Ton hc lp 10: H phng trnh bc nht nhiu n

1. H phng trnh bc nht hai n

a x b y c
a b a b
a x b y c
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
1 1 2 2
2 2 2
( 0, 0)
+ =
+ = + =

+ =

Gii v bin lun:
Tnh cc nh thc:
a b
D
a b
1 1
2 2
= ,
x
c b
D
c b
1 1
2 2
= ,
y
a c
D
a c
1 1
2 2
= .

Ch : gii h phng trnh bc nht hai n ta c th dng cc cch gii bit nh:
phng php th, phng php cng i s.
2. H phng trnh bc nht nhiu n
Nguyn tc chung gii cc h phng trnh nhiu n l kh bt n a v cc
phng trnh hay h phng trnh c s n t hn. kh bt n, ta cng c th dng cc
phng php cng i s, phng php th nh i vi h phng trnh bc nht hai n.


Bi 1. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
x y
x y
5 4 3
7 9 8
=

b)
x y
x y
2 11
5 4 8
+ =

c)
x y
x y
3 1
6 2 5
=

d)
( )
( )
x y
x y
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 2 2

+ + =

e)
x y
x y
3 2
16
4 3
5 3
11
2 5

+ =

f)
x y
y
3 1
5x 2 3

+ =

Bi 2. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
x y
x y
1 8
18
5 4
51

+ =

b)
x y
x y
10 1
1
1 2
25 3
2
1 2

+ =

+ =
+

c)
x y x y
x y x y
27 32
7
2 3
45 48
1
2 3

+ =

=
+

d)
x y
x y
2 6 3 1 5
5 6 4 1 1

+ + =

+ =

e)
x y x y
x y x y
2 9
3 2 17

+ =

+ + =

f)
x y x y
x y x y
4 3 8
3 5 6

+ + =

+ =

Bi 3. Gii v bin lun cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
mx m y m
x my
( 1) 1
2 2
+ = +

+ =

b)
mx m y
m x m y
( 2) 5
( 2) ( 1) 2
+ =

+ + + =

c)
m x y m
m x y m
( 1) 2 3 1
( 2) 1
+ =

+ =

d)
m x m y
m x m y m
( 4) ( 2) 4
(2 1) ( 4)
+ + =

+ =

e)
m x y m
m x y m m
2 2
( 1) 2 1
2
+ =

= +

f)
mx y m
x my m
2 1
2 2 5
+ = +

+ = +

Bi 4. Trong cc h phng trnh sau hy:
i) Gii v bin lun. ii) Tm m e Z h c nghim duy nht l nghim nguyn.
a)
m x y m
m x y m m
2 2
( 1) 2 1
2
+ =

= +

b)
mx y
x m y m
1
4( 1) 4
=

+ + =

c)
mx y
x my m
3 3
2 1 0
+ =

+ + =

Ton 10: H phng trnh bc nht nhiu n
Xt D Kt qu
D = 0
H c nghim duy nht
y
x
D
D
x y
D D
;
| |
= = |
\ .

D = 0
D
x
= 0 hoc D
y
= 0 H v nghim
D
x
= D
y
= 0 H c v s nghim


Ton hc lp 10: H phng trnh bc nht nhiu n

Bi 5. Trong cc h phng trnh sau hy:

i) Gii v bin lun.
ii) Khi h c nghim (x; y), tm h thc gia x, y c lp i vi m.
a)
mx y m
x my m
2 1
2 2 5
+ = +

+ = +

b)
mx m y
m x my
6 (2 ) 3
( 1) 2
+ =

c)
mx m y m
x my
( 1) 1
2 2
+ = +

+ =

Bi 6. Gii v bin lun cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
ax y b
x y 3 2 5
+ =

+ =

b)
y ax b
x y 2 3 4
=

c)
ax y a b
x y a 2
+ = +

+ =

d)
a b x a b y a
a b x a b y b
( ) ( )
(2 ) (2 )
+ + =

+ + =

e)
ax by a b
bx ay ab
2 2
2

+ = +

+ =

f)
ax by a b
bx b y b
2
2
4

Bi 7. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
x y z
x y z
x y z
3 1
2 2 5
2 3 0
+ =

+ =

b)
x y z
x y z
x y z
3 2 8
2 6
3 6
+ + =

+ + =

+ + =

c)
x y z
x y z
x y z
3 2 7
2 4 3 8
3 5
+ =

+ + =

+ =

Ton 10: H phng trnh bc nht nhiu n


Ton hc lp 10: H phng trnh bc nht nhiu n

1. H gm 1 phng trnh bc nht v 1 phng trnh bc hai
- T phng trnh bc nht rt mt n theo n kia.
- Th vo phng trnh bc hai a v phng trnh bc hai mt n.
- S nghim ca h tu theo s nghim ca phng trnh bc hai ny.
2. H i xng loi 1
H c dng: (I)
f x y
g x y
( , ) 0
( , ) 0
=

(vi f(x, y) = f(y, x) v g(x, y) = g(y, x)).

(C ngha l khi ta hon v gia x v y th f(x, y) v g(x, y) khng thay i).
- t S = x + y, P = xy.
- a h phng trnh (I) v h (II) vi cc n l S v P.
- Gii h (II) ta tm c S v P.
- Tm nghim (x, y) bng cch gii phng trnh: X SX P
2
0 + = .
3. H i xng loi 2
H c dng: (I)
f x y
f y x
( , ) 0 (1)
( , ) 0 (2)
=

(C ngha l khi hon v gia x v y th (1) bin thnh (2) v ngc li).
- Tr (1) v (2) v theo v ta c:
(I)
f x y f y x
f x y
( , ) ( , ) 0 (3)
( , ) 0 (1)
=

- Bin i (3) v phng trnh tch:
(3) x y g x y ( ). ( , ) 0 =
x y
g x y ( , ) 0
=

.
- Nh vy, (I)
f x y
x y
f x y
g x y
( , ) 0
( , ) 0
( , ) 0
=

=

.
- Gii cc h trn ta tm c nghim ca h (I).
4. H ng cp bc hai
H c dng: (I)
a x b xy c y d
a x b xy c y d
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2

+ + =

+ + =

.
- Gii h khi x = 0 (hoc y = 0).
- Khi x = 0, t y kx = . Th vo h (I) ta c h theo k v x. Kh x ta tm c phng
trnh bc hai theo k. Gii phng trnh ny ta tm c k, t tm c (x; y).

Ch : Ngoi cc cch gii thng thng ta cn s dng phng php hm s
gii (s hc lp 12).
Vi cc h phng trnh i xng, nu h c nghim x y
0 0
( ; ) th y x
0 0
( ; )
cng l nghim ca h. Do nu h c nghim duy nht th x y
0 0
= .





Ton 10: H phng trnh bc nht nhiu n


Ton hc lp 10: H phng trnh bc nht nhiu n

Bi 1. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
x y
x y
2 2
4 8
2 4

+ =

+ =

b)
x xy
x y
2
24
2 3 1

c)
x y
x y
2
( ) 49
3 4 84

+ =

d)
x xy y x y
x y
2 2
3 2 3 6 0
2 3

+ + + =

e)
x y
xy x y
3 4 1 0
3( ) 9
+ =

= +

f)
x y
xy x y
2 3 2
6 0
+ =

+ + + =

g)
y x x
x y
2
4
2 5 0

+ =

+ =

h)
x y
x y y
2 2
2 3 5
3 2 4
+ =

+ =

i)
x y
x xy y
2 2
2 5
7
=

+ + =

Bi 2. Gii v bin lun cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
x y
x y m
2 2
6 + =

+ =

b)
x y m
x y x
2 2
2 2
+ =

+ =

c)
x y
x y m
2 2
3 2 1 =

+ =

Bi 3. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
x xy y
x y xy x y
2 2
11
2( ) 31
+ + =

+ + =

b)
x y
x xy y
2 2
4
13
+ =

+ + =

c)
xy x y
x y x y
2 2
5
8
+ + =

+ + + =

d)
x y
y x
x y
13
6
6

+ =

+ =

e)
x x y y
x y xy
3 3 3 3
17
5

+ + =

+ + =

f)
x x y y
x xy y
4 2 2 4
2 2
481
37

+ + =

+ + =

Bi 4. Gii v bin lun cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
x y xy m
x y m
2 2
3 2
+ + =

+ =

b)
x y m
x y xy m m
2 2 2
1
2 3
+ = +

+ =

c)
x y m
xy x y m
( 1)( 1) 5
( ) 4
+ + = +

+ =

Bi 5. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
x x y
y y x
2
2
3 2
3 2

= +

= +

b)
x y x y
y x y x
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2

= +

= +

c)
x x y
y y x
3
3
2
2

= +

= +

d)
y
x y
x
x
y x
y
3 4
3 4

e)
y
y
x
x
x
y
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3

+
=

f)
x y
y
y x
x
2
2
1
2
1
2

= +

= +

Bi 6. Gii v bin lun cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
x x my
y y mx
2
2
3
3

= +

= +

b)
x y m m
y x m m
2 2
2 2
(3 4 ) (3 4 )
(3 4 ) (3 4 )

c)
xy x m y
xy y m x
2
2
( 1)
( 1)

+ =

+ =

Bi 7. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
x xy y
x xy y
2 2
2 2
3 1
3 3 13

+ =

+ =

b)
x xy y
x xy y
2 2
2 2
2 4 1
3 2 2 7

+ =

+ + =

c)
y xy
x xy y
2
2 2
3 4
4 1

+ =

d)
x xy y
x xy y
2 2
2 2
3 5 4 38
5 9 3 15

+ =

e)
x xy y
x xy y
2 2
2 2
2 3 9
4 5 5

+ =

+ =

f)
x xy y
x xy y
2 2
2 2
3 8 4 0
5 7 6 0

+ =

Bi 8. Gii v bin lun cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
x mxy y m
x m xy my m
2 2
2 2
( 1)

+ + =

+ + =

b)
xy y
x xy m
2
2
12
26

= +

c)
x xy y m
y xy
2 2
2
4
3 4

+ =

Ton 10: H phng trnh bc nht nhiu n

Ton hc lp 10: H phng trnh bc nht nhiu n

BI TP N CHNG III

Bi 1. Gii v bin lun cc phng trnh sau:
a) m x m x m
2 2
4 3 + = + b) a b x a a a b a b x
2 2 2 2
( ) 2 2 ( ) ( ) + + = + + +
c) a x ab b x a b
2 2 2 2
2 + = + + d) a ax b ax b
2
( ) 4 5 + = +
Bi 2. Tm m cc phng trnh sau c nghim:
a)
x m x m
x x
2 1
1
1
+ +
=

b)
m x
m x m
x
2
2 1
1
= +

c)
mx m
x
x x
2 1 1
2 1
1 1
+
=

d) x x m 1 2 3 + =
Bi 3. Gii v bin lun cc phng trnh sau:
a) x x m
2
2 12 15 0 + = b) x m x m
2 2
2( 1) 0 + =
b) x mx m
2
1 0 + = d) x m x mm
2
2( 2) ( 3) 0 + =
Bi 4. Tm m phng trnh c mt nghim x
0
. Tnh nghim cn li:
a) x mx m x
2
0
3
1 0;
2
+ + = = b) x m x m x
2 2
0
2 3 0; 1 + = = .
Bi 5. Trong cc phng trnh sau, tm m :
i) PT c hai nghim tri du
ii) PT c hai nghim m phn bit
iii) PT c hai nghim dng phn bit
iv) PT c hai nghim phn bit x x
1 2
, tho: x x
3 3
1 2
0 + = ; x x
2 2
1 2
3 + =
a) x m x mm
2
2( 2) ( 3) 0 + = b) x m x m
2 2
2( 1) 0 + + =
c) x m x m
2 2
2( 1) 2 0 + + = d) m x m x m
2
( 2) 2( 1) 2 0 + + =
e) m x m x m
2
( 1) 2( 4) 1 0 + + + + + = f) x x m
2
4 1 0 + + =
Bi 6. Trong cc phng trnh sau, hy:
i) Gii v bin lun phng trnh.
ii) Khi phng trnh c hai nghim x x
1 2
, , tm h thc gia x x
1 2
, c lp vi m.
a) x m x m
2
( 1) 0 + = b) x m x mm
2
2( 2) ( 3) 0 + =
c) m x m x m
2
( 2) 2( 1) 2 0 + + = d) x m x m
2 2
2( 1) 2 0 + + =
Bi 7. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a) x x
2 2
6 12 + = b) x x
2 2
11 31 + + =
c) x x 16 17 8 23 + = d) x x x
2
2 8 3( 4) =
e) x x x
2
3 9 1 2 0 + + = f) x x x
2
51 2 1 =
g) x x x
2 2
( 3) 4 9 = h) x x 3 1 3 1 + + =
Bi 8. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a) x x 4 3 10 3 2 = b) x x x 5 3 2 4 + + = +
c) x x x 3 4 2 1 3 + = + d) x x x x
2 2
3 3 3 6 3 + + + =
e) x x x 2 2 3 3 5 + = f) x x x 3 3 5 2 4 =
g) x x x 2 2 2 1 1 4 + + + + = h) 8 1 1 + = + x x x

Ton hc lp 10: H phng trnh bc nht nhiu n

Bi 9. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a) x x x x 2 1 2 1 2 + = b)
x
x x x x
3
2 1 2 1
2
+
+ + =
c) x x x x
4
2 2
1 1 2 + + = d) x x x x
2 2
13 7 + =
e) x x x x
2 2
2 3 1 3 4 + + = + f) x x x x
2 2
2 3 2 1 9 + + + =
g) x x x x
2 2
2 4 2 2 + = h) x x x x
2 2
2 5 3 5 23 6 + + + =
Bi 10. Trong cc h phng trnh sau:
i) Tm s nguyn m h c nghim duy nht l nghim nguyn.
ii) Khi h c nghim (x, y) , tm h thc gia x, y c lp vi m.
a)
mx y m
x my a
2 1
2 2 1
+ = +

+ =

b)
mx y m
x my m
3
2 1
+ =

+ = +

c)
x y m
x y m
2 4
2 3 3
=

+ = +

d)
x y
y x m
2 5
2 10 5
+ =

= +

Bi 11. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
x xy y
x y y x
2 2
1
6
+ + =

+ =

b)
x y
x x y y
2 2
4 2 2 4
5
13

+ =

+ =

c)
x y y x
x y
2 2
3 3
30
35

+ =

+ =

d)
x y
x y x y
3 3
5 5 2 2
1

+ =

+ = +

e)
x y xy
x y x y
2 2
4 4 2 2
7
21

+ + =

+ + =

f)
x y xy
x y x y
2 2
11
3( ) 28
+ + =

+ + + =

Bi 12. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
x y
xy
x y
x y
2 2
2 2
1
( )(1 ) 5
1
( )(1 ) 49

+ + =

+ + =

b)
( )
y x x y
x y
x y
2 2
2 2
2 2
( 1) 2 ( 1)
1
1 24

+ = +

| |

+ + = |

|
\ .

c)
x y
x y
x y
x y
2 2
2 2
1 1
4
1 1
4

+ + + =

+ + + =

d)
x y
x y
x y
xy
2 2
2
3
1 1
1
( )(1 ) 6

+ =

+ +

+ + =

e)
x y y x y x xy
y x
xy
xy x y
2 2
2 2 6
1
4

+ + + =

+ + + =

f)
xy
xy
x y
xy
1
4
1
( ) 1 5

+ =

| |

+ + =
|

\ .

Bi 13. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
x x y
y y x
2
2
3 2
3 2

= +

= +

b)
x x y
y y x
3
3
2
2

= +

= +

c)
x x y
y y x
3
3
3 8
3 8

= +

= +

d)
x y
y
y x
x
2
2
1
2
1
2

= +

= +

e)
x y
x
y x
y
2
2
3
2
3
2

+ =

+ =

f)
y
y
x
x
x
y
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3

+
=

Ton 10: H phng trnh bc nht nhiu n