n tp kin thc ton hc lp 12 Cc bc kho st v v th hm s

I- S CHUNG KHO ST V V TH HM S.
1. Tp xc nh.
2. S bin thin
2.1 Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s
+ Tnh o hm y
+ Tm cc im m ti o hm y bng 0 hoc khng xc nh
+ Xt du o hm y v suy ra chiu bin thin ca hm s.
2.2 Tm cc tr
2.3 Tm cc gii hn ti v cc ( x ), cc gii hn c kt qu l v cc ( = ) v
tm tim cn nu c.
2.4 Lp bng bin thin.
Th hin y v chnh xc cc gi tr trn bng bin thin.
3. th
- Giao ca th vi trc Oy: x=0 =>y= ? => (0;?)
- Giao ca th vi trc Ox: 0 ( ) 0 ? (?; 0) y f x x = = =
- Cc im C; CT nu c.
(Ch : nu nghim bm my tnh c th OK, nghim l gii tay c th phi gii ra-
chng hn phng trnh bc 2, cn nghim l m khng gii c th ghi ra giy nhp cho bit
gi tr khi v cho chnh xc- khng ghi trong bi- chng hn hm bc 3)
- Ly thm mt s im (nu cn)- (iu ny lm sau khi hnh dung hnh dng ca th.
Thiu bn no hc sinh ly im pha bn , khng ly ty tin mt thi gian.)
- Nhn xt v c trng ca th. iu ny s c th hn khi i v tng th hm s.
Dng iu ca th l dng iu ca bng bin thin
II- S KHO ST V V TH HM BC BA: y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d (a = 0) .
1. Tp xc nh. D=R
2. S bin thin
2.1 Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s
+ Tnh o hm:
2
' 3ax +2bx+c y =
+
2
' 0 3ax +2bx+c=0 y = ( Bm my tnh nu nghim chn, gii ; ' A A nu
nghim l- khng c ghi nghim gn ng)
+ Xt du o hm y v suy ra chiu bin thin ca hm s.
2.2 Tm cc tr
2.3 Tm cc gii hn ti v cc ( x )
(Hm bc ba v cc hm a thc khng c TC v TCN.)
2.4 Lp bng bin thin.
Th hin y v chnh xc cc gi tr trn bng bin thin.
n tp kin thc ton hc lp 12 Cc bc kho st v v th hm s
3. th
- Giao ca th vi trc Oy: x=0 =>y= d => (0; d)
- Giao ca th vi trc Ox:
3 2
0 ax +bx +cx+d 0 ? y x = = =
- Cc im C; CT nu c.
(Ch : nu nghim bm my tnh c 3 nghim th OK, cn nu c 1 nghim nguyn
th phi a v tch ca mt hm bc nht v mt hm bc hai gii nghim. Trng hp c ba
nghim u l th ch ghi ra giy nhp phc v cho vic v th)
- Ly thm mt s im (nu cn)- (iu ny lm sau khi hnh dung hnh dng ca th.
Thiu bn no hc sinh ly im pha bn , khng ly ty tin mt thi gian.)
- Nhn xt v c trng ca th. Hm bc ba nhn im
0 0
( ; ) I x y lm tm i xng.
+ Trong : x
0
l nghim ca phng trnh y = 0 (o hm cp hai bng 0)
+ im I c gi l im un ca th hm s.
Cc dng th hm s bc 3: y =ax
3
+bx
2
+cx +d (a = 0)
Du ca a
Du A
a > 0

a < 0
Pt y = 0 c hai
nghim phn
bit.
2
-2
O

2
-2

Pt y = 0 c
nghim kp
2

2

Pt y = 0 v
nghim
2

4
2


n tp kin thc ton hc lp 12 Cc bc kho st v v th hm s

BI TP LUYN V TH HM S BC 3
Kho st s bin thin v v th ca cc hm s sau:
1. y = x
3
6x
2
+ 9x 4
2. y = -x
3
+ 3x
2
1
3. y = - x
3
+ 3x
2
5x + 2
4. y = (x-1)(x
2
2x

+2)
5. y = x
3
+ 3x
2
4
6. y= -x
3
+ 3x + 1.
7. y = - x
3
+ 3x
2
2.
8. y = 1
3
1
2 3
+ x x
9. y = 1
3
1
2 3
+ + x x x

10.
3 2
1 7
2x +4x-
3 3
y x =
11.
3 2
1 19
3x -9x+
3 3
y x = +
III. S KHO ST V V T HM S TRNG PHNG y = ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c (a = 0)
1. Tp xc nh. D=R
2. S bin thin
2.1 Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s
+ Tnh o hm
3
' 4ax +2bx y =
+ Ta c:
3 2
2 2
' 0 4ax +2bx=0 2x(2ax +b)=0
0
0
...
2ax +b=0
2a
y
x
x
b
x
=
=
=




=

+ Xt du o hm y v suy ra chiu bin thin ca hm s.
2.2 Tm cc tr
2.3 Tm cc gii hn ti v cc ( x ). (Hm trng phng khng c TC v TCN.)
2.4 Lp bng bin thin.
Th hin y v chnh xc cc gi tr trn bng bin thin.
3. th
- Giao ca th vi trc Oy: x=0 =>y= c => (0;c)
- Giao ca th vi trc Ox:
4 2
0 ax +bx +c 0 ? (?; 0) y x = = =
- Cc im C; CT nu c.
(Ch : gii phng trnh trng phng- cc bn bm my tnh nh gii pt bc 2 nhng
ch ly nghim khng m, sau gii tm ra x)
- Ly thm mt s im (nu cn)- (iu ny lm sau khi hnh dung hnh dng ca th.
Thiu bn no hc sinh ly im pha bn , khng ly ty tin mt thi gian.)
- Nhn xt v c trng ca th. Ta c:
4 2 4 2
( ) a(-x) +b(-x) +c=ax +bx +c=y(x) y x = .
Nn th hm s cho l hm s chn. th ca n nhn Oy lm trc i xng..
n tp kin thc ton hc lp 12 Cc bc kho st v v th hm s

Cc dng th hm s trng phng: y = ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c (a = 0)
Du a
y=0

a > 0 a < 0
Pt y = 0 c
ba nghim
phn bit
-2

2

Pt y = 0 c
mt nghim

2

-2



BI TP LUYN V TH HM TRNG PHNG
Kho st s bin thin v v th ca cc hm s sau:
1. y = 2x
2
x
4

2. y = - x
4
+ 4x
2
- 1
3. y = (x
2
1)(x
2
+2)
4. y = -x
4
+ 2x
2
+ 3
5. y= x
4
+ 4x
2
3
6. y=
2
3
3
2
1
2 4
+ x x
7.
4 2
2 1 y x x = - +
8.
4 2
2 2 y x x = - + +
9. y= 1 2
4
1
2 4
x x
10.
4 2
1 5
2
2 2
y x x = +

IV. S KHO ST V V T HM S y = ) 0 , 0 ( = =
+
+
bc ad c
d cx
b ax

1. Tp xc nh. \
d
D R
c

=
`
)

2. S bin thin
2.1 Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s

n tp kin thc ton hc lp 12 Cc bc kho st v v th hm s

+ Tnh o hm
2
d-bc
' '
(cx+d)
ax b a
y
cx d
+ | |
= =
|
+
\ .

+ y khng xc nh khi
d
x
c

= ; y lun m (hoc dng) vi mi

d
x
c

=
+ Hm s ng bin (nghch bin) trn cc khong ( ; )
d
c
v ( ; )
d
c
+
2.2 Tm cc tr: Hm s cho khng c cc tr
2.3 Tim cn:
Ta c:
ax+b
lim lim
cx+d
x x
a
y
c

= = nn
a
y
c
= l TCN

ax+b
lim lim ( )
cx+d
d d
x x
c c
y



= = ;
ax+b
lim lim ( )
cx+d
d d
x x
c c
y
+ +


= =
Do
d
x
c

=
2.4 Lp bng bin thin.
Th hin y v chnh xc cc gi tr trn bng bin thin.
3. th
- Giao ca th vi trc Oy: x=0 =>y=
b
d
=> (0;
b
d
)
- Giao ca th vi trc Ox:
ax+b
0 0 0 ( ; 0)
cx+d
b b
y ax b x
a a

= = + = =
- Ly thm mt s im (nu cn)- (iu ny lm sau khi hnh dung hnh dng ca th.
Thiu bn no hc sinh ly im pha bn , khng ly ty tin mt thi gian.)
- Nhn xt v c trng ca th. th nhn im ( ; )
d a
I
c c

l giao hai ng tim

cn lm tm i xng.




n tp kin thc ton hc lp 12 Cc bc kho st v v th hm s

Cc dng th hm s: y = ) 0 , 0 ( = =
+
+
bc ad c
d cx
b ax


D = ad bc > 0 D = ad bc < 0
4
2

4
2
-2


BI TP LUYN V TH HM S y = ) 0 , 0 ( = =
+
+
bc ad c
d cx
b ax

Kho st s bin thin v v th ca cc hm s sau:
1.
2 1
2
x
y
x

=
+

2.
2 4
1
x
y
x
+
=
+

3.
2
1
x
y
x
+
=
+

4.
2 1
( )
1
x
y C
x
+
=
+

5.
1
1

+
=
x
x
y
6.
2
3 2
+

=
x
x
y
7. y=
1
2
+
+
x
x

8.
1
3

+
=
x
x
y
9. y =
1
1 2

x
x

10. y =
2 5
4
x
x