheme K hoch tr gi. Mt phng php nng gi mt hng ho trn th trng mt cch gi to.
2480 Price taker Ngi chp nhn gi. Mt n v kinh t c quy m hot ng khng ng k so vi quy m ca
th trng cho nn hot ng ca n v y khng gy nh hng g n gi
th trng thnh hnh.
2481 Price theory L thuyt gi. Cc l thuyt bao gm trong t duy c th c chia lm ba mc chnh:
Cc l thuyt lin quan n s xc nh cc gi ring l, cc thuyt lin
quan n cc thay i trong mc gi tng hp v cc thuyt p dng cho
vic phn b ngun lc.
2482 Price fixing S c nh gi
2483 Price volatility Bin ng gi c.
2484 Price support Tr gi.
2485 High risk premia Ph thng ri ro cao.
2486 Primary commodities Hng s ch.
2487 Primary goods Cc hng ho c bn. Nh c nh ngha trong thuyt v cng bng do John Rawls a ra,
nhng loi hng ho ny l nhng quyn c bn, cc quyn t do, thu nhp
v ca ci sn c phn phi trong mt x hi.
2488 Primary market Th trng s cp. Mt s ti sn khi bn ln u th khng c bn th trng ni m sau
chng c bun bn.
2489 Primary money Tin s cp. Mt tn gi khc cho tin c bn hoc TIN C QUYN LC, tc l loi
tin do cc nh chc trch v tin t pht hnh.
2490 Primary of targeting Nguyn tc hng ch.
2491 Primary securities Chng khon s cp. Mt cm thut ng c John G.Gurley v Edward S.Shaw a ra trong
tc phm Tin trong mt thuyt v ti chnh (1960) v c ngha l mi hnh
thc n c th c em bn hoc pht hnh bi "nhng ngi vay n" tc
l nhng ngi i vay cn ngun vn ti chnh mua ti sn thc t.
2492 Primary workers Cc cng nhn s cp. Nhng c nhn vn trong lc lng lao ng, c thu mn hoch
khng thu mn, bt lun nhng thay i ngn hn v lng v iu kin
th trng.
2493 Principal Tin gc. S tin thanh ton cho mt ngi gi mt tri phiu khi O HN xo
n.
2494 Principal-agent problem Vn u thc v nhm thc;
Vn ngi c vn v ngi
i din.
iu ny ni n tnh hung trong l thuyt hng khi li ch ca ngi
qun l v ca c ng khc bit nhau.
2495 Prior distribution Phn phi trc. Phn phi xc xut ca mt bin s hoc thng k, l c trng ca ca
thng tin tin nghim cn kt hp vi thng tin mu trong cc k thut
Bayes. 2496 Prisoner's dilemma Th lng gii ca ngi t;
Th tin thoi lng nan ca
ngi t.
Cm thut ng ny xut hin t mt s xem xt cc vn v quyt nh
ca nhng ti phm b bt g v thm vn ring r. Xem GAME
THEORY. M hnh ny cho thy mt cch x s hp l tng vi m s
dn n mt hu qa v m bt hp l.
2497 Private company Cng ty t nhn. Xem COMPANY.
2498 Private good Hng ho ring t. Mt hng ho s th hin s cnh tranh (Xem RIVAL) trong tiu dng v l
loi hng ho m ngi sn v ngi tiu dng u c kh nng thc hin
c s loi tr.
2499 Privatization T nhn ho Chnh sch chuyn i s hu cng cng ca mt ti sn thnh s hu t
nhn hoc cho php mt t chc kinh doanh khu vc t nhn hc hin
mt hot ng no cho n lc y vn c tin hnh bi mt t chc
cng cng.
2500 Privatization in Eastern
Europe
T nhn ho ng u. chuyn hot ng t khu vc nh nc sang khu vc t nhn ng u
vi nim tin rng s kim sot v s hu t nhn s c hiu qu hn v
vic phn b ngun lc so vi s hu nh nc.
2501 Private and social cost
of unemployment
Thit hi / ph tn c nhn v
x hi ca tht nghip.
2502 Private sector cash-
deposite ratio
T s gia tin mt v s tin
gi ca khu vc t nhn.
2503 Probability Xc sut Mt hm s nm gia 0 v 1 (i khi c biu hin bng mt s phn
trm) ch r kh nng m mt s kin s xy ra.
Page 106
2504 Conditional Probability Xc sut c iu kin.
2505 Cumulative Probability Xc sut tch lu.
2506 Probability density
function
Hm mt xc xut. Mt hm s miu t hnh dng ca mt phn phi xc sut m khi a vo
gia cc gii hn no s cho xc sut m vi xc sut ny bin s ca n
s c nhng tr s gia nhng gii hn y.
2507 Probability distribution Phn phi Xc sut. Mt s tm tt di dng mt dng bng s hoc di dng mt quan h
ton hc a ra XC SUT m vi xc sut ny mt bin s ngu nhin c
phn phi s nhn c nhng gi tr no , hoc ri vo gia mt s
gii hn nht nh.
2508 Probit model M hnh Probit (hay m hnh
xc sut n v).
Xem LINEAR PROBABILITY MODEL.
2509 Process Qu trnh Mt s phi hp c bit ca cc u vo c th thay i v quy m sn
xut cc mc cao hn ca u ra.
2510 Process innovation Pht kin v phung php (sn
xut).
Mt thay i trong quan h gia cc t l u vo ca cc yu t xn xut
mt mc sn lng nht nh.
2511 Producer's co-operatives Cc hp tc x ca nh sn
xut.
S hp nht ca cc doanh nghip ring bit c gng cung cp sn phm
chung ca chng, mc d c bin ng trong sn xut.
2512 Producer's surplus Thng d ca nh sn xut. Mt thng d xy ra i vi nhng ngi ch s hu cc yu t sn xut do
mt c nhn thng nhn c mt ci g c tho dng trc tip hoc
gin tip ln hn tho dng ca ci m ngi y t b.
2513 Product cycle Chu k sn phm. Cm thut ng ny miu t hnh thi v qu trnh i qua ca cc sn phm
mi, sau tri qua giai on ca hon thin v chun ho sn phm.
2514 Product differentiation S khc bit ho sn phm. iu ny tn ti trong phm vi mt ngnh khi mi nh sn xut bn mt
sn phm m cc c trng ca n phn bit vi sn phm ca i th cnh
tranh.
2515 Product innovation Pht kin v sn phm. S thay i ca mt doanh ghip i vi sn phm c th bn c ca n
v s thay i c th xut hin do mt s b sung v cng ngh, hoc
mt s thay i v cc gi tng i c th l s thay i s thch ca
ngi tiu dng.
2516 Production Sn xut. Hnh ng bin i cc yu t sn xut thnh hng ho v dch v do yu
cu ca tiu dng v u t.
2517 Production frontier Gii hn sn xut. Cn gi l ng gii hn nng lc sn xut hoc l hm s ca s bin
i. ng ny cho thy cc kh nng m ra cho vic gia tng sn lng
ca mt hng ho bng cch gim sn lng ca mt hng ho khc.
2518 Production externalities Nhng ngoi tc sn xut.
2519 Production function Hm sn xut. Mi lin h gia SN LNG (u ra) ca mt hng ho v u vo
(nhn t sn xut) c yu cu lm ra hng ho .
2520 Production incentives Cc khuyn khch sn xut.
2521 Production Possibility
frontier
ng gii hn kh nng sn
xut.
2522 Production Possibility
curve
ng kh nng sn xut. Xem Production frontier.
2523 Production sphere and
budgetary sphere
Lnh vc sn xut v lnh vc
ngn sch.
Mt cch phn loi vic lm c s dng cc nc X hi ch ngha
v (vn cn) s dng mt s nc ng u. Lnh vc sn xut bao gm
vic lm trong nng nghip, lm nghip, ng nghip, cng nghip, xy
dng, vn ti, thng nghip, cc nghnh gi l dch v sn xut v trong
khu vc t nhn. Lnh vc ngn sch bao gm vic lm trong hnh chinh,
lc lng v trang, cng an, to n, trng cng, vin nghin cu, c quan
y t nh nc, thu quan..
2524 Production smoothing Lm nut qu trnh sn xut;
Vic lm cho sn xut c
tri chy.
2525 Productivity Nng sut. Sn lng ca mt n v u vo c s dng. Xem AVERAGE
PRODUCT.
2526 Productivity bargaining Thng lng theo nng sut. Theo truyn thng y l mt tho thun lao ng theo nhng thun li
loi ny hoc loi khc, chng hn lng cao hn hoc c ngh nhiu
hn dnh cho cng nhn i ly nhng thay i trong cch lm vic
hoc t chc cng vic nhm to ra lao ng hiu qu hn.
Page 107
2527 Product proliferation a dng ho sn phm. Mt chin lc ngn chn vic gia nhp ngnh do mt s doanh nghip
thit lp nhm theo ui lm bo ho th trng vi mt s ln cc nhn
hiu khc nhau n mc bt k ngi no mi gia nhp cng thy kh m
kim c li trong vic a ra th trng mt sn phm vi mt t hp
thuc tnh c th phn bit vi lot nhn hiu c sn.
2528 Product rule Quy tc tch s. Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt hm theo mt bin, khi hm s
bao gm tch ca hai hoc nhiu hm s ring bit ca bin s.
2529 Profits Li nhun. Chnh lch gia doanh thu t vic bn hng sn xut ra v tt c cc chi ph
c hi ca cc yu t c s dng to ra sn lng .
2530 Profit, falling rate of T l st gim li nhun. Mt xu hng i vi t l li tc ca vn st gim theo thi gian.
2531 Profit centre C im li nhun; Trung tm
li nhun.
Khi mt cng ty c phn tn thnh nhiu n v nh, th nhng n v
ny c gi l trung tm li nhun nu chng c tnh t lp tnh
c li tc ring cho mi n v do u t.
2532 Profit constraint Rng buc v li nhun. Mt khi nim thng c s dng trong cc thuyt QUN L DOANH
NGHIP. N l li nhun ti thiu i hi m bo s ng ca c
ng i vi chnh sch ca cng ty.
2533 Profit function Hm li nhun Mi quan h c trng gia li nhun v cc bin s nh sn lng v
qung co m tc ng n quy m ca li nhun.
2534 Profit margin Chnh lch li nhun Li nhun ca tng n v sn lng c biu hin di dng mt s
phn trm ca gi.
2535 Profit maximization Ti a ho li nhun. Gi thit cho rng cc doanh nghip u nhm ti a ho li nhun.
2536 Profit motive ng c li nhun S xy ra khi li nhun mang li s thc y quyt nh
2537 Profit rate T l li nhun. Li nhun c th hin di dng mt t l ca gi tr ghi trong s sch
ca cc ti sn vn.
2538 Profits-push inflation Lm pht do li-nhun-y. Mt bin th ca lm pht chi ph y, quy ngun gc ca qu trnh lm
pht cho cc nh t bn nh tm mt phn gia tng trong thu nhp quc
dn. 2539 Programme budgeting Lp ngn sch theo chng
trnh.
Xem OUTPUT BUDGETING.
2540 Programming methods Phng php quy hoch. Mt tn chung gi mt lot cc k thut ti u ho, thng bao gm cc
phng php gii php lp li, mt v d l QUY HOCH TUYN.
2541 Progressive tax Thu lu tin. Ni chung cp n mt tnh hung trong t l ca thu nhp c tnh
thu tng ln t l ca thu nhp c tnh thu tng ln t l thu cng vi
thu nhp hoc sc mnh chi tiu.
2542 Project appraisal Thm nh d n. Xem CAPITAL BUDGETING, DISCOU-TED CASH FLOW, NET
PRESENT VALUE, RATE OF RETURN.
2543 Property rights Cc quyn s hu ti sn. Nhng quyn ny ni n vic cho php s dng ti nguyn, hng ho v
dch v.
2544 Proportional tax Thu tnh theo t l. Trc ht, ni m t l ca thu nhp c ly ra np thu vn gi
nguyn khi thu nhp tng, th c mt THU SUT BIN khng thay i
bng vi thu sut trung bnh hoc thu sut hiu lc. nh ngha th hai l
mt th thu t l nu thu sut khng i khi c s thu tng ln.
2545 Propulsive industries Cc ngnh ng lc. Mt ngnh then cht m s tng tc v s m rng ca chng c th to
nn s kch thch tng trng trong mt nn kinh t.
2546 Prospect theory L thuyt vin cnh. Mt l thuyt v vic ra quyt nh trong tnh trng khng chc chn. L
thuyt ny gn vi Kahneman v Tversky.
2547 Protection Bo h. Xem EFFECTIVE RATE OF PROTEC-TION, TARIFS , QUOTAS.
2548 Proxy Tnh i din
2549 Proxy variable Bin s i din. Mt bin s c s dng trong vic phn tch hi quy thay th "thay
mt" mt bin s khc v mt l thuyt tho ng hn trong nhng trng
hp m cc d liu khng c c i vi bin s ny hoc bin s ny
khng th quan st c (chng hn mc tiu dng mong mun hoc thu
nhp thng xuyn.
2550 Pseudo-demand
schedule
Biu cu-gi. Mi quan h hm s cho bit s tin mt c nhn mun thanh ton cho mt
lot cc n v k tip ca mt hng ho cng cng hoc cho cc n v
tiu dng k tip ca hng ho bi cc c nhn khc (nh kt qu s tn
ti ca mt ngoi ng c li).
2551 Public choice S la chn cng cng. Mt ngnh kinh t hc lin quan n vic p dng kinh t hc vo vic
phn tch s quyt nh "Phi th trng".
2552 Public company Cng ty cng cng. Xem COMPANY.
2553 Public Expediture Chi tiu cng cng. Ni mt cch rng ri, chi tiu ca cc c quan chnh quyn a phng v
quc gia c phn bit vi chi tiu t nhn, nhng t chc hoc doanh
nghip t nhn.
Page 108
2555 Public good Hng ho cng cng. Mt hng ho hoc dch v m nu cung cp cho mt ngi no th
i vi nhng ngi khc cng c cung cp nh vy m khng phi chu
bt c chi ph no thm.
2556 Public issue Pht hnh cng cng. Phng php thc hin mt s pht hnh mi v CHNG KHON trong
c quan pht hnh, chng hn mt cng ty hoc mt chnh quyn a
phng bn cc chng khon mt cch trc tip cho cng chng vi mc
gi n nh.
2557 Public Sector Borrowing
Requirement (PSBR)
Nhu cu vay ca khu vc cng
cng.
Tng gi tr m s thu ca cc t chc Khu vc cng cng thiu ht so vi
s chi.
2558 Public Sector Debt
Repayment (PSDR)
Hon tr n ca khu vc cng
cng.
Xem Pulic Sector Borrowing Requirement (PSBR).
2559 Public utility Ngnh dch v cng cng Mt cng ty hay x nghip l ngi cung cp duy nht mt loi hng ho
hoc dch v thit yu no , do phi chu hnh thc kim sot ca
chnh ph.
2560 Public utility regulation iu tit ngnh dch v cng
cng.
Quy nh ca chnh ph v vic kim sot i vi cc Dch v cng cng
c nhng yu t ca sc mnh c quyn; mc ch nhm hi ho qun l
kinh doanh vi li ch cng cng.
2561 Public ownership S hu cng cng
2562 Purchasing power parity Sc mua tng ng. Mt hc thuyt khng nh rng mt n v tin t phi c kh nng mua
cng c mt gi hng ho mi nc.
2563 Purchase tax Thu mua hng. Mt loi thu doanh thu.N tn ti nc Anh trc khi p dng thu gi
tr gia tng vo nm 1973. N l loi thu tnh theo tng gi tr nh vo
mt s hng c bit mc bn bun.
2564 Purchasing power of
money
Sc mua ca ng tin.
2565 Pure competition Cnh tranh thun tu. Xem PERFECT COMPETITION.
2566 Pure profit Li nhun thun tu. Mt s d tin c li khi doanh thu pht sinh t mt hot ng no
c tr cho tt c cc chi ph c hi ca sn xut c th xy ra, li
nhun thng thng cn thit duy tr s kinh doanh ca ngi sn xut.
2567 Pure inflation Lm pht thun tu.
2568 Put option Hp ng bn trc. Xem OPTIONS
2569 Putty-clay M hnh putty-clay; M hnh
mt tt - t st.
Mt hnh thi ca HN SN XUT cho php thay vn bng lao ng v
ngc li trc khi u t thc t c thc hin, nhng mt khi my mc
c lp t th t s Vn/ lao ng khng th thay i c.
2570 Putty-putty M hnh putty-putty; M hnh
mt tt - mt tt.
Mt kha cnh ca hm sn xut trong l thuyt tng trng cho php vn
c lin tc i hnh dng c trc v sau khi u t thc hin.
2571 Pyramiding S thp ho; S chp ho;
Vic hnh thnh hnh chp.
Xem HOLDING COMPANY.
2572 Quadratic equation Phng trnh bc hai Mt phng trnh cha bnh phng ca mt bin s nh lu tha cao nht.
2573 Quadratic utility
function
Hm tho dng bc hai. Mt HM THO DNG m dng i s ca n l dng ca mt
PHNG TRNH BC HAI.
2574 Qualitative choice
models
M hnh la chn nh tnh. y l cc m hnh c a ra gii quyt nhng d liu phn ng
khng lin tc, chng hn nh quyt nh mua hay khng mua xe t, thay
i vic lm, hoc i hc i hc.
2575 Quantity theory of
money
L thuyt nh lng v tin
t.
L thuyt v CU TIN T to nn yu t quan trng nht ca phn
tch kinh t v m trc ca Keynes: L thuyt tng qut v vic lm, li
sut v tin t (1936).
2576 Quartile T phn v. Mt phng tin xc nh v tr ca d liu hoc phn phi mu.
2577 Quasi-option value Gi tr ca hp ng mua bn
trc.
Xem OPTION VALUE.
2578 Quasi-rent Tin thu gi. Thu nhp ca mt ngi bn mt loi hng ho hoc dch v qu mc v
trn CHI PH C HI c th xy ra khi hng ho tm thi c cung
cp vi lng c nh.
Page 109
2579 Quesnay, Francois (1694-1774). Nhn vt ch yu trong nhm cc nh kinh t hc Php th k XVIII
c gi l nhng ngi theo ch ngha TRNG NNG. L mt bc s
phu thut, tc phm ca ng v kinh t hc xut hin trong BCH KHOA
TON TH nm 1756 v 1757, TP CH NNG NGHIP, THNG
NGHIP V TI CHNH nm 1765 v 1767, v BIU KINH T (1758).
L ngi chng li trng phi TRNG THNG, ng sm ng h cc
u im t do cnh tranh trong cng nghip. Bi Biu kinh t a ra mt
m hnh trao i gia ba giai cp x hi: a ch, cng nhn nng nghip
v ci gi l giai cp "khng sinh li". Ch nng nghip l c kh nng sn
xut s thng d so vi cc yu cu tiu dng v do l ng lc thc y
nn kinh t. Biu kinh t a ra m hnh U VO U RA ca nn kinh
t cho thy thng d hoc sn phm dng c phn phi th no gia 3
giai cp. Nh vy n l tin thn ca m hnh ti sn xut ca C.Mc v m
hnh phc tp hn nhiu ca WASSILY LEONTIEF. Quesnay xut rng
do nng nghip l ngun ca ca cui cng, cho nn ti chnh cng cng c
th n gin ho rt nhiu bng mt th thu duy nht nh vo nn
nghip. S ng h ca ng i vi t do kinh doanh v cnh tranh khng
hn ch c nh hng n kinh t hc c in Anh v c bit n
ADAM SMITH.
2580 Quick assets ratio T l ti sn d chuyn hon. y l t s ti sn d chuyn hon vi s n hin i. Ti sn d chuyn
hon l tin mt, phn ln cc u t c k hn c th thc hin nhanh
chng v ti khon cc khon phi thu tr n kh i.
2581 Quits S ngi b vic. Nhng nhn vin t nguyn ri b cng vic hin ti thay i cng vic
hoc rt khi lc lng lao ng.
2582 Quota Hn nghch. Mt gii hn bt buc t ra i vi s lng hng ho sn xut hoc mua.
2583 Import / Export quota Hn nghch xut khu / nhp
khu.
2584 Quoted companies Cc cng ty c nim yt
gi.
Nhng cng ty m vn c phiu c th c bn t do S GIAO DCH
CHNG KHON. London, vic giao dch c c quy ch nh vy i
hi phi a ra mt thng bo gi ca U ban nim yt ca S giao dch
chng khon.
2585 Quotient rule Quy tc thng s. Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt hm s theo mt bin s, trong
hm s bao gm thng (ngha l t l) gia hai hm s ring r ca
bin s.
2586 R2 H s xc nh. Xem COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION.
2587 Radcliffe Committee U ban Radcliffe. "U ban v s hot ng ca h thng tin t" c thnh lp nm 1957, do
lut gia, hun tc Radcliffe lm ch tch, U ban ny tng trnh nm
1959 (Bo co Cmnd.827). y ban trong c hai nh kinh t hc xut
sc, gio s Alec Cairncross v gio s R.S.Sayers tin hnh mt cuc
kho st phm vi rng v c thm quyn v h thng tin t v ti chnh.
2588 Radical economics Kinh t hc cp tin. Tn chung cho cc tc phm theo truyn thng x hi ch ngha hoc
Macxits, lin quan ch yu n ch ngha Mc nhng chp nhn v s dng
cc ngun t tng khc, chng hn nh thuyt v chnh ph v thuyt t
do bnh ng. Nhng tc phm ny thng c gi l "cnh t mi".
2589 Raider firm Hng thu mua. L mt cng ty c tim nng cng c a v nh s thu mua i vi mt
cng ty khc.
2590 Ramsey pricing nh gi Ramsay. c s dng rng ri trong thyt ngoi ng mi trng, mt qui tc c
th cn thit p dng cho mi mc gi trong mt nn kinh t, khi t nht c
mt th hng ho l hng cng cng khng th cn kit c.
2591 R and D Nghin cu v trin khai. Xem RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
2592 Random coefficient
models
Cc m hnh h s ngu nhin. Xem VARIABLE PARAMETER MODELS.
2593 Random sample Mu ngu nhin. Mt mu m t cch ca cc thnh vin c xc nh bng xc sut v l
ni mt quan st c thc hin mt cch c lp i vi tt c cc quan
st khc mu ny.
2594 Random variable Bin ngu nhin. Mt bin chp nhn nhng tr s tu theo phn phi xc sut ca n.
2595 Random walk Bc ngu nhin. Mt th d v m hnh dy thi gian trong gi tr hin ti ca mt bin
s bng gi tr mi nht ca n cng thm mt yu t ngu nhin.
2596 Range Di, khong. Mt thc o mc phn tn ca mt mu cc quan st hoc ca mt s
phn phi c tnh nh chnh lch gia cc gi tr ln nht v nh nht
ca bin s .
2597 Range (of a good) Phm vi (ca mt hng ho). Trong kinh t hc, vng khong cch ti a m ngi ta s i mua mt
hng ho c th no .
Page 110
2598 Rank correlation Tng quan bc. Phng php o mc m hai bin s lin quan vi nhau, khng nht
thit theo gi tr m theo bc.
2599 Ranking of projects Xp hng cc d n. Xem MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE, PROJECTS, CAPITAL RATIONING.
2600 Rank of a matrix Hng ca ma trn. Con s ti a ca hng hay ct c lp tuyn tnh ca ma trn.
2601 Rank-tournament
compensation rule
Quy tc n b theo xp hng
thi ua
Mt quy tc theo vic ngi ch thanh ton cho nhn vin ph thuc
vo th hng ca nhn vin trong cuc ganh ua.
2602 Ratchet effect Hiu ng bnh cc. Xem RELATIVE INCOME HYPOTHESIS.
2603 Rate capping Hn ch t l chi tiu. Mt th tc m B trng Mi trng ca Anh dng hn ch t l gia
tng chi tiu ca nh chc trch a phng. Th tc ny c coi nh bin
php thay th cho cc phng php truyn thng kim sot s chi tiu
ca chnh quyn a phng chng hn nh vic iu hnh T L H
TR BNG TR CP.
2604 Rate of commodity T l thay th hng ho. Xem MARGINAL RATE OF SUBSTITUTION.
2605 Rate of interest Li xut. Gi c ca dch v tin t.
2606 Rate of return T sut li tc. Mt khi nim chung ni n s Tin thu c t s u t vn, khi tin
ny c coi nh mt phn ca kinh ph.
2607 Rate of time preference T l u tin thi gian. Xem TIME PREFERENCE.
2608 Rates Thu a c. Mt h thu da trn gi tr c th b nh thu ca t ai v nh ,
c thay th bng ph cng ng vo cui nhng nm 80 Anh. Khi p
dng PH CNG NG cho c nhn th mt thu kinh doanh ng nht
c p dng cho mi doanh nghip. Trong khi m trc mc thu tnh
theo ng bng do cc doanh nghip tr thay i tu theo tng chnh
quyn a phng th loi thu ng nht c ngha l mi doanh nghip
trong nc s thanh ton cng mc thu tnh theo ng bng, mc d hin
nay c s thay i gia Scotland, Anh v X Wales.
2609 Rate support grant Tr cp nng mc thu. Mt c ch chuyn vn t chnh ph trung ng cho cc chnh quyn
a phng Anh. Ngy nay s tr cp cho cc chnh quyn ny to nn
ngun thu nhp ch yu ca cc chnh quyn a phng Anh.
2610 Rational expectations K vng duy l. l s p dng phn ch yu ca hnh vi duy l ti a ho vo vic thu
thp v x l thng tin cho mc ch to nn mt quan im v tng lai.
2611 Rationality Tnh duy l. Hnh vi ca mt tc nhn kinh t (ngi tiu dng, chnh ph ) nht
qun vi mt lot cc quy tc chi phi cc s thch.
2612 Rational lags Tr hu t; Tr hp l. Mt cng thc TR PHN PHI trong , cc gi tr k tip ca mt bin
s b tr c xc nh bng t l ca hai m hnh tr a thc.
2613 Rationing Chia khu phn. Bt c phng php no phn b mt sn phm hoc dch v khan him
khc vi cch dng ca c ch gi.
2614 Rawlsian justice Bng ng Rawls Mt cch tip cn vn ca mt x hi bnh ng, v c bit l BNH
NG PHN PHI c pht trin bi nh trit hc John Rawls i hc
Harvard, ng lp lun rng bnh ng x hi l x hi m trong c th
la chn nu h b chi phi hon ton bi quyn li c nhn.
2615 R,D and D Nghin cu, trin khai v trnh
din.
Xem RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
2616 Reaction functions Cc hm phn ng. Gip cho doanh nghip xc nh gi tr ti u cho mt bin s la chn khi
bit c gi tr ny ca cc hng cnh tranh.
2617 Real balance effect Hiu ng s d tin. Cm thut ng ny thng c s dng m t trng hp khi cu i
vi hng ho thay i do c s thay i s d tin thc t.
2618 Real cost approach to
international trade
Phng php chi ph thc t
i vi thng mi quc t.
Hc thuyt v li th so snh ca Ricardo c da trn mt phng php
chi ph thc t.
2619 Real money balances Cc s d tin thc t. L gi tr ca cc lng tin c nm gi c xc nh bng s lng
hng ho v dch v m chng c th mua c.
2620 Real national output Sn lng quc dn thc t. Gi tr ca tng sn lng - THU NHP QUC DN - c tnh theo "gi
c nh" - tc l tr i t l lm pht chung tnh c hiu qu thc t
ca vic s dng cc ngun lc.
2621 Real wages Tin lng thc t. L tin lng c tnh theo gi tr hng ho v dch v m s tin c
th mua c.
2622 Receiver Ngi tip nhn (ti sn). L ngi c b nhim tip qun ti sn ca mt con n, ng thi thu
nhn hoa li t ti sn ni trn nhm thanh ton n.
2623 Recession Suy thoi. L giai on gim st ca chu k thng mi xy ra sau mt nh im v
kt thc ti im thp nht ca chu k.
2624 Reciprocal S nghch o. L mt s c s m m mt.
2625 Reciprocal demand Cu qua li. L cu ca mt nc i vi hng ho ca mt nc khc trong quan h
trao i hng gia hai nc.
Page 111
2626 Reciprocal Trade
Argreements Act of
1934 (RTA)
o lut nm 1934 v cc hip
nh Thng mi qua li.
o lut thu quan Smoot-Hawley nm 1930 p t biu thu nhp khu
cao n mc cc hot ng thng mi quc t ca Hoa K hu nh khng
c. n nm 1962, tc ng ca RTA lm gim mc thu quan trung
bnh xung cn 11,1%. Nm 1990, mc thu quan trung bnh cho hng
cng nghip ch cn mc 5%.
2627 Recognition lag Tr trong nhn thc. Lag khong thi gian k t t khi mt yu t c kh nng gy bt n xy ra
cho n khi n c cc nh hoch nh chnh sch nhn nh l c kh
nng gy bt n.
2628 Recontract Ti kh c. L tho thun m theo bn mua hoc bn bn c th thay i s lng
hng mua bn nu biu gi tho thun khng gip cho hng c tiu
th ht trn th trng: s lng hng s c iu chnh tu thuc vo vic
xy ra tnh trng d cu hay d cung.
2629 Recursive model M hnh ni phn. L mt m hnh trong nhng gi tr hin ti ca mt tp hp cc bin s
quyt nh gi tr hin ti ca mt tp hp khc trong khi cc gi tr trc
(gi tr tr) ca tp hp sau li quyt nh cc gi tr hin ti ca gi tr
trc. 2630 Recursive residuals S d ni phn. Xem KALMAN FILTERING.
2631 Redeemable loan stock C phn vay c th hon tr. Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
2632 Redeemable securities Chng khon c th hon tr. C th l chng khon m s c tr li - thanh ton - vo mt ngy nht
nh, hoc c th l chng khon m c th c tr li tu theo hp ng
ca ngi vay tin.
2633 Redemption yield Tng li tc o hn. Nu mt nh u t mua mt c phiu c k hn vi gi thp hn gi danh
ngha ca n m gi c phn n khi o hn th s c hng mt
khon li tc ngoi tin li hng nm tr cho c phn .
2634 Redistribution Ti phn phi. L qu trnh iu chnh li s phn phi (thng l) thu nhp hoc ca ci
trong mt x hi.
2635 Reduced form (RF) Dng rt gn. L cc dng ca mt tp hp CC PHNG TRNH NG THI trong
cc bin s ni sinh c biu th nh l cc hm ca cc BIN S
NGOI SINH, ngha l khng c bin s ni sinh no xut hin pha bn
phi ca cc phng trnh.
2636 Redundancies Nhn vin tha. Nhng ngi mt vic khng t nguyn do yu cu v nhn lc ca doanh
nghip gim.
2637 Redundancy payments Tr cp thi vic. Xem SEVERANCE PAY.
2638 Re-export Hng ti xut. L hng c nhp t mt nc sang mt nc khc nhng khng c
tiu th nc nhp hng m c xut ti mt nc th ba.
2639 Regional development
grant
Tr cp pht trin vng. L cc khon tin m trc y chnh ph Anh cung cp cho cc hng tin
hnh u t vo sn xut ti nhng vng no c coi l CC KHU VC
CN PHT TRIN v VC KHU VC PHT TRIN C BIT. Cc
khon tr cp pht trin khu vc dn b ct b k t thng 3 nm 1988.
2640 Regional economics Kinh t hc khu vc. Kinh t hc khu vc l chuyn nghnh phn tch kinh lin quan n vic
phn phi hot ng kinh t theo khng gian v s khc nhau v khng
gian trong kt qu ca hot ng kinh t.
2641 Regional emloyment
premium
Tr cp tuyn dng lao ng
khu vc.
L khon tr cp cho cc hng sn xut ti cc khu vc cn pht trin v
cc khu vc c bit Anh t nm 1967 n nm 1977 da trn c s s
cng nhn c tuyn dng, ban du l 1,5 bng cho mt cng nhn v sau
l 3 bng cho mt cng nhn, hy vng s khuyn khch cc hng cc
khu vc c t l tht nghip cao thu thm nhiu lao ng.
2642 Regional multiplier S nhn khu vc. L mt phin bn ca s nhn c s dng trong vic phn tch cc nn
kinh t khu vc.
2643 Regional policy Chnh sch khu vc. L mt dng ca chnh sch kinh t ca chnh ph nhm iu chnh hnh
thi hot ng kinh t hoc kt qu kinh t ca khu vc.
2644 Regional integration Hi nhp khu vc.
2646 Regional wage
differentials
Nhng chnh lch tin lng
gia cc khu vc.
L nhng chnh lch v mc lng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn
c phn loi theo khu vc m h ang lm vic ti .
2647 Regional wage structure C cu tin lng theo khu
vc.
L vic xp th t cc mc lng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn c
phn loi theo khu vc m h ang lm vic ti .
2648 Registered unemployed Nhng ngi tht nghip c
ng k.
L tng s ngi Anh ng k ti cc Vn phng tht nghip c
hng tr cp.
2649 Regressand Bin ph thuc (trong phn
tch hi quy).
Page 112
2650 Regression Hi quy. L mt php phn tch bng cch ghp mt phng trnh hi quy quy (hoc
mt quan h ton hc) vo mt tp hp cc im s liu, thng l bng
phng php BNH PHNG TI THIU THNG THNG, thit
lp cc mi quan h kinh t lng (c tnh gi tr ca cc thng s), hoc
kim nh cc gi thit kinh t.
2651 Regressive expectations K vng hi quy. L k vng cho rng s bin i ca gi tr thc t ca mt bin s tch ra
khi gi tr ti im cn bng ca n, thng l mt gi tr mi, s c
tip ni bi vic quay tr li gi tr ti im cn bng.
2652 Regressive tax Thu lu thoi. L trng hp thu sut trung bnh gim khi thu nhp tng ln.
2653 Regressor c tnh hi quy. L mt BIN C LP trong mt php phn tch hi quy.
2654 Regret matrix Ma trn hi tic. Xem MINIMAX REGRET.
2655 Regulation Q Quy ch Q. L mt quy ch ca Hoa K do H THNG D TR LIN BANG t ra
vo nm 1933 i vi cc mc li m cc ngn hng phi tr cho cc tin
gi nh.
2656 Regulation S iu tit.
2657 Regulatory capture S lm quyn iu tit; "iu
tit b tri".
2658 Regulatory policy Chnh sch iu tit.
2659 Reintermediation Ti ph trung gian. Xem DISINTERMEDIATION.
2660 Relative deprivation Cm gic b tc ot. L mt khi nim c cc nh kinh t hc th ch vay mn t x hi hc
to ra nn tng v hnh vi vi m ca qu trnh c coi l phi th trng
m tin lng c xc nh trong (Xem SPILLOVER HYPOTHESIS).
2661 Relative income
hypothesis
Gi thuyt v thu nhp tng
i.
L gi thuyt cho rng tiu dng ca c nhn v / hoc h gia nh l hm
s ca thu nhp ca c nhn/ h gia nh trong mi quan h vi thu nhp
ca cc c nhn hoc h gia nh khc, ng thi cng l hm s ca thu
nhp hin ti trong mi quan h vi mc thu nhp trong cc giai on ngay
trc .
2662 Relative price Gi tng i. Xem PRICE.
2663 Relativities Chnh lch lng trong mt
ngh.
L thut ng c s dng m t nhng chnh lch gia cc mc lng
trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn trong cng mt ngh, do cc nhm ch
khc nhau tr.
2664 Renewable resource Ti nguyn ti to c. L bt c ti nguyn no c kh nng ti to li, mt phn hoc ton b,
mt cch "t nhin".
2665 Rent T, li, tin thu. Xem ECONOMIC RENT.
2666 Rent gradient Gradient tin thu. L mt mi quan h c s dng trong KINH T HC TH, biu th
mc t phi tr cho mt n v t ai nh mt hm s ca khong cch t
mt im tham chiu nht nh - thng l mt thnh ph hoc trung tm
th x.
2667 Rentiers Ch cho thu ti sn; Ch cho
thu vn.
L nhng ch s hu vn m ton b hoc hu ht thu nhp ca h c c
t ngun ny nhng h li chn cch khng p t quyn kim sot ca
mnh i vi vic s dng n.
2668 Rent seeking S tm kim c li; S tm
kim tin thu.
L vic s dng cc ngun lc thc t nhm thu c thng d di hnh
thc mt khon c li.
2669 Rent seeker Ngi kim s c li.
2670 Rental on capital Tin thu vn.
2671 Replacement cost Chi ph thay th. Xem HISTORICAL COST.
2672 Replacement cost
accounting
Hch ton chi ph thay th. L mt phng php k ton c iu chnh theo nhng thay i v gi c
bng cch tnh li nhun nh l khon chnh lch gia gi bn mt mt
hng v chi ph thay th ca n ti thi im bn hng.
2673 Replacement investment u t thay th. L khon tin cn thit thay th phn vn u t c bn c s dng
ht trong qu trnh sn xut.
2674 Replacement ratio T s thay th. L t s gia tng thu nhp rng (thu nhp cng vi phc li tr thu v
tin nh , cho php hon tr li tin thu) khi tht nghip v tng thu nhp
thun khi ang lm vic.
2675 Representative firm Hng i din. L mt hng tiu biu cho mt ngnh hay mt khu vc ca nn kinh t
ang c phn tch.
2676 Repressed inflation Lm pht b kim ch. L trng hp vic n nh gi kim sot c tc thay i ca gi c
m khng tc ng n nhng xu hng lm pht ang din ra.
2677 Required reserves D tr bt buc. Trong ngnh ngn hng M, cc t chc nhn tin gi phi duy tr mt t
l phn trm nht nh ca s n m cc t chc ny pht hnh (v c bn
gm c sc, s tit kim v giy chng nhn ti khon tin gi) di dng
s d nhn ri.
Page 113
2678 Required rate of return
on capital
Sut sinh li cn c ca vn.
2679 Required real rate of
return on capital
Sut sinh li thc t cn c
ca vn.
2680 Required reserve ratio T l d tr bt buc.
2681 Resale price
mainternance
Vic duy tr gi bn l. L tho thun theo cc nh sn xut xc nh mt cch c lp hoc tp
th nhng mc gi ti thiu m cc sn phm ca h c th c bn li ti
cc nh bn bun v bn l.
2682 Resale Prices Act 1964 o lut nm 1964 v Gi bn
l.
L o lut ca Anh cm vic duy tr gi bn l bi mt hng ring l.
2683 Research and
development (R&D)
Nghin cu v trin khai. L hot ng nhm nng cao trnh khoa hc hoc k thut v ng dng
trnh vo vic to ra cc sn phm mi v phng tin sn xut mi
cng nh ci tin cc sn phm v qui trnh sn xut hin ti.
2684 Reservation wage Mc lng bo lu; Mc
lng k vng ti thiu.
Ngi cng nhn tm vic trn TH TRNG LAO NG s c mt
tng nht nh v mc lng m anh ta mong mun hoc xng ng c
hng, da trn mc lng trc y ca anh ta v nhng ngh tr
lng c bit n theo mt ngha k vng nht nh.
2685 Reserve assets ratio T l ti sn d tr. L t l ti thiu m tt c cc ngn hng v cc CNG TY TI CHNH c
quy m ln hn hot ng ti Anh trong thi gian t 1971 n 1981 phi
duy tr gia cc ti sn c xc nh l hp l v cc khon n c xc
nh bng cch tng t l hp l.
2686 Reserve base C s d tr. L s lng nhng ti sn trong h thng ti chnh m xt trn thc t hoc
v mt php l, c th hnh thnh nn d tr ca h thng ngn hng, v
theo l thuyt truyn thng v S NHN TN DNG, hnh thnh nn s b
nhn gip cho vic s dng s nhn xc nh tng s tin gi ngn hng.
2687 Reserve currency ng tin d tr. L tn gi c t cho mt NG TIN nc ngoi m mt chnh ph
sn sng gi lm mt phn d tr ca mnh; s tin ny c s dng ti
tr cho thng mi quc t.
2688 Reserve ratio T l d tr. L t l gia mt ti sn, hoc mt nhm cc ti sn, c gi lm qu d
tr so vi tng s cc khon n hoc cam kt nht nh, v xt v mt mc
no th y l i tng ca chnh sch hot ng ca cc t chc c
lin quan.
2689 Residual S d. Chnh lch gia mt im s liu trn thc t vi gi tr c a ra bi
mt phng trnh c tnh.
2690 Resiliency Tnh nhy bn.
2691 Resource Ngun lc; Ngun ti nguyn.
2692 Restricted least squares
(RLS)
Bnh phng nh nht hn
ch.
L mt phng php c tnh cc thng s ca mt phng trnh, trong
c tnh n mt loi thng tin u tin.
2693 Restrictive Practices
Court
To n v cc hot ng hn
ch.
Xem RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1956.
2694 Restrictive Trade
Practices Act 1956
o lut nm 1956 v nhng
Thng l thng mi hn ch.
L o lut ca Anh quy nh vic cc hng sn xut tho thun vi nhau
duy tr gi bn l l bt hp php.
2695 Restrictive Trade
Practices Act 1968
o lut nm 1968 v nhng
Thng l thng mi hn ch.
im chnh ca o lut ny l mt iu khon ni lng vic ng k bt
buc cc tho thun theo quy nh ca o lut nm 1956 v nhng Thng
l thng mi hn ch.
2696 Reswitching Ti chuyn i. Trong CUC TRANH LUN V VN, quan im cho rng mt phng
php sn xut b t b khi t l li nhun thp c th c a ra khi t l
li nhun tng ln ti nhng mc cao hn nhiu, cng vi vic mt (hoc
nhiu) Phng php sn xut thay th c kh nng sinh li cao hn c s
dng trong giai on chuyn tip.
2697 Retail Bn l. L giai on cui cng trong dy chuyn phn phi t nh sn xut n
ngi tiu dng.
2698 Retail banking Nghip v ngn hng bn l. Thut ng ny c p dng cho cc nghip v ngn hng chuyn thng do
cc NGN HNG THANH TON B TR v ngy cng nhiu cc ngn
hng khc tin hnh, thng qua h thng chi nhnh ca h ti mi i
tng.
2699 Retail price index (RPI) Ch s gi bn l. L mt ch s gi hng ho c cp n nh l ch s gi sinh hot. Ch
s ny o lng nhng thay i tng i trong cc mc gi ca mt nhm
hng tiu dng c th m mt h gia nh trung bnh mua mt cch thng
xuyn.
2700 Retained earnings Thu nhp c gi li. Xem INTERNAL FINANCE.
2701 Retention ratio T l gi li. L t l li nhun rng c tnh lm thu nhp gi li.
Page 114
2702 Retentions Cc khon gi li. L tn gi khc ca THU NHP GI LI hoc LI NHUN KHNG
CHIA.
2703 Return on capital
employed
Li tc t vn c s dng. Xem RATE OF RETURN.
2704 Returns to scale Li tc theo quy m. L t l m theo sn lng thay i khi s lng ca tt c cc u vo
thay i.
2705 Revaluation S nng gi tr; s tng gi. L mt thay i theo hng i ln ca sc mua ngang gi i vi mt ng
tin trong mt h thng t gi hi oi c nh.
2706 Revealed preference S thch c bc l. L mt phng thc tip cn hc thuyt v cu ca SAMUELSON, da
trn nhng nhn nh v cch thc m ngi tiu dng phn ng i vi
nhng thay i v gi c v thu nhp.
2707 Revenue Doanh thu.
2708 Revenue maximization Ti a ho doanh thu. Xem SALES MAXIMIZATION HYPOTHESIS.
2709 Reverse dumping Bn ph gi th trng nc
ngoi.
L vic bn mt loi hng ho nc ngoi vi mt mc gi cao hn gi
mt hng ti th trng trong nc li dng v tr c quyn.
2710 Reverse yield gap Chnh lch nghch o ca li
tc.
Xem Yield gap.
2711 Ricardian equivalence
theorem
nh l Ricardo v tnh tng
ng .
Theo nh l ny, vic nh thu v vic pht hnh n ca nhnh ph, khi
c s dng nh mt cng c ti tr cho chi tiu ngn hn ca chnh ph,
u c cc hiu ng tng ng vi nhau i vi nn kinh t.
2712 Ricardo, David (1772-1823). L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, c nhc n nhiu nht do hc thuyt v
TIN THU v hc thuyt v CHI PH SO SNH ca ng. Nm 1819, ng
c bu vo H ngh vin. S quan tm ca ng i vi kinh t hc bt
u t khi ng c tc phm Ca ci ca cc dn tc ca Smith m sau
tr thnh c s cho tc phm Gi cao ca vng (1810), trong ng lp
lun rng tnh trng lm pht hin ti l do vic ngn hng trung ng Anh
khng hn ch c vic pht hnh tin v mt u ban chnh thc cng a
ra mt kt lun tng t vo nm 1811. Tc phm ch yu ca ng l
Nhng nguyn tc ca kinh t chnh tr v thu (1817). Ricardo cng c
bit n v thnh cng ca ng trong vic to ra mt "c my phn tch' v
l ngi u tin s dng phng php xy dng cc m hnh phn tch
gin n dac trn nhng gi nh to bo p dng trc tip vo vic
gii quyt cc vn quan trng.
2713 Right-to-work laws Cc lut v quyn c lm
vic.
M, ni pht sinh cm thut ng ny, vic buc cng nhn phi gia nhp
cc nghip on l bt hp php v cc tiu ban c quyn cm vic p dng
quy nh v gia nhp nghip on.
2714 Rights issue Pht hnh quyn mua c
phiu.
Trong mt t pht hnh c phiu mi ca mt cng ty, cc c ng hin
ti c quyn mua c phiu mi theo t l gp vn ca tng c ng, l vi
nhng iu kin u i.
2715 Risk Ri ro. L hon cnh trong mt s kin xy ra vi mt xc sut nht nh hoc
trong trng hp quy m ca s kin c mt PHN PHI XC SUT.
2716 Risk aversion S s ri ro, khng thch ri
ro.
L k vng ca nh u t mun c li tc d kin cao hn b p s
gia tng ri ro.
2717 Risk capital Vn ri ro. Thng thng cm thut ng ny ni n mt khon vn c u t vo
mt doanh nghip m ch s hu ca n chp nhn ri ro l cng ty c th
b ph sn.
2718 Risk attitude Thi i vi ri ro.
2719 Risk character Thi i vi ri ro.
2720 Risk premium Tin b cho ri ro, ph ri ro 1.L mt khon b sung vo T L CHIT KHU "thun tu" tnh n
s khng chc chn ca nhng li ch hoc doanh thu ca mt d n trong
tng lai; 2.Trong mt th gii khng chc chn, l phn li tc b p
cho ch s hu vn v nhng ri ro trong vic s dng s vn trong
kinh doanh.
2721 Risk-spreading Dn tri ri ro. Xem INSURANCE.
2722 Risk-diversification Phn tn ri ro.
2723 Risk-loving Thch ri ro.
2724 Risk Master Phn mm Risk Master
2725 Risk-neutrality Bng quan vi ri ro.
2726 Risk-pool Chung ri ro; Gp chung
ri ro.
2727 Risk-sharing Chia x ri ro.
Page 115
2728 Rival Tnh hu tranh; Tnh cnh
tranh (trong tiu dng).
Khi s tiu dng ca mt c nhn v mt hng ho lm gim s lng hng
ho m nhng ngi khc c th tiu dng.
2729 Robbins, Lionel (1898-1984). L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh v l mt nhn vt c nhiu nh hng, l
gio s kinh t ti trng Kinh t London t nm 1929 n nm 1961.
Trong thi gian ny, Robbins c nh hng to ln i vi c sinh vin ln
chnh ph, l ngi i u trong vic hi sinh t duy kinh t "t do". ng
nhn mnh s cn thit v mt l thuyt v thc t gia kinh t hc
CHUN TC v THC CHNG. Trong tc phm Lun bn v bn cht
v ngha ca khoa hc kinh t (1953), nhn mnh n kha cnh s khan
him trong mi hnh vi kinh t. Cu ni ni ting ca Robbins tm li
quan im ny v tr thnh mt nh ngha chun v phm vi nghin cu
ca kinh t hc:"Khoa hc nghin cu hnh vi ca con ngi da trn c s
mi quan h gia nhng mc tiu v cng c khan him vi nhng cng
dng khc nhau".
2730 Robinson, Joan V. (1903-1983). Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh v l mt trong nhng l thuyt gia kinh t c
nh hng nht trong giai on hu Keynes. L gio s ging dy ti
trng i hc Cambrigde (1931-1971). ng gp gp quan trng u tin
ca b l s ph bnh v s din gii li hc thuyt truyn thng v gi tr
da trn khi nim. Tc phm sau ny ca b chuyn t phng php
im cn bng tng phn ca Marshall sang phng php phn tch c
inca Keynes v nhng vn kinh t v m nng ng, c bit l vn
tng trng v phn phi. Tc phm S tch lu vn (1956), ng gp
quan trng ca b cho hc thuyt tng trng kinh t, vn dng t tng
ca J.Mkeynes, Harrod, C.Mc v David Ricardo. Robinson l mt ngi
i u trong nhng cuc tranh lun gay gt v ngha ca vn vo nhng
nm 50 v 60.
2731 Robinson-Patman Act o lut Robinson-Patman. L o lut ra i nm 1936 sa i mc 2 ca o lut Clayton ca
Hoa K. Ni dung ch yu ca n l vic cm t cc mc gi khc nhau
cho cc khch hng khc nhau i vi nhng hng ho m c bn ging
nhau v chng loi v cht lng, trong trng hp tc ng s l vic
gim ng k mc cnh tranh hoc c xu hng c quyn.
2732 Roosa effect Hiu ng Roosa. Cm thut ng ny trc y dng ch iu m ngy nay thng c
gi l "HIU NG KHO". N c mang tn ch ngn hng - Nh kinh
t hc Robert V.Roosa, ngi u tin ng h ngha ca n.
2733 Roots Cc nghim, cn s. Cc nghim ca mt hm l cc gi tr ca bin c lp lm cho bin ph
thuc bng khng.
2734 Rostow model M hnh Rostow Mt thuyt tng trng kinh t do gio s W.W Rostow a ra nm 1961.
ng phn chia qu trnh tng trng thnh 5 giai on: 1)X hi truyn
thng; 2)Cc iu kin tin quyt ct cnh;3)Ct cnh;4)Tin ti trng
thnh;5)Giai on tiu dng cao.
2735 Roundaboutness Phng php sn xut gin
tip.
Thut ng ny dng ch phng php sn xut tn nhiu thi gian hn
v hiu qu hn. Khi nim nng sut cao hn ca phng php sn xut l
gio l trung tm ca trng phi o trong khi tho lun vn.
2736 Royalty Thu ti nguyn. Anh, y l loi thu phi tr cho chnh ph Anh bi cc t chc khai
khong sn v mi quyn khai khong u thuc v Hong gia. nhiu
nc, mt s hnh thc thu tinh vi hn v thng cn c vo li nhun
ang tr nn quan trng hn vi t cch l thu nh vo ti nguyn thin
nhin.
2737 Royalties Tin hoa hng (cn c vo kt
qu lm vic c nhn).
Xem COMPENSATION RULES.
2738 RPI Ch s gi bn l. Xem RETAIL PRICE INDEX.
2739 Rule-of-thumb Quy tc t t. Mt cng thc hay th tc m to c s cho vic ra quyt nh ca cc tc
nhn kinh t.
2740 Rybczcynski theorem nh l Rybczcynski. nh l, do nh kinh t Rybczcynski a ra, cho rng nu trong m hnh
HECKSCHER-OHLIN, mt trong hai yu t sn xut c tng duy tr
gi c hng ho v cc yu t sn xut khng i th lng hng ho dng
nhiu yu t sn xut c tng ln phi m rng sn lng hng ho kia,
dng nhiu hn trong yu t sn xut khng i phi gim xung.
2741 Robustness of an
exchange rate regime
Tnh thit thc ca mt ch
t gi hi oi.
2742 Run (a) (mt) cn st rt tin.
2743 Sackings Con s sa thi. Con s thi vic c l do. Mt yu t trong chu chuyn lao ng.
Page 116
2744 St. Louis model M hnh St. Louis. Mt m hnh kinh t lng tuyn tnh nh ca nn kinh t M c a ra
ti Ngn hng d tr Lin bang St.Louis chng li xu hng dng cc
m hnh phi tuyn tnh v ln hn c a ra cc ni khc t m hnh
ban u v nn kinh t M ca Tinbergen v Klein-Goldberger.
2745 St Petersburg paradox Nghch l St Petersburg. Xem BERNOULLI HYPOTHESIS.
2746 Salary Lng Tin tr cho hu nh ton b cng nhn khng lm vic chn tay v mt s
nhn vin lm vic chn tay i ly cung lao ng ca h, thng thng
vic thanh ton c tin hnh sau mi thnh v, ngc vi tin cng ca
nhn cng lm vic chn tay, khng thay i theo s gi lm vic hay mc
n lc trong nhng gi lm vic vi iu kin mt s ngha v hp ng
ti thiu phi c tn trng.
2747 Sales maximization
hypothesis
Gi thuyt v ti a ho doanh
thu.
Do W.J.Baumol, a ra gi thit ny l tinh thn thuyt QUN TR CA
HNG.
2748 Sales tax Thu bn hng. Mt loi thu nh vo giao dch th trng.
2749 Salvage Gi tr thanh l. Khi xem xt ngn sch vn, gi tr ca ti sn vn vo cui i d n phi
c xem xt.
2750 Sample Mu. Mi tp cc quan st hay cc s liu o c i vi mt bin c th no
, m khng gm tt c cc quan st c th c.
2751 Sample space Khng gian mu.
2752 Samuelson, Paul (1915-) Nh kinh t hc ngi M, gio s ti hc vin Cng ngh Massachusetts,
v l ngi c gii Nobel v kinh t nm 1970 v c cng nng cao
phn tch tng qut v mc phng php lun trong kinh t hc vi s
gip ca ton hc. Trong KINH T H NG, ng nghin cu xem
mt h thng kinh t c s nh th no khi bn ngoi im cn bng v
mt nn kinh t pht trin nh th no t giai on n sang giai on kia
trong mt chui cc giai on pht trin. Trong L THUYT CNG TIU
DNG, cch tip cn ca ng hon ton i lp vi phng php tip cn
c chp nhn rng ri nht, l vic xy dng cc nh l v hnh vi
tiu dng da trn cc phng php suy din, v ng xc nh nhng s
thch trn c s nhng hnh vi quan st c hay "Nhng s thch c
bc l" nh chng c gi. Trong KINH T HC QUC T, lp lun
ca ng v vn chuyn nhng v nhng li ch thu c t thng mi
u rt chnh xc v l nhng tuyn b kinh in v kinh t hc hin i.
Mc d l ngi vit nhu, nhng Samuelson ch vit, ch khng phi bin
son, hai cun sch l: Nhng nn tng ca phn tch kinh t (1948) v mt
cun sch nhp mn rt thnh cng l Kinh t hc (1945) v hin ang
c ti bn ln th 15.
2753 Samuelson test Kim nh Samuelson. Theo kim nh ny th mt trng thi c kh nng c phc li tt hn mt
trng thi khc nu i vi mi s phn phi gi hng ho trong tnh trng
th nht c tn ti mt s phn b gi hng ho th hai, trong t nht c
mt phc li tng ln m khng c ngi no b gim phc li.
2754 Satiation Bo ho. Hin tng " c " mt hng ho no .
2755 Satisficing behaviour Hnh vi tho mn. Hnh vi hng ti vic t c nhng mc kht vng trong cc mc tiu
ra quyt nh v hnh vi khng nht thit phi lin quan ti vic ti a
ho bt k mt yu t no.
2756 Savings Tit kim. Mi thu nhp khng tiu dng vo hng ho v dch v cho nhu cu hin
ti. 2757 Savings and loan
associations
Cc hip hi tit kim v cho
vay.
Cc cng ty c thnh lp di hnh thc tng h hay c phn nhn tit
kim t dn c v u t ch yu vo cc khon cho vay th chp.
2758 Savings function Hm Tit kim. Hm ch r mi quan h gia tng tit kim (S) v thu nhp (Y), Tc l S =
S(Y).
2759 Savings-investment
approach to the balance
of payments
Phng php tit kim - u
t i vi cn cn thanh ton.
Phng php tit kim - u t i vi cn bng cn cn thanh ton tp
trung vo mi quan h do Keynes nu ra gia tit kim v u t gii
thch v tr ca ti khon vng lai trong cn cn thanh ton, v chnh lch
gia xut khu v nhp khu hng ho v dch v.
Page 117
2760 Say, Jean-Baptiste (1767-1832) L mt doanh nhn ngi php tr thnh nh kinh t hc, Say c b
nhim lm ch nhim khoa kinh t Cng nghip thuc trng i hc
Convervatoire National des et Mtier (1819) v tr thnh gio s kinh t
nm 1931. im quan trng trong cng trnh ca ng l vic ng phn i
thuyt gi tr c in da trn gi tr lao ng ca ngi Anh. V mt
phng php lun, Say l ngi i tin phong trong trng phi TN C
IN v phn tch cn bng ca h. Say ni ting nht vi l thuyt v th
trng c ng xy dng trong cun Trait d'economie politique (1803).
Say pht hin s ph thuc ln nhau gia cung v cu t nn kinh t hng
i hng, ti mi hng ng bn u lin quan n cu v mt gi tr
tng ng, khng tn ti bt k mt d cung hay cu no v khng c
mt hng ho no c sn xut ra m khng c mt mc cu tiu th no
tng ng, thnh l thuyt chung v th trng.
2761 Scarcity S khan him. Trong kinh t hc, s khan him thng s dng trong trng hp cc
ngun lc sn c sn xut ra sn phm khng tho mn cc mong
mun.
2762 Scarce currency ng tin him. Mt tn gi khc ca ng tin mnh.
2763 Scatter Biu tn x. S biu din d liu bng th trong cc gi tr quan st c ca mt
bin c v thnh tng im so vi cc gi tr ca bin kia m khng ni
cc im li vi nhau bng ng ni.
2764 Scatter diagram th ri.
2765 Schooling functions Cc hm gio dc. Mi quan h hm s gia trnh hc vn t c v cc yu t quyt
nh ca cc trnh .
2766 Schultz, Theodore W. (1902-) Nh kinh t hc v gio s ti trng i hc Chicago, ng l ng tc gi
ot gii thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1979. Nhng cng trnh ch yu ca
ng thuc lnh vc kinh t nng nghip nhng ng cng c bit ti nh
mt ngi tin phong trong lnh vc Vn nhn lc.
2767 Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1883-1950) Sinh trng v hc tp Vin, Schumpeter l mt mn ca WALRAS
ch khng phi trng phi o. ng l ngi tin phong trong phn tch
CHU K THNG MI v PHT TRIN KINH T, trong c hai tc
phm ny, ch doanh nghip gi vai tr ch o, chu trch nhim cho vic
sng ch. Hnh ng ca anh ta sau s b bt chc, nh vy sng ch v
c th gy ra s bng n mang li. L mt tc gi c tm nhn ln, ng lp
lun trong cun CH NGHA T BN, CH NGHA X HI V NN
DN CH (1947) rng ch ngha t bn s nhng ch cho ch ngha x
hi khng phi v n tht bi nh C.Mc lp lun m bi v thnh cng ca
n. Cng trnh cui cng ca ng, n lc mt vn cha hon thnh l mt
tc phm v i: Lch s phn tch kinh t (1954).
2768 Scientific tariff Thu khoa hc. Thu hay cu trc thu t c mc tiu chnh sch, thng l phi kinh
t nh c lp quc gia hay s sn sng v qun s, vi chi ph ti thiu
cho x hi.
2769 Scitovsky paradox Nghch l Scitovsky. Nghch l ny sinh nu bc chuyn t phn b A sang phn b B th hin
mt ci thin Pareto TIM NNG nhng nhng ngi chu thit thi t
bc chuyn ny s thu li t khi li chuyn v A to iu kin cho h
mua chuc nhng ngi c li tre li t s phn b ban u.
2770 Scitovsky reversal
criterion
Tiu ch nghch o Scitovsky. Scitovsky lu rng vic p dng kim nh KALDOR-HICKS c th dn
n quan im coi nc B hn nc A nhng c khi nc B vic p
dng kim nh ny c th ch ra rng A tt hn B.
2771 Screening hypothesis Gi thit sng lc. Lp lun rng gio dc t c tc ng trc tip n hiu qu tng nng sut
lao ng m gio dc ch yu ng vai tr ca mt b lc, hay thit b sng
lc m nhm pht hin ra nhng ti nng sn c, s bn tr, ng c m
ngi s dung lao ng thy hp dn.
2772 Scrip issue C phiu pht hnh cho c
ng hin hnh.
Xem BONUS ISSUE.
2773 SDR Quyn rt tin c bit. Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
2774 Search costs Chi ph tm kim (vic lm). Xem JOB SEARCH.
2775 Search unemployment Tht nghip do tm kim vic
lm.
Xem JOB SEARCH.
2776 Seasonal adjustment iu chnh thi v. Tn gi ca bt k mt quy trnh no trong c tc ng thi v c
tnh n hoc thng hay c loi b khi d liu.
2777 Seasonal unemployment Tht nghip thi v. Tht nghip do nguyn nhn t hnh thi cng vic theo thi v ca mt s
nghnh.
Page 118
2778 Secondary banks Cc ngn hng th cp. Mt cm thut ng dng ch mt nhm ln cc t chc ti chnh chuyn
nhn tin gi, rt nhiu t chc trong s l chi nhnh hoc c lin quan
n cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr, nh bun, ngn hng nc ngoi mc
ln nhanh chng trong nhng nm 1960 v u nhng nm 1970 c tr
gip bi nhng quy nh v s lng i vi cc ngn hng thanh ton b
tr.
2779 Secondary market Th trng th cp. Xem PRIMARY MARKET.
2780 Secondary worker Cng nhn hng hai. Nhng nhm cng nhn m vic c tham gia vo lc lng lao ng
khng chc chn bng nhng nhm cng nhn hng nht.
2781 Second-best (Tnh trng) tt nh. nh l tnh trng tt nh do R.G.Lipsey v K.Lancaster a ra, cho rng
nu mt trong nhng iu kin ca ti u PARETO khng th thc hin
c th ni chung tnh th c th t c tt nht (phng n tt nht th
hai) ch c th t c bng cch thot khi mi iu kin Pareto khc.
2782 Second order condition iu kin o hm bc hai. Du ca o hm bc hai ca hm mc tiu ca cc bin la chn cho thy
cc tr l cc i hay cc tiu.
2783 Secular supply curve ng cung lao ng trng
k.
Khi nim cung trong on thut ng ny thng c hiu l tng t l
tham gia vo lc lng lao ng.
2784 Secular trend Xu hng lu di T "secular" ch ra rng l xu hng tnh ton cho nhng d liu di
hn. 2785 Secured Nhng khon vay c bo lnh. Xem FINANCE CAPITAL.
2786 Securities Chng khon. Mt thut ng dng ch mt lot cc ti sn ti chnh, v cc c phiu
vin vng, c phn, v tri khon.
2787 Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC)
U ban chng khon. Mt t chc c lp ca chnh ph M c thnh lp nm 1934 hot ng
nh c quan iu hnh chnh ca nganh chng khon.
2788 Securities and
Invesment Board (SIB)
Hi ng chng khon v u
t.
Xem BIG BANG.
2789 Securitization Chng khon ho. Mt thut ng khc dng ch s t b i vay qua trung gian, m t vic
ti tr nhng nhu cu tin t ca cng ty trc tip thng qua th trng vn
v thng qua vic s dng cc cng c nh hi phiu, chp thun ca ngn
hng v pht hnh tri phiu thay v vay t cc ngn hng thng mi.
2790 Seignorage Thu c tin, ph c tin. T xa xa v p dng i vi tin, y l mt loi thu nh vo nhng
kim loi c mang n xng c tin, nhm trang tri cc chi ph c
tin v l mt ngun thu cho nh cm quyn, ngi cho l mt c
quyn. 2791 Self-liquidating T thanh ton. Mt khon vay hay lao dch ti chnh khc c ri ro thp v c mt th tc
gn lin v vic kt thc khon vay v thanh ton n nn.
2792 Self-liquidating
advances
Cc khon ng trc t thanh
ton.
Mt cu chm ngn truyn thng trn ngnh ngn hng ca Anh l cc
hnh hc tn dng "t thanh ton" l hnh thc cho vay an ton nht cho
ngn hng.
2793 Self-regulating
organzations (SROs)
Cc t chc t iu tit. Xem BIG BANG.
2794 Semi log Phng php bn Lgarit ho. Phng php minh ho nhng bin s kinh t c th thay i theo thi
gian. 2795 Senior, Nassau W. (1790-1864) L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, hai ln c phong gio s kinh t ca
Khoa kinh t chnh tr ti Oxford. ng sa i thuyt dn s ca
Malthus. Tng trng dn s c th din ra m khng c s gim bt ca
dn s xung ti mc c th sng c v mi th h u c c mun ci
thin mc sng. Senior l ngi tiu biu cho thuyt gi tr ch quan v
c gng dung ho thuyt gi tr ca Ricardo vi s phn tch ca
THO DNG. Theo quan im ca Senior, king khem ni n vic hy
sinh to ra vn mi. Chi ph cho s king khem gp vo gi tr hng
ho. Li sut c xem nh l phn thng cho s khng tiu dng .
Cng trnh ln ca Senior v kinh t hc l cng Khoa hc kinh t
chnh tr (1936).
2796 Seniority practices Phng php thm nin. Cc phng php iu chnh vic thng chc, ging chc v sa thi trong
mt b phn ca hng theo mc thm nin ca ngi lao ng.
2797 Sensitivity analysis Phn tch nhy cm. Phn tch nhy cm lin quan n vic thay i cc thng s theo bi
ton ra quyt nh v nghin cu xem vic thay i ny nh hng n kt
qu nh th no.
2798 Separability of
preferences
Tnh phn chia ca s a
thch.
Trong l thuyt tiu dng, vic chia hng ho cho nhiu nhm khc nhau
sao cho s thch tiu dng ca mi nhm c x l c lp vi cc nhm
cn li.
2799 Separation of ownership
from control
S tch bit gia quyn s hu
v quyn kim sot.
iu ny xy ra trong nhng cng ty c phn ln, trong nhng c phn
c quyn b phiu c chia cho mt s lng ln c ng.
Page 119
2800 Serial correlation Tng quan chui. Cn c gi l tng quan t nh. Mt bi ton kinh t lng, trong
gi tr hin ti ca mt sai s trong mt phng trnh tng quan v nhng
gi tr trong qu kh ca n, ch ch ra rng, mt s nh hng h thng
no b loi b khi phng trnh.
2801 Service of debt Tr li sut n. Vic thanh ton li cc khon li sut ca n.
2802 Services Cc dch v. Trn gic kinh t, dch v l cc chc nng hoc cc nhim v c
thc hin m ngi ta c cu v do to ra gi c hnh thnh nn mt th
trng thch hp.
2803 Severance pay Bi thng mt vic. Cng gi l tr cp mt vic Anh, mt phng php hp ng ci thin
chi ph kinh t ca vic sa thi vnh vin bng vic bi thng cho nhng
ngi lao ng b mt vic.
2804 Shadow economy Nn kinh t bng. Mt b phn ca nn kinh t m sn lng ca n khng c tnh vo con
s thng k v thu nhp quc dn bi v n c giu i chnh quyn
khng thy c.
2805 Shadow price Gi bng Vic nh gi mt hng ho hay dch v m khng c gi th trng.
2806 Shadow wage rate Mc tin cng bng. Gi bng ca lao ng.
2807 Share C phiu. Xem EQUITIES.
2808 Share economy Kinh t phn phi. Mt nn kinh t trong tin tr cho ngi lao ng c gn bi mt
cng thc vi doanh thu hay li nhun ca cng ty m hc lm vic.
2809 Share price Gi c phiu. Gi th trng hin hnh ca mt n v vn c phn ca mt cng ty.
2810 Sharpe, William F. (1934-)
2811 Sherman Act o lut Sherman. Mt trong nhng nn tng ca lut chng T-rt M c thi hnh nm
1890.
2812 Shift effect hypothesis Gi thuyt v hiu ng dch
chuyn.
Lp lun cho rng chnh sch thu nhp c th nh hng n vic dch
chuyn ng Phillips sang bn tri, do to ra mt mc tin lng thp
hn v / hoc lm lm pht gi i vi nhng gi tr cho trc ca cc yu
t quyt nh chng trc ht l mc tht nghip.
2813 Shift share analysis Phn tch cc phn gy dch
chuyn.
Mt k thut c s dng trong phn tch tng trng kinh t khu vc
trong c gng tch mt phn ca s tng trng khu vc m c th gii
thch bng s pha trn cc ngnh trong khu vc (cu trc ngnh) v phn
c th gii thch theo cc anh hng "khu vc" c th.
2814 Shirking model M hnh v tnh li; M hnh
v tnh ln trnh.
Xem EFFICIENCY WAGE THEORY.
2815 Shock effect Hiu ng sc Mt lp lun tng t nh lp lun c s dng trong nn kinh t c tin
lng cao.
2816 Shop steward i biu phn xng. Mt i biu c bu ra i din cho mt nhm cng nhn, ngi ny s
thc y nhng mi quan tm ca nhng ngi lao ng trong nh my
hoc phn xng nh tin cng hoc cc iu kin lm vic.
2817 Short-dated securities Cc chng khon ngn hn. Cc chng khon n, v d nh tri khon cng ty hay chng khon vin
vng m thi gian n ngy thanh ton ngn, thg khng qu 5 nm.
2818 Short run Ngn hn. Khong thi gian trong qu trnh sn xut trong cc yu t sn xut c
nh khng thay i, nhng mc s dng cc yu t kh bin c th b
thay i.
2819 Short run average cost Chi ph trung bnh ngn hn. Xem Average cost.
2820 Short run average fixed
cost (AFC)
nh ph bnh qun ngn hn.
2821 Short run fixed cost
(AFC)
nh ph ngn hn.
2822 Short run consumption
function
Hm tiu dng ngn hn. Mi quan h hm s gia tiu dng v thu nhp trong khong thi gian ca
chu k kinh doanh.
2823 Short run marginal cost
(SMC)
Chi ph bin ngn hn. Xem Marginal cost.
2824 Short run total cost
(STC)
Tng ph ngn hn.
2825 Short run variable costs
(SVC)
Bin ph ngn hn.
2826 Short run adjustments Nhng iu chnh gi ngn
hn.
2827 Long run adjustments Nhng iu chnh gi di hn.
2828 Short run aggregate
suply schedule
Biu cung gp ngn hn.
2829 Short-time working Lm vic t gi. cp n nhng cng nhn lm vic t gi hn TUN LM VIC
CHUN c nu trong trong hp ng lao ng ca h.
2830 SIC Phn loi nghnh chun. Xem STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION.
Page 120
2831 Side payments Cc khon tr thm. Nhng trao i gia cc c nhn trong mt nhm nhm mc ch khuyn
khch thc hin bn phn cho mt hoc nhiu mc tiu chung.
2832 Sight deposits Tin gi v k hn. Nhng khon tin gi ti cc ngn hng v nhng th ch nhn tin gi
tng t c th chuyn i sang sc hoc c th rt bng tin mt m
khng cn bo trc.
2833 Simon, Herbert A. (1916-) L nh kinh t hc ngi M, t gii Nobel kinh t 1978 do cng trnh
nghin cu i tin phonng trong qu trnh to ra quyt nh ti nhng t
chc v kinh t v hng ni ring.L lun ca Simon v nhng quan st v
vic ra quyt nh ti cc t chc ph hp vi thc t v to nn nn tng
hu ch cho vic nghin cu thc nghim.
2834 Simplex alglorithm Thut ton n hnh. Xem LINEAR PROGRAMMING.
2835 Simulation S m phng. Mt hnh thc d on a ra mt tp hp nhng phng n d on da
trn nhng gi thit khc nhau v cc tnh hung tng lai, c th l tr
li cu hi "ci g s xy ra nu?", thay v cu hi "ci g s xy ra?".
2836 Simultaneous equation
bias
lch do phng trnh ng
thi.
lch trong nhng c lng bng phng php bnh phng nh nht
thng thng l kt qa ca nhng tc ng phn hi gia cc phng
trnhkhi m hnh c d on bao gm mt tp hp nhng PHNG
TRNH NG THI.
2837 Simultaneous equations Cc phng trnh ng thi. Mt tp hp gm hai hay nhiu hn cc phng trnh c chung nhng bin
s m gi tr ca cc bin s ny phi ng thi tho mn tt c cc phng
trnh.
2838 Single European Atc
(SEA)
o lut chu u. Bn tho thun ny thuc phm vi h thng CNG NG CHU U
(EC), bt u c hiu lc t 1/7/1987. SEA d nh rng cho ti cui 1992,
s pht trin trong chnh sch ni b EC cn t ra mc tiu cho mt th
trng duy nht, vi s di chuyn t do ca vn, lao ng, dch v v hng
ho thay th cho nhng tho thun khng mang tnh phi hp tng tn
ti n nm 1987.
2839 Shut down price Gi ng ca, cui ngy (th
trng chng khon).
2840 Signaling and screening Pht tn hiu v sng lc.
2841 Significance of
coefficients
Mc c thng k ca h s.
2842 Singular matrix Ma trn n. Mt ma trn m nh thc ca n bng 0, do tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh gia
mt s hng hoc ct ca n, c ngha l mt ma trn m hng ca n
khng bng kch thc ca n.
2843 Single market Th trng n nht.
2844 Single-peaked
preferences
Cc s thch hi t; Nhng
iu mun la chn c chung.
2845 Sinking fund Qu d phng hon tr. Phn qu thng xuyn ring nhm mc ch tr n, hoc khu
hao phn vn nm trong thit b.
2846 Sismondi, Jean (1773-1842) Mt nh nh kinh t hc ngi Thu S. Trong tc phm u tin ca ng,
ng th hin mnh l ngi k tc ca Adam Smith, nhn mnh ti s
kt hp hi ho v li ch, s cn thit cuat QUAN IM T DO KINH
T v tnh v l ca s can thip ca chnh ph. 16 nm sau, trong cun
"Nhng nguyn l mi ca Kinh t chnh tr hc" (1819), ng tht vng vi
quan im t do kinh t v ng nhn mnh v nhng t nn ra i t s
cnh tranh khng gii hn, c bit l sn xut tha hng ho v dch v
m ng coi y trc tip l hu qu ca S PHN CNG LAO NG v
sn xut quy m ln. ng cho rng khi lm vic cho bn thn mnh, cong
ngi bit khi no sn xut d, cn khi lm vic cho ngi khc anh ta
li khng bit. T do kinh t dn ti s chu ng cho nn phi c s can
thip ca chnh ph ch o v iu ho nhng bc theo ui s giu
c. Sismondi phn bc nhng sng ch ht b nhng qu trnh sn xut
ang tn ti v ch ng h nhng sng ch phc v cho nhng nhu cu
ang m rng. L lun ca ng th hin mt ting ni phn khng hn
l mt hc thuyt v gy nh hng ti nhng nh vn x hi ch
nngha sau ny.
2847 Situation utility
possibility frontier
ng gii hn kh nng tho
dng tnh th.
ng bao ca mt tp hp nhng NG BAO KH NNG THO
DNG.
2848 Size distribution of
firms
Phn phi theo quy m v
hng.
Phn phi tn xut m trong cc hng thuc mt ngnh hay mt khu vc
kinh t c phn chia theo quy m.
2849 Skewed distribution Phn phi lch. Mt phn phi khng i xng xung quanh gi tr trung bnh ca n.
Page 121
2850 Skill differentials Cc chnh lch theo k nng
lao ng.
Nhng chnh lch gia cc mc lng trung bnh ca cc nhm lao ng
thot u phn loi theo ngh nghip, sau phn loi tip thnh nhng
nhm k nng c th.
2851 Slack plans Cc k hoch lng; Cc k
hoch tr tr.
Mt nt c trng ca cc nn kinh t k hoch ho tp trung l xu hng
cc doanh nghip c gng vch ra mt k hoch nhm t c sn lng
sn xut thp hn mc c th t c v/ hoc s dng nhiu u hn
mc cn thit.
2852 Slump (Giai on) suy thoi; Khng
hong kinh t.
Mt giai on i xung hoc suy thoi trong chu k kinh doanh.
2853 Slutsky, Eugen (1880-1948). Nh kinh t hc ngi Nga v l nh nh ton hc kinh t, l gio s ti
trng i hc Kiev v Vin ton hc thuc Hc vin hn lm khoa hc
Lin X, danh ting c bit qua l thuyt v cu ni ting ca ng. ng
cho rng l thuyt cu c th da trn khi nim tho dng theo s th
t. V sau c Hicks pht trin thm, l s tha k v pht trin hc
thuyt Marshall, nhng b qua gi thit mang tnh hn ch v tho dng
c th lng ho c. Slutsky c nhng ng gp quan trong vo l
thuyt kinh t lng, c bit l vic biu hin nhng dao ng mang tnh
chu k trong nhng s bnh qun di ng ca mt chui thi gian rt ra t
nhng con s ngu nhin.
2854 Slutsky equation Phng trnh Slutsky. Thng c xc nh nh sau: Hiu ng ca gi = Hiu ng thu nhp +
Hiu ng thay th.
2855 Smith, Adam (1723-1790) Nh trit gia v kinh t hc Scotland, hc ti cc trng i hc Glasgow
v Oxford, sau tr thnh Gio s lun l ti trng i hc Glasgow.
Quan im ca ng v t chc kinh t ch yu b chi phi bi lng tin vo
Quy lut t nhin, rng trong cc hin tng t nhin c tn ti mt trt t
c th thy c qua quan st hoc bng cm gic o c v rng t chc
x hi v php lut tch cc nn tun theo thay v i ngc li trt t ny.
Tc phm nghin cu v bn cht v nguyn nhn ca ci ca cc dn tc
(1766) l lun thuyt quy m ln u tin ca ng v kinh t hc, bao hm
l lun v sn xut v phn phi. Mi quan tm chnh ca ng thuc v
tng trng kinh t, v ng tm thy ng lc tng trng kinh t l s
phn cng lao ng, tin b k thut v tch lu vn. Ngoi m hnh tng
trng mnh, Smith cng nghin cu nhng vn kinh t vi m. ng cho
rng GI l do chi ph sn xut quyt nh. Tin thu l do gi c quyt
nh ch khng phi quyt nh gi c. Thnh tu mang tnh l lun chnh
ca Smith l lt nhng vin gch u tin xy dng l thuyt phn b
ngun lc hiu qu ti u trong iu kin t do cnh tranh. Ngi ta ni
rng trc Smith c nhng lun bn kinh t v sau Smith th ngi ta lun
bn v kinh t hc.
2856 Snake Con rn. Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM.
2857 Snob effect Hiu ng ua i. Hiu ng xy ra khi gi ca mt hng ho gim xung v mt s b phn
ca cng ng tng cu v hng ho ny, ng thi mt s b phn hoc c
nhn khc th gim cu nhm mc ch tch bit h ra khi xu th chung.
2858 Social cost of monopoly Ph tn x hi do c quyn.
2859 Social benefit Li ch x hi. Tng nhng li ch t c t mt hnh ng hoc mt d n dnh cho
bt k ngi no.
2860 Social choice S la chn ca x hi. Xem PUBLIC CHOICE.
2861 Social Contract Tho thun x hi. Mt tho thun khng thng nht (thng mang tnh gi thit hoc tng
tng) gia tt c cc c nhn to nn mt x hi lin quan ti nhng
nguyn tc c bn lm nn tng cho x hi vn ng.
2862 Social cost Ph tn x hi; Chi ph x hi. Chi ph x hi ca mt sn lng no c coi l s tin va n
b phc hi tho dng ban u mt i ca bt k ngi no do hu qu
ca vic sn xut ra sn lng .
2863 Social decision rule Nguyn tc quyt nh x hi. Mt th tc hay phng php thc hn s la chn gia cc gii php
m phi c thc hin bi mt nhm hoc i din cho mt nhm cc c
nhn thay v mt c nhn.
2864 Social discount rate T sut chit khu x hi. y l t sut dng chit khu nhng khon u t cng cng hoc tp
th.
2866 Social economics Kinh t hc x hi. L s p dng l thuytt kinh t hc TN C IN vo chnh sch x hi.
2867 Social Fund Qu x hi. Xem BEVERIDGE REPORT.
2868 Socialism Ch ngha x hi. Mt thut ng dng m t hc thuyt chung cho rng quyn s hu v
kim sot cc t liu sn xut - vn v t ai- phi do ton cng ng nm
gi v qun l phc v tt c mi ngi.
Page 122
2869 Socially necessary
labour
Lao ng cn thit cho x hi. Xem LABOUR THEORY OF VALUE.
2870 Social Marginal
productivity criterion
Tiu chun nng sut x hi
cn bin.
Tiu chun ny quy nh rng tng nhng ng gp rng ca mt n v
u t vo sn lng phi c tnh ti khi phn b ngun lc ch khng
ch n thun l phn c phn b cho nhng nh u t t nhn.
2871 Social opportunity cost
of capital
Chi ph c hi x hi ca vn. Ngi ta lp lun cch ng n nh ga nhng khon u t trong khu
vc cng cng l qua vic xem xt CHI PH C HI i vi x hi bng
cch chuyn hng cc ngun lc t nhng d n trong khu vc t nhn ti
hn sang nhng khu vc cng cng.
2872 Social optimum Ti u i vi x hi. L s phn b ngun lc ca mt x hi, m hnh sn xut v s phn phi
sn phm c th t c mc tt nht theo mt s mc tiu nh.
2873 Social relations of
production
Cc quan h x hi ca sn
xut.
Cm thut ng c C.Mc dng nh ngha nhng mi quan h x hi
gia ngi vi ngi, pht sinh t mt tp hp c th tc nhn VT CHT
C TH CA SN XUT.
2874 Social returns to
education
Li tc x hi ca gio dc. Li tc c u t vo gio dc vt trn bt k mc thu nhp ph no
t c do c o to.
2875 Social time preference
rate
T sut s thch theo thi gian
ca x hi.
T sut s thch theo thi gian ca x hi biu th t sut ti x hi sn
sng chuyn i s tiu dng gia nhng khong thi gian khc nhau.
2876 Social welfare Phc li x hi. Phc li x hi hoc cng ng ni chung. Ni chung phc li x hi c
coi l tng phc li ca cc c nhn trong mt x hi.
2877 Social welfare function Hm phc li x hi. S biu th cc mc tiu ca x hi trong mc phc li x hi c trnh
by di dng mt hm s ca cch phn b ngun lc.
2878 Soft currency ng tin yu. ng tin c t gi hi oi gim do lin tc xy ra thm ht CN CN
THANH TON.
2879 Soft loan Vn vay u i. Mt khon vay khng li hoc c li sut thp hn mc chi ph vn vay.
2880 Solow, Robert (1924-) Mt nh kinh t hc ngi M ot gii Nobel kinh t nm 1987 do
nhng cng trnh nghin cu ca ng trong l lun v o lng v tng
trng kinh t. M hnh tng trng tn c in ca Solow c tnh n kh
nng thay th ca vn cho lao ng, mt nt c trng xo b c vn
IM TA MONG MANH trong m hnh HARROD-DOMAR v cho
php phn tch mt cch h thng nhng c tnh ca s tng trng vng
chc.
2881 Sole trader Ngi bun bn c th.
2882 Solvent (= creditworthy) C tn nhim, c kh nng
thanh ton n.
2883 Spatial economics Kinh t hc khng gian. Xem REGIONAL ECONOMICS.
2884 Spatial monopoly c quyn nh khng gian;
c quyn vng.
Mt yu t ca quyn lc c quyn m mt ngi bn l hay mt nh sn
xut bn c do nm cch xa nhng i th cnh tranh vi mnh.
2885 Spatial price
discrimination
S phn bit gi c theo khu
vc.
Mt chin lc nh gi m trong chin lc cc cng ty bn hng cho
nhng ngi tiu dng nm cch xa ngi sn xut khng t cho mi
ngi tiu dng mt mc gi trang tri gi tr tng ng tng mc gi
"ti cng nh my" (gi FOB) v nhng chi ph vn chuyn thc khi vn
chuyn hng ho.
2886 Spearman's rank
correlation
Tng quan v th bc
Spearman
Xem RANK CORRELATION.
2887 Special Areas Cc khu vc c bit. L hnh thi u tin ca KHU VC C TR GIP, c thnh lp
Anh. Vic to ra cc khu vc c bit Scotland, Wales, v Bc Ireland l
kt qu ca tnh trng tht nghip a phng ny tng cao v n cng th
hin mt bc tin ng k trong CHNH SCH KHU VC ca Anh
quc.
2888 Special drawing rights
(SDRs)
Quyn rt vn c bit. Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
2889 Special deposits Cc khon k qu c bit. L mt bin php kim sot tn dng do NGN HNG ANH a ra vo
nm 1958 v sau c p dng ti cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr
London v Scotland, sau vo nm 1971c nhn rng ra cho tt c cc
ngn hng hot ng ti Anh v mt s cc T CHC TI CHNH ln.
2890 Special Development
Areas
Cc Khu vc Pht trin c
bit.
L cc vng Anh m cc hng ti cho n nm 1984 vn c t cch
c hng s tr gip ti a ca chnh ph nh l mt phn ca CHNH
SCH KHU VC.
2891 Specialization Chuyn mn ho. Tp trung hot ng vo cc dy chuyn sn xut trong mi c nhn
hoc hng c c hay t c vi th mnh ring.
Page 123
2892 Specialization,
coefficient of
H s chuyn mn ho. Mt ch s thng kc tnh ton ch ra mc chuyn mn ho trn
mt s lnh vc kinh t nht nh theo tng vng. Chuyn mn ha c
hiu nh l nn kinh t ca khu vc c xem xt bao gm tng hp cc
nghnh, khc vi trong mt quc gia, s tng hp ny ch l mt b phn.
2893 Specie Tin xu. Kim loi qu di dng tin c.
2894 Specie flow mechanism C ch chy vng. Theo quan im truyn thng v hot ng ca ch BN V VNG,
mt c ch hiu chnh trong thng d hay thm ht CN CN THANH
TON c xu hng b xo b bi cc dng lun chuyn vng.
2895 Specie points Im chy vng. L cc mc T GI HI OI ca mt ng tin theo ch BN V
VNG m ti vic a vng vo v ra khi quc gia u sinh li.
2896 Specification error Sai st k thut. Mt bi ton kinh t lng trong xc nh sai hnh thc lin kt cn c
lng, hoc do xc nh sai dng ca hm s (v d nh TUYN TNH
thay v PHI TUYN) hoc do b st cc bin s lin quan hay do thm vo
cc bin s khng lin quan.
2897 Specifix tax Thu c th. Ni chung, l th thu c p dng trn mi n v sn phm ch khng
phi trn gi tr ca sn phm.
2898 Specifix training o to c th. o to k nng nhm nng cao nng sut lao ng ca cng nhn lm vic
ti hng ni cung cp o to.
2899 Spectral analysis PHn tch quang ph. Mt k thut trong cc c tnh tun hon ca mt bin s c th c
thit lp t s liu chui thi gian.
2900 Speculation u c. Vic mua hoc bn nhm mc ch sau bn hoc mua v kim li khi
gi c hoc t gi hi oi thay i.
2901 Speculative balances Tin u c. Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
2902 Speculative boom S bng n do u c. u t vo cc d n c ri ro cao nhng vi t sut li nhun hay li
vn c cho l cao trong thi k kinh t tng trng mnh hoc bng n.
2903 Speculative bubbles Cc bong bng do u c.
2904 Speculative demand for
money
Cu v tin do u c. Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
2905 Speculative motive for
holding money
ng c u c tin. Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
2906 Speculative
unemployment
Tht nghip do u c. Mt thnh phn ca tht nghip dai dng.
2907 Spillover Hiu ng lan to. Xem EXTERNALITIES.
2908 Spillover hypothesis Gi thuyt v hiu ng lan to. Gi thuyt cho rng cc khon thanh ton lng quan trng s to ra mt
hnh mu cho cc khon thanh ton sau noi theo, hoc ch t c nh
hng n chng.
2909 Spot market Th trng giao ngay. Mt th trng trong , hng ha v tin t c bun bn giao ngay khc
vi th trng tng lai hoc th trng k hn.
2910 Spread effects Hiu ng lan trn. Cc tc ng c li ca s tng trng ca mt nn kinh t, ca mt khu
vc i vi cc nn kinh t, cc khu vc khc.
2911 Spurious regression
problem
Bi ton hi quy gi. Bi ton ny sinh khi cc bin s lin kt vi cc bc khc nhau trong mt
s m hnh hi quy.
2912 Sraffa, Piero (1898-1938) Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh
2913 Stability S n nh. Thng thng c dng trong ng cnh h thng CN BNG TNG
TH hay TNG PHN ch mc m gi hoc b gi ti mc CN
BNG s c m bo bt k c "c sc" no xy ra n i vi h thng
m tm thi lm cho gi c chuyn ng ra xa mc cn bng .
2914 Stabilization S n nh ho. Mt phng php chun tc nghin cu s bin ng trong mc hot
ng kinh t.
2915 Stabilization function Chc nng n nh ho. Vai tr ca chnh ph trong vic s dng cc CHNH SCH TI KHO
V CHNH SCH TIN T nhm duy tr mt mc hot ng kinh t cao
v u n.
2916 Stackelberg's duopoly
model
M hnh lng c quyn ca
Stackelberg.
Mt m hnh v th trng bao gm hai hng do Stackelberg a ra. N l
s m rng ca m hnh c quyn song phng COURNOT c kt hp
tng ca mt nh c quyn song phng "gi dn" cng nhn rng i
th cnh tranh hnh ng theo nhng gi nh Cournot.
2917 Stabilization policy Chnh sch n nh ho .
2918 Stag K ong hoa; Ngi bun bn
chng khon ht ngn.
Mt t lng ca th trng chng khon ch mt ngi ng k mua cc
chng khon mi vi mong i rng chng s tng gi ngay lp tc so vi
gi pht hnh, v c th bn c ly li trc khi t c gi pht hnh.
2919 Stages of growth Cc giai on tng trng. Xem ROSTOW MODEL.
2920 Stagflation Suy thoi km lm pht. Cc thi k suy thoi v tht nghip gia tng i km vi mc LM PHT
dng.
Page 124
2921 Stamp duty Thu tem . Mt loi thu c ln u tin p dng Anh nm 1694. Nhiu loi giy t
php l v thng mi phi c ng du tr th.
2922 Standard commodity Hng ha tiu chun. Mt thut ng do P.SRAFFA dng tm hiu quan h gia gi c tng
i vi phn phi thu nhp gia tin cng v li nhun.
2923 Standard deviation lch chun. Mt i lng thng dng o mc m mt bin s phn tn xung
quanh gi tr trung bnh ca n
2924 Standard error Sai s chun Mt s o mc m mt THNG K c tnh ton phn tn xung
quanh TRUNG BNH ca n.
2925 Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC)
Phn loi Cng nghip theo
Tiu chun.
S phn loi theo s cc nghnh cng nghip c p dng Anh nm
1948. Cc c s c phn b theo hng s theo mcc sn phm chnh ca
c s. iu ny dn n kh khn cho vic o quy m ca nghnh, s dng
gii thch cc h s tp trung.
2926 Standard of living Mc sng. Gi l mc MC PHC LI X HI, THO DNG hay thu nhp thc
t. Mc phc li vt cht ca mt c nhn hay h gia nh, thng c
tnh bng s lng hnh ho v dch v c tiu dng.
2927 Standard Regions Cc khu vc chun. Cc din tch a l m nc Anh c phn chia nhm mc ch thng k
v kinh t x hi khc nhau.
2928 Standard weekly hours S gi lm vic chun hng
tun.
S gi ny thng c xc nh trong cc hp ng tp th hay cc chnh
sch ca cng ty v l s gi m trn mc tin cng ngoi gi c p
dng.
2929 Standard working week Tun lm vic chun. S gi lm vic ti thiu m nhn vin ng lm vic cho ng ch ca
mnh trong mi tun.
2930 State organization of
production in Eastern
Europe
T chc sn xut quc doanh
ng u.
T cui chin tranh th gii th hai n u nhng nm 1990, s hu nh
nc i vi t liu sn xut tt c cc khu vc ca nn kinh t l phng
thc t chc chim u th ng u. Sn xut cng nghip c t chc
thnh cc cng ty nh nc ln v "nh my lin hp" m u vo ca
chng c n nh bi cc nh hoch nh trung ng.
2931 Static expectations Cc k vng tnh. K vng rng gi tr hin ti ca mt bin s s khng thay i.
2932 Stationarity Tnh cht tnh ti.
2933 Stationary point im tnh ti. Mt im trn th m dc(tc thay i) i vi BIN THIN
C LP bng khng, thng l gi tr cc i hay cc tiu ca hm .
2934 Stationary state Trng thi tnh ti. Mt nn kinh t s trong trng thi tnh ti khi sn lng trong mi giai
on c tiu dng ht trong giai on .
2935 Statistic Thng k. Bt k mt s lng no c tnh ton di dng tm tt d liu.
2936 Statistical cost analysis Phn tch chi ph thng k. l vic s dng k thut thng k v dng ch cc k thut s dng
trong nghin cu chi ph nh PHNG PHP K THUT V K
THUT SURVIVOR
2937 Statistical inference S suy lun thng k. Qu trnh tm kim thng tin v mt TNG TH(bao gm cc c im v
THNG S v phn phi ca n) t cc mu cc gi tr quan st t mt
tng th .
2938 Statistical significance ngha thng k. Mt khi nim s dng trong KIM NH GI THIT ch mc m
cc d liu khng thng nht vi GI THIT KHNG.
2939 Steady-state growth Tng trng mc n nh;
Tng trng u n.
Trong L THUT TNG TRNG, mt iu kin nng ng ca nn
kinh t m tt c cc bin s thc u tng vi tc t l khng i.
2940 Steady-state models Cc m hnh v tnh trng n
nh.
Xem COMPARATIVE DYNAMICS.
2941 Stepwise regression Hi quy theo bc . Mt kiu phn tch HI QUY trong cc BIN GII THCH c cng
ln lt vo phng trnh hi quy cho n khi tiu ch MC PH
HP c tho mn.
2942 Stereotypes Cc nh kin. Ngun gc ca s phn bit c th ny sinh t nhng thng tin khng hon
ho trong th trng lao ng.
2943 Sterilization Ht tc ng, v hiu ho
(bng chnh sch tin t).
Vic i trng li cc tc ng tin t ca thng d hay thm ht CN
CN THANH TON i vi CUNG TIN trong nc ca mt quc gia.
2944 Sterling area Khu vc ng sterling . Ban u khu vc ng Sterling bao gm mt nhm cc nc v vng lnh
th m do c quan h ti chnh v thpng mi mnh vi Anh quc c xu
hng lm n nh T GI HI OI tin t ca h vi sterling v nm
mt phn hay ton b D TR NGOI T bng ng sterling. Vi s yu
i lin tc trong v th quc t ca ng sterling v c bit sau cuc khng
hong v ph gi nm 1967, nhiu nc thnh vin c ca "khu vc"
thi khng nm d tr ca mnh bng ng sterling na, v kh c th ni
rng "khu vc sterling" hin nay cn tn ti.
Page 125
2945 George, Joseph Stigler (1911-1991). Nh kinh t hc ngi M v danh hiu gio s xut sc Charles R.
Walgreen ti trng i hc Chicago. ng c tng gii thng Nobel v
kinh t nm 1982 cho tc phm "Nghin cu v cu trc cng nghip, chc
nng ca cc th trng, nguyn nhn v nh hng ca lut l cng cng".
ng gp ca ng vo lch s t duy kinh t hc cng rt ng k, bt u
vi cun sch u tay ca ng: L thuyt v sn xut v phn phi (1941)
v cc bi vit ca ng v t chc cng nghip. Tuy nhin, vic ng da
nhiu vo d liu thc nghip v phn tch su sc lm cho cun sch ny
ca ng t ph bin. Mt bi vit c bit ca ng nhan "Kinh t hc
thng tin" c Vin hn lm Thu in chn ra, bn v chi ph cn thit
ca vic "tm kim" trong s cc gi c do nh cung ng khc nhau tnh cho
cng mt hnh ho hay dch v. Phn tch c th c p dng i vi
cc vn gi c cng nhc, s bin thin trong thi k giao hng, vic xp
hng v cc ngun lc khng c s dng. Phn ln nghin cu ca ng
v kinh t hc v s iu tit u nm trong tc phm Nhn dn v nh
nc (1975), trong ng ku gi s dng phng php nh lng trong
nghin cu v s iu tit. Chnh v c quan im ca nh kinh t hc vi
m m cui i ng chuyn s ch ca mnh sang h thng chnh tr
khm ph ra nhng cch m qu trnh lp php l mt yu t NI SINH
ch khng phi l yu t NGOI SINH ca nn kinh t.
2946 Stochastic Tnh ngu nhin thng k. Tun theo bin thin ngu nhin (c th phn tch v mt thng k nhng
khng th d bo chnh xc c).
2947 Stochastic process Qu trnh ngu nhin thng
k.
Thng thng l mt chui s c lin quan n thi gian tun theo bin
thin ngu nhin thng k.
2948 Stock C phn, c phiu, dung lng
vn, tr lng.
1.VN PHT HNH ca mt cng ty hay mt t pht hnh CHNG
KHON c th no , v d, do chnh ph pht hnh, c hnh thc tng
hp chng c th c nm gi hay chuyn nhng vi bt k gi tr
no. 2.Mt bin s m gi tr ca n khng c kha cnh thi gian (v d
vn). Ngc li l LU LNG.
2949 Stock-adjustment
demand function
Hm cu iu chnh theo
lng vn.
p dng i vi cu v hng tiu dng lu bn. y l mt hm cu m
trong bt k giai on no php nh mc chnh lch gia s lng thc c
v mt mc hng tiu dng lu bn "ti u" mong mun.
2950 Stock appreciation S ln gi hng tn kho. Vic tng gi tr danh ngha HNG TN KHO do tng gi c trong giai
on c lin quan.(Xem NATIONAL INCOME).
2951 Stockbroker Nh mi gii chng khon. Mt nh trung gian mua bn chng khon v c phiu vi t cch l i l
thay mt cho khch hng, n ho hng cho cng vic .
2952 Stock diviend C tc bng c phn. Mt phng php tr c tc bng vic pht hnh thm cc c phiu thay
cho vic tr bng tin mt.
2953 Stock exchange S giao dch chng khon. Mt th trng m bun bn cc chng khon ch khng phi l hi
phiu hay cc cng c ngn hn khc do chnh ph, cc a phng v
CC CNG TY CNG CNG pht hnh.
2954 Stock market Th trng chng khon. Mt th ch m qua cc C PHN v C PHIU c mua bn.
2955 Stock option Quyn mua/ bn chng khon. Quyn mua mt chng khon cho trc hoc bn n ti mt mc gi c
c nh trc trong mt giai on.
2956 Stocks D tr. Xem INVENTORIES.
2957 Stolper-Samuelson
Theorem
nh l Stolper-Samuelson. S dng m hnh ca HECKSCHER-OHLIN, Stolper v Samuelson
chng minh rng trn c s mt s cc gi thit hn ch, thng mi quc
t nht thit lm gim tin thu thc t i vi YU T SN XUT khan
him m khng nht thit phi ch ra hnh thi tiu dng ca n.
2958 Stone, Sir Richard (1913-1991). Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh c tng gii thng Nobel v kinh t nm
1984 v nghin cu tin phong vo vic pht trin h thng TI KHON
QUC GIA, c v kha cnh l thuyt v ng dng ca chng. Tc phm
u tay ca ng cng vi J. E. MEADE, c phn tch kinh t v m theo
trng phi KEYNES tip sc v dn n vic xut bn cun Sch trng
u tin v THU NHP QUC DN v chi ph ca Anh quc nm 1941.
ay l t ph ca mt phng php lun mi, v cc nguyn tc c a
ra vo thi gian c nh hng ln n thng l hch ton quc gia
hu ht cc nc trn th gii. Nghin cu chnh cui cng ca ng l
nghiien cu trn c s d liu thc nghim i vi vn tng trung
trong D n tng trung Cambridge. Cc n phm chnh ca ng l Thu
nhp v chi tiu quc dn (1944), o lng chi tiu v hnh vi ca ngi
tiu dng Anh 1920-1938 v v
Page 126
2959 "stop-go" "Hn ch - thc y". Hnh ng ca chnh ph nhm gim tng cu, v d, do thm ht CN
CN THANH TON, v chng bao lu sau c km theo hnh ng vi
tc dng ngc li nhm lm gim tc gia tng tht nghip do chnh
sch th nht em li.
2960 Store of value Tch tr gi tr. Mt trong cc chc nng ca gi tr khng ging nh trong h thng hng
i hng, tin t cho php ca ci hay gi tr c th tch tr c.
2961 Strategic voting B phiu chin lc. Mt thng l i khi c s dng trong cc th tc LA CHN TP
TH, trong cc c nhn khng n thun b phiu theo s thch thc s
ca mnh m ni di s thch ca mnh nhm la gt nhng ngi b phiu
khc, hay nhm gy nh hng i vi kt qu b phiu.
2962 Strike insurance Bo him nh cng. Mt hnh thc h tr ln nhau gia cc tp on cng nghip nhm t bo
v khi cc chin thut nh cng chn lc.
2963 Strike measures Cc thc o v nh cng. C 4 thc o v mc v s nghim trng ca nh cng: S cng nhn
tham gia nh cng; s cuc nh cng; s ngy cng mt i do nh cng;
v t l gi lm vic mt i trong nh cng.
2964 Strikes Cc cuc nh cng. Vic lao ng rt lui, gn lin vi b tc trong qu trnh THNG
LNG TP TH, v vic tho thun hp ng lao ng mi hay v vic
din gii hp ng sn c. Cc cuc nh cng c th c phn loi l:
chnh thc v khng chnh thc.
2965 Strongly exogenous Nng v ngoi ngoi sinh. Xem EXOGENEITY.
2966 Strongly stationary Rt tnh ti. Xem stationarity.
2967 Structural form Dng c cu. Dng ca mt h cc PHNG TRNH NG THI, trong cc quan
h nhn qu v nh ngha gia cc BIN NI SINH c xem xt.
2968 Structural
unemployment
Tht nghip c cu. Theo quan im ca KEYNES, hnh thc tht nghip ny l do s cng tn
ti nhng khng khp nhau gia nhng ngi tht nghip v nhng ch
VIC TRNG hin c.
2969 Structure-conduct-
performance framework
M hnh c cu -thc thi -kt
qu.
L bin php phn loi v l khun kh cho phn tch kinh t cng nghip.
Phng php truyn thng l tm ra cc yu t nhn qu ni cc kha cnh
ca kinh t th trng nh S TP TRUNG v CC HNG RO CN
NHP NGHNH vi cc yu t thc hin kinh doanh -nh QUNG CO
v NGHIN CU V TRIN KHAI - v kt qu hot ng.
2970 Structure of interest
rates
Biu khung li xut; C cu
li sut.
Xem TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES.
2971 Structure of taxes Biu khung thu; C cu thu. Mi nc c mt h thng cc loi thu khc nhau. C cu ca h thng
thu ch hn hp ny.
2972 Subsidy Tr cp. Khon thanh ton ca chnh ph (hay bi cc c nhn) to thnh mt khon
m gia gi m ngi tiu dng phi tr v chi ph ngi sn xut sao cho
gi thp hn CHI PH BIN.
2973 Subsistence Mc sng. Mc tiu dng ti thiu cn c tn ti. Khi nim ny c cc nh
KINH T HC C IN dng gii thch mc tin cng di hn.
2974 Subsistence
expenditures
Chi tiu cho mc sng. Mt mc chi tiu cn thit duy tr mc tn ti hay mc sng "sng st".
2975 Subsistence wage Tin cng sng. Xem IRON LAW OF WAGES.
2976 Substitute Hng thay th. Mt hng ho c th c thay th cho mt hng ho khc hoc mt u
vo c th c thay th cho mt u vo khc.
2977 Substitution effect Hiu ng thay th. Tc ng i vi cu v mt hng ho no khi c mt s thay i trong
gi c ca hng ho vi gi thit thu nhp thc t khng i. Hiu ng
thay th lun lun m, ngha l khi gi c tng th lng cu gim.
2978 Sum of squares Tng cc bnh phng. Tng cc gi tr bnh phng ca mt dy cc gi tr quan st ca mt bin
s, thng thng l cc gi tr sai lch so vi gi tr TRUNG BNH.
2979 Sunk costs Cc chi ph chm. Chi ph khng th thu hi c khi mt hng rt khi nghnh ca mnh.
2980 Superconsistency Siu nht qun. Mt tnh th trong cc c lng BNH PHNG NH NHT
THNG THNG hi t nhanh hn v gi tr tng th thc s ca chng
khi kch thc mu tng ln hn l trong trng hp nht qun.
2981 Super-environment Siu mi trng. Ch cc yu t nm ngoi tm kim sot ca mt hng "i in" trong di
hn.
2982 Superior goods Siu hng ho. Xem NORMAL GOODS.
2983 Super-neutrality Siu trung lp. Tin c cho l c tnh cht ny nu mt thay i trong tc tng trng
cung tin khng c tc ng n tc tng trng ca SN LNG
THC T trong di hn.
2984 Super-normal profits Li nhun siu ngch. Tng ng vi nh ngha li nhun, s khc bit ch hon ton l ch
ngha. Cc hng trong mt nghnh to ra doanh thu to qu ton b cc chi
ph c hi thng c gi l kim c siu li nhun.
Page 127
2985 Supernumerary
expenditure
Siu chi tiu. Chi tiu i vi mt hng ho hay nhm hng ho vt qu mc ti thiu
hay mc CHI TIU TN TI.
2986 Supplementary benefit Tr cp b sung. Khon thanh ton duy tr thu nhp m c lc to thnh mt phn ca h
thng an sinh x hi ca Anh quc. Cc khon thanh ton c tr cho
nhng ngi khng c vic lm ng thi khng i hc chnh quy v
nhng ngi m ngun lc ti chnh ca h t hn mt mc tnh ton v
"nhu cu".
2987 Supplementary special
deposits
Tin gi c bit b sung Mt hnh thc kim sot hot ng cho vay v nhn tin gica cc ngn
hng v mt s cng ty ti chnh ln hn c ngn hng Anh p dng
1973 nh mt b sung ln cho h thng kim sot tn dng p dng nm
1971 nhng b bi b nm 1980.
2988 Supply curve ng cung. th th hin quan h gia cung mt hng ho v gi ca n.
2989 Supply of effort Cung n lc. Cung gi hay cung n lc thng c coi l ng ngha. Quy c ny c
l khi n lc trong cng vic c kim sot trong cng ngh. Trong thc
t u vo thi gian bng nhau c th c gi tr nng sut rt khc nhau.
2990 Supply of inflation Cung lm pht. Mc d tc tng trng ca CUNG TIN c coi l yu t quyt nh
trc tip chnh ca LM PHT.
2991 Supply of labour Cung lao ng. S lao ng cung cp cho nn kinh t ch yu c quyt nh bi s
lng dn tui lm vic.
2992 Supply-side economics Kinh t hc trng cung. Mt trng phi t duy nhn mnh rng yu t quyt nh chnh i vi tc
tng trng sn phm quc dn c trong ngn hn v di hn l vic
phn b v s dng hiu qu lao ng v vn trong nn kinh t.
2993 Surplus unit n v thng d. Bt k n v kinh t no m ti sn nhiu hn n v do vy sn sng cho
vay, cp tn dng hay mua cc cng c ti chnh.
2994 Surplus value Gi tr thng d. C.MC p dng THUYT GI TR LAO NG i vi lao ng vi
ngha l gi tr ca ton b lc lng lao ng bng s lng gi lm vic
cn sn xut ra s hng ho duy tr s nguyn vn ca lc lng lao
ng.
2995 Surrogate production
function
Hm sn xut thay th. Trong cuc tranh ci xung quanh CUC TRANH LUN V T BN,
khi nim v hm sn xut m ch c mt s thay th no gia vn v
lao ng trong di hn c a vo vi mc ch cho php s dng cc
hm cu dn sut cho cc lc lng sn xut trong nghin cu kinh t
lng.
2996 Survivor technique K thut sng st. Mt phng php thng k nhm tm ra QUY M NH NHT HIU
QU CA HNG HAY NH MY, c da trn nim tin rng trong th
trng cnh tranh nhng hng, nh my no sng st tt nht trn th
trng l nhng hng, nh my co chi ph nh nht.
2997 Sustainable
development
Pht trin bn vng. Vic ti a ho li ch rng ca pht trin kinh t km theo vic duy tr dch
v v cht lng ca ti nguyn thin nhin trong di hn .
2998 Swap arrangements Cc tho thun hon i. Mt phng php tng tnh chuyn hon c pht trin trong nhng nm
1960 bng vic hon i cc ng tin .
2999 Paul Sweezy (1910-) Nh kinh t hc Mcxt ngi M, l ngi ng sng lp tp ch Monthly
Review. ng c bit n nhiu nht do cng vic din gii v trnh by
Thuyt kinh t ca C.Mc theo cch cho php so snh vi Thuyt kinh t
hc hin i. ng l lun rng v bn cht c Mc v Keynes u phn tch
s xut hin ca tht nghip theo cng mt cch. Tc phm: T bn c
quyn: Bi lun v trt t v kinh t x hi M(1966-) vit cng vi Paul
Baran gii thch li thuyt kinh t ca Mc di nh sng ca cc din bin
trong kinh t Th Gii th k XX. Baran v Sweezy thay th quy lut v t
l thng d kinh t so vi tng sn phm ngy cng tng cho quy lut c
ca Mc v t l li nhun ngy cng gim.
3000 System estimator c lng h thng. Cn gi l c lng vi y thng tin. Mt c lng dng c
lng ton b cc tham s trong mt h phng trnh ng thi cng mt
lc, v c tnh n s tng quan gia cc s d ca cc phng trnh khc
nhau.
3001 Taft-Hartley Act B lut Taft-Hartley. L bn sa i vo nm 1947 ca LUT QUAN H LAO NG QUC
GIA (cn gi l lut Wagner), c a ra nhm hn ch quyn lc ca
cng on.
3002 Take-Home pay Thu nhp kh chi. Thu nhp c th s dng; thu nhp th tr thu v ng gp bo him x
hi.
3003 Take-off Ct cnh . Xem ROSTOW MODEL.
3004 Takeover Thu mua. Vc mt cng ty "Tn cng" mua hn 51% c phiu c quyn b phiu
mt cng ty khc .
3005 Takeover and mergers S mua t v hp nht .
Page 128
3006 Takeover bid Tr gi thu mua. N lc ca mt c nhn, mt nhm ngi, hay mt cng ty nhm mua
c phiu c quyn b phiu mt cng ty khc.
3007 Tangible assets Ti sn hu hnh. Cc ti sn vt cht nh nh my, my mc, c th c phn bit vi ti
sn v hnh nh gi tr ca mt bng pht minh hay ting tm ca mt cng
ty.
3008 Tangible wealth Ca ci hu hnh.
3009 Tangency equilibrium Tip im cn bng.
3010 Tap issue Bn l chng khon lin tc. H thng m chng khon vin vng c th mua c t c quan mi gii
chnh ph mua trn s giao dch chng khon London.
3011 Targets Mc tiu (nh lng). Cn gi l mc tiu chnh sch. L mt lot cc mc tiu nh lng ca
chnh sch kinh t phi t c bng vic la chn cc gi tr ca CNG
C CHNH SCH.
3012 Tariff Thu quan. Thu nh vo mt hng ho nhp khu mt quc gia.
3013 Tariff factory Nh my trnh thu quan. Vic thay i a im sn xut mt hng ho t mt ni c gi thnh thp
ti mt ni c gi thnh cao mt nc khc- ni m khng th bn mt
hng ny c do thu quan cao.
3014 Tariff Structure Khung biu thu quan. Hnh thi ton b ca cc mc thu quan.
3015 Tatonnement D dm. Qu trnh mc c qua im cn bng t c trn th trng Walras.
3016 Taxable income Thu nhp chu thu. Tng thu nhp tr i cc khon tr cp v cc khon cng tc ph .
3017 Taxation S nh thu. Cc khon thanh ton m chnh ph bt buc cc c nhn v cng ty phi
np nhm huy ng ngun thu tr cho cc chi ph v hng ho cng
cng v dch v, v kim sot lng chi ph ca khu vc t nhn trong
nn kinh t.
3018 Tax base C s thu. Xem TAXABLE INCOME.
3019 Tax burden Gnh nng thu. Xem AVERAGE RATE OF TAX.
3020 Tax credit Ghi c thu. y l khon ghi c trc tip i vi mt loi thu: khon thu phi tr
c gim i bng khon ghi c.
3021 Tax credit scheme C ch ghi c thu. Mt chng trnh DUY TR THU NHP, trong mi ngi c bo
m mt khon thu nhp ti thiu trong khi thu nhp trn mc s b
nh thu.
3022 Tax disincentive S lm gim khuyn khch ca
thu.
THU THU NHP c th lm cho ngi ta lm vic t hn. S tn ti ca
n lm cho gii tr hp dn hn v n khng chu thu. iu ny c gi l
HIU NG THAY TH ca thu.
3023 Tax expenditure Chi tiu () trnh thu. Cm thut ng dng ch cc khon khu tr m c dng gim
ngha v np thu - ni chung l ngha v np thu thu nhp.
3024 Tax-push inflation Lm pht do thu y. Lm pht ny lin quan n quan tm ca cng nhn trong vic duy tr mc
tng tin cng thc t sau thu v l mt trong cc yu t b cho l lm
thay i trong tin cng km nhy bn vi cc iu kin ca chiu k kinh
doanh.
3025 Tax shifting Chuyn y thu. HIn tng m trong nhng ngi phi chu thu c th chuyn gnh
nng mt phn hay ton b cho nhng ngi khc.
3026 Tax yield Tin thu thu. Doanh thu c c t mt loi thu.
3027 T-distribution Phn phi T. (Cng cn goi l phn phi Student). Mt PHN PHI XC SUT
thng c dng trong KIM NH GI THIT i vi cc mu nh v
trong PHNG SAI ca bin s lin quan phi c c lng t d
liu thu c.
3028 Technical progress Tin b k thut. Mt yu t trung tm trong TNG TRNG KINH T cho php sn xut
ra mc sn lng cao hn so vi s lng u vo lao ng v vn khng
i.
3029 Technological dualism M hnh nh nguyn v cng
ngh.
Qu trnh kt hp cng nghip nng cn nhiu vn vi cc phng php
cn nhiu lao ng ni khc s dng lao ng tha.
3030 Technological external
effects
Ngoi ng ca cng ngh. Mt cch gi khc ca ngoi ng. Tnh t "cng ngh" c a vo
phn bit cc hiu ng nh vy vi TNH KINH PH THUC BN
NGOI.
3031 Technological progress Tin b cng ngh. Hu ht cc l thuyt pht trin kinh t nhn mnh s cn thit ca tin b
k thut, v thng s gia tng trong tc tin b k thut c khi i hi
s tng tc.
3032 Technological
unemployment
Tht nghip do cng ngh. Tht nghip xy ra do p dng thit b tit kim lao ng khi nn kinh t
tng trng.
3033 Technology, choice of S la chn cng ngh. Mt kha cnh then cht ca chin lc pht trin l vic la chn k thut.
cc nc ang pht trin, mc sn c ca cc yu t thng ngc li
ch vn th khan him v t cn lao ng th tha, r.
Page 129
3034 Technology matrix Ma trn cngngh. Trong phn tch u vo - u ra, mt ma trn (thng c k hiu l An)
m phn t th ij (ngha l phn t hng i v ct j) cho bit gi tr ca sn
lng nghnh i c s dng nh mt u vo ngay lp tc trong vic
sn xut ra mt n v u ra ca ngnh j ca nn kinh t.
3035 Technology transfer Chuyn giao cng ngh. Theo ngha rng nht l s trao i gia cc nc v kin thc s tn ti v
vn hnh ca cc loi my mc v trong nhiu trng hp l s trao i ca
bn thnh my mc.
3036 Technology Cng ngh.
3037 Technostructure Cu trc cng ngh. Lp hc qun l v k nng hoch nh v k thut m sn xut cng
nghip hin i i hi.
3038 Temporary layoffs Sa thi tm thi. Cc nhn vin b gii ch sa thi nhng bit rng h c th tr li cng vic
ca mnh vo lc no trong tng lai gn.
3039 Term loan Khon vay k hn. Khon cho vay ngn hng trong mt s nm c nh, thng l ba n nm
nm hoc lu hn, vi mc li xut c nh, v thng c tr gp thnh
cc phn nh tri di trong sut mt thi k.
3040 Terms of trade T gi thng mi. Quan h gia gi hng xut khu v gi hng nhp khu.
3041 Term structure of
interest rates
C cu k hn ca li xut. C cu hay quan h gia cc li sut, hay ni mt cch cht ch hn tng
li tc lc o hn, trn cc chng khon c k hn khc nhau.
3042 Test discount rate Li xut chit khu kim nh. Mc li xut m mt thi c dng trong vic thm nh U T T
BN bi cc ngnh cng nghip quc hu ho Anh, s dng k thut
chit khu lung tin. Tiu tri ny tr nn lc hu trong mt s nm. Do
vy, ngi ta chuyn s ch sang cc phng php khc xem xt
chi ph vn trong cc quyt nh u t, v chnh ph yu cu cc ngnh
cng nghip quc hu ho c c li tc trc thu l 5% (8% k t nm
1989) i vi tt c cc khon u t mi (ch khng phi l i vi cc
d n n l).
3043 Test statistic Thng k kim nh. Mt thng k c tnh cho kim nh gi thit.
3044 Threat effect Tc ng e do. Tc ng m gii ch phi nghip on tr tin cng nghip on, hay xp s
nh vy, hng ngn chn vic thnh lp nghip on ca nhn vin mnh.
3045 Threat of pay off Li ch e do. Xem NASH SOLUTIONS
3046 Three stage least squares Bnh phng nh nht ca ba
giai on.
(3SLS hay Th SLS). Mt gi tr ca h cc c lng theo phng php
bnh phng nh nht p dng i vi vic c lng cc thng s ca h
phng trnh ng thi, m trong cc h s nhiu c th tng quan vi
cc phng trnh.
3047 Threshold Ngng. im m bn ngoi s c thay i trong hnh vi ca tc nhn kinh t, v
d nh mt ngng i vi k vng gi c, c ngha l k vng s khng
lin tc c thay i di nh sng ca cc bng chng tch t, nhng s
c thay i trong cc khong thi gian khi tc thay i gi vt
qu mt im no .
3048 Threshold analys Phn tch ngng. Mt k thut dng trong hoch nh vt cht tm ra quy m mong mun
ca cng ng v vic cung cp cc dch v cng cng.
3049 Threshold effect Tc ng ngng. S tng mc thu m mt cng ng c cho sn l sn sng tr do c
khng hong hay khn cp quc gia.
3050 Threshold of a good Ngng ca mt hng ho. Trong kinh t hc khu vc, dn s ti thiu c th to mt th trng cho
mt hng ho hay dch v. Khi dn s ca mt khu vc (nh mt th trn)
di mc ngng, cu i hng ho s thp n mc m vic cung cp
hng ho s khng kh thi v mt kinh t.
3051 Thunen, Johann
Heinrich von
(1783-1850) Von Thunen - nh kinh t hc nng nghip ngi c a ra m hnh l
thuyt da trn kinh nghim canh tc nhm tm ra v tr ti u i vi mt
loi cy trng no , c bit v khong cch t trung tm c nhu cu i
n. ng a ra thuyt TIN THU T tng t vi thuyt ca Ricardo,
v thuyt phn phi da trn nng sut bin. Vic ng dng nng sutbin
vo tin cng v vn, s dng cc o hm v lgich cn bin nhm tm ra
cc nghim cn bng cho cc bin s kinh t, v tuyn b ca ng v quy
lut T L BIN THIN cho php ng ta c bit n nh nh sng
lp ra phn tch bin. A.MARSHALL ca ngi ng gp ln ca ng.
3052 Tiebout model M hn Tiebout. Mt phn tch vic cung cp HNG HO CNG CNG lp lun rng nu
mt s dch v cng cng no c chnh quyn a phng cung cp
th cc c nhn c th th hin s thch ca mnh v cc dch v ny v c
c mt kt hp ca dch v cng ngh v thu tng ng vi s thch
ca h bng vic di chuyn gia cc a phng.
Page 130
3053 Tight money Tht cht tin t. Mt bin php ca chnh sch tin t khi m cung cp tn dng b hn ch
v li sut mc cao.
3054 Time, allocation of Phn b thi gian. M hnh thi gian gii tr truyn thng v cung gi gi nh rng ton b
thi gian c phn b hoc lm vic kim tin hoc cho gii tr.
3055 Time deposit Tin gi c k hn. Khon tin gi mt ngn hng m ch c th c rt ra sau khi c thng
bo trc.
3056 Time preference S thch theo thi gian. Cc c nhn c mc s thch theo thi gian dng nh gi cc n v tiu
dng hay thu nhp hin ti cao hn cc n v trong tng lai.
3057 Time series Chui s/d liu theo thi
gian.
Mt chui cc gi tr quan stm mt bin nhn cc thi im khc nhau
(thng l trong cc giai on k tip nhau).
3058 Time varying parameter
models
Cc m hnh bin s thay i
theo thi gian.
Xem VARIABLE PARAMETER MODELS.
3059 Tinbergen, Jan (1903-) Nh kinh t hc H LAN cng vi R.FRISCH c trao gii Nobel kinh t
nm 1969 v nghin cu tin phong trong kinh t lng. Nghin cu u
tay c ni n nhiu nht l nghin cu v bin ng chu k M, m
trong ng c gng ch ra theo cch nh lng tm quan trng ca cc
yu t khc nhau trong ch k kinh doanh M. Mt tc phm c nh
hng khc ca Tinbergen l L thuyt v chnh sch kinh t nh mc tiu
chnh sch. ng c ng gp quan trng vo khi nim GI "BNG".
3060 Tobin, James (1918-) Nh kinh t hc ngi M, gio s kinh t ti i hc Yale; c trao gii
Nobel kinh t v nghin cu trong "L thuyt v th trng ti chnh v
quan h ca n vi quyt nh tiu dng v u t; sn xut, vic lm v
gi c". Nghin cu c ngha nht ca ng l v la chn danh mc u
t, trong ng nhn mnh s nh i gia ri ro v li tc trong mt
lot cc ti sn, bao gm c tin, c th c coi l ti thit lp li s tn
trng tri thc ca t tng Keynes v s a thch thnh khon. Hu ht cc
nghin cu ca ng c trnh by trong cc tp tr hay cc b su tp
ch khng c trnh by trong cc cun sch v mt ch n l.
3061 Todaro model M hnh Todaro. M hnh kinh t ni ting nht v di c trong nc cc nc ang pht
trin. Tc gi l Miche Todaro - nh kinh t hc ngi M tng lm
vic Chu Phi. M hnh ny gii thch hin tng di c t nng thn ra
thnh th cao hu ht cc nc ang pht trin l hp l xt t quan im
kinh t. im quan trng l c mc chnh lc ln gia thu nhp khu vc
cng nghip hin i v thu nhp nng thn.Thng thng, thu nhp
khu cng nghip trn mc cn bng th trng v mt s l do. Cu tr li
di hn cho cc vn l to ra cc chnh sch c thnh th v nng
thn gim mc chnh lch trong thu nhp thc t gia hai khu vc.
3062 Token money Tin quy c. Mi loi tin no m gi tr ca n vi t cch lm phng tin thanh ton
da vo cc quy nh ca php lut, v d, mt ng tin php nh, hay
da vo s chp nhn truyn thng, v gi tr ca n khng c quan h g
vi gi tr vt lm ra tin.
3063 Tokyo Round Vng m phn Tokyo. Vng m phn thng mi a phng, t chc di s bo tr ca HIP
NH CHUNG V THU QUAN V MU DCH (GATT) din ra
Tokyo t 1973-1979. Vng m phn Tokyo gii quyt cc vn cn tr
thng mi thu quan v phi thu quan.
3064 Total cost Tng ph; chi ph tng. Tng chi ph sn xut ra mt sn lng xc nh.
3065 Total remuneration Th lao tng. Tng cc li ch bng tin m ngi cng nhn nhn c t vic lm ca
mnh.
3066 Total Revenue Doanh thu tng. Tng thu t vic bn mt hay nhiu sn phm ca mt hng hay mt
nghnh. 3067 Trade Thng mi (hay mu dch). Vic trao i hng ho gia cc c nhn hay cc nhm hoc trc tip thng
qua HNG I HNG, hoc gin tip qua mt phng tin thanh ton
nh tin.
3068 Trade bill Hi phiu thng mi. Trn th trng chit khu Lodon, mt hi phiu pht hnh ti tro mt
giao dch thng mi thc s nh trang tri cho giai on vn ti hng,
v m vn cha c mt ngn hng chp nhn , khi c gi l HI
PHIU NGN HNG.
3069 Trade creation S to lp thng mi. Vic thay th trong thng mi quc t ngun sn xut c chi ph cao hn
bng ngun chi ph thp hn do thay i trong thu quan, hay hn ngch
hay cc hng ro thng mi khc trn c s a l, nh to lp mt lin
minh thu quan.
Page 131
3070 Trade credit Tn dng thng mi. Tn dng do mt nh bun hay nh sn xut cung cp cho khch hng ca
mnh qua cc iu khon bn hng cho php thanh ton vo mt thi gian
no sau khi thc s giao hng ho.
3071 Trade cycle Chu k thng mi. Cng cn gi l chu k kinh doanh hay chu k kinh t. S bin ng trong
mc hot ng kinh t (thng th hin di dng thu nhp quc dn)
to thnh mt hnh thi u n, vi vic m rng hot ng theo mt qu
trnh thu hp, sau l tip tc m rng.
3072 Trade-off S nh i. Mu thun gia cc mc tiu chnh sch vi kt qu l mt mc tiu ch c
th t c vi vic hy sinh mt mc tiu khc.
3073 Traditional sectors Cc khu vc truyn thng. Xem AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, DUALISM, THEORY OF,
INFORMAL SECTOR, LEWIS-FEI-RANIS MODEL.
3074 Transactions approach Phng php giao dch. Tn phin bn ca Newcomb v Fisher v THUYT NH LNG TIN.
3075 Transactions balances Cc s d giao dch. Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
3076 Transactions costs Cc chi ph giao dch. Cc chi ph khng phi gi pht sinh trong khi trao i hng ho v dch
v. 3077 Transaction Giao dch / thng v.
3078 Transactions demand for
money
Cu v tin giao dch. Mt ng c i hi c tin phc v mc ch giao dch, ngha l thanh
ton v nhn thanh ton, s dng tin vi chc nng ca n l phng tin
trao i.
3079 Transactions motive for
holding money
ng c gi tin giao dch. Xem Transactions demand for money, Transactions balances, Money, the
demand for.
3080 Transactions velocity of
circulation
Tc lu thng giao dch. Xem INCOME VELOCITY OF CIRCULATION.
3081 Transcendental
logarithMIC production
function
Hm sn xut tru tng dng
logarit
Xem TRANSLOG PRODUCTION FUNCTION.
3082 Transcendental
production function
Hm sn xut tru tng.
3083 Transferable rouble Rp chuyn i c. Mt n v tin t k ton do Lin X a ra nm 1963 cho vic thanh ton
s d thng mi gia cc nc trong hi ng tng tr kinh t.
3084 Transfer costs Chi ph vn chuyn. Chi ph lin quan n vic vn chuyn hng ho t a im ny n a
im khc bao gm cc chi ph trc tip ca vic di chuyn m thay i vi
khong cch di chuyn (v do vy c th gi l "chi ph khong cch"), v
ton b chi ph xp hng, d hng, x l v qun l mi u ca hn
trnh.
3085 Transfer deed Chc b chuyn giao. Mt chng t m qua quyn s hu CHNG KHON c chuyn
giao theo ngha php l t ngi bn sang ngi mua.
3086 Transfer earnings Thng d kinh t. Xem ECONOMIC RENT.
3087 Transfer incomes Thu nhp do chuyn nhng. Thu nhp khng th coi l thanh ton cho dch v hn ti v do vy khng
to thnh mt phn ca thu nhp quc dn.
3088 Transfer of technology Chuyn giao cng ngh. Cng ngh l mt yu t chnh trong vic thc y TNG TRNG
KINH T. Vic chuyn giao cng ngh khng thch hp c th lm mo
m hnh thi pht trin, dn ti vic sn xut cc sn phm khng thch
hp. 3089 Transfer payment Thanh ton chuyn nhng. Khon thanh ton (thng do chnh ph) cho mt c nhn m khng to
thnh mt phn ca vic trao i hng ho v dch v.
3090 Transfer pricing nh gi chuyn nhng. H thng n nh gi cho cc giao dch gia cc cng ty con ca mt cng
ty a quc gia, trong gi khng ph thuc vo yu t th trng.
3091 Transfer problem Vn chuyn nhng. Thut ng trong kinh t hc quc t v vic liu mt nc, phi bi thng
cho mt nc khc, v d tin sa cha, phi gnh nng qu mc hay th
cp, ngha l gnh nng hn tc thanh ton, m thc hin vic
chuyn giao bng vic kim c khon thng d trn thanh ton quc t.
3092 Transformation function Hm chuyn i. Xem PRODUCTION FRONTIER.
3093 Transformation problem Bi ton chuyn i. Bi ton trong kinh t hc C.Mc nhm tm ra mt b gi duy nht t cc
gi tr, ngha l u vo lao ng.
3094 Transitivity of
preferences
Tnh bc cu ca s thch. Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
3095 Transitory consumption Tiu dng qa . S tng hay gim khng d tnh trong tiu dng.
3096 Transitory income Thu nhp qu . Thu nhp khng d tnh. Khon thu hay l bt thng.
3097 Translog production
function
Hm sn xut chuyn dng l-
ga-rt.
Hm sn xut tru tng dng l-ga-rt.L dng tng qut ca hm sn xut
COBB-DOUGLAS.
3098 Trans-shipment points Cc im chuyn i phng
tin vn chuyn.
Cc a im m ti vn ti thay i t loi ny sang loi khc.
3099 Treasury, the B ti chnh Anh. Mt b trong chnh ph Anh kim sot chnh sch kinh t v chi tiu cng
cng.
Page 132
3100 Treasury US department
of
B ti chnh M. Mt b trong chnh ph M qun l hu ht vic thu ngn sch, sn xut
tin kim loi v tin giy v thi hnh mt s lut l.
3101 Treasury bill Tn phiu b ti chnh. Mt phng tin vay ngn hn ca chnh ph Anh c a vo nm 1877
v vo thi gian l m hnh theo hi phiu thng mi. m cng c
cng c tng ng. Tn phiu b ti chnh M do b ti chnh pht hnh c
thi hn ba, su, chn v mi hai thng. Cc chng khon ny l s u t
khng c ri ro, nhng vn c ri ro trn th trng th cp trc khi o
hn, bi v gi bin ng vi thay i trong li xut th trng.
3102 Treasury Deposit
Receipt (TDR)
Bin nhn tin gi B ti
chnh.
y l chng khon khng bun bn ngn hn (6 thng) c chnh ph
Anh p dng nm 1940 vi t cch l cng c ti chnh thi chin, v bn
ra gi tr hng tun nh cho ngn hng. Loi chng khon ny gim dn
v b loi b vo nm 1953.
3103 Treasury - Federal
Reserve Accord
Tho thun gia b ti chnh
v Cc d tr lin bang.
T nm 1942-51, H THNG D TR LIN BANG M nng gi tri
phiu chnh ph M nhm to thun li cho vic vay mn ca chnh ph
lin bang. Nm 1952 D tr lin bang v B ti chnh k mt "tho
thun" - gii phng D tr lin bang khi trch nhim mua tri phiu.
3104 Treasury note ng tin ca b ti chnh. Xem CURRENCY NOTE.
3105 Treasury view Quan im ca b ti chnh. Mt quan im ca b ti chnh Anh vo u th k XX cho rng chi tiu
b sung ca chnh ph s c cn bng bi vic suy gim trong t nhn.
3106 Treaty of Rome Hip c Rome. Xem EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.
3107 Trend Xu hng. Cn gi l xu hng theo thi gian. 1)Thnh phn di hn, c s trong d
liu CHUI THI GIAN, thng c tnh th hin hng vn ng
di hn ca mt bin s. 2)Mt s o mc trung bnh ca mt i lng
kinh t ti mt thi im no .
3108 Trend stationary process
(TSP)
Qu trnh tnh ti ca xu
hng.
3109 Trigonometric functions Cc hm lng gic. Cc hm c nh ngha bi cc tnh cht trong mt tam gic vung bao
gm sin, cosin v tang.
3110 Truncated earnings
function
Hm thu nhp rt gn. Mt kim nghim gi thuyt ca th trng lao ng NH NGUYN rng
c ch quyt nh tin cng khc nhau gia khu vc "th nht" v "th hai"
ca th trng lao ng, khu vc th nht tr cho VN NHN LC, khu
vc th hai tr cho nhng ngi va khng c kinh nghim v khng c
hc vn.
3111 Trust T-rt. Vi t cch l mt thut ng ca lut hc, thut ng ny p dng cho cc
tho thun c php lut quy nh khc nhau m theo ti sn thuc v
mt c nhn hay nhm ngi c t trong tay nhng ngi u thcm, tu
thuc vo lo trt, c th thc s qun l chng v li ch ca nhng ngi
ch s hu ti sn .
3112 t-statistic Thng k t. Mt thng k tun theo phn phi T. Thng k t thng c dng trong
kim nh gi thit xc nh MC NGHA THNG K ca cc tham
s trong cc m hnh kinh t lng, v c tnh bng t s gia gi tr
tham s c tnh v sai s chun ca n.
3113 Turning point im ngot im trong chu k kinh doanh khi TRNG THI M RNG ca chu k
c thay th bng trng thi thu hp hoc ngc li. im nh v im
y c goi l cc bc ngot.
3114 Turnover Doanh thu, kim ngch. Xem TOTAL REVENUE.
3115 Turnover tax Thu kim ngch. i khi c goi l thu theo t. y l loi hnh ban u ca thu doanh
thu. Ngi ta nhn thy nhc im ca thu ny v trong nhng nm
gn y nhiu nc i sang loi thu khng c nhc im ny.
3116 Turnpike theorems Cc nh l cng ngn. Mt loi nh trong thuyt tng trng lin quan n s gn gi ca cc
ng tng trng ti u vi tng trng cn bng vi tc cao nht.
3117 Twelve-month rule Quy tc mi hai thng. Xem INCOMES POLICY.
3118 Two sector growth
model
M hnh tng trng hai khu
vc.
Mt mo hnh dng trong thuyt tng trng, trong s khc bit c bn
gia hng tiu dng v hng t liu sn xut c cng nhn, vi mt khu
vc c quan tm n mi mt trong hai hng ho ny.
3119 Two stage leatst squares
(TSLS hoc 2 SLS)
Bnh phng nh nht hai giai
on
Mt phng php kinh t lng c lng cc tham s dng c cu ca
h phng trnh ng thi, trong trnh s thin lch ca phng trnh
ng thi.
3120 Tying contract Hp ng bn km. Mt iu kin bn hng i hi ngi mua mt sn phm no phi mua
thm mt sn phm khc, thng l b sung cho sn phm u tin.
3121 Type I/ type II Sai s loi I / loi II. Cc loi sai s c th phm trong kim nh gi thit.
3122 U-form enterprise Doanh nghip dng ch U. Mt cng ty m mi quyt nh u do mt ban iu hnh ban ra.
Page 133
3123 Unanimity rule Quy tc nht tr hon ton. Mt th tc la chn tp th m i hi rng trc khi mt chnh sch c
chp nhn, n phi c mi thnh vin ca cng ng b tc ng bi
quyt nh ny thng qua.
3124 Unianticipated inflation Lm pht khng c lng
trc.
L phn lm pht c tht m con ngi khng d kin; trong thc t tr i
lm pht k vng.
3125 Unbalanced economic
growth
S tng trng kinh t khng
cn i.
Xem BALANCED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH PATH.
3126 Unbiased estimator c lng khng chch. Xem BEST LINEAR UNBIASED ESTIMATOR.
3127 Uncalled capital Vn cha huy ng. Xem PAID-UP CAPITAL.
3128 Uncertainty S khng chc chn. L mt tnh hung m trong kh nng xut hin ca mt s kin s
khng c bit, c ngha l khng c phn phi xc sut gn vi kt cc.
3129 Unconvertible loan
stock
C phn khng th chuyn i
c
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
3130 Unconvered interest
parity
Li sut ngang bng cha tnh. Trong mt ch t gi hi oi linh hot khi cc nh u t bng quan
vi ri ro v khng t bo v h khi nhng ri ro ca t gi trong TH
TRNG K HN, yu cu rng gi giao ngay trong tng lai ca mt
ng ting khc vi gi giao ngay hin ti bng mt lng va ng lm
i trong vi mc chnh lch li sut gia hai quc gia.
3131 UNCTAD Din n ca Lin hip quc
v thng mi v Pht trin.
Xem UNITED NATIONS CONFE-RENCE ON TRADE AND
DEVELOPMENT.
3132 Undated securities Chng khon khng ghi ngy. Xem Dated securities
3133 Underdeveloped
countries
Cc nc chm pht trin. Mt cm thut ng dng ch cc nc ang pht trin; nhng hin nay
gi y ngi ta t dng cm thut ng ny m dng cc thut ng khc t
mang tnh mit th hn.
3134 Underdevelopment S chm pht trin. Xem DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
3135 Underemployed workers Cc cng nhn phim dng. L hnh nh phn chiu ca nhng cng nhn qu dng. Cng nhn phim
dng l ngi coi gi tr ca thu nhp cao hn gi tr ca ngh ngi hn so
vi cc cng nhn bnh thng.
3136 Underemployment S phim dng. Theo gi thit th trng lao ng Nh nguyn, th trng lao ng cp hai
bao gm nhiu cng nhn, nhng ngi c tay ngh gip h c th hon
thnh cng vic trong th trng cp mt, hoc l nhng ngi c th c
o to thnh cng nhn c tay ngh cao vi chi ph thp hn so vi mc
trung bnh.
3137 Underidentification S cha nhn dng. c xem nh khng c nhn dng. Xem IDENTIFICATION
PROBLEM.
3138 Undervalue currency ng tin nh gi thp. Trong mt h thng t gi hi oi c nh, mt ng tin c sc mua
ngang gi to ra thng d cn cn thanh ton dai dng.
3139 Underwriter Ngi bo him. L ngi ng chu s ri ro hoc mt phn ri ro v i li c nhn
mt khon gi l ph bo him.
3140 Undistributed profits Li nhun khng chia. L mt t l li nhun c gi li khng phn chia cho cc c ng di
dng c tc cng nh khng dng tr cc khon thu.
3141 Unearned income Thu nhp phi tin lng. L cc ngun thu ngoi tin lng, tin cng thng l cc ngun li nhun
hoc tin li hoc tin cho thu.
3142 Unemployment Tht nghip. L nhng ngi lao ng khng c vic lm, bao gm c nhng ngi
ang trong giai on tm vic lm mi hoc nhng ngi khng th tm
c vic lm vi ng lng thc t hin hnh.
3143 Unemployment benefit Tr cp tht nghip. Khon thanh ton cho mt c nhn tht nghip.
3144 Unemployment
equilibrium
Cn bng tht nghip. nh trung tm ca Keynes trong cun L thuyt tng qut rng ngay c
khi tin cng v gi c hon ton linh hot nh c gi nh trong thuyt
c in, nn kinh t vn khng lun lun tr v im y vic lm.
3145 Unemployment rate T l tht nghip. Anh, l t l ngi trong lc lng lao ng khng c vic lm v tch
cc tm kim vic lm.
3146 Unequal exchange S trao i khng ngang bng. Ni mt cch chnh xc theo quan im ca C.Mc, l s trao i sn
phm ca cc nn kinh t pht trin vi gi cao hn gi tr lao ng ca
chng.
3147 UNIDO guidelines Cc hng dn ca UNIDO. Mt k thut thm nh d n cc nc ang pht trin v l mt phin
bn ca phng php LITTLE-MIRRLEES.
3148 Unintended inventory
disinvestment
Gim u t vo tn kho
khng d kin.
Gim hng tn kho do mc bn hng tng ln khng d tnh trc hay do
gim st trong sn xut.
3149 Unintended inventory
investment
u t vo tn kho ngoi d
kin.
Tng hng tn kho do cc n t hng d tnh khng thnh hin thc.
Page 134
3150 Union density T l tham gia cng on. T l lc lng lao ng tham gia cng on thay i mnh gia nhng cc
nghnh v gia cc nc do khc bit trong chi ph v li ch ca vic tham
gia cng on.
3151 Union market power Sc mnh ca cng on i
vi th trng.
Sc mnh ca cng on i vi th trng l mt hm ca co gin ca
cu pht sinh i vi lao ng cng on.
3152 Union/non-union
differential
Chnh lch tin lng gia
cng nhn tham gia v khng
tham gia cng on.
Chnh lch ny o mc m cc cng on tng tin lng ca thnh
vin so vi lao ng khng tham gia cng on tng ng.
3153 Union pushfulness Tnh thch tranh u ca cng
on.
Xu hng ca cc cng on tham gia i tng lng, ngha l tm trng
thch hnh ng tranh u.
3154 Union shop "quy tri buc" Mt tho thun theo ngi cng nhn phi tham gia cng on trong
mt thi k nh sau khi bt u lm vic.
3155 Uniqueness Tnh c nht. Ni chung c dng trong thuyt cn bng tng qut ch s tn ti ca
mt b gi cn bng th trng c nht.
3156 Unit root tests Kim nh n v. Php kim nh xc nh xem liu mt chui thi gian l tnh ti v
chnh lch hay khng.
3157 United Nations Capital
Development Fund
Qu pht trin vn ca Lin
hp quc.
Mt c quan c bit c hi ng bo an Lin hp quc thnh lp nm
1966 thc y tng trng kinh t cc nc ang pht trin bng vic
b sung cc ngun h tr vn hin c vi cc khon cho vay v vin tr;
ch yu ti tr cc d n pht trin nng thn quy m nh m khng th
c c ngun ti chnh no khc do khng c ti sn th chp hay
khng c uy tn tn dng i vi bn vay.
3158 United Nations
Conference on Trade
and Development
(UNCTAD)
Hi ngh Lin hip quc v
Thng mi v Pht trin.
Hi ngh c triu tp ln u tin vo nm 1964, hin nay l mt b phn
vnh cu ca i hi ng bo an v sau hp vo nm 1968. 1972,
1976, 1979, 1983 v 1987. Tt c cc thnh vin ca lin hp quc hay ca
cc c quan chuyn mn ca h l thnh vin ca hi ngh v n c mt
ban chp hnh v mt ban th k vnh vin.
3159 United Nationns
Development
Programme (UNDP)
Chng trnh pht trin ca
Lin hp quc.
Nm 1966, chng trnh H tr ti chnh m rng ca Lin hp quc v
qu c bit ca Lin hp quc c sp nhp to nn chng trnh pht
trin ca lin hp quc, c quan c bit ca Lin hp quc chu trch
nhim qun l v iu phi cc d n pht trin v h tr k thut c
cung cp di s bo tr hay lin lc vi h thng cc c quan pht trin
ca Lin hp quc.
3160 United Nationns
Industrial Development
Organization (UNIDO)
T chc pht trin cng
nghip ca Lin hp quc.
c thnh lp vo nm 1966, l mt c quan c bit ca Lin hp quc
sau ngh quyt ca hi ng bo an, t chc ny cung cp h tr k thut
nhm thc y cng nghip ho cc nc ang pht trin.
3161 Unit of account n v k ton. Xem Money.
3162 Unit tax Thu n v. Xem CUSTOMS, EXCISE AND PROTECTIVE DUTIES.
3163 Unit Trust c quyn n v. Mt cm thut ng dng Anh ch mt th ch, ging nh mt c
quyn u t, m to iu kin cho cc nh u t phn tn ri ro bng vic
mua c phn trong mt danh mc chng khon.
3164 Unlisted Securities
Market (USM)
Th trng chng khon
khng nim yt.
Do s giao dch chng khon London (l c quan qun l) thnh lp nm
1980, USM l mt th trng t t chc hn so vi s giao dch chng
khon.
3165 Unsecured loan stock C phn vay khng bo lnh. Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
3166 Unvalidated inflation Lm pht khng cho php. T l lm pht m khng i km theo vi mt t l gia tng tng t trong
cung tin.
3167 Urban economics Kinh t hc th. Mt nhnh ca kinh t hc p dng cc cng c nh t duy vo phn tch
hot ng kinh t v cc vn kinh t thnh th.
3168 Urbanization economies Tnh kinh t ca th ho. Tit kim chi ph ny sinh khi cc hot ng kinh t c tp trung cc
khu vc th.
3169 Uruguay Round Vng m phn Uruguay.
3170 User cost of capital Chi ph s dng vn. Gi tr thu dch v vn, hay gi m mt hng phi tr cho vic s dng
dung lng vn m n s hu hay xem xt mua.
3171 Use value and exchange
value
Gi tr s dng v gi tr trao
i.
Mt s phn bit, m lm ch tho lun t thi AISTOTLE n C.Mc,
gia tho dng c c t hng ha v gi c ca n.
3172 U-shaped cost curves Cc ng chi ph hnh ch
U.
Cc ng miu t bng cc no chi ph trung bnh ca mt hng hay mt
nghnh thay i vi mc sn lng.
3173 Utility tho dng. c hiu rng ri trong kinh t hc nh l ng ngha vi "phc li",
PHC LI KINH T ,s tho mn v i khi l hnh phc.
3174 Utility function Hm tho dng. Mt hm cho rng tho dng ca mt c nhn ph thuc vo hng ho
v s lng hng ho m ngi tiu.
Page 135
3175 Utilitarianism Ch ngha v li. Thut g chnh tr v trit hc miu t cc thuyt ca BENTHAM v cc
cng s ca ng, nhng ngi ly nguyn tc hnh phc ln nht ca s
ng nht lm tiu tr nh gi hnh ng.
3176 Vacancies Ch lm vic cn trng. Nhu cu ca gii ch cn thu thm lao ng.
3177 Vacancy rate T l ch lm vic cn trng. Mt ch s v cu lao ng ti mc tin cng hin hnh.
3178 Validated inflation Lm pht cho php. Lm pht c cho php tn ti v chnh ph cho php cung tin m rng
vi cc tc nh lm pht.
3179 Valuation curve ng nh gi. Xem GROWTH - VALUATION FUNCTION.
3180 Valuation ratio T s nh gi. T s gia th gi c phn ca hng, V, vi gi tr s sch ti sn ca n,
K. 3181 Value, money, a
standard of
Tiu chun gi tr ca tin. Mt trong cc chc nng ca tin l vai tr tiu chun gi tr. Ngha l n
to mt h thng n v k ton m qua gi c c biu hin v cc
khon tr chm nh n c xc nh.
3182 Value, theory of L thuyt v gi tr. Ga tr ni ti ca mt hng ho.
3183 Value added Gi tr gia tng. Gi tr sn lng ca mt hng tr i gi tr u vo n mua t cc hng
khc.
3184 Value-added tax Thu Gi tr gia tng. V mt khi nm y l loi thu da trn gi tr gia tng trong mt quc
gia.
3185 Value judgement nh gi ch quan. Mt nhn nh m ni chung c th c tm tt l "X l tt (hay xu)".
Cm thut ng ch quan gy nhiu nhm ln trong kinh t hc.
3186 Value marginal physical
product
Sn phm vt cht gi tr bin. Xem MARGINAL REVENUE PRODUCT.
3187 Variable capital Vn (t bn) kh bin. Trong hc thuyt ca C.Mc, vn kh bin m ch phn vn, i din bi
sc lao ng, m lm thay i gi tr trong qu trnh sn xut.
3188 Variable cost Cc chi ph kh bin. Chi ph bin i vi mc sn lng, v d chi ph lao ng.
3190 Variable elasticity of
substitution production
function
(VES production function) -
co gin kh bin ca hm
sn xut thay th.
y l dng tng qut ca CO GIN KHNG I CA HM SN
XUT THAY TH cho php co gin ca thay th bin i vi t s yu t
u vo.
3191 Variable labour costs Cc chi ph lao ng kh bin. Chi ph thu mn cng nhn thay i t l thun hay hn t l thun vi
s gi lm vic.
3192 Variable parameter
models
Cc m hnh thng s kh
bin.
Cc m hnh kinh t lng, trong cc thng s v dn s cn c c
lng, c gi nh l bin s, khng ging nh trong phn tch hi quy
m trong cc thng s c coi l c nh.
3193 Variance Phng sai Mt s o c s dng ph bin o mc m mt bin s ngu nhin
(hoc mt thng k) phn tn xung quanh gi tr ttrung bnh ca n.
3194 Variance-covariance
matrix
Ma trn phng sai - hip
phng sai.
Ma trn phng sai v cc hip phng sai. ca mt dy cc bin s ngu
nhin cng phn phi, phng sai to nn ng cho, trong khi hip
phng sai l cc ct v cc dng lin quan.
3195 Variation Bin ng. Xem VARIANCE, ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, SUM OF SQUARES.
3196 Veblen, Thorstein B. (1857-1926) Veblen, Thorstein B. l nh kinh t hc v x hi hc ngi M, Gio s
kinh t ti trng i hc Chicago t 1892. L nh sng lp ra KINH T
HC TH CH, ng rt ph phn khi nim khoi lc v nguyn t trong
kinh t hc TN C IN. tng ca ng v khoa hc kinh t l s tm
hiu v pht trin cc th ch kinh t. i vi Veblen, th ch kinh t
khng hn g thi v o c m chng tm lc. Nhiu thut ng ca
Veblen m ng dng ch giai cp gii tr trong thi k ng sng tr
thnh ting Anh thng dng ngy nay. Khng ging quan im ca Marx
v mu thun gia giai cp T sn v V sn, Veblen tm thy mu thun
gia "cc vic lm tin ti" v "cc vic lm cng nghp", tc l lm ra tin
v lm ra hng ho. i vi Veblen, mu thun l gia cc nh doanh
nghip, nhng ngi kim sot ti chnh ca cng nghip v quan tm n
li nhun, v cc k s v lc lng lao ng, l nhng ngi quan tm
n hiu qu c th v th cht. Mu thun gia hai nhm ngi ny ny
sinh t mong munca gii k s v lao ng mun i mi, v do vy lin
tc ph hu gi tr t bn m gii doanh nhn s hu.
3197 Veblen effect Hiu ng Veblen. Hin tng trong khi gi c ca mt hng ho gim i th mt s ngi
tiu dng cho rng hng ho gim cht lng v khng mua n na.
3198 Vector Vc-t. Mt dy s hay phn t mt chiu c th t m c th vit ngang (vct
dng) hay dc (vc t ct).
3199 Vector autoregression
(VAR)
T hi quy vc t. Mt trong nhng k thut d bo s dng rng ri nht trong kinh t hc.
Nh vi hu ht cc phng php chui thi gian n thun khc, n c
cho l trung lp i vi bt k mt thuyt kinh t c th no.
Page 136
3200 Vehicle currency ng tin phng tin. Trong cc trung tm bun bn ngoi hi ln, hu ht mi giao dch c
thc hin vi mt s ng tin ch cht, nhng ngi nm gi cc loi tin
khc chuyn i chng sang mt hay vi loi ng tin ch cht ny
thc hin giao dch thng mi ca mnh.
3201 Veil of ignorance Mng che ngu dt. Xem RAWLSIAN JUSTICE.
3202 Veil of money Mng che tin. Xem CLASSICAL DICHOTOMY.
3203 Velocity of circulation Tc lu thng. Tc m ti mt s tin no lu thng thng trong nn kinh t -
ngha l s ln trung bnh mt n v tin t trao tay trong mt thi k xc
nh.
3204 Venture capital Vn mo him. Xem RISK CAPITAL.
3205 Vertical equity Cng bng theo chiu dc. S cng bng hay khng cng bng trong vic i x vi cc cs nhn trong
cc tnh hung khc nhau.
3206 Vertical integration Lin kt dc. Mt tnh hung trong hot ng ca mt hng m rng ra hn mt giai
on lin tc trong mt qu trnh chuyn ho nguyn liu thnh sn phm
cui cng.
3207 Vertical merger Sp nhp chiu dc. Vic sp nhp hai hng sn xut cc sn phm thuc v nhiu giai on
khc nhau ca cng mt qu trnh sn xut.
3208 Vertical Phillips curve ng Phillips thng ng. Gi thit cho rng trong di hn, khng c s nh i gia t l thay i
mc tin cng v mc tht nghip nh ng Phillips ban u gi .
3209 VES production
function
co gin kh bin hm sn
xut thay th.
Xem Variable elasticity of substitution production function.
3210 Vicious circles Cc vng lun qun. Cm thut ng ny thng ch quan im v cc nc ang pht trin cho
rng mt nn kinh t tn ti s ng yn, bi v tng sn lng thp ti
mc hu nh khng c d tr.
3211 Victim company Cng ty nn nhn. Mt cng ty l i tng ca mt u thu thu mua.
3212 Vintage growth models M hnh tng trng theo thi
gian.
M hnh tng trng kinh t cho php vn v tin b k thut km theo n
gim i theo thi gian.
3213 Virtuous circles Vng thot. Xem Vicious circles.
3214 Visibility hypothesis Gi thuyt v tnh minh bch. Chnh sch thu nhp c xu hng da nhiu vo k thut cng khai v
khin trch.
3215 Visible balance Cn cn hu hnh. Phn ca ti khon vng lai ca mt bo co v cn cn thanh ton cho bit
quan h gia ga tr hng ho vt cht xut khu v hng ho vt cht nhp
khu.
3216 Voluntary-exchange
model
M hnh trao i t nguyn. Mt php tip cn i vi phn tch vic cung cp Hng ho cng cng
nhm thit lp cc iu kin m qua cc hng ho ny c th cung cp
trn c s tho thun hon ton nht tr - ngha l khng c cng p.
3217 Voluntary export
restraint
Hn ch xut khu t nguyn. Mt gii hn do chnh cc nh xut khu mt nc t a ra i vi hng
xut khu ngn chn hnh ng bo h chnh thc ca mt nc nhp
khu.
3218 Voluntary
unemployment
Tht nghip t nguyn. Phn Tht nghip ny sinh t qu trnh tm vic v tht nghip tm thi v
tr hnh.
3219 Von Neumann-
Morgenstern utility
Tho dng Von Neumann-
Morgenstern.
Theo tn t ca J. von Neumann (1903-57) v O.Morgenstern (1902-77),
y l cch tip cn i vi thuyt cu m c cho l ng khi p dng
cc tnh hung ri ro.
3220 Von Neumann ratio T s Von Neumann. Mt thng k kim nh c tnh tm s hin din ca s TNG
QUAN CHUI CA CC SAI S trong phn tch hi quy.
3221 Vote maximizer Ngi mun ti a ho phiu
bu.
Ngi mun ti a ho phiu bu chnh tr cho mnh.
3222 Vote trading Trao i phiu bu. Xem LOGROLLING.
3223 Voting and non-voting
shares
Cc c phiu c quyn b
phiu v khng c quyn b
phiu.
Cc ch s hu c phiu thng ca mt cng ty thng c quyn b phiu
dy d ti cc cuc hp cng ty.
3224 Voucher Tem phiu. Mt phng php cung cp dch v v hng ho ca chnh ph, trong c
nhn c cho tin ch mua hng ho v dch v nh trc.
3225 Voucher schemes Cc chng trnh theo phiu. Cc loi tem phiu l mt phng php phn phi li bng hin vt.
3226 Wage competition
model
M hnh cnh tranh bng tin
cng
Xem JOB COMPETITION THEORY.
3227 Wage contour Vng tin cng. Mt tp hp cc mc lng mt s th trng lao ng ni b.
3228 Wage contracts Hp ng tin cng Tho thun chnh thc hoc khng chnh thc gia mt bn l ngi s
dng lao ng vi mt bn l ngi i din lao ng v s gi lm vic,
khi lng cng vic v tin lng.
Page 137
3229 Wage differentials Chnh lc tin cng Cc mc Chnh lc lng trung bnh tr cho cc lao ng c phn chia
theo nghnh hoc a im lm vic hoc theo mu da ho a im ca h.
3230 Wage discrimination Phn bit i x tin cng. Cm thut ng dng m t tnh trng trong cc cng nhn c nng
sut lao ng nh nhau c tr cc mc lng khc nhau.
3231 Wage drift Mc trt tin cng. Vic tng mc lng hiu lc tng n v u vo lao ng theo tho thun
nm ngoi s kim sot ca cc th tc v nh mc lng.
3232 Wage fund Qu lng. Theo hc thuyt kinh t hc c in, mt qu dng thanh ton tin
lng. Ti bt k mt thi im no, qu ny cng vi cung lao ng cho
trc s xc nh mc lng trung bnh.
3233 Wage inflation Lm pht tin cng. S tng ca lng danh ngha theo thi gian.
3234 Wage leadership Xc nh tin cng theo mc
tham kho.
Tnh th trong vic tr lng cho mt hoc mt s ngi trong mt khu
vc c th c coi l mc tham kho cho mi yu cu lng sau ny.
3235 Wage-price spiral Vng xoy tin cng-gi Khi nim cho rng s tng lng s dn ti s tng gi do chi ph sn xut
tng v li gy nh hng n tin lng bi v cng nhn mun duy tr sc
mua ca ng tin.
3236 Wage-push inflation Lm pht do tin cng y. Mt biu hin ca lm pht do chi ph y, coi nguyn nhn ca qu trnh
lm pht l do p lc ca nghip on vi th trng lao ng.
3237 Wage rates Cc mc tin cng. Mc lng m mt c nhn c nhn do c sung cp mt s gi lao
ng ti thiu quy nh trong hp ng lng.
3238 Wage restraint Hn ch tin cng. Xem INCOMES POLICY.
3239 Wage round Vng quay tin cng. Gi thuyt cho rng tn ti nhng mi lin kt cht ch gia cc mc tin
lng thanh ton cho cc nhm m phn trong nn kinh t, kt qa l vic
thanh ton lng tun theo nhng hnh thi nht nh mi nm.
3240 Wage boards Ban iu hnh tin cng. Cc c quan php quy tng t nh cc hi ng lng qun l iu hnh
v iu kin lao ng trong ngnh nng nghip.
3241 Wages Councils Cc hi ng tin cng. Cc c quan php quy c chnh ph giao nhim v xut v lng v
s gi lao ng trong mt s ngnh nc Anh.
3242 Wages freeze Hn mc tin cng. Xem INCOMES POLICY.
3243 Wages fund doctrine Hc thuyt qu lng. Xem IRON LAW OF WAGE.
3244 Wages structure Cu trc tin cng Cc th hng tin lng ca cc nhm cng nhn phn theo nghnh, a
im lm vic theo nhm ngh nghip hoc chng tc.
3245 Wage theory L thuyt tin cng. L thuyt tn c in ngy nay l mt m hnh khoa hc ch yu trong
phn tch xc nh lng. Tuy nhin, u th ca l thuyt tn c in v
lao ng tuyt nhin khng lin tc v t n b l thuyt tn c in i
trc. 3246 Wage-wage sprial Vng xoy tin cng-tin
cng.
Xem Leap-frogging.
3247 Wagner's law nh lut Wagner Mt gi thuyt, nh kinh t hc c Adolph Wagner do xy dng vo cui
th k XIX, ni rng s pht trin ca nn kinh t cng nghip ho s i i
vi vic tng phn chi tiu cng cng trong tng sn phm quc dn.
3248 Wait umemployment Tht nghip do ch vic.
3249 Wall Street Ph Wall Mt ph h Mahattan, Newyork chy qua trung tm khu ti chnh ca
thnh ph. S giao dch chng khon Newyork nm trn ph Wall v thnh
thong tn ph c dng nh mt t ng ngha cho th trng nay.
3250 Walras, Lon (1834-1910) Sinh ra ti Paris, vo nm 1970 ng l gio s ch nhim u tin b mn
Kinh t ti chnh i hc Lausanne Thu S. Cng hin u tin l vic
ng c lp xy dng phng php tip cn tho dng bin vo l lun
gi tr nm 1973, mt thnh tu c Jevons d on trc. Cng hin
th hai v em li s ni ting hn l vic pht trin l thuyt v vic cn
bng tng th, trong mi loi th trng trong nn kinh t u c xem
xt v trong mi gi c hng ho, cc nhn t v u ra ca mi hng
ho v cung cp nhn t c quyt nh ng thi. Tm li, ng xy
dng mt m hnh tin phong vi nhng cng c ton hc nguyn thu.
Cournot, mt nh ton hc gii hn v l mt trong nhng ngi c nh
hng ti ng n trnh vn ny v rt kh. Mc d m hnh ny v
cc c tnh ca n vn tip tc c cht lc, gt gia, ngi ta vn cha
nm c khi nim cung ca n.
3251 Walras' law nh lut Walras. Hnh thi chung ca nh lut Walras l cho n th trng, nu n-1 th trng
t trng thi cn bng th trng cn li cng phi t trng thi cn bng
bi v khng th c s d tha rng cung hay cu cho hng ho (k c tin
t).
Page 138
3252 Want creation To ra mong mun tiu dng. Vic cc cng ty xc nh ra nhng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng cn tim
tng v vic bin n thnh mong mun tiu dng c thc bng vic tip
th mnh m cc sn phm c ch to nhm p ng nhng nhu cu tim
n ca ngi tiu dng.
3253 Warrant S m bo. Vic mua mt tho thun trong to ngi s hu bn tho thun c hi
mua vn c phn.
3254 Warranted rate of
growth
Tc tng trng m bo. Tc tng trng ca thu nhp quc dn duy tr c s cn bng gia
tit kim t nh v u t t nh theo thi gian, bng cch pht trin
tng ca Keynes v thu nhp cn bng sang trng thi si ng.
3255 Warranted
unemployment rate
T l tht nghip m bo. Xem NATURAL RATE OF UNEMPLOYMENT.
3256 Waste Cht thi. Mt th sn phm khng th trnh khi ca hot ng kinh t.
3257 Ways and means
advandces
Tm ng. Tm ng tin ca ngn hng Trung ng Anh cho chnh ph p ng
nhu cu chi tiu ca cc b, ngnh trong ngn hn.
3258 Weakly stationary Khng chuyn ng hng
tun.
Xem STATIONARITY.
3259 Weath Ca ci. Bt k ci g c gi tr th trng v c th i ly tin hoc hng ho u
c th coi l ca ci.
3260 Weath effect Hiu ng ca ci. S gia tng trong tng chi tiu do mc gi c hoc li xut gim xung.
Ngi ta cho rng, bt c mt s gim xung ca tng cu s c o
ngc li do cc tc ng gy ra khi mc gi c hoc li sut gim xung.
3261 Weath tax Thu ca ci. Thu nh vo gi tr ca ci rng. N thng nh vo nhng thi k u
n - thng l mt nm trn nhng ti sn rng ca cc c nhn, mc d
mt s nc nh Nauy thu ny cng c do cng ty tr.
3262 Wear and tear Khu hao. Xem DEPRECIATION.
3263 Weberian location
theory
L thuyt Weber v v tr . Xem LOCATION THEORY.
3264 Weighted average Bnh qun gia quyn. Bnh qun trong mi hng c nhn vi mt h s trc khi tnh ton
v tn cc h s ny l mt n v.
3265 Weighted least squares Bnh phng gia quyn nh
nht.
Mt phin bn ca bnh phng thng thng nh nht trong mi bin
s c nhn vi mt h s no , c th l mt hm ca mt trong nhng
bin s trong phng trnh.
3266 Weighted mean Trung bnh gia quyn. Xem WEIGHTED AVERAGE.
3267 Welfare economics Kinh t hc phc li. Cm thut ng chung ch kha cnh chun tc ca kinh t hc. Nhng
gi nh c bn ca kinh t phc li l cc nh gi ch quan m bt k
mt nh kinh t hc no cng c th chp nhn hoc bc b.
3268 Welfare function Hm phc li. i vi mt c nhn, l mi quan h gia tnh trng kho mnh, hnh phc.
Phc li hoc tho dng v nhng yu t gp phn to nn nhng iu
.
3269 Welfare state Nh nc phc li. Thng c hiu l mt quc gia c chnh ph ng mt vai tr tch cc
trong vic ch trng pht trin phc li x hi.
3270 Well-behaved C hnh vi tt. Mt thuc tnh ca hm sn xut v tho dng. N i hi sn xut (
tho dng) bng 0 nu mt trong nhng u vo (hng ho) bng 0 v n
cng i hi sn phm bin ( tho dng lun lun dng nhng gim
dn khi nhng lng ca mt yu t sn xut (hng ho) cho no
tng dn.
3271 Wharton model M hnh Wharton. Mt m hnh gm 76 phng trnh v nn kinh t M pht trin t m hnh
KLEIN-GOLDBERGER (K-G) nhng c 4 im khc bit: 1)M hnh ny
s dng d liu tnh ton trn c s qu, M hn K-G tnh trn c s nm.
2)m hnh ny c thit k ch yu c dng d on hnh vi kinh t
c th l thu nhp quc dn v mc vic lm. 3)M hnh ny c phn tn
ti mt mc ln hn nhiu v c mt khu vc tin t pht trin hn
nhiu. 4)Hm sn xut c thit lp da trn cc hm kiu COBB-
DOUGLAS.
3272 Whipsawing Ca ko. Mt bin php m mt s cc cng on s dng dnh c s nhng
b ca ngi s dng lao ng bng cch e do s bi cng trong khi cc
cng ty ch th cnh tranh khc vn tip tc hot ng, v sau khi ng ta
nhng b s c gng p buc s dng ngi lao ng th hai a ra
nhng iu khon iu kin tng t hoc thm ch tt hn v vic lm nu
khng s i mt vi mt cuc bi cng khc.
3273 White-collar worker Cng nhn c trng, bn giy. Ngi lao ng v ngi s dng lao ng khng tham gia vo lao ng
chn tay v nhng ngi thc hin nhng cng vic mang chc nng lnh
o.
3274 White noise Nhiu trng. M t s bin thin hon ton mang tnh ngu nhin v khng c cc phn
t mang tnh h thng no.
Page 139
3275 White plan K hoch White. K hoch ca M cho Qu n nh quc t c xut ti hi ngh ti
chnh v tin t Lin hp quc t chc ti Bretton Woods, New Hampshire
nm 1944.
3276 Wholesale Bun bn, bn s. Giai on trung gian trong qu trnh phn phi sn phm
3277 Wholesale banking Dch v ngn hng bn bun. Cc giao dch quy m ln ca cc khon tin gi ch yu tp trung vo
nhm cc th trng vn c lin quan mt thit vi nhau v pht trin
mnh t gia nhng nm 60 - cc th trng lin ngn hng, chnh quyn
a phng, chng ch tin gi v ng tin Chu u.
3278 Wicksell, Knut (1851-1926) Mt nh kinh t hc ngi Thu in. Wicksell hc ton v trit hc, l
ch nhim b mn kinh t trng i hc Lund nm 1904. Tc phm ca
ng gii thch, tng hp v pht trin thuyt tn c in v sn xut v
phn phi. ng bn lun v li tc ca vn v mi quan h ca n vi
li sut. Ngc li vi hc thuyt ng thi, ng ch ra rng trong cn
bng, trng gi tr ca sn phm x hi bin ca vn thp hn li xut. iu
ny c th ng do tng hiu ng ca ln b sung ring bit vo Dung
lng vn c th lm tng gi tr ca tng dung lng vn v do lm
gim gi tr ca phn tng thm. iu ny c gi l hiu ng Wicksell.
Wicksell gii thch s tn ti ca li sut cao trong nhng giai on lm
pht bng vic phn tch cc yu t quyt nh cung tin ti nhiu th ch
tin t khc nhau. Qu tnh lu tch lm pht c nhiu im chung vi
chnh lch lm pht ca Keynes. Thc t, G.Myrdal v Lindahl , k tc
thuyt ca ng pht trin s khc bit gia u t k hoch v u t
thc tin c ngm th hin trong s phn bit ca Wicksell gia thi hn
u t v tit kim.
3279 Wicksell effects Cc hiu ng ca Wicksell. Cc hiu ng ca Wicksell ch ra rng ngc li vi thuyt hiu sut bin
ca vn, li sut thc t trong nn kinh t c th khc vi tng sn phm
bin ca vn.
3280 Wieser, Friederich von (1851-1926) L mt nh kinh t hc, mt chnh tr gia v mt thnh vin ca trng phi
O. ng hon thin hn hc thuyt THO DNG BIN do
Menger khi xng nhng ng gp chnh ca ng nm trong hc thuyt
"quy gi tr" hoc "gn gi tr".Wieser cng l ngi u tin nhn thy
rng logic chung ca hnh vi kinh t nhm ti a ho li ch, ti thiu ho
chi ph v ch ti t sut bin sinh ra thuyt kinh t X hi ch ngha.
3281 Wildcat strike Bi cng "khng chnh thc" L cuc bi cng do cc nhm thnh vin cng on a phng t chc,
v mt hnh thc khng c s cho php chnh thc ca ban lnh o cng
on v tri vi nhng nguyn tc nh.
3282 Willingness to pay Mc sn sng tr. Vic nh gi ca mt c nhn i vi mt hng ho hoc mt dch v bng
tin.
3283 Wilson Committee U ban Wilson. U ban n gi hot ng ca cc th ch ti chnh c ni cc cng ng
thnh lp nm 1977, di s ch o ca Hun tc Harold Wilson, cu th
tng nhm xem xt vai tr v chc nng ca cc th ch ti chnh Anh v
vic cung ng vn cho Cng nghip v thng mi, xut nhng thay
i cn thit gim st cc th ch ny.
3284 Windfall gain Thu nhp bt thng. Mt khon thu nhp thm khng lng trc c.
3285 Windfall loss L bt thng. Mt khon suy gim khng lng trc c ca thu nhp.
3286 Winding up S pht mi.
3287 Window dressing S "lm p" bo co ti
chnh.
Mt thng l Anh b xo b nm 1946, m theo cc ngn hng
thanh ton b tr London ly tin vay t nhng th trng chit khu vo
nhng ngy m h phi "lm p" bo co ti chnh tun (hoc thng t sau
nhng nm 1939) nhm mc ch th hin trng thi tin mt cao hn h s
bnh qun m chng thc gi.
3288 Withdrawals Cc con s tn rt. Cng c th c bit n nh l cc s d r. Bt k mt khon thu nhp
no, khng c i tip trong vng lun chuyn thu nhp v do khng
c dng chi ph cho nhng hng ho v dch v hin ang sn xut.
3289 Withholding tax Thu chuyn li nhun v
nc.
Thng thng l th thu nh vo c tc v tin li do mt cng ty tr ra
nc ngoi.
3290 Workable competition Cnh tranh c th th thc
hin c.
Vic xy dng v chn lc ra khi nim v Cnh tranh c th th thc hin
c hnh thnh trn quan im rng m hnh tru tng v cnh tranh
hon ho l mt tng khng thc tin v khng th a ra mt cn c
hot ng cho chnh sch cnh tranh.
3291 Workers' co-operative Hp tc x ca cng nhn. L mt doanh nghip trong ngi lao ng nm gi c phn.
3292 Workers' partipation S tham gia ca ngi lao
ng.
Xem INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY.
Page 140
3293 Working capital Vn lu ng. Thng l nhng khon ca ti sn ngn hn do ngun vn di hn to nn.
3294 Working capital ratio T s vn lu ng. c tnh bng cch chia n ngn hn ch ti sn ngn hn.
3295 Working population Lc lng lao ng. L nhng ngi c kh nng v sn sng lao ng k c nhng ngi c
vic lm v nhng ngi b coi l tht nghip.
3296 Work in progress Sn phm ang gia cng. Phn sn phm vn cha c hon thanh ti thi im cui k k ton.
3297 Work-leisure model M hnh lao ng - ngh ngi. L vic p dng n gin l thuyt v hnh vi tiu dng cho vn phn b
thi gian.
3298 Work sharing Chia s cng vic. L vc duy tr t l c vic lm bng cch ct gim gi lao ng ca mi
cng nhn.
3299 Work to rule Lm vic theo quy nh. L mt dng bn nh cng, dn n sn xut suy gim ch cha n mc
chm dt hon ton.
3300 World Bank Ngn hng th gii. Xem International Bank For Reconstruction And Development.
3301 Writing-down allowance Khu hao, s xung gi. Xem DEPRECIATION.
3302 X-efficiency Hiu qu X. L mt tnh hung, trong tng chi ph ca mt hng khng th gim n
mc ti thiu v sn lng thc t t cc u vo xc nh nh hn mc
kh thi ln nht.
3303 Y-efficiency Hiu qu Y. Hiu qu trong cc c hi thu li nhun trn th trng c khai thc.
3304 Yeild Li tc. T l thu hng nm i vi mt chng khon c tnh bng t l % so vi
th gi hin ti.
3305 Yeild gap Chnh lch li tc. Mc khc bit gia li tc trung bnh i vi c phn v t l thu hi tng
ng i vi cc chng khon di hn c li sut c nh.
3306 Yeild gap on securities Chnh lch li tc chng
khon.
Xem
3307 Zellner-Giesel Quy c Zellner-Giesel. Mt phng php c thit k c bit cho c lng nht qun cc thng
s ca phng trnh tr phn phi sau khi bin i KOYCH m c tnh n
thc t l bin i c th a vo tng quan chui ca thnh phn
nhiu.
3308 Zero-rate goods Cc hng ho c mc thu
bng 0.
Xem VALUE-ADDED TAX.
3309 Z variable Bin s Z. Xem NORMAL DISTRIBUTION.
3310 Organization slack S lng lo v t chc.
3311 Perfect information Thng tin hon ho.
3312 Personal income
Hypothesis
Gi thuyt v thu nhp lu di.
3313 Personal income
distribution
Phn phi thu nhp cho c
nhn.
3314 Sterilization impact of
capital inflow
Tc ng v hiu ho thm
ht cn cn thanh ton bi
dng vn chy vo.
3315 Substitution effect of
wages
nh hng/Tc ng thay th
ca tin cng.
3316 Time series data Dy s liu theo thi gian.
3317 Accounting price Gi k ton.
3318 Accumulated
depreciation
Khu hao tch lu.
3319 Scenario analysis Phn tch tnh hung.
3320 Sensitivity analysis Phn tch nhy.
3321 Appraisal Thm nh.
3322 Appreciation (currency) Tng gi.
3323 Appreciation and
depreciation
Tng gi v gim gi tr.
3324 Arbitrage Kinh doanh da vo chnh
lch t gi.
3325 Balanced (GDP) (GDP) c cn i.
3326 Balanced equilibrium
(GDP)
(GDP) cn bng.
3327 Beta Ch s tnh s bin ng li
tc ca mt c phiu cng vi
s bin ng li tc ca ton
b th trng chng khon.
3328 Black market premium Mc/ Khon chnh lc ca th
trng ch en.
3329 Blue-chip stock C phiu sng gi.
Page 141
3330 Gild-edged bonds Tri phiu chnh ph c gi tr
cao.
3331 Border price Gi ca khu.
3332 Multi-collinearity a cng tuyn.
3333 Combination T hp.
3334 Compensating
differentials
Cc mc b thm lng.
3335 Constant returns to scale Sinh li c nh theo quy m.
3336 Constrain informal/
formal
Hn ch/ rng buc (khng
chnh thc/ chnh thc; ngoi
quy nh/ theo quy nh).
3337 Consumer sovereignty Ch quyn ngi tiu dng.
3338 Consumer surplus Thng d ngi tiu dng.
3339 Consumption Tiu dng.
3340 Independent/ induced
consumption
Tiu dng ph thuc / thay
i.
3341 Consumption function Hm Tiu dng.
3342 Contestable market Th trng c th cnh tranh
c.
3343 Conversion factor H s chuyn i.
3344 Cornor solution Gii php kh x.
3345 Criminalization Quy l ti phm.
3346 Cross price elasticity of
demand
co gin theo gi cho ca
cu.
3347 Cross-section data S liu cho/ mu/ c trng.
3348 Crowding-out effect Tc ng ln p, chn p.
3349 Dead weight loss S/ mc mt mt v ch.
3350 Dead weight tax burden Gnh nng v ch ca thu
kho.
3351 Debt rescheduling Hon n/ gia hn n.
3352 Decile Thnh mi nhm bng nhau.
3353 Differentiated goods Hng ho cng loi mang nt
c trng ring.
3354 Dirigiste Chnh ph can thip.
3355 Distortions and market
failure
Cc bin dng v tht bi ca
th trng.
3356 Distribution Phn phi.
3357 Continuous distribution Phn phi lin tc.
3358 Deterministic
distribution
Phn phi tt nh.
3365 Equilibrium aggregate
output
Tng sn lng cn bng.
3366 Equilizing wage
diffirentials
Cn bng cc mc chnh lch
tin cng.
3367 Equity Vn c phn.
3368 Evolving market
condition
S tin trin ca tnh hnh
kinh t.
3369 Exogenuos expectations Nhng d tnh ngoi sinh.
3370 Expected inflation Lm pht d tnh c.
3371 Unexpected inflation Lm pht bt thng..
3372 Fiat (or token) money Tin php nh.
3373 Final goods Hng ho cui cng.
3374 Finance deepening Tng cng ti chnh; pht
trin h thng ti chnh.
3375 Fine turning Tinh chnh.
3376 Intermediate goods Hng ho trung gian.
3377 F-test Kim nh Fisher.
3378 Automatic fiscal policy Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch
t ng.
3379 Discretionary fiscal
policy
Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch
ch ng.
3380 Expasionary fiscal
policy
Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch
m rng.
Page 142
3381 Contractionary fiscal
policy
Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch
thu hp.
3382 Flow variable Bin s mang tnh dng chy.
3383 Future value Gi tr tng lai.
3384 Sharp gyration Chu k vng xoay r rt.
3385 Maturity n hn thanh ton.
3386 Non performings assets Nhng ti sn khng sinh li.
3387 Non performings loans Nhng khon vay khng thc
hin ng hp ng.
3388 Non trade Phi ngoi thng
3389 Offer price Gi cho.
3390 Opportunity cost of
capital
Chi ph c hi ca vn
3391 Open economy
economics
Kinh t hc v m ca nn
kinh t m.
3392 Other thng equal Cc iu kin khc khng i.
3393 Perceived Wealth Ca ci d tnh c.
3394 Percentage change Chnh lch tnh bng phn
trm.
3395 Perfect capital mobility Kh nng lu chuyn hon
ho ca vn.
3396 Performance Thnh qu.
3397 Physical and financial
capital
Vn hin vt v vn ti chnh.
3398 Positive bais Thin lch ng bin.
3399 Pre-commitment Cam kt trc.
3400 Conditional probality Xc sut c iu kin.
3401 Cumulative probality Xc sut tch lu.
3402 Pure inflation Lm pht thun tu.
3403 Quadrant Gc to / gc phn t.
3404 Quasiliquid asset Ti sn bn thanh ton.
3405 Quick-disbursing fundss Tin k pht nhanh.
3406 Quintile Thnh nm phn bng nhau.
3407 Ramdom events Cc bin c ngu nhin.
3408 Range of values Min gi tr.
3409 Rate of return on
investment
Sut sinh li t u t.
3410 Interna Rate of return Ni sut thu hi vn/ t l
hon vn ni b.
3411 Rateable value Gi tr c th nh thu.
3412 Real / relative price Cc gi thc t/ tng i.
3413 Real balance effect nh hng ca s d tin
thc/ hiu ng tin thc.
3414 Real interest rate. Mc li sut thc t.
3415 Real prices and real
income
Gi thc t v thu nhp thc t
3416 Receipt S thu.
3417 Recessionary gap H, khong trng suy thoi.
3418 Secular stagnation S nh tr v lu di.
3419 Self-financing T ti tr.
3420 Shareholder C ng.
3421 Shoe-leather cost of
inflation
Chi ph giy da ca lm pht.
3422 Stand-by arrangement/
agreement
Hp ng d phng.
3423 Standard paradigm thc h/ m hnh/kiu mu
tiu chun.
3424 Strategic entry barrier Cn tr chin lc i vi
nhp ngnh.
3425 Strategic entry
deterrence
Ngn chn nhp ngnh c tnh
chin lc.
3426 Strategy Chin lc.
Page 143
3427 Structural adjustment
loans
Cc khon vay iu chnh
c cu kinh t.
3428 Subsistence agriculture Nng nghip t cung cp t
liu.
3429 Subsistence crop V ma t tiu.
3430 Subsistence wage Lng va sng.
3431 Substitutes and
complemnt
Hng thay th v hng b tr.
3432 Sunk cost fallacy S hiu lm v chi ph chm.
3433 Sunrise and sunset
industries
Cc ngnh mi mc ln v cc
ngnh sp ln (ht thi).
3434 Supernormal profits Siu li nhun/ Li nhun siu
ngch.
3435 Supplementary benefit Tr cp b sung.
3436 Supply-side economics Kinh t hc trng cung.
3437 Symmetric i xng
3438 Non-symmetric Phii / bt i xng
3439 Syndicate loan Cho vay lin hip.
3440 Taste S thch, th hiu.
3441 Tax incident Ai phi chu thu.
3442 Tax wedge Chnh lch gi do thu.
3443 Tax-base incomes Policy Chnh sch thu nhp da vo
thu.
3444 Technical change
through R&D
Thay i cng ngh qua R&D.
3445 Technical efficiency Tnh hiu dng v mt k
thut.
3446 Technical knowlwdge Tri thc, kin thc, k thut
3447 Testing an economic
model
Kim nghim mt m hnh
thc t.
3448 The Corset K hoch Corset.
3449 Tradable Kh thng.
3450 Trade balance Cn cn thng mi.
3451 Traded and non-traded
(goods)
Hng ngoi thng v phi
ngoi thng.
3452 Trade unions Cng on.
3453 Transaction motives Nhng ng c giao dch.
3454 Precaution motives Nhng ng c d phng.
3455 Assets motives Nhng ng c ti sn.
3456 Transfer in kind Tr cp bng hin vt.
3457 Transmission
mechanism
C ch lan chuyn.
3458 Trend output path ng biu th xu th sn
lng.
3459 Treasury B ti chnh, ngn kh.
3460 Tow-path tariffs (h thng) gi hai phn.
3461 Unvoluntary
unemployment
T l, s tht nghip bt buc.
3462 Utility maximization Ti a ho tho dng.
3463 Variable Bin s.
3464 Variability bin thin.
3465 Dummy Variable Bin s gi.
3466 Stochastic Variable Bin s ngu nhin.
3467 Variable factor Cc yu t sn xut thay i.
3468 Viability Kh nng thnh tu, tnh kh
thi.
3469 Velocity of money Vng quay ca tin, tc lu
chuyn ca tin.
3470 Volatility Tnh d bin ng.
3471 Wage and price
flexibility
Tnh linh hot ca gi c v
lng.
3472 Wage-rental ratio T s tin cng- tin thu vn.
3473 Yield on external debt Li trn n nc ngoi.
3474 Yield on investment Li nhun t u t.
Page 144
3475 Z-score Gi tr ca Z.
3476 Zero growth proposal xut tng trng bng
khng.
3477 Above the line
3478 Accrued
3479 Ad valoremAggregates
rebate
3480 Avoidable costs
3481 Backwardation
3482 Balacing allowance
3483 Balacing item
3484 Bank overdraft
3485 Banking and currency
schools
3486 Battle of the sexes
3487 Bearer securities
3488 Below the line
3489 Benelux
3490 BES
3491 Beveridge
3492 Bilateralism
3493 Bil of sale
3494 BIMBO
3495 Bundesbank
3496 Business angels
3497 Business finance
3498 Business taxation
3499 By-product
Page 145