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TNG CC MI TRNG
TRUNG TM QUAN TRC MI TRNG
-----o0o-------
PHNG PHP TNH TON CH S CHT
LNG NC (WQI)
H Ni, 2010
1
MC LC
MC LC................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 1
M U................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 3
I. TNG QUAN V CH S CHT LNG NC (WQI) ................................ ..... 4
1.1 Tng quan v ch s mi trng ................................ ................................ ........ 4
1.2 Tng quan v WQI ................................ ................................ ............................. 5
1.2.1 Gii thiu chung v WQI................................ ................................ .............. 5
1.2.2 Quy trnh xy dng WQI ................................ ................................ .............. 5
II. KINH NGHIM XY DNG WQI CA MT S QUC GIA TRN TH GII
................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 10
2.1 M hnh WQI p dng ti bang Origon Hoa K................................ ............. 10
2.1.1. La chn cc thng s................................ ................................ ............... 10
2.1.2. Phng php chuyn i bin s: ................................ .............................. 11
2.1.3. Trng s: ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 15
M hnh WQI hin ti ang p dng s dng phng php trng s cn bng .... 15
2.1.4. Tnh ton WQI cui cng t cc ch s ph ................................ ............... 15
2.2 M hnh WQI p dng bang Floria ................................ ................................ 16
2.2.1. La chn thng s ................................ ................................ ..................... 16
2.2.2. Tnh ton ch s ph ................................ ................................ .................. 17
2.2.3. Trng s: ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 19
2.2.4. Tnh ton ch s cui cng................................ ................................ ......... 19
2.3 Cc m hnh WQI p dng ti Canada ................................ .............................. 20
2.3.1. Phng php a ra bi trung tm St Laurent ................................ ............ 20
2.3.2. Phng php ca QUEBEC................................ ................................ ....... 20
2.3.3. Phng php British Columbia ................................ ................................ .. 21
2.3.4. Phng php Manitoba ................................ ................................ .............. 21
2.3.5. Phng php Ontario................................ ................................ ................. 21
2.3.6. Chi tit phng php tnh ton WQI p d ng ti Alberta (pht trin t WQI
CCME)................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 21
III. TNH HNH NGHIN CU V KT QU T C V XY DNG WQI
VIT NAM................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 23
3.1 M hnh WQI a ra bi TS Tn Tht Lng p dng cho sng ng Nai......... 24
3.1.1. La chn thng s: phng php Delphi ................................ ................... 24
3.1.2. Tnh ton ch s ph: phng php delphi v phng php ng cong t l
................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 24
3.1.3. Trng s ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 24
3.1.4. Tnh ton ch s cui cng................................ ................................ ......... 25
3.2 M hnh WQI a ra bi TS Phm Th Minh Hnh ................................ ......... 25
3.2.1. La chn thng s ................................ ................................ ..................... 26
2
3.2.2. Chuyn cc thng s v cng mt thang o ................................ ............... 27
3.2.3. Trng s ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 34
Khng s dng trng s ................................ ................................ ...................... 34
3.2.4. Tnh ch s cui cng ................................ ................................ ................ 35
3.3 M hnh WQI a ra bi y ban sng Mekong ................................ ................ 36
3.4 M hnh WQI a ra bi PGS.TS L Trnh ................................ ...................... 37
3.4.1 Phng php l p v tnh ton WQI ................................ ............................. 38
3.4.2 Phng php phn loi v phn vng cht lng nc da theo WQI ........ 40
IV. XUT M HNH WQI CHO MNG LI QUAN TRC NC QUC
GIA ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 40
4.1 La chn thng s................................ .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2 Tnh ton ch s ph (WQI ph) ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3 Trng s ................................ ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4 Tnh ton ch s cui cng................................ ..Error! Bookmark not defined.
V. NH GI CHT LNG NC LVS CU V NHU Y THNG QUA
WQI ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 40
5. 1 p dng WQI cho s liu quan trc cho h thng LVS Cu............................. 45
5.1.1 Tng quan v h thng LVS Cu................................ ................................ 45
5.1.2 p dng th nghim WQI nh gi cht lng nc LVS Cu.............. 47
5.1.3 Mt s kt qu tnh ton WQI khc i vi LVS Cu................................ 53
5.2 p dng th nghim WQI nh gi cht lng nc LVS Nhu y .......... 57
5.2.1 Mng li quan trc LVS Nhu y ................................ .......................... 57
5.2.2 Cht lng nc LVS Nhu y thng qua tng thng s ......................... 59
5.1.3 Mt s kt qu tnh ton WQI khc i vi LVS Nhu y ...................... 64
VI. KT LUN................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 68
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................ ................................ ......................... 77
3
M u
Vit Nam c mng li sng ngi kh dy, tuy nhin qu trnh pht tri n kinh t
x hi nhanh dn n nhiu lu vc sng b nhim nng. Bo v mi trng cc
lu vc sng ang l yu cu bc thit v ang c quan tm . c ngun thng tin
phc v tt cng tc bo v mi trng cc lu vc sng, mng li quan trc nc
trn ton quc ang hnh thnh v ngy cng m rng.
S liu quan trc nc t cc chng trnh quan trc thng c s dng trong
cc bo co hin trng mi trng cc lu vc sng. Cc thng s trong mi trng
nc c phn tch nh gi v a ra cc nh n nh v hin trng v din bin ca
cht lng nc.
Ngoi cc phn tch nh gi cho t ng thng s, cc b ch th mi trng quc
gia cng c xy dng. B ch th mi trng nc mt lc a c quy nh chi
tit v ang c p dng cho cp a phng cng nh quc gia.
Ch s mi trng l cch s dng s liu tng hp hn so vi nh gi tng
thng s hay s dng cc ch th. Rt nhiu cc quc gia trn th gii trin khai p
dng cc m hnh ch s cht lng nc (WQI) vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau. T
nhiu gi tr ca cc thng s khc nhau, bng cc cnh tnh ton ph hp, ta thu c
mt ch s duy nht, gi tr ca ch s ny phn nh mt cch tng qut nht v cht
lng nc. Ch s cht lng nc (WQI) vi u im l n gin, d hiu, c tnh
khi qut cao c th c s dng cho mc ch nh gi din bin cht lng nc
theo khng gian v thi gian, l ngun thng tin ph hp cho cng ng, cho nhng
nh qun l khng phi chuyn gia v mi trng nc.
Ti liu ny s phn tch kinh nghim cc m hnh WQI c cc quc gia/a
phng/nh khoa hc xut trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam, trong nhi u m
hnh p dng vo thc t. T xut m hnh WQI ph hp cho mng li
quan trc mi trng quc gia. M hnh ny cng c th nghim i vi lu vc h
thng sng Cu v Nhu y.
4
Chng I. 1NG uAN V Cn S CnT LNG NC (WI)
1.1 1ng quan v ch s mi trng
M hnh thp d liu th hin mi quan h gia cc mc s dng d liu t
chi tit n tng hp.
- D liu th: L cc thng tin v mi trng thu c m cha qua phn tch
nh gi.
- D liu c x l: L cc thng tin, s liu c tng hp, phn tch,
nh gi t s liu th thu c t iu tra, kho st, quan trc.
- Ch th mi trng: Ch th mi trng l thc o tng hp, c ng cc thng
tin mi trng nh gi tnh trng mi trng.
- Ch s mi trng: l mt tp hp ca cc tham s hay ch th c tch hp
hay nhn vi trng s. Cc ch s mc tch hp cao hn, ngha l chng
c tnh ton t nhiu bin s hay d liu gii thch cho mt hin tng
no . Ch s mi trng truyn t cc thng ip n gin v r rng v mt
vn mi trng cho ngi ra quyt nh khng phi l chuyn gia v cho
cng chng.
Mc ch ca chs mi trng:
- Phn nh hin trng v din bin ca cht lng mi trng, m bo tnh phng
nga ca cng tc bo v mi trng
- Cung cp thng tin cho nhng ngi nhng ngi qun l, cc nh hoch nh chnh
sch cn nhc v cc vn mi trng v pht trin kinh t x hi m bo pht
trin bn vng
- Thu gn kch thc, n gin ha thng tin d dng qun l, s dng v to ra
tnh hiu qu ca thng tin.
- Thng tin cho cng ng v cht lng mi trng, nng cao nhn thc bo v mi
trng cho cng ng.
3
1.2 1ng quan v WI
1.2.1 6ii tbiu cbunq v wql
Ch s cht lng nc (Water Quality Index- WQI) l mt ch s t hp c
tnh ton t cc thng s cht lng nc xc nh thng qua mt cng thc ton hc.
WQI dng m t nh lng v cht lng nc v c biu din qua mt thang
im.
Vic s dng sinh vt trong nc lm ch th cho mc sch c t nm
1850 c coi l nghin cu u tin v WQI.
Ch s Horton (1965) l ch s WQI u tin c xy dng trn thang s.
Hin nay c rt nhiu quc gia/a phng xy dng v p dng ch s WQI.
Thng qua mt m hnh tnh ton, t cc thng s khc nhau ta thu c mt ch s
duy nht. Sau cht lng nc c th c so snh vi nhau thng qua ch s .
y l phng php n gi n so vi vic phn tch mt lot cc thng s
Cc ng dng ch yu ca WQI bao gm:
- Phc v qu trnh ra quyt nh: WQI c th c s dng lm c s cho
vic ra cc quyt nh phn b ti chnh v xc nh cc vn u tin.
- Phn vng cht lng nc
- Thc thi tiu chun: WQI c th nh gi c mc p ng/khng
p ng ca cht lng nc i vi tiu chun hin hnh
- Phn tch din bin cht lng nc theo khng gian v thi gian.
- Cng b thng tin cho cng ng
- Nghin cu khoa hc: cc nghin cu chuyn su v cht lng nc
thng khng s dng WQI, tuy nhin WQI c th s dng cho cc
nghin cu v m khc nh nh gi tc ng ca qu trnh th ha n
cht lng nc khu vc, nh gi hiu qu kim sot pht thi,
1.2.2 quy trnb xy dnq wql
Hu ht cc m hnh ch s cht lng nc hin nay u c xy dng thng
qua quy trnh 4 bc nh sau:
Bc 1: La chn thng s
C rt nhiu thng s c th th hin cht lng nc, s la chn cc thng s
khc nhau tnh ton WQI ph thuc vo mc ch s dng ngun nc v mc tiu
6
ca WQI. Da vo mc ch s dng WQI c th c phn loi nh sau: Ch s cht
lng nc thng thng, ch s cht lng nc cho mc ch s dng c bit.
Vic la chn thng s c th dng phng php delphi hoc phn tch nhn t
quan trng. Cc thng s khng nn qu nhi u v nu cc thng s qu nhiu th s
thay i ca mt thng s s c tc ng rt nh n ch s WQI cui cng. Cc thng
s nn c la chn theo 5 ch th sau:
- Hm lng Oxy: DO
- Ph dng: N-NH4, N-NO3, Tng N, P-PO4, Tng P, BOD5, COD, TOC
- Cc kha cnh sc khe: Tng Coliform, Fecal Coliform, D lng thuc
bo v thc vt, cc kim loi nng
- c tnh vt l: Nhit , pH, Mu sc
- Cht rn l lng: c, TSS
Hnh di y ch ra s lng cc thng s c s dng trong cc m hnh
WQI khc nhau:
Hnh 1: S lng cc bin c s dng trong cc bo co WQI (Couillard
and Lefebvre (1985) and Wepener et al (2006))
(ngun: Development of Water Quality Indices for Surface Water Quality Evaluation
in Vietnam, Thesis for Ph.D.s Degree - Pham Thi Minh Hanh)
7
Tn sut s dng cc thng s c ch ra trong hnh di y:
Hnh 2: Tn sut s dng cc thng s trong cc m hnh WQI
(ngun: Development of Water Quality Indices for Surface Water Quality Evaluation
in Vietnam, Thesis for Ph.D.s Degree - Pham Thi Minh Hanh)
Bc 2: Chuyn i cc thng s v cng mt thang o (tnh ton ch s
ph)
Cc thng s thng c n v khc nhau v c cc khong gi tr khc nhau, v
vy tp hp c cc thng s vo ch s WQI ta phi chuyn cc thng s v cng
mt thang o. Bc ny s to ra mt ch s ph cho mi thng s. Ch s ph c th
c to ra bng t s gia gi tr thng s v gi tr trong quy chun. C nhiu thang
o c th s dng:
- -100 to 100 (Stoner, 1978)
- -50 to 100 (Bronet al, 1979)
- 0 to 1 (Swamee and Tyagi, 2000)
- 0 to 10 (Cooper et al, 1994)
- 0 to 14 (Prati et al, 1971)
8
- 0 to 16 (Sargaonkar and Deshpande, 2003)
- 0 to 25 (Gray, 1996)
- 0 to 100 (Brown et al, 1973; Shyue et al, 1996; Liou et al, 2004; Sedeo -
Daz and Lpez-Lpez, 2007; Simes et al, 2008)
- to 10 (Melloul and Collins, 1998)
- 10 to 100 (Dunnette, 1979)
C rt nhiu phng php chuyn i thng s nhng phng php ng cong
t l (rating curve) c s dng rng ri nht.
Bc 3 : Trng s
Trng s c a ra khi ta cho rng cc thng s c tm quan trng khc nhau
i vi cht lng nc. Trng s c th xc nh bng phng php delphi, phng
php nh gi tm quan trng da vo mc ch s dng, tm quan trng ca cc
thng s i vi i sng thy sinh, tnh ton trng s da trn cc tiu chun hin
hnh, da trn c im ca ngun thi vo lu vc, bng cc phng php thng
k
Mt s nghin cu cho rng trng s l khng cn thit. Mi lu vc khc nhau
c cc c im khc nhau v c cc tr ng s khc nhau, v vy WQI ca cc lu vc
khc nhau khng th so snh vi nhau.
Bc 4 : Tnh ton ch s WQI cui cng
Cc phng php thng c s dng tnh ton WQI cui cng t cc ch
s ph: trung bnh cng, trung bnh nhn hoc gi tr ln nht.
STT Phng php Cng thc Nghin cu s dng
1 Trung bnh cng khng
trng s
Prati et al., 1971;
Sargaonkar and Deshpande,
2003; Frumin et al., 1997
2 Trung bnh cng c
trng s
Brown et al., 1970, Prati et
al., 1971
3 Trung bnh nhn khng
trng s
Bhargava, 1983
9
4 Trung bnh nhn c
trng s
Brown et al, 1972 Couillard
and Lefebvre, 1985
5 Tng khng trng s
dng Solway
Wepener et al., 2006
6 Tng c trng s dng
Solway
Tyson and House, 1989;
Gray, 1996; Bordalo, 2006
7 Trung bnh bnh
phng iu ha khng
trng s
Dojlido et al., 1994; Cude,
2001
8 Gi tr nh nht I = Min(q
1
,q
2
, ..q
n
) Smith, 1990
9 Gi tr ln nht I = Max(q
1
,q
2
, ..q
n
) Couillard and Lefebvre,
1985
(ngun: Development of Water Quality Indices for Surface Water Quality Evaluation
in Vietnam, Thesis for Ph.D.s Degree - Pham Thi Minh Hanh)
Mt s bt cp khi tnh ton ch s WQI cui cng :
- Tnh che khut : Mt ch s ph th hin cht lng nc xu nhng c
th ch s cui cng li th hin cht lng tt
- Tnh m h : iu ny xy ra khi cht lng nc chp nhn c nhng
ch s WQI li th hin ngc li
- Tnh khng mm do : Khi mt thng s c th b xung vo vic nh gi
cht lng nc nhng li khng c tnh vo WQI do phng php
c c nh.
Swamee and Tyagi xut mt cng thc c th khc phc cc bt cp trn :
k
n
i
k
i
q n I

.
|

\
|
+ =

1
/ 1
1
Trong :
I : Ch s cui cng
10
n : s lng thng s
qi: Ch s ph
k l hng s v c tnh nh sau: , ) 1 log / 1
2
= n k
Liou et al. (2004) cng xut dng mt cng thc kt hp c trung bnh cng
v trung bnh nhn.
3 / 1
1
1
2
1
3
1 (
(

.
|

\
|

.
|

\
|

.
|

\
|
=

= = = k
k
j
j j
i
i i tox pH tem
q w q w q C C C I
Trong :
C
tem
. C
pH
, C
tox
: Ch s ph tng ng ng vi nhit , pH v cc cht c
hi
q
i
: Ch s ph ca nhm cc thng s DO, BOD
5
, N-NH
3
q
j
: Ch s ph ywngs vi nhm thng s c, TSS
q
k
: Ch s ph ca nhm vi sinh vt bao gm Fecal coliform
Chng II. kINn NGnIM x DNG WI CA M1 S uC GIA 1kLN 1n
GII
C rt nhiu quc gia a p dng WQI vo thc tin, cng nh c nhiu
cc nh khoa hc nghin cu v cc m hnh WQI.
Hoa K: WQI c xy dng cho mi bang, a s cc bang tip cn theo phng
php ca Qu V sinh Quc gia M (National Sanitation Foundation-NSF) sau y
gi tt l WQI-NSF
Canada: Phng php do C quan Bo v mi trng Canada (The Canadian
Council of Ministers of the Environment - CCME, 2001) xy dng
Chu u: Cc quc gia chu u ch yu c xy dng pht trin t WQI
NSF (ca Hoa K), tuy nhin mi Quc gia a phng la chn cc thng s v
phng php tnh ch s ph ring
Cc quc gia Malaysia, n pht trin t WQI NSF, nhng mi quc gia c
th xy dng nhiu loi WQI cho tng mc ch s dng
2.1 M h|nh WI p dng t| bang Cr|gon - noa ky
2.1.1. Lo cbn cc tbnq s
11
WQI l mt con s i din cho cht lng nc tnh ton t 8 thng s: Nhit
, DO, BOD, pH, Tng N (ammonia+nitrate nitrogen), Tng P, Tng rn (Total
solids), fecal coliform. OWQI c a ra t nm 1970 v lin tc c ci tin.
Gii hn p dng: WQI l mt ch s tng hp c s dng nh gi cht
lng nc cho cc mc ch thng thng (cu c, bi). N th xc nh cht
lng nc cho cc mc ch c bit, WQI cng khng th c tnh c ht tt c
cc tc ng c hi n sc khe. OWQI c xy dng cho cc lu vc thuc bang
Oregon, vic p dng cho cc ni khc cn c cn nhc v iu chnh ph hp.
2.1.2. Phng php chuyn i bin s:
WQI u tin c xy dng khi National Sanitation Foundations Water Quality
Index c thnh lp. Cc ch s WQI ny (ch s WQI ban u v ch s WQI c
s dng hin ti) u s dng phng php tip cn Delphi.
Vic la chn bin s s dng phng php DELPHI v t p hp li bng phng
php chuyn gia. Chuyn i cc bin s bng cch logarit ha tnh cc ch s ph.
Trong qu trnh xy dng ch s WQI ban u, mt nhm cc chuyn gia c tp
hp v s dng phng php Delphi xc nh cc bin s v trng s ca mi bin.
Vic loi b cc t l bng phng php Redudancy and impai rment categories ca 6
thng s (DO, BOD, pH, tng rn, amoni+nitrat, fecak coliform). Cc thng s c
phn loi thnh cc nhm nhn t khc nhau: tiu th oxy, ph dng, thng s vt l,
cc cht ha tan v yu t nh hng n sc kh
S tiu th Oxy. Vi nhiu bin th s thay i nh trong mt bin khng th
phn nh r nt trong ch s WQI cui cng.
Ch s WQI ph c tnh ton t gi tr cc thng s thng qua mt ng phi
tuyn xy dng trc. WQI hin nay cng c b xung thm 2 thng s l tng P v
nhit da trn nhng nghin cu v iu kin ca cc lu vc tai Oregon. Mi mt
ch s ph c gi tr t 10 n 100.
Oxy ha tan (DO)
WQI ban u ch c tnh da trn bo ha vi cc iu kin nhit khc
nhau. DO l ch s quan trng cho C hi, tm.. Ch s ph DO c xy dng da
trn tc ng n cc loi thy sinh. Cch tnh ch s ph DO nh sau:
- Nng DO bo ha (DO saturation hay DOs) 100% hoc Nng DOc
3.3 mg/l SI
DO
= 10
- 3.3 mg/l < DOc 10.5 mg/l SI
DO
=-80.29+31.88*DOc-1.401*DOc
2
12
- 10.5 mg/l < DOc SI
DO
= 100
- 100% < DOs 275% SI
DO
=100*exp((DOs - 100)*1.179E-2)
- 275% < Dos SI
DO
= 100
Nhu cu Oxy sinh hc (BOD)
BOD th hin tng mc tiu th oxy do cc sinh vt thy sinh. Phng php tnh
ch s ph BOD nh sau:
BOD 8 mg/l: SI
BOD
= 100*exp(BOD*-0.1993)
8 mg/l < BOD SI
BOD
= 10
13
Amonia + nitrate nitrogen N
Qu trnh Nitrat ha di n ra trong mt s dng chy thuc bang Oregon v qu
trnh ny cng c th tiu th oxy. Ch s ph Nit c tnh da trn tng ca amoni
v nitrat, tuy nhin trong c s d liu vn cn lu ring amoni v nitrat c th
phn tch v mc ng gp ca amoni v nitrat i vi ch s ph Nit. Phng
php tnh ton ch s ph Nito nu phn di.
Ph dng
S gia tng nng cc hp cht nit v photpho d tiu trong nc to ra nhng
iu kin thun li cho to pht trin. Ph dng c th nh hng rt ln n cht
lng mi trng nc v i sng ca cc loi thy sinh.
Amonia + nitrate nitrogen N
Amonia v nitrat va c tc ng n nng oxy ha tan va c nh hng ch
yu n ph dng. Phng php tnh ch s ph Nit nh sau:
N 3 mg/l SI
N
= 100*exp(N* -0.4605)
3 mg/l < N SI
N
=10
14
Tng photphat P
P 0.25 mg/l SI
P
= 100 299.5*P 0.1384*P
2
0.25 mg/l P SI
P
= 10
Cc cht ha tan
a. pH
Cng thc tnh ch s ph pH nh sau:
- pH < 4 SI
pH
= 10
- 4 pH < 7 SI
pH
= 2.628*exp(pH*0.52)
- 7 pH 8 SI
pH
= 100
- 8 <pH 11 SI
pH
=100*exp((pH-8)*-0.5188)
- 11 < pH SI
pH
=10
b. Tng rn TS
Cng thc tnh ph thuc vo cc lu vc khc nhau
Nhn t vt l - Nhit T
13
T 11
o
C SI
T
= 100
11
o
C 29
o
C SI
T
= 76.54 + 4.172*T 0.1623.T
2
2.0557*10
-3
*T
3
.
29
o
C T SI
T
= 10
Yu t nh hng n sc khe - Fecal Coliform FC
FC 50 #/100 ml SL
FC
= 98
50 #/100ml < FC 1600 #/100ml SL
FC
= 98*exp((FC-50)* -9.9178E-4)
1600 #/100ml < FC SL
FC
= 10
2.1.3. 1rnq s:
M hnh WQI hin ti ang p dng s dng phng php trng s cn bng
2.1.4. 1inb ton wql cui cnq t cc cbs pb
WQI ban u c tnh bng trung bnh s hc c trng s ca cc ch s ph
thnh phn:
16

=
=
n
i
i i
W SI WQI
1
Trong SIi l ch s ph i vi thng s i, Wi l trng s tng ng.
NSF AQI l trung bnh theo khng gian (geometic mean) c tr ng s ca cc
ch s ph thnh phn:
i
n
i
i
W SI WQI
[
=
=
1
WQI c s dng ti hin ti Oregon s dng hm bnh phng iu ha
khng trng s theo cng thc sau:

=
=
n
i
i
SI
n
WQI
1
2
1
Trong :
WQI: ch s cui cng
n l s lng cc ch s WQI thnh phn.
SLi: Ch s ph
Sau khi WQI cui cng c xc nh, cht lng nc c nh gia theo cc
thang nh sau:
10 59 rt xu
60 79 Xu
80 84 Trung bnh
85 89 Tt
90 100 Rt tt
2.2 M h|nh WI p dng bang I|or|a
2.2.1. Lo cbn tbnq s
Cc nhm thng s tnh ton WQI
- trong ca nc: c, tng rn l lng
17
- Hm lng oxy: DO
- Nh cu oxy (ph dng): COD, BOD, TOC
- Cc cht dinh dng: Tng N, nitrat, Tng P
- Vi khn: Tng Coliform v Fecal Coliform
2.2.2. 1inb ton cbs pb
Ch s ph c tnh ton t gi tr thng s bng phng php ng cong t l
(rating curve), ng cong ny c xy dng t cc tiu chun v nc mt v cc
nghim cu v nng cc cht nhim trong nc.
Thng s Cht lng tt Cht lng km
WQI n
v
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Chth: Cht rn l lng
c JTU 1.5 3 4 4.5 5.2 8.8 12.2 16.5 21
TSS mg/l 2 3 4 5.5 6.5 9.5 12.5 18 26.5
Chth: Hm lng oxy
DO mg/l 8 7.3 6.7 6.3 5.8 5.3 4.8 4 3.1
Chth: Nhu cu oxy
BOD mg/l 0.8 1 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.3 3 5.1
COD mg/l 16 24 32 38 46 58 72 102 146
TOC mg/l 5 7 9.5 12 14 17.5 21 27.5 37
Chth: Cht dinh dng
Tng N mg/l 0.55 0.75 0.9 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 2 2.7
N-NO3 mg/l 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.1 0.14 0.2 0.32 0.64
Tng P mg/l 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.16 0.24 0.46 0.89
18
Chth: Vi sinh vt
Tng
Coliform
MPN/10
0ml
100 150 250 425 600 1100 1600 3700 7600
Fecal
Colifoem
MPN/10
0ml
10 30 35 55 75 135 190 470 960
Ghi ch: *: n v trong ti liu gc; *=MPN/100ml (ngi dch)
Cc ng cong t l c th hin c th trong cc hnh di y:
19
2.2.3. 1rnq s:
Khng s dng trng s
2.2.4. 1inb ton cbs cui cnq
S dng cng thc trung bnh cng khng trng s:

=
=
n
i
i
q
n
I
1
1
Trong :
I : Ch s cui cng
20
n: s lng thng s
qi: ch s ph
Thang im WQI:
- Tt: 0 44
- Trung bnh: 45 59
- Km: 60 99
2.3 Cc m h|nh WI p dng t| Canada
B Mi trng Canada a ra mt m hnh WQI (WQI CCME), m hnh
c s dng nhiu bang ti Canada
2.3.1. Phng php a ra bi trunq tm 5t Lourent
Trung tm St Laurent (CSL) l mt trung tm chu trch nhim bo co cht
lng nc ca sng St. Lawrence. Ch s WQI c CSL a ra nh sau:
n
F A
WQI
i i
=
Trong Ai l gi tr trung bnh mc vt vt qu mc hng dn ca
cc bin. Khi gi tr ca thng s vt qu mc hng dn i vi thng s t l
gi tr thng s/mc hng dn c tnh ton. Ai l trung bnh ca cc gi tr .
Fi l tn s ca gi tr vt qu mc hng dn so vi tng s gi tr thu c
ca bin ( Fi = Faccced/Ftotal)
CSL tnh ton cc ch s cht lng nc khc nhau cho cc mc ch s dng
khc nhau nh: bo v cc loi thy sinh, dng lm nc sinh hot, mi trng nc
mn
2.3.2. Phng php co quL8Lc
Phng php ny da trn cch tip cn ca New Zealand. WQI l gi tr nh
nht ca cc gi tr WQI ph. Mi ch s ph c tnh ton t mt thng s quan trc
mi trng nc.
WQI = min(Isub1, Isub2,,Isubn)
Phng php tnh ton cc ch s ph khc cc phng php p dng ti
Canada l phng php ny s dng ng cong Delphi. ng cong Delphi xy
21
dng bng phng php chuyn gia v mc quan trng ca cc thng s trong mi
trng nc. H s dng mt ng phi tuyn (da trn kin tng hp cc chuyn
gia) xc nh mc WQI ph da trn gi tr cc thng s. Ch s Quebec l gi tr
xu nht ca cc gi tr WQI ph.
2.3.3. Phng php British Columbia
WQI = (F12+F22+F32)
F1 l phn trm cc mu vt qu mc hng dn
F2 l phn trm cc thng s c mt hoc nhiu hn 1 mu vt qu mc
hng dn
F3 l gi tr cao nht ca mu vt qu mc hng dn
Trong 3 thnh phn F1, F2, F3 th c 2 thnh phn ging vi cc phng php
tnh WQI khc: F2 ging vi ch s ca bang Alberta, F3 tng t ch s ca trung tm
St Laurent, cn thnh phn F1 th khng ging bt k phng php no khc. Cc mc
WQI khc nhau ph hp vi cc mc ch s dng khc nhau.
2.3.4. Phng php Manitoba
Bang Manitoba s dng phng php p dng ti bang British Columbia m
c bt k thay i no, vi s liu trong 4 nm ti 8 vng khc nhau thuc Manitoba,
bang Manitoba kt lun phng php Bitish Columbia hon ton c th p dng
ph hp cho Manitoba.
2.3.5. Phng php Ontario
Bang Ontario s dng phng p dng ti British Columbia nhng s a i
gi tr F3 l gi tr trung bnh ch khng phi gi tr cao nht. H a ra nh gi v
mt s vn xy ra i vi phng php British Columbia khi mt s gi qu ln so
vi mc tiu cht lng.
Cc thng s mi trng s dng tnh ton WQI bao gm: Clorua, Fecal
Coliform, ng, st, ch, km, magan, natri, tng N, tng P, DO, sunfat, pH, t ng rn.
2.3.. cbi tit phng php tnh ton WQI p dnq ti 4/berto {pbt tri n t wql
- ccML)
La chn thng s: Cc thng s dng tnh ton WQI l hu ht cc thng
s c trong chng trnh quan trc ti Alberta
Metals & Ions
22
Aluminum Copper Molybdenum Vanadium
Arsenic Iron Nickel Zinc
Beryllium Lead Selenium Cyanide
Boron Lithium Silver Fluoride
Cadmium Manganese Thallium
Cobalt Mercury Uranium
Pesticides
2,4-D Picloram Bromoxynil Chlorpyrifos
MCPP Dicamba Cyanazine Imazamethabenz
MCPA Triallate Malathion Diuron
Diazinon Atrazine Methoxychlor Dichlorprop
Lindane
Nutrients & Related Variables
Dissolved Oxygen Total Phosphorus Nitrite-Nitrogen (NO2-N)
pH Total Nitrogen Ammonia Nitrogen
Bacteria
Fecal Coliforms Escherichia coli
Cc thng s s dng tnh ton ch s WQI
WQI c tnh ton thng qua cc bc nh sau:
Bc 1: Tnh ton gi tr phm vi - SCOBE F1
F1 l t s cc thng s khng p ng c so vi mc hng dn trong khong
thi gian tnh ch s.
F1 = (s thng s vt qu tiu chun/tng s thng s)*100
Bc 2: Tnh ton gi tr tn sut F2
F2 l phn trm s mu khng p ng c mc hng dn
F2 = (S mu khng p ng tiu chun/Tng s mu)*100
Bc 3: Tnh ton gi tr bin F3
Gi tr F3 c tnh ton qua 3 bc sau:
23
- Vi cc gi tr khng p ng c tiu chun (cao hn gii hn trn hoc
thp hn gii hn di), ta tnh gi tr sau:
excursio
i
= (gi tr thng s/mc hng dn) 1 khi gi tr thng s cao
hn gii hn trn ca mc hng dn
excusio
i
= (mc hng dn/gi tr thng s) 1 khi gi tr thng s thp
hn gii hn di ca mc hng dn.
- Tnh ton gi tr nse
o
n
excusio
nse
k
i
i
=
=
1
o Trong n l tng s mu
- F3 c tnh ton bng phng php tim cn v c khong gi tr t 0 n 100
o
01 . 0 01 . 0
3
+
=
nse
nse
F
Bc 4: Tnh ton gi tr WQI
372 . 1
100
2
3
2
2
2
1
F F F
WQI
+ +
=
Cc mc WQI
Rt tt: 95 - 100.
Tt: 80 - 94
Trung bnh: 65 - 79
Xu: 45 - 64
Rt Xu: 0 44
Chng III: 1INn nINn NGnILN Cu V k1 u T C V x DNG
WI VI1 NAM
Ti Vit Nam WQI cha c trin khai chnh thc, mt s nghin cu in hnh
nh sau:
- Nghin cu ca TS Tn Tht Lng, TS Phm Th Minh Hnh, cch tip cn
ci tin t WQI NSF.
24
- Phng php WQI a ra bi y ban sng M Kng: tnh ton t ng hp
3.1 M h|nh WI a ra b| 1S 1n 1ht Lng p dng cho sng ng Na|
3.1.1. Lo cbn tbnq s: phng php Delphi
Cc thng s c la chn tnh WQI cho sng ng Nai:
- BOD, Tng N
- DO
- SS
- pH
- Coliform
3.1.2. 1inb ton cbs pb: phng php delphi v phng php nq conq t/
T im s trung bnh do cc chuyn gia cho ng vi tng khong nng
thc t, i vi mi thng s cht lng nc chng ti xy dng mt th v
hm s tng quan gia nng v ch s ph. Da vo phng php th vi s tr
gip ca phn mm x l bng tnh Excel, cc hm cht lng nc c biu th
bng cc phng trnh sau:
- Hm cht lng nc vi thng s BOD5 y = - 0,0006x2 - 0,1491x +
9,8255
- Hm cht lng nc vi thng s DO y = 0,0047x2 + 1,20276x - 0,0058
- Hm cht lng nc vi thng s SS y = 0,0003x2 - 0,1304x + 11,459
- Hm cht lng nc vi thng s pH y = 0,0862x4 - 2,4623x3 +
24,756x2 102,23x + 150,23
- Hm cht lng nc vi thng s tng N: y = - 0,04x2 0,1752x + 9,0244
- Hm cht lng nc vi thng s coliform y = 179.39x-0,4067
3.1.3. 1rnq s
Thep phng php Delphi, cc mu phng vn c bin son v gi
n 40 chuyn gia cht lng nc cc trng i Hc, cc Vin Nghin Cu, cc
trung tm Mi trng ly kin. Cc mu phng vn c gi i hai t: t mt
l cc cu hi xc nh cc thng s cht lng nc quan trng, t hai l cc cu
hi xc nh trng s ca cc thng s cht lng nc xy dng ch s ph v
hm cht lng nc.
23
Kt qu c 6 thng s cht lng nc c la chn l nhng thng s cht
lng nc quan trng vi cc trng s c trnh by trong bng sau:
Thng s Trng s tm thi Trng s cui cng
BOD5 1.00 0.23
DO 0.76 0.18
SS 0.70 0.16
pH 0.66 0.15
Tng N 0.63 0.15
Tng coliform 0.56 0.13
3.1.4. 1inb ton cbs cui cnq
Ch s WQI cui cng c tnh theo cng thc trung bnh cng c trng s:

=
=
n
i
i i
w q I
1
Trong :
I: Ch s cui cn
qi: ch s ph cho cc thng s
wi Trng s
nh gi cht lng nc h thng sng ng Nai, da vo mt s kt qu
nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi v kinh nghim thc t xut phn loi ngun
nc mt theo ch s WQI nh sau:
Loi ngun
nc
K hiu mu Ch s WQI nh gi cht lng
1 Xanh dng 9<WQI10 Khng nhim
2 Lam 7<WQI9 nhim rt nh
3 Lc 5<WQI7 nhim nh
4 Vng 3<WQI5 nhim trung bnh
5 Da cam 1<WQI3 nhim nng
6 WQI1 nhim rt nng
3.2 M h|nh WI a ra b| 1S hm 1h M|nh nnh
26
Ch s cht lng nc c chia lm 2 loi l: Ch s cht lng nc c bn
IB v ch s cht lng nc tng hp IO. Ch s cht lng nc c bn c tnh
cho 8 thng s chnh (COD, BOD5, DO, turbidity, SS, NH4+ - N, PO43--P and
T.coli). Ch s cht lng nc tng hp ngoi 8 thng s trn c tnh thm cc
thng s pH, nhit , cc kim loi nng v d lng thuc bo v thc vt trong
nc, ch s cht lng nc tng hp cung cp nhiu thng tin hn cho vi c nh gi
cht lng nc.
Mi thng s s xc nh mt ch s cht lng nc ph, ch s WQI cui
cng c xc nh bng vic kt hp phng php trung bnh cng v trung bnh
nhn khng trng s.
3.2.1. Lo cbn tbnq s
Cc tiu ch sau c s dng la chn thng s:
- Cc thng s phi c mt vo 5 nhm sau: Hm lng oxy, ph dng, yu
t sc khe, c tnh vt l v cht rn l lng
- c th xy dng c ng cong t l (rating curve) th cc thng s
phi c tiu chun mi trng nc ca Vit Nam
- Cc thng s phi c trong cc mng li quan trc mi trng nc.
- Da trn vic phn tch tn sut xut hin trong cc chng trnh quan trc
v phn tch ngha gi tr ca cc thng s trong vic nh gi cht lng
nc.
Cc thng s c tn sut xut hin cao nht trong cc chng tr nh quan trc
bao gm: Nhit , pH, BOD5, COD, DO, Tng st, c, TSS, N-NH3, N-NO3,
EC, P-PO4, Tng coliform. C 8 kim loi nng c trong cc chng tr nh quan trc:
Tng st, Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cu, Ni v Cr, trong s t c tn sut quan trc cao nht.
Cc kim loi nng c tn sut quan trc khc bit gia cc vng, Min Bc ch c Fe,
Pb v Cd c quan trc; Fe, Pb v Hg c quan trc Min Trung v Fe, Pb, Zn,
Cu, Ni, Cr c quan trc Min Nam.
Theo s liu quan trc t nm 1998 n 2007 ti Vit Nam,tn sut xut hin
ca cc thng s l: 7,25% s mu c o pH; DO: 64.17%; SS: 50.25%; duc:
73.84%; BOD5: 43.65%; COD: 45.54%; Tng coliform: 68.02%; N-NH4: 65.62%; P-
PO4: 36.27%; Fe: 46.52%. Thng s d duc c tun sut quan trc rt cao nhung trong
tiu chun nuoc mt cua Vit Nam khng c thng s ny, cc gioi han do Pesce v
Wunderlin (2000) dua ra duoc su dung.
27
WQI duoc chia lm 2 loai, cc thng s cng duoc chia lm 2 loai:
- Chi s cht luong nuoc co ban IB su dung cc thng s: COD, BOD5, DO,
D duc, TSS, N-NH4, P-PO4, Tng coliform
- Chi s cht luong nuoc tng hop IO:8 thng s su dung cho IB, pH v cc
cht dc hai (phenols, pesticides, cyanide kim lo ai nngh: As, Cd, Cr, Pb,
Hg, Zn, Cu and Ni)
3.2.2. cbuyn cc tbnq s v cnq mt thang o
Su dung phuong phap duong cong ti l (rating curve), cc tiu chun duoc su
dung d xy dung duong cong ti l l: QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT qu chun quc gia v
nuoc mt v TCVN 5945: 2005 tiu chun nuoc thai cng nghip. WQI duoc chia lm
5 muc nhu sau:
- Muc 1: Ngun nuoc c th su dung voi muc dich nuoc sinh hoat
- Muc 2: Ngun nuoc c th su dung lm ngun nuoc sinh hoat nhung phai
c cc bin php xu l thch hop v bao v doi sng thuy sinh
- Muc 3: Ngun nuoc su dung cho muc dich tuoi tiu
- Muc 4: Su dung cho cc muc dich cn cht luong thp nhu giao thng thuy
- Muc 5: Ngun nuoc bi nhim nng, cn c k hoach xu l trong tuong lai
28
DO bo ha c th tnh thng qua cng thuc(Elmore & Hayes, 1960)::
3 2
00007777 . 0 0079910 . 0 41022 . 0 652 . 14 T T T C
s
+ =
Cs: Nng d oxy bo ha
T: Nhit d (oC)
Duong cong ti l cua d duc duoc xy dung theo nghin cuu cua Pesce and
Wunderlin (2000). Cac duong cong ti l duoc trnh by duoi dy:
29
30
31
32
33
34
3.2.3. 1rnq s
khng s dng trng s
33
3.2.4. 1inb cbs cui cnq
a. WQI c bn
WQI co ban duoc tnh tu 8 chi s phu cho cc thng s: (COD, BOD5, DO, D
duc, TSS, N-NH4+ , P- PO4 v Tng ciliform. Phuong phap phn tich PCA duoc p
dung cho 8 thng s trn.
D thi dang Scree di voi s liu quan trc cua 8 thng s su dung trong WQI co ban
Tu phn tch PCA, cc thng s co tuong quan cao voi nhau duoc cho vo cc
nhm bao gm: nhm 1 (DO, BOD5. COD, N-NH4, P-PO4), nhom 2 (D duc, TSS),
nhm 3 (Tng coliform). Cng thuc tnh WQI cui cng l:
36
3 / 1
1
1
2
1
5
1
2
1
5
1
(
(

.
|

\
|

.
|

\
|

.
|

\
|
=

= = = k
k
j
j j
i
i i B
q w q w q I
Trong do :
qi : Chi s phu cua nhm cc thng s DO, BOD5, N-NH4, COD, P-PO4
qj : Chi s phu ywngs voi nhm thng s d duc, TSS
qk : Chi s phu cua nhm vi sinh vt bao gm Fecal coliform
b. WQI tng hp
WQI tng hop duoc tnh ton tu chi s phu cua:8 thng s su dung cho IB, pH v
cc cht dc hai (phenols, pesticides, cyanide kim lo ai nngh: As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Zn,
Cu v Ni). Cng thuc nhu sau :
3 / 1
1
1
2
1
5
1
/ 1
1
2
1
5
1
(
(

.
|

\
|

.
|

\
|

.
|

\
|

.
|

\
|
=
[
= = = k
k
j
j j
i
i i
n
n
i O
q w q w q C I
Trong do :
IO : gi tri WQI tng hop
Ci: Chi s phu tuong duong cua nhit d, pH v cc cht dc hai. Chi s phu
tuong duong co thang do t u 0.01 dn 1 v chi duoc tinh dn khi chi s phu cua cua cc
thng s nhit d, pH, cc cht dc hai nho hon IB. Chi s phu cua cc cht dc hai
duoc tnh bng trung bnh cng cc chi s phu cc thng s dc hai (phenols,
pesticides, cyanide kim loai nngh: As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Zn, Cu va Ni)
WQI co ban v WQI tng hop duoc su dung d phn loai cht luong nuoc theo
cc muc nhu sau:
Rt tt: 91 100
Tt: 76 90
Trung bnh: 51 75
Xu: 26 50
Km: 1 25
3.3 M h|nh WI a ra b| y ban sng Mekong
37
Cc thng s duoc su dung d tnh ton WQI bao gm: DO, Amoni NH4+,
COD v Tng P.
WQI cua mi tram quan trc duoc tnh ton theo cng thuc sau:
10 .
) ... (
2 1
M
p p p
WQI
n
+ + +
=
p: dim s cua cua mi mu, (nu DO, NH4, COD v t ng P dap ung duoc muc
ung dn s duoc 2 dim; nu chi c NH4 v tng P dap ung duoc muc huong dn s
duoc 1 dim, cac truong hop cn lai s duoc 0 dim.
n: s mu trong 1 nm
M: S dim ti da co th dat duoc cua cc mu trong 1 nm.
Muc huong dn duoc cho trong bang sau:
Thng s n v Mc hng dn
DO mg/l _6
Amoni mg/l <5
COD mg/l <4
Tng P mg/l <0.08
Sau khi tnh ton WQI, muc d anh huong dn con nguoi dua vao dim s
WQI duoc phn loai theo cc muc nhu sau:
Phn loai Dim s
A: khng c anh huong 9.5 - 10
B: anh huong nhe 8.5 9.5
C: c anh huong 7 8.5
D: anh huong nghim trong <7
3.4 M h|nh WI a ra b| GS.1S L 1r|nh
D tai 'Nghin cuu phn vng cht luong nuoc theo cc chi s cht luong nuoc
(WQI) va danh gia kha nng su dung cc ngun nuoc sng, knh rach o vng thnh
38
ph H Chi Minh do PGS.TS L trinh lam ch u nhim l mt trong nhung cng trnh
nghin cuu du tin o Vit Nam v phn vng cht luong nuoc theo WQI.
3.4.1 Phng php lp v tinb ton wql
C nhiu phuong phap xy dung cng thuc va tinh toan WQI. Trong d ti
nghin cuu ny 4 m hnh WQI d duoc nghin cuu, tnh ton dua theo 2 m hnh
WQI co ban cua Hoa Ky v An D.
M hnh c bn ca Qu V sinh Quc gia Hoa K (NSF-WQI)
NSF-WQI duoc tnh theo mt trong 2 cng thuc: cng thuc dang tng (k kiu l
WA-WQI) v cng thuc dang tch (k kiu l WM-WQI):

=
=
9
1 i
i i
q w WQI WA
v
[
=
=
9
1 i
w
i
i
q WQI WM
Phn trong luong dong gop (wi) cua 9 thng s lua chon nhu sau:
DO = 0,17; F.coli = 0,15; pH = 0,12; BOD5 = 0,10; NO3: 0,1 0; PO4: 0,10; bin
thin nhit d (AT d lch nhit d nuoc giua 2 dim quan trc gn nhau) 0,10; d
duc = 0,08; tng cht rn (TS) = 0,08.
Chi s phu qi duoc xac dinh dua vao cac d thi qi = f(xi)
Theo m hnh ny, gi tr i WQI xac dinh duoc nm trong khoang 0 dn 100: WQI
= 0 ung voi muc CLN xu nht, WQI = 100 ung voi muc CLN tt nht.
Dua theo m hnh co ban NSF-WQI D tai d cai tin thnh 3 m hnh ph hop
voi dc dim CLN TP. H Ch Minh:
- M hnh NSF-WQI/HCM
- M hnh HCM-WQI
- M hnh HCM-WQI6TS
M hnh ca Bhargava (Bhargava-WQI)
Cng thc tnh
Theo m hnh Bhargava (1983), WQI cho mi muc dich su dung nuoc (chng
han, cp nuoc sinh hoat, nng nghip, cng nghip.) duoc tnh ton theo cng thuc
(3) v
WQI tng quat (hay WQI cho da muc dich su dung nuoc) duoc tnh theo cng
thuc:
39
100
/ 1
1

=
[
=
n
n
i
i
F WQI
Trong do Ei:
- Gi tri "hm nhay" cua thng s i, nhn gi tri trong khoang 0,01 1
- Ei duoc xac dinh tu "hm nhay" di voi thng s i ;
- n: s thng s CLN lua chon (n = 3 5, tuy thuc vo muc dich su dung nuoc)
k
WQI
WQI
k
i
i
=
=
1
Trong do, WQI
i
l WQI cua cc muc dich su dung nuoc khc nhau, k l s muc
dich su dung nuoc. C th dua vao tu s cua cng thuc (4) cc h s th hin tm quan
trong khc nhau cua mi muc dich su dung nuoc.
Xac dinh cc muc dich su dung nuoc sng knh rach o TP. H Ch Minh
Cc muc dich su dung nuoc cua cc sng knh rach o TP. H Ch Minh bao
gm:
Tip xc truc tip (tm, boi li)
Cp nuoc sinh hoat (dim thu nuoc th cho cac nha may nuoc
Nng nghip (hay nuoc thuy loi)
Cng nghip (nuoc cp cho cc ngnh cng nghi p ni chung: lm mt, v sinh
cng nghip
Thuy san (nui tm, c...).
Xc nh cc thng s CLN la chn cho cc mc ch s dng nc
Cac tiu chi d xac dinh cc thng s CLN lua chon cho mi muc dich su dung
nuoc bao gm:
Thng s phai c tm quan trong lon,
Thng s c th xac dinh nhanh v chnh xc,
S thng s cng t cng tt, nhung phai du d m ta dc dim v CLN cua
sng, knh rach duoc khao st.
40
(Tu nhiu s liu cua cac chuong trnh quan trc mi truong o TP. H Ch Minh
v cua D ti ny c th nhn dinh rng nng d cc kim loai dc v cc ha cht bao
v thuc vt nho hon nhiu so voi quy dinh trong cc Tiu chun Vit Nam tuong ung,
do vy trong tnh WQI cua D ti ny cc thng s v cht nhim co dc tnh cao
khng duoc lua chon).
3.4.2 Phng php phn loi v pbn vnq cbt lng nc do tbeo wql
Theo m hnh cua NSF (Hoa Ky) v Bhargava (An D), CLN duoc phn thnh 5
loai (hay 5 muc). Trn co so phn loai CLN, tin hnh phn vng CLN cho cc sng
khao st, tuc l chia mi sng thanh cac vung (cac doan). Mi vung (doan) cua mt
sng duoc xem l cng muc CLN nu cng nm trong mt loai (khi danh gia qua
WQI).
Loi Bhargava-WQI (a) NSF-WQI (b) Gii thch
I 90 100 91 100 Rt tt
(khng nhim -
nhim rt nhe)
II 65 89 71 90 Tt ( nhim nhe)
III 35 64 51 70 Trung bnh ( nhim
trung bnh)
IV 11 34 26 50 Xu ( nhim nng)
V 0 10 0 25 Rt xu ( nhim rt
nng)
Vic phn loai cht luong nuoc cc sng, knh rach o TP. H Ch Minh theo cc
m hnh WQI cai tin do D tai nay d xut (HCM-WQI, NSF-WQI/HCM, WQI
B
-
HCM) cng dua theo cc phn loai trn.
Chng IV. S TAY HNG DN TNH TON WQI DO TCMT BAN HNH
Phn I. QUY NH CHUNG
1. Phm vi iu chnh
Vn ban nay huong dn vic tnh ton chi s cht luong nuoc tu s liu
quan trc mi truong nuoc mt luc dia.
2. i tng p dng
Huong dn ny p dung di voi co quan quan l nh nuoc v mi truong,
cc t chuc, c nhn c tham gia vo mang luoi quan trc mi truong v tham
gia vo vic cng b thng tin v cht luong mi truong cho cng dng.
41
3. Gii thch t ng
Trong s tay huong dn, cc tu ngu duoi dy duoc hiu nhu sau:
1. Ch s cht lng nc (vit tt l WQI) l mt chi s duoc tnh ton tu
cc thng s quan trc cht luong nuoc, dung d m ta dinh luong v cht luong
nuoc v kha nng su dung cua ngun nuoc do; duoc biu din qua mt thang
dim.
2. WQI thng s (vit tt l WQI
SI
) l chi s cht luong nuoc tnh ton cho
mi thng s.
4. Cc nguyn tc xy dng ch s WQI
Cc nguyn tc xy dung WQI bao gm:
- Bao dam tnh ph hop;
- Bao dam tnh chnh xc;
- Bao dam tnh nht qun.
- Bao dam tnh lin tuc;
- Bao dam tnh sn c;
- Bao dam tnh c th so snh.
5. Mc ch ca vic s dng WQI
- Danh gia nhanh cht luong nuoc mt luc dia mt cch tng qut;
- C th duoc su dung nhu mt ngun du liu d xy dung ban d phn
vng cht luong nuoc;
- Cung cp thng tin mi truong cho cng dng mt cch don gian, d
hiu, truc quan;
- Nng cao nhn thuc v mi truong.
Phn II. TNH TON CH S CHT LNG NC
1. Cc yu cu i vi vic tnh ton WQI
- WQI duoc tnh ton ring cho s liu cua tung dim quan trc;
- WQI thng s duoc tnh ton cho tung thng s quan trc. Mi thng s s
xac dinh duoc mt gi tri WQI cu th, tu do tinh toan WQI d danh gi cht luong
nuoc cua dim quan trc;
- Thang do gia tri WQI duoc chia thnh cc khoang nht dinh. Mi khoang ung
voi 1 muc danh gia cht luong nuoc nht dinh.
2. Quy trnh tnh ton v s dng WQI trong nh gi cht lng mi
trng nc mt lc a
42
Quy trnh tnh ton v su dung WQI trong danh gia cht luong mi truong nuoc
bao gm cac buoc sau:
Buoc 1: Thu thp, tp hop s liu quan trc tu tram quan trc mi truong nuoc
mt luc dia (s liu d qua xu l);
Buoc 2: Tnh ton cc gi tri WQI thng s theo cng thuc;
Buoc 3: Tnh ton WQI;
Buoc 4: So snh WQI voi bang cc muc danh gia cht luong nuoc.
3. Thu thp, tp hp s liu quan trc
S liu quan trc duoc thu thp phai dam bao cc yu cu sau:
- S liu quan trc su dung d tnh WQI l s liu cua quan trc nuoc mt luc
dia theo dot di voi quan trc dinh ky hoc gi tri trung bnh cua thng s trong mt
khoang thoi gian xac dinh di voi quan trc lin tuc;
- Cc thng s duoc su dung d tinh WQI thuong bao gm cc thng s: DO,
nhit d, BOD
5
, COD, N-NH
4
, P-PO
4
, TSS, d duc, Tng Coliform, pH;
- S liu quan trc duoc dua vao tinh toan d qua xu ly, dam bao d loai bo cc
gi tri sai lch, dat yu cu di voi quy trnh quy pham v dam bao v kim sot cht
luong s liu.
4. Tnh ton WQI
a. Tnh ton WQI thng s
* WQI thng s (WQI
SI
) duoc tnh ton cho cc thng s BOD
5
, COD, N-NH
4
,
P-PO
4
, TSS, c, Tng Coliform theo cng thuc nhu sau:
, )
1 1
1
1
+ +
+
+
+

=
i p i
i i
i i
SI
q C BP
BP BP
q q
WQI
Trong do:
BP
i
: Nng d gioi han duoi cua gi tri thng s quan trc duoc quy dinh trong
bang 1 tuong ung voi muc i
BP
i+1
: Nng d gioi han trn cua gi tri thng s quan trc duoc quy dinh trong
bang 1 tuong ung voi muc i+1
q
i
: Gi tri WQI o muc i d cho trong bang tuong ung voi gi tri BP
i
q
i+1
: Gi tri WQI o muc i+1 cho trong bang tuong ung voi gi tri BP
i+1
C
p
: Gi tri cua thng s quan trc duoc dua vao tinh toan.
Bng 1. Bng quy nh cc gi tr q
i
, BP
i
Gi tr BP
i
quy nh i vi tng thng s
i q
i BOD
5
(mg/l)
COD
(mg/l)
N-NH
4
(mg/l)
P-PO
4
(mg/l)
c
(NTU)
TSS
(mg/l)
Coliform
(MPN/100ml
)
1 100 _4 _10 _0.1 _0.1 _5 _20 _2500
2 75 6 15 0.2 0.2 20 30 5000
(cng thuc 1)
43
3 50 15 30 0.5 0.3 30 50 7500
4 25 25 50 1 0.5 70 100 10.000
5 1 _50 _80 _5 _6 _100 >100 >10.000
Ghi ch: Trng hp gi tr C
p
ca thng s trng vi gi tr BP
i
cho trong
bng, th xc nh c WQI ca thng s chnh bng gi tr q
i
tng ng.
* Tnh gi trWQI i vi thng s DO (WQI
DO
): tnh ton thng qua gi tr i
DO % bo ha.
Buoc 1: Tnh ton gi tri DO % bo ha:
- Tnh gi tri DO bo ha:
3 2
000077774 . 0 0079910 . 0 41022 . 0 652 . 14 T T T DO
baohoa
+ =
T: nhit mi trng nc ti thi im quan trc (n v:
0
C).
- Tnh gi tri DO % bo ha:
DO
%bo ha
= DO
ha tan
/ DO
bo ha
*100
DO
ha tan
: Gi tr DO quan trc c (n v: mg/l)
Buoc 2: Tnh gi tri WQI
DO
:
, )
i i p
i i
i i
SI
q BP C
BP BP
q q
WQI +

=
+
+
1
1
Trong do:
C
p
: gi tri DO % bo ha
BP
i
, BP
i+1
, q
i
, q
i+1
l cc gi tri tuong ung voi muc i, i+1 trong Bang 2.
Bng 2. Bng quy nh cc gi tr BP
i
v qi i vi DO
% bo ha
i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
BP
i
_20 20 50 75 88 112 125 150 200 _200
q
i
1 25 50 75 100 100 75 50 25 1
Nu gi tri DO
% bo ha
_ 20 th WQI
DO
bng 1.
Nu 20< gi tri DO
% bo ha
< 88 th WQI
DO
duoc tnh theo cng thuc 2 v su
dung Bang 2.
Nu 88_ gi tri DO
% bo ha
_ 112 th WQI
DO
bng 100.
Nu 112< gi tri DO
% bo ha
< 200 th WQI
DO
duoc tnh theo cng thuc 1 v su
dung Bang 2.
Nu gi tri DO
% bo ha
_200 th WQI
DO
bng 1.
* Tnh gi trWQI i vi thng s pH
(cng thuc 2)
44
Bng 3. Bng quy nh cc gi tr BP
i
v q
i
i vi thng s pH
I 1 2 3 4 5 6
BP
i
_5.5 5.5 6 8.5 9 _9
q
i
1 50 100 100 50 1
Nu gi tri pH_5.5 th WQI
pH
bng 1.
Nu 5,5< gi tri pH<6 th WQI
pH
duoc tnh theo cng thuc 2 v su dung bang 3.
Nu 6_ gi tri pH_8,5 th WQI
pH
bng 100.
Nu 8.5< gi tri pH< 9 th WQI
pH
duoc tnh theo cng thuc 1 v su dung bang 3.
Nu gi tri pH_9 th WQI
pH
bng 1.
b. Tnh ton WQI
Sau khi tinh toan WQI di voi tung thng s nu trn, vic tinh toan WQI duoc
p dung theo cng thuc sau:
3 / 1
2
1
5
1
2
1
5
1
100
(

=

= =
c
b
b
a
a
pH
WQI WQI WQI
WQI
WQI
Trong do:
WQI
a
: Gi tri WQI d tnh ton di voi 05 thng s: DO, BOD
5
, COD,
N-NH
4
, P-PO
4
WQI
b
: Gi tri WQI d tnh ton di voi 02 thng s: TSS, d duc
WQI
c
: Gi tri WQI d tnh ton di voi thng s Tng Coliform
WQI
pH
: Gi tri WQI d tnh ton di voi thng s pH.
Ghi ch: Gi tri WQI sau khi tnh ton s duoc lm trn thnh s nguyn.
5. So snh ch s cht lng nc c tnh ton vi bng nh gi
Sau khi tinh toan duoc WQI, su dung bang xac dinh gi tri WQI tuong ung voi
muc danh gia cht luong nuoc d so sanh, danh gia, cu th nhu sau:
Gi tr WQI Mc nh gi cht lng nc Mu
91 - 100 Su dung tt cho muc dich cp nuoc sinh hoat Xanh nuoc bin
76 - 90
Su dung cho muc dich cp nuoc sinh hoat
nhung cn cc bin php xu l ph hop
Xanh l cy
51 - 75
Su dung cho muc dich tuoi tiu v cc muc
dich tuong duong khac
Vng
26 - 50
Su dung cho giao thng thuy v cc muc dich
tuong duong khac
Da cam
0 - 25
Nuoc nhim nng, cn cc bin php xu l
trong tuong lai
Do
43
Phn III. P DJNG CHI S CHAT LUNG NUC TRONG DNH GI
CHAT LUNG NUC V CNG B THNG TIN MI TRUNG CHO
CNG DONG
1. Cng b thng tin v cht lng nc mt lc a cho cng ng
Chi s cht luong nuoc sau khi duoc tinh toan duoc su dung d danh gia cht
luong nuoc trong cc bo co v cht luong nuoc, bo co hin trang mi truong. Cc
ni dung thng tin ny cn duoc cng b, cng khai v ph bin rng ri cho cng
dng.
2. Yu cu i vi ni dung thng tin cng b v WQI
Yu cu di voi ni dung thng tin cng b v WQI bao gm:
- Tn dim v khu vuc quan trc, tn tram quan trc;
- Thoi gian quan trc;
- Gi tri WQI v muc danh gia cht luong nuoc tuong ung.
3. Hnh thc cng b
Thng tin v WQI duoc cng b cho cng dng thng qua cac phuong ti n
thng tin dai chung nhu bao chi, truyn thanh, truyn hnh, bang thng tin din tu,
trang thng tin din tu.
Chng V: NH GI CHT LNG NC LVS CU V NHU Y
THNG QUA WQI
5. 1 p dng WQI cho s liu quan trc cho h thng LVS Cu
5.1.1 Tng quan v h thng LVS Cu
Sng Cu l mt trong nhung sng chnh cua h thng sng Thi Bnh voi 47%
din tich toan luu vuc. Sng Cu bt ngun tu vung nui Tam Tao (dinh cao 1326m)
chay qua huyn Cho Dn (Bc Kan) thi x Bc Kan, Cho Moi, Thi Nguyn, Bc
Ninh, Bc Giang va dim cui cng cua con sng ny l Pha lai, Ch Linh, Hai Duong.
Tng chiu di cua sng Cu l 288km.
Thung lng phia thuong luu va trung luu nm giua hai cnh cung sng Gm v
canh cung Ngn Son Yn Lac. Phn thuong luu sng Cu chay theo huong Bc
Nam, d cao trung bnh dat toi 300-400m, lng sng hep v rt dc, nhiu thc ghnh
v c h s un khc lon (~2.0) d rng trung bnh trong ma can khoang 50 dn 60m,
80-100m trong ma l, d dc khoang >0.1%. Phn trung luu tu Cho Moi, sng Cu
chay theo huong Ty Bc Dng Nam trn mt doan kha dai sau do tro lai huong c
cho toi Thai Nguyn. Doan nay dia hnh d thp xung dang k, lng sng mo rng,
d dc cng giam chi cn khoang 0.05%, d un khc vn cao.
46
Ha luu sng Cu duoc tnh tu Thc Hung dn Pha Lai, tu dy huong chay chu
dao l Ty Bc Dng Nam, dia hnh c d cao trung bnh 10 dn 20m, lng sng rt
rng 70 dn 150m va d dc giam dang k 0.01%.
Luu vuc sng Cu c dang di, tng din tich duoc xac dinh l 6030km2, h s
tp trung nuoc dat 2.1, dia hnh dng bng chim phn lon din tich luu vuc, d cao
trung bnh cua luu vuc v vy cng kh thp (190m). D dc trung bnh cua luu vuc
thuc loai trung bnh 16%.
Mt d sng sui trong luu vuc sng cu thuc loai cao: 0.95-1.2km/km2, tng
chiu di phu lu co chiu di lon hon 10km la 1602km (68 sng trong do co 13 sng
c chiu di lon hon 15km)
Chuong trnh quan trc LVS Cu duoc thuc hin tu nm 2006 voi tn sut 3
dot/nm. Dn nm 2008 tn sut quan trc duoc tng ln 6 dot/nm. S dim quan trc
la 34 dim voi 20 thng s ha l co ban, cc kim loai nng, cc thng s sinh vt v
ha cht bao v thuc vt.
Cac dim quan trc quan trc thuc cc nhnh sng chnh cua luu vuc gm:
- Sng Cu (tu Bc Kan dn Pha Lai, Hai Duong)
- Sng Cng (tu Dai Tu dn Hip Ho, Bc Giang)
- Sng Nghinh Tuong (V Nhai dn Phu Luong, Thai Nguyn)
- Sng Du (Dai Tu dn Phu Luong, Thai Nguyn)
- Sng C L (Vinh Yn, Vinh Phuc dn Phc Lc Phuong, Bc Giang)
- Sng Ng Huyn Kh (tu Dng Anh, Ha Ni dn Bc Ninh)
47
5.1.2 p dng th nghim WQI nh gi cht lng nc LVS Cu
LVS Sng Cu duoc chia lam cac nhanh sng chinh nhu sau: Sng C u, sng
Cng, sng Ng Huyn Kh v cc nhnh sng cn lai. Cht luong nuoc duoc danh
gi theo WQI v QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht luong
nuoc mt.
a. Sng Cu:
Cc thng s cht luong nuoc tai sng Cu dap ung so voi muc B1 voi ti l kh
cao. Cn nu so voi muc A1 th c nhiu thng s vuot tiu chun dn trn 60%.
Thng s Coliform c su bin dng manh nht giua 2 nm 2008 va 2009, trong nm
2008 thng Coliform chi c 12,7% s mu vuot qu muc B1, tuy nhin trong nm
2009 co dn 59,8% s mu cao hon muc B1.
48
Hnh: t l cc thng s so vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT ti sng Cu
Kt qu tnh ton WQI ti sng Cu
Nm 2008, da s cc gi tri WQI nm trong khoang 51 75 v 76 - 90 (cht
luong nuoc su dung cho tuoi tiu v cp nuoc sinh hoat), tuy nhim nm 2009 nhiu
gi tri nm trong khoang 0 25 (cht luong nuoc bi nhim).
Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc
Nhn xt:
Vic danh gia cht luong nuoc thng qua WQI don gi an hon so voi vic danh gia
cng lc nhiu thng s. V du nhu nm 2008 tai sng Cu c nhiu thng s nhu
BOD, COD dap ung duoc muc A1 voi ti l rt cao, tuy nhin thng s N-NH
4
+
lai dap
ung duoc muc A1 voi ti l rt thp, trong khi do voi kt qua tnh ton WQI ta c th
thy ngay ti l s mu quan trc dat cht luong nuoc c th su dung tt cho muc dich
49
cp nuoc sinh hoat (gi tri WQI nm trong khoang 91 100) la 11,8%. Tuong t u trong
nm 2008, cac thng s c gi tri nm trong khoang tu muc A2 dn B1 voi ti l rt
khc nhau, sau khi tnh ton WQI ta c th t i l s mu quan trc c cht luong nuoc
su dung duoc cho muc dich tuoi tiu (nm trong khoang tu 51 75) l 39,2%.
b. Sng Cng
Ti l cc thng s quan trc dat duoc muc B1 cua sng Cng cng kh cao. Su
thay di cua cc thng s giua 2 nm kha dc bit, da s cc thng s c ti l dap ung
so voi Quy chun nm 2009 cao hon nm 2008, tuy nhin thng s Coliform lai c
chiu huong nguoc lai, ti l dap ung quy chun cua thng s Coliform ngay ca di voi
muc B2 cng rt thp.
Hnh: t l cc thng s so vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT t i sng Cng
Kt qu tnh ton WQI
nm 2008 va 2009 cht luong khng c su bin dng manh, da s cc gi tri
WQI nm trong khoang 51 75 v 76 90.
30
Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc
Nhn xt
Tuong tu di voi sng Cu, danh gia cht luong sng Cng thng qua WQI
don gian hon rt nhiu so voi danh gia tung thng s. V du nm 2009, ti l so voi cc
mu trong Quy chun cc thng s rt khc nhau, rt kho danh gia cht luong nuoc
thuc muc no, su dung ph hop voi muc dich g. Kt qua tnh ton WQI c th nhn
thy d dng c 69% s mu quan trc dat cht luong nuoc voi WQI thuc khoang 76
90, c 31% s mu quan trc c WQI thuc khoang 51 75.
c. Sng Ng Huyn Kh
So voi cng Cu v sng Cng th sng Ng Huyn Kh c ti l cc thng s
vuot cc muc trong Quy chun cao hon, tuc c muc d nhim lon hon. Co nhiu
thng s vuot muc B1 dn trn 30% s mu quan trc. Thng s Coliform c ti l vuot
cc muc trong nht quy chun cao nht, v ti l vuot chun tng kha cao vao nm 2009
so voi nm 2008.
31
Hnh: t l cc thng s vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT ti sng Ng Huyn Kh
Kt qu tnh ton WQI
Nm 2008 gia tri WQI nm trong khoang tu 0 25; 26 50; 51 75 voi ti l
kh bng nhau, nm 2009 nm trong khoang 0 25.
Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc
Nhn xt
Tuong nhu vic danh gia cht luong cc sng o trn, vic danh gia cht luong
nuoc sng Ng Huyn Kh thng qua gi tri WQI r rng v don gian hon so voi vic
danh gia tung thng s. V du trong nm 2009 co mt s thng s dap ung duoc cc
muc B2 hay B1 kh cao, tuy nhin mt s thng s khc (N-NH
4
+
v Tng Coliform)
lai khng dap ung duoc muc B2 voi ti l cao, kt qua tnh ton WQI cho thy co dn
91,7% s mu quan trc dang bi nhim, khng th su dung cho muc dich nao.
32
d. Cc nhnh sng khc
Cc nhnh sng khc cua LVS Cu c cc thng s dap ung kh tt voi muc B1,
da s cc thng s c ti l vuot muc B1 duoi 20%. Cc thng s khng su bin dng
lon giua nm 2008 va 2009 tru thng s Coliform.
Hnh: t cc thng s so vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT ti sng khc
Kt qu tnh ton WQI
Gi tri WQI nm 2009 thp hon nhiu so voi nm 2008, co su khc bit kh lon
giua cc vi tr quan trc.
Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc
Nhn xt
Tuong tu nhu phn nhn xt o trn danh gia cht luong nuoc thng qua WQI
don gian hon so voi vic danh gia cung luc nhi u thng s. Da s cc thng s c ti l
33
dap ung duoc cc muc trong Quy chun nm 2009 khng thp hon nhiu so voi nm
2008, tuy nhin kt qua tinh toan WQI nm 2009 l ai thp hon rt nhiu so voi nm
2008, diu ny l do thng s Coliform nm 2009 khng dap ung voi muc B2 voi ti l
rt cao.
5.1.3 Mt s kt qu tnh ton WQI khc i vi LVS Cu
nh gi din bin cht lng nc theo nm
Cht luong nuoc cua LVS Cu c su bin dng rt manh giua cc nhnh sng v
giua 2 nm 2008 va 2009. Cht luong nuoc nm 2009 thp hon nm 2008 tai da s cc
dim quan trc trn cc nhnh sng.
34
Biu : Gi tr WQI trung bnh cc im quan trc thuc LVS Cu
D thi dang hp th hin kh r phn b gi tri WQI giua cc sng thuc LVS
Cu v giua 2 nm 2008 va 2009. Cht luong nuoc nm 2009 thp hon nm 2008 tai
sng Cu, sng Ng Huyn Kh v cc nhnh sng khc.
33
Hnh : th dng hp gi tr WQI ca LVS Cu,
gi tr hai u mt l bch phn 95 v 5, hai u ca hp l bch phn 25 v 75, du
* l gi tr trung bnh WQI ca cc im quan trc trong cng mt nm.
Phn tch ng gp ca cc nhm thng s vo chs WQI cui cng
Gi tri WQI phu cua cc nhm thng s cng cao th chi s WQI cui cng cng
cao, tuy nhin WQI cui cng cn phu thuc vao tuong quan gi ua cc gi tri WQI
phu. Nu mt trong s cc nhm WQI phu c gi tri rt thp th WQI cui cng cng
thp cho d gi tri cua nhm WQI phu khc cao. Qua biu d x.x ta nhn thy nhung
dim quan trc c gi tri WQI cao nht th ca 3 nhm chi s phu du cao va kha dng
du nhau.
36
th: ng gp ca cc nhm thng s vo ch s WQI cui cng
(s liu c sp xp theo th t tng dn ca WQI, cc nhm ch s ph l trung
bnh ca WQI ph trong nm 2008 - 2009).
37
5.2 p dng th nghim WQI nh gi cht lng nc LVS Nhu y
5.2.1 Mng li quan trc LVS Nhu y
Luu vuc sng Nhu - Day nm trong pham vi toa d 200 - 21020' vi d Bc v
1050 - 106030' kinh d Dng. Cac dia phn hnh chnh cua cc tinh nm trong luu vuc
quan trc bao gm: Tinh Ho Bnh (huyn: Luong Son, Kim Bi, Lac Thuy v Yn
Thuy), H Ni (huyn Tu Lim, huyn Thanh Tr, cc qun ni thnh, thnh ph H
Dng va cac huyn: Dan Phuong, Hoai Duc, Thuong Tn, Ph Xuyn, Thanh Oai, ung
Hoa, Chuong M v M Duc), Tinh H Nam (thnh ph Phu L v cc huyn Duy
Tin, L Nhn, Kim Bang, Bnh Luc v Thanh Lim), Tinh Ninh Bnh (thnh ph
Ninh Bnh, thi x Tam Dip v cc huyn: Gia Vin, Nho Quan, Hoa Lu, Yn Khanh,
Yn M va Kim Son) va Tinh Nam Dinh (thnh ph Nam Dinh v cc huyn: Nam
Truc, Vu Ban, Xun Truong, Truc Ninh, Nghia Hung, Yn, Giao Thuy v Hai Hu).
Cac dim quan trc dai din cho cht luong nuoc cua khu vuc nghin cuu. Cac dim
quan trc nay duoc dt chu yu trn cc sng, h chinh trong luu vuc sng Nhu -
sng Day. Quan trc mi truong nuoc duoc thuc hin trn cc sng chnh v cc
nhnh sng lon cua luu vuc sng Nhu va sng Day, bao gm:
- Sng Nhu c chiu di 72 km (tu Cng Lin Mac dn cng Luong C).
- Sng Day tu Vn Cc dn Cua Day dai tng cng 245 km.
- Cc sng trong ni thnh H Ni: sng T Lich c chiu di khoang 14,6 km;
sng Lu di khoang 5,6 km; sng St di khoang 5,9 km va sng Kim Nguu dai
khoang 11,8 km.
- Sng Thanh H c chi u di 40 km (tu nui da vi Kim Bi dn Duc Kh)
- Sng Tch c chiu di 110 km (bt ngun tu ni Tan Vin d vao sng Day tai
Ba Th).
- Sng Hong Long c chi u di dng chnh l 125 km.
- Sng Chu Giang cn duoc goi l sng Phu L c chiu di 27 km.
- Sng Dao Nam Dinh c chiu di khoang 34 km (bt ngun tu sng Hng pha
Nam cu Tn D, qua TP. Nam Dinh gp sng Day o Hong Nam, huyn
Nghia Hung).
- Sng Ninh Co co chi u di khoang 52 km, ni voi sng Day qua knh Qun
Liu.
38
Ngoi ra cn c cc sng ni dng nm trong khu vuc nghin cuu nhu: sng Vn,
sng St, sng Vac, sng Cn...
Chuong trnh tng th quan trc LVS Nhu Day d duoc ph duyt vao nm
2006. Bt du tu nm 2006 chuong trnh quan trc LVS Nhu Day d duoc tin hnh.
* Nm 2006:
- Thnh phn mi truong quan trc: Nuoc mt, trm tch v thuy sinh
- S dot quan trc trong nm 2006: 3 l n vo thng 8, 10, 12
- Thng s quan trc: 23 thng s.
- Dim quan trc: 30 dim
* Nm 2007:
- Thnh phn mi truong quan trc: Nuoc mt, trm tch v thuy sinh
- S dot quan trc trong nm 2007: 4 l n vo thng 7, 8, 10, 11
- Thng s quan trc: 24 thng s.
- Dim quan trc: 30 dim
* Nm 2008:
- Thnh phn mi truong quan trc: Nuoc mt, trm tch v thuy sinh
- S dot quan trc trong nm 2008: 6 l n vo thng 2, 4, 6,8 ,10, 11
39
- Dim quan trc: tai 40 dim
- Thng s quan trc: 28 thng s.
* Nm 2009:
- Thnh phn mi truong quan trc: Nuoc mt, trm tch v thuy sinh
- S dot quan trc trong nm 2009: 6 l n vo thng 3, 5, 7, 9 ,10, 11
- Dim quan trc: tai 40 dim
- Thng s quan trc: 28 thng s.
Tu nm 2008 s dot quan trc tuong di day la 6 dot/nm, v vy chi c s liu
quan trc LVS Nhu Day nm 2008 va 2009 duoc su dung cho tnh ton thu nghim.
5.2.2 Cht lng nc LVS Nhu y thng qua tng thng s
a. Sng Nhu
Sng Nhu chay qua khu vuc c mt d dn s cao, v vy n chiu tc dng rt
mnh m do cc hoat dng cua con nguoi. Sng Nhu tip nhn luong nuoc thai sinh
hoat, cng nghip rt lon tu H Ni, H Nam, dn dn cht luong nuoc sng rt km
tru mt doan ngn phia du ngun.
Kh nhiu thng s chi dap ung muc B2 voi ti l thp hon 60%. Cac thng s N-
NH4+, tng P v Coliform c t i l vuot so voi cc muc trong QCVN 08:2008 cao
nht.
Hnh: t l vt so vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT ca cc thng s ti sng Nhu
60
Kt qu tnh ton WQI
Trong ca 2 nm 2008 va 2009 gia tr i WQI trung bnh thp hon 75 tai da s cc
dimn quan trc. Nm 2009 gia tri WQI nm trong khoang 0 25, tuc cht luong nuoc
bi nhim nm 2008 co nhiu dim quan trc c gi tri WQI thp hon 25, ung voi
cht luong nuoc rt nhim.
Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc
Nhn xt
Cht luong nuoc danh gia theo WQI nm 2009 th p hon nm 2008 trn sng
Nhu, kt qua ny ph hop voi danh gia theo tung thng s (nm 2009 co 3 thng s
khng dap ung duoc voi muc B2 voi ti l rt cao).
b. Sng y
Sng Day cng tip nhn ngun nuoc thai rt lon tu cc tinh H Ni, H Nam,
Ninh Bnh, Nam Dinh, tuy nhin luu luong nuoc sng Day lon hon sng Nhu nn
muc d nhim tai sng Day thp hon sng Nhu. Chi c mt s thng s vuot muc
B2 voi ti l thp hon 20%. Hai thng s c muc d nhim lon nht l N-NH
4
+
v
Coliform
61
Hnh: t l vt so vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT ca cc thng s ti sng y
Kt qu tnh ton WQI
Nm 2008, nhiu cac dim quan trc c gi tri WQI nm trong khoang 51 - 75,
tuy nhin nm 2009 gi tri WQI lai nm trong khoang 0 25
Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc
Nhn xt
Theo nhu kt qua tinh toan WQI nm 2008 cht luong nuoc c th su dung cho
muc dich cp nuoc sinh hoat (muc 76 90) dat dn 36%, tuy nhin nm 2009 t i l ny
giam xung duoi 5%. Nguyn nhn cua diu ny l do thng s N-NH4+ v Tng
Coliform khng dap ung voi ti l B2 kh cao.
c. Cc sng ni thnh H Ni
62
Cc sng ni thnh H Ni bao gm sng Lu, sng St v sng T Lich, cc
sng ny nhn truc tip nuoc thai sinh hoat cua H Ni. Cht luong nuoc cc sng ny
rt nhim, rt nhiu thng s vuot muc B2 dn trn 80%.
Hnh: t l vt so vi QCVN 08:2008 ca cc thng s ti cc sng trong H Ni
Kt qu tnh ton WQI
Gi tri WQI tai da s cac dim qan trc thp hon 25, tuc cht luong nuoc dang bi
nhim nng.
Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc
Nhn xt
63
Kt qua tnh ton WQI cho thy cht luong cc sng ni thnh H Ni dang bi
nhim, vic danh gia tung thng s cng cho thy ti l vuot qu muc B2 rt cao di
voi nhiu thng s. Nnm 2008 mt s mu quan trc c gi tri WQI nm trong
khoang 51 76 (cht luong nuoc c th su dung cho tuoi tiu) ung voi mt s dot
quan trc trong thoi gian H Ni co luong mua lon.
d. Cc nhnh sng khc
Cht luong nuoc cc nhnh sng khc thuc LVS Nhu Day dap ung kh tt voi
muc B2, ti l cc mu vuot muc B2 thuong thp hon 20%. Cc thng s N-NH4+ v
Coliform c muc d nhim cao nht.
Hnh: t l vt so vi QCVN 08:2008 ca cc thng s ti cc sng khc
Kt qu tnh ton WQI
Gi tri WQI tromh nm 2008 nm trong khoang 51- 75, trong nm 2009 nm
trong khoang 0 25.
64
Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc
Nhn xt
Cht luong nuoc cac sng khac theo nhu kt qua tnh ton WQI phn ha trong
nhiu muc khac nhau. Nm 2009 t i l cc mu quan trc c cht luong nuoc nm trong
khoang 0 25 (nuoc bi nhim) kh cao, kt qua danh gia cht luong nuoc thng qua
tung thng s cng chi ra trong nm 2009, thng s Tng Coliform cng khng dap
ung duoc muc B2 voi ti l cao.
5.1.3 Mt s kt qu tnh ton WQI khc i vi LVS Nhu y
Danh gia din bin cht luong nuoc theo nm.
Tai tt ca cac dim quan trc trn LVS Nhu Day chi s WQI trung bnh nm
2009 thp hon nm 2008.
63
Biu : Gi tr WQI trung bnh cc im quan trc thuc LVS Nhu y
66
D thi dang hp th hin rt r su phn b cc gi tri WQI v bin thin gi tri
WQI giua cac nm cng nhu giua cc nhnh sng. Cht luong nuoc tai tt ca cc
nhanh sng nm 2009 thp hon nm 2008. Cc gi tri WQI cng c su bin thin kh
lon trong cng mt nhnh sng trong cng mt nm.
Hnh : th dng hp gi tr WQI ca LVS Cu,
gi tr hai u mt l bch phn 95 v 5, hai u ca hp l bch phn 25 v 75, du
* l gi tr trung bnh WQI ca cc im quan trc trong cng mt nm.
ng gp ca cc thng s vo chs WQI cui cng:
Gi tri WQI phu cua cc nhm thng s cng cao th chi s WQI cui cng cng
cao, tuy nhin WQI cui cng cn phu thuc vao tuong quan gi ua cc gi tri WQI
phu. Nu mt trong s cc nhm WQI phu c gi tri rt thp th WQI cui cng cng
thp cho d gi tri cua nhm WQI phu khc cao. Qua biu d x.x ta nhn thy nhung
dim quan trc c gi tri WQI cao nht th ca 3 nhm chi s phu du cao va kha dng
du nhau.
67
th: ng gp ca cc nhm thng s vo ch s WQI cui cng
(s liu c sp xp theo th t tng dn ca WQI, cc nhm ch s ph l trung
bnh ca WQI ph trong nm 2008 - 2009).
68
VI. KT LUN
Phuong phap tinh toan WQI d duoc d xut dua trn nhung phuong phap lun
v WQI p dung ph bin nht hin nay, v vy dy la phuong phap co co s o khoa hoc
vung chc.
Kt qua tnh ton thu nghim d cho thy phuong phap WQI d xut ph hop
trong vic danh gia hin trang v din bin cht luong nuoc.
D xut p dung rng ri trong vic danh gia cht luong nuoc, phn vng cht
luong nuoc.
69
BI TP
Vi ngun s liu sau:
- S liu cua 3 dot quan trc cua mt s dim quan trc nuoc mt luc dia
- Loai s liu: s liu quan trc dinh ky
Yu cu:
- Tnh WQI cua tung dim quan trc trong tung dot
- V biu d so snh WQI giua cac dim quan trc trong cung 1 dot
- V bin d so snh WQI giua cac dot quan trc
S liu quan trc cho trong cc bng di y
1. Bi tp 1
Chuong trnh quan trc LVS Cu nm 2009.
t 1 nm 2009
TT im QT DO t
o
C COD BOD5 TSS N-Nh4 Coliform pH c
P-
PO4
mg/l
o
C mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100ml NTU mg/l
1 Cu Ph 7.3 25.4 11 2 20 0.27 2600 8.0 81 0.02
2 Thc Ging 7.4 24.6 8 1 12 0.09 3100 7.8 7 0.02
3 Cu moi 7.3 26.5 10 1 22 0.10 2900 8.1 19 0.02
4 Vn Lang 7.2 23.1 8 1 18 0.09 2700 8.1 15 0.02
5 Ho Bnh 7 24.9 10 4 30 0.13 6800 7.9 21 0.05
6 Son cm 7.1 25.6 7 5 45 0.18 7200 8.0 11 0.04
7 Hoang Vn Thu 6.9 26.3 11 3 48 0.32 3000 6.7 91 0.02
t 2 nm 2009
TT im QT DO t
o
C COD BOD5 TSS N-Nh4 Coliform pH c P-PO4
mg/l
o
C mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100l NTU mg/l
1 Cu Ph 7.4 29.6 5 2 5 0.11 24000 7.8 72 0.03
2 Thc Ging 7.3 28.4 5 2 5 0.08 14000 7.5 20 0.02
3 Cu moi 6.7 27.9 6 2 16 0.04 27500 7.9 60 0.02
4 Vn Lang 6.8 28.1 5 2 35 0.09 15000 7.9 30 0.06
5 Ho Bnh 6.4 27.3 6 1 22 0.39 27000 7.2 35 0.03
6 Son cm 6.5 29.5 9 1 32 0.07 56000 7.6 30 0.02
70
7 Hoang Vn Thu 5.9 27.6 8 2 27 0.09 17500 7.1 101 0.03
t 3 nm 2009
TT im QT DO t
o
C COD BOD5 TSS N-Nh4 Coliform pH c P-PO4
mg/l
o
C mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100l NTU mg/l
1 Cu Ph 7.5 31.2 9 4 8 0.62 15500 7.4 75 0.04
2 Thc Ging 7.5 31.2 9 4 6 0.11 9500 7.0 55 0.05
3 Cu moi 6.9 29.5 11 4 11 0.43 6000 7.8 88 0.02
4 Vn Lang 7 30.4 10 3 16 0.53 7000 7.9 46 0.02
5 Ho Bnh 6.8 32.0 9 2 42 0.18 16000 7.2 77 0.05
6 Son cm 6.8 31.4 7 2 59 0.21 5500 7.6 87 0.03
7 Hoang Vn Thu 6 29.2 9 4 26 0.49 29500 7.3 173 0.04
2. Bi tp 2
Chuong trnh quan trc LVS Nhu Day nm 2009.
t 1 nm 2009
TT im QT DO t
o
C BOD5 COD N-NH4 P-PO4 TSS Coliform c pH
mg/l
o
C mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100ml NTU
1 Cng Lin Mac 8.37 21.2 1 5 0.24 0.03 25.5 10800 23.6 7.9
2 Phc La 4.66 22.1 10 55 11.07 1.19 51.0 7700 56.0 7.3
3 Cu T 1.91 22.6 9 43 10.67 1.17 49.0 14900 57.2 7.5
4 Cu Da 1.88 23.1 6 46 9.19 0.95 57.0 9300 69.0 7.4
5 Cu Chic 1.12 20.5 4 29 9.00 2.71 134.0 12600 115.0 7.4
6 Dng Quan 5.92 22.6 4 32 8.00 0.65 63.0 9600 40.5 6.3
7 Cng Thn 6.90 21.4 6 27 5.42 0.59 44.0 6200 65.4 7.8
8 Cng Nht Tuu 6.50 23.1 5 30 4.66 0.24 58.0 7100 68.7 7.3
9 D Kiu 5.57 20.4 2 20 6.73 0.13 48.0 6400 45.5 7.5
10 Cu Hng Ph 6.33 19.6 3 26 2.51 0.06 32.0 7600 36.6 7.5
t 2 nm 2009
TT im QT DO toC BOD5 COD N-NH4 P-PO4 TSS Coliform c pH
mg/l oC mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100ml NTU
71
1 Cng Lin Mac 7.50 24.3 2 11 0.49 0.03 65.0 27000 120.0 7.7
2 Phc La 8.30 24.6 4 13 4.07 0.63 111.0 140000 110.0 7.3
3 Cu T 2.40 25.6 4 12 3.29 0.63 122.0 57500 225.0 7.1
4 Cu Da 2.20 24.1 5 17 3.54 0.61 182.0 91000 230.0 7.2
5 Cu Chic 4.10 25.7 5 16 3.57 0.59 144.0 117500 180.0 7.2
6 Dng Quan 2.60 24.8 8 18 11.81 1.38 59.0 64500 78.0 7.3
7 Cng Thn 5.60 25.6 4 16 3.95 0.40 68.0 4500 58.0 7.5
8 Cng Nht Tuu 4.20 24.5 4 17 4.20 0.47 34.5 25500 28.0 7.3
9 D Kiu 7.80 26.3 5 15 3.45 0.30 58.0 19000 77.0 6.6
10 Cu Hng Ph 4.40 24.1 5 12 0.88 0.08 33.0 18500 36.0 7.4
t 3 nm 2009
TT im QT DO toC BOD5 COD N-NH4 P-PO4 TSS Coliform

c
pH
mg/l oC mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100ml NTU
1 Cng Lin Mac 7.00 28.6 1 9 0.60 0.12 119.0 22500 470.0 7.6
2 Phc La 3.50 26.4 13 25 3.14 0.56 30.0 22000 150.0 7.6
3 Cu T 3.60 27.6 4 16 3.34 0.46 244.0 83500 420.0 7.9
4 Cu Da 2.70 28.4 4 19 3.45 0.54 398.0 20000 500.0 7.9
5 Cu Chic 3.10 29.6 6 20 5.93 0.68 10.0 41000 150.0 7.7
6 Dng Quan 3.60 27.6 18 25 5.28 0.87 30.0 8500 72.0 7.5
7 Cng Thn 3.60 26.5 7 23 4.49 0.53 45.0 29000 77.0 7.6
8 Cng Nht Tuu 5.50 27.4 3 21 2.79 0.29 19.0 24500 67.0 7.5
9 D Kiu 4.60 26.9 10 22 2.04 0.22 30.0 14000 67.0 7.2
10 Cu Hng Ph 4.60 27.8 8 22 2.74 0.22 22.0 191000 13.0 7.7
3. Bi tp 3
Chuong trnh quan trc LVS Dng Nai Si Gn nm 2009.
t 1 nm 2009
STT V tr ly mu pH t
o
C c TSS BOD5 COD DO
N-
NH4 P-PO4 Coliform
o
C NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100ml
1 H Du Ting 1 6.78 30.8 9.9 8.5 3.8 8.8 5.70 0.122 0.053 210
72
2
Chn dp Du
Ting
6.99 30.8 12.0 16.5 1.7 5.6 3.68 0.608 0.207 90
3 Cu Bn Sc 6.61 31.1 53.0 31.3 5.3 14.0 3.22 0.168 0.126 40
4 Sng Thi Tnh 7.16 30.2 164.0 99.0 13.0 32.8 2.39 2.428 0.641 230
5 Cua sng Thi Tnh 5.91 30.3 44.0 55.0 13.6 34.4 2.02 0.314 0.138 210
6 Bn Than 6.24 29.9 43.0 53.5 5.6 11.6 2.94 0.230 0.162 230
7 Cu Ph Long 6.50 30.0 12.9 17.0 8.9 28.0 3.04 0.246 0.166 440
t 2 nm 2009
STT V tr ly mu pH t
o
C c TSS BOD5 COD DO N-NH4
P-
PO4 Coliform
o
C NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100ml
1 H Du Ting 1 8.64 30.8 1.0 5.0 2.3 4.8 6.7 0.249 0.035 30
2
Chn dp Du
Ting
7.02 29.5 3.0 6.0 2.9 5.7 5.9 0.269 0.049 11000
3 Cu Bn Sc 6.83 29.8 33.0 23.5 6.5 17.1 4.1 0.232 0.184 1500
4 Sng Thi Tnh 6.31 29.0 140.0 87.0 12.9 36.2 2.7 1.251 0.620 2900
5
Cua sng Thi
Tnh
6.31 29.0 36.0 24.0 9.3 20.9 3.6 0.236 0.103 24000
6 Bn Than 6.32 29.3 39.0 27.5 7.1 17.1 3.9 0.259 0.576 530
7 Cu Ph Long 6.35 29.7 33.0 18.5 9.2 21.9 3.6 0.461 0.164 21000
t 3 nm 2009
STT V tr ly mu pH t
o
C c TSS BOD5 COD DO N-NH4
P-
PO4 Coliform
o
C NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100ml
1 H Du Ting 1 6.90 27.8 7.0 4.5 1.2 3.1 6.62 0.222 0.003 530
2
Chn dp Du
Ting
6.41 29.5 28.0 19.0 1.3 5.0 5.61 0.777 0.060 930
3 Cu Bn Sc 6.12 29.0 98.0 64.5 6.7 19.2 4.23 0.259 0.161 2300
4 Sng Thi Tnh 6.27 29.6 121.0 72.5 4.8 13.4 5.24 0.648 0.347 530
5
Cua sng Thi
Tnh
5.98 29.3 119.0 71.0 9.8 22.3 3.59 0.401 0.216 15000
6 Bn Than 6.43 29.1 135.0 74.0 11.7 25.9 2.67 0.666 0.249 2400
7 Cu Ph Long 6.34 28.4 64.0 22.0 10.5 21.1 1.93 0.035 0.197 440
73
P N
1. Bi tp 1
Kt qua tinh toan WQI dot 1
Kt qua tinh toan WQI dot 2
Kt qua tinh toan WQI dot 3
74
D thi WQI dot 1
D thi WQI trong 3 dot
2. Bi tp 2
Kt qua tinh toan WQI dot 1
Kt qua tinh toan WQI dot 2
73
Kt qua tinh toan WQI dot 3
D thi WQI dot 1
D thi WQI trong 3 dot
3. Bi tp 3
76
Kt qua tinh toan WQI dot 1
Kt qua tinh toan WQI dot 2
Kt qua tinh toan WQI dot 3
D thi WQI dot 1
77
D thi WQI trong 3 dot
1I LIu 1nAM knC
78
1. The Mekong river card on water quality, Volume 2: December 2009 An
assessment of potential Human Impacts to Mekong river water quality
2. Development of Water Quality Indices for Surface Water Quality Evaluation in
Vietnam, Thesis for Ph.D.`s Degree Pham Thi Minh Hanh
3. Canadian Water Quality Guideline for the Protection of Aquatic Life - Water
Quality Index Technical Subcommittee - The Canadian Council of Ministers of the
Environment
4. Oregon Water Quality Index: a Tool for Evaluting Water Quality Manegment
Effectiveness Journal of the American water resources association
5. Assessing the water quality index of water treament pla n and bore well, in Delhi,
India, M.K Chaturvedi, J.K Bassin
6. Turtle Lake Water Quality Index, Turtle Lake Watershed Inc, June 13, 2005
7. Integrated Water Quality Assessment for Florida: 305 (b) methodlogy, 2006 305(b)
Report and 303(d) List Update
8. San Francisco Bay Water Quality Index - INDICATOR ANALYSIS AND
EVALUATION
9. Water Quality Index as Applied to Fall Creek - Marion County Health Department,
Department of Water Quality and Hazardous Materials Management Department.
10. Nghin cuu chi s cht luong nuoc d danh gia va quan l cht luong nuoc h
thng sng Dng Nai - TS. Tn Tht Lng, Truong Cao dng Ti nguyn v Mi
truong TP. H Ch Minh
11. Nghin cuu phn vng cht luong nuoc theo cc chi s cht luong nuoc (WQI) v
danh gia kha nng ap dung cc ngun nuoc sng, knh rach o vng thnh ph H Ch
Minh L Trnh, Nguyn Th Lc
12. Phn vng cht luong nuoc cc sng h khu vuc thnh ph H Ni v thnh ph
H Ch Minh theo cc m hnh chi s cht luong nuoc - L Trnh, Duong Thai Bnh,
Nguyn Tn Lc, L Quc Hng.
13. Bi giang 'Chi s cht luong mi truong Khoa Mi truong, Dai hoc Da Lat

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