PHN 1

T VN
Cht lng ca cc sn phm thc phm khng ch bao gm gi tr v mt
dinh dng m cn c gi tr v mt cm quan cng nh v sinh an ton thc
phm. Trong , mu sc l ch tiu bt buc v rt quan trng khi nh gi cht
lng ca bt k mt sn phm thc phm no. Mt sn phm c mu sc p s
gp phn li ko s ch ca khch hng. Hn na, mu sc ca cc sn phm
thc phm cn c tc dng sinh l rt r rt. Mu sc thch hp s gp phn gip
c th ng ha thc phm d dng hn 5.
Do , trong k thut sn xut thc phm ngi ta khng ch quan tm n
vic bo v mu sc t nhin m cn to ra v b sung vo thc phm nhng cht
mu mi thch hp vi tnh cht v trng thi s dng ca chng.
Tuy nhin, vn s dng cht mu thc phm hin nay ang tn ti rt
nhiu bt cp. Vic v hay c b sung vo thc phm nhng cht mu khng
c php hoc s dng vt qu liu lng quy nh v ang gy nh hng
nghim trng n vn v sinh an ton thc phm, lm nh hng n sc kho
v gy hoang mang tm l ngi tiu dng.
Chnh v iu m hin nay trn th gii, ngi ta ang tp trung nhiu
nghin cu tm cch hn ch ti a nhng tn tht ca sc t trong qu trnh bo
qun, ch bin ng thi tch chit cc nhm sc t t nhng loi nguyn liu t
nhin r tin hay tn dng cc ph ph phm thu nhn cc nhm sc t lm cht
mu tng hp v ng dng vo ngnh cng ngh thc phm. l do sc t t
nhin c u im vt tri hn, chng khng gy c tnh cho con ngi, m bo
v sinh an ton thc phm hn so vi cc sc t tng hp nhn to (phm mu),
mc d cc nhm sc t t nhin li c nhc im l rt d b bin i v tn tht
trong cc iu kin mi trng

Trong n ny, ti c nhim v Nghin cu v sc t Chlorophyll trong

rau qu v nhng bin i ca n trong qu trnh bo qun v ch bin nhm tm
hiu mt cch su sc v ton din v bn cht v tc dng ca Chlorophyll, hm
lng, tnh cht ca n v nhng bin i ca chng trong cc sn phm rau qu.
T rt ra c cc bin php pht huy ti a gi tr ca nhm sc t ny
trong cng ngh thc phm.

PHN 2
NI DUNG NGHIN CU
2.1. Tng quan v sc t trong rau qu
Sc t l nhng hp cht ha hc quy nh mu sc ca nguyn liu hoc
sn phm. Mi loi nguyn liu rau qu th c mt mu sc c trng khc nhau,
l do thnh phn v t l hm lng cng nh cng mu ca cc loi sc t
c trong nguyn liu . Khi n ung, mu sc ca sn phm s gy n tng tt,
to cho con ngi cm gic hp dn, d chu, n ung thy ngon hn, thch th hn
nh tng c mc tiu ha v lm tng gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm.
Chnh v vy, sc t c xem nh mt ch tiu nh gi cht lng cm quan
v mu sc ca cc sn phm thc phm c bit l trong cc sn phm rau qu.
Mu sc ca thc phm trc ht dng nh gi ngun gc ca nguyn
liu. Mi loi nguyn liu thng c mu sc c trng nhn bit, v d nh c
chua c mu , rau c mu xanh, bp ci c mu trng hoc tm Nh vy mu
sc l ch tiu cm quan xem xt cht lng ca sn phm.
Mt khc, mu ca sn phm cng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh ch bin
hoc phi trn nhiu nguyn liu vi nhau to thnh di tc ng ca cc yu t
k thut nh nhit , pH V d bnh m lun c mu vng nu do phn ng
caramen, xi gc lun c mu ca gc Khi ch bin ng k thut, mu sc
ca sn phm thng rt c trng, thng nhng mu sc ni bt s thu ht c
ngi tiu dng.
Ngoi tc dng to mu sc th cc sc t cn c nhiu tc dng sinh l ng
qu khc nh kh nng chng oxy ha, ngn nga ung th, cha bnh tim mch,
ci thin chc nng mt v rt nhiu cc bnh khc, ty theo tng nhm sc t m
c chc nng ring.

2.1.1. Nhm sc t t nhin

C nhiu quan nim khc nhau v vic phn loi cht mu thc phm. Do
, vic phn loi cht mu thc phm khng mang tnh tuyt i [8]. Da theo
ngun gc xut hin, cht mu thc phm c phn thnh: cht mu c sn trong
nguyn liu, cht mu hnh thnh trong qu trnh ch bin v cht mu c thm
vo vi t cch l phm mu ph gia 5.
Cc sc t t nhin l nhng sc t c sn trong thc vt hoc ng vt c
to nn trong qu trnh sng thch ng vi tng loi. Sc t t nhin gm c mt s
nhm chnh:
2.1.1.1. Carotenoid
Nhm sc t mu vng, da cam v mu . Carotenoid c tm thy khng
ch thc vt (c rt, c chua, t , cam) m cn vi khun, nm, to v ng
vt. Cho n nay, c hn 600 carotenoid c phn lp v xc nh. Mt s sc
t tiu biu ca nhm cht mu ny l: caroten (C40H56), xanthophyl (C40HnOm),
capxanthin, licopen Carotenoid bn di tc dng ca pH mi trng v cht
kh, nhng khng bn di tc dng ca nhit v nh sng. Carotenoid tan
trong cht bo v cc dung mi hu c, khng tan trong nc.
Carotenoid cng c kh nng hunh quang nh m nng lng nh sng
do nhm ny hp th c th truyn sang cho chlorophyll chuyn n 2 tm
quang hp. Chc nng chnh ca nhm sc t ny l hp th nng lng nh sng
ri truyn sang cho chlorophyll.
Mt chc nng rt quan trng khc ca carotenoid l bo v chlorophyll.
C th xem carotenoid l ci lc nh sng thu bt nng lng ca cc tia bc x
c nng lng ln, nh bo v cho chlorophyll trnh b phn hu khi chu tc
ng ca cc tia bc x c nng lng ln. Xanthophyll tham gia vo cc phn ng
phn li nc.

2.1.1.2. Flavonoid
Gm c anthocyan v flavon, trong anthocyan l nhng sc t c mu t
tm ta n xanh, c nhiu trong nho, cherry, bp ci tm
Sc t t nhin th c nhiu u im ni tri hn v c bit l hu nh
khng c tnh c hi. Nhng n li c nhc im ln l rt d b bin i di
tc dng ca nhit , oxy, nh sng, pHv nhng g thuc v thin nhin th
cng thng c tnh hu hn khng p ng ht nhu cu ca con ngi.
Phn ln cc flavonoid c mu vng. Ngoi ra, cn c nhng cht mu xanh,
tm, , hoc khng mu. Flavonoid c mt trong tt c cc b phn ca cc loi
thc vt bc cao, c bit l hoa, to cho hoa nhng mu sc rc r quyn r
cc loi cn trng gip cho s th phn ca cy.
Trong cy, flavonoid gi vai tr l cht bo v, chng oxy ho, bo tn acid
ascorbic trong t bo, ngn cn mt s tc nhn gy hi cho cy (vi khun, virus,
cn trng,), mt s cn c tc dng iu ho s sinh trng ca cy ci.
L nhm sc t lm cho rau qu c nhiu mu khc nhau, t n tm
(nho, c tm, bp ci..). Mu ch tn ti lp v ngoi mt s loi rau qu nh
cherries, to v mn.

Hnh 2.1. Cu to ca anthocyanin

V bn cht ha hc, anthocyanin l glucoside khi b thy phn cho ng

v anthocianidin. Anthocyanin ha tan trong nc d dng v c tnh st trng. C
th b ph hu bi nhit, pH, enzym v s hin din ca kim loi. Mu tm hoc
xanh anthocyanin trong mi trng kim chuyn thnh khi b sung acid.
Anthocyanin chuyn sang tm v xanh khi phn ng vi kim loi.
2.1.1.4. Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll l sc t mu xanh l cy c tm thy trong tt c cc cy
xanh cng nh cc loi to xanh 5. y l sc t chu trch nhim cho qu trnh
quang hp thc vt. N c mu t xanh oliu n xanh lc thm ty thuc vo
lng magie kt hp.
Gm c clorofil a, b, c, d nhng chim ch yu l clorofil a, b.
Clorofil c mu xanh l (mu lc), cn gi l dip lc t. Clorofil a c mu
xanh lam, Clorofil b c mu xanh vng. T l ca hai loi l 3/1. Hm lng cht
dip lc cng cao th mu xanh cng m .
Clorofil ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh quang hp, l ngun ch yu
to ra hp cht hu c v l ngun duy nht sinh ra oxy t do.

Khi un nng trong mi trng acid

b thay th bi

to thnh pheophytin c mu vng a, i khi c mu en sm

Di tc dng ca Fe, Sn, Al, Cu th Mg trong clorofil s thay

th v s cho mu sc khc nhau:

+ Fe cho mu nu
+ Sn v Al cho mu xm
+ Cu cho mu xanh sng

2.1.2. Nhm sc t tng hp nhn to

Sc t tng hp nhn to l cc sc t c tng hp hu c t cc nguyn
liu t nhin. Cc sc t ny th rt n nh di cc iu kin mi trng, a dng
v mu sc, d s dng, bo qun v s lng ln p ng c nhu cu ca con
ngi, nhng n li c nhc im l tn d trong thc phm th gy ra nhng c
hi cho ngi tiu dng. Trong thc phm th sc t tng hp nhn to ch yu
c s dng trong sn xut bnh ko, sn xut cc loi nc ung gii kht, sn
xut hp, hp rau qu Khi s dng phi tun theo quy nh v c gii hn
liu lng cho php.
Trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun cc sn phm th mu sc thng km
i, b bin i mu hoc b mt mu. gi mu sc cho thc phm th c 4 bin
php nh sau [1].
- Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh bo ton ti a mu sc ca t nhin c sn
trong nguyn liu thc phm. V d chn rau nhanh qua nc si gi mu xanh
cho rau
- Tch, c c, bo qun cc cht mu tch ra t nguyn liu, sau dng n
nhum mu cho cc sn phm khc. V d tch mu ca gc nhum xi
- Tng hp nhn to cc cht mu ging nh mu ca sn phm thc phm.
- Dng cc bin php k thut iu chnh cc phn ng theo chiu to ra
cht mu mi t nhng hp phn c trong nguyn liu. V d to mu nu en
bng phn ng oxy ha polyphenol trong cng ngh sn xut ch en
2.2. Sc t Chlorophyll
2.2.1. Gii thiu chung
Chlorophyll c phn lp ln u bi Joseph Bienaim Caventou and
Pierre Joseph Pelletiervo nm 1817 [9].
Nm 1913, Richard Willstatter l mt nh ha hc ngi c ch ra tt
c cc nng lng sng u nh mt tri. Cy xanh c mt cch no gi

nng lng mt tri. Nm 1919, ng gii thch c chc nng ca cht gi

nng lng mt tri chnh l Chlorophyll. Thc vt bc cao c l xanh t
mnh hp th c nng lng bc x v chuyn ha thnh nng lng d tr
trong c th hay gi l qu trnh quang hp. Qu trnh quang hp s dng nng
lng ca nh sng mt tri c hp th bi cht dip lc (chlorophyll), phn
tch nc thnh hydro v oxy sau tng hp thnh cc cht hu c - cht dinh
dng phc v cho bn thn chng v hu ht cc sinh vt trn tri t, ng thi
to ra oxy v thit lp s cn bng Oxy-Nit-Cacbonic cho bu kh quyn.
Cu trc tng qut ca chlorophyll c Hans Fischer tm ra vo nm 1940
v n nm 1960 cu trc lp th ca chlorophyll a c lm sng t hon ton
v hu ht cc lp th ca chlorophyll c bit n.
Nm 1967, vic gii thch lp th cn li cui cng c hon thnh bi
Ian Fleming [10], [17]. Chlorophyll d (hay f ) c cng b nm 2010 tn ti
vi khun lam v cc vi sinh vt hiu kh khc c kh

nng hnh

thnh

stromatolites [17]. Chlorophyll c cng thc phn t l C55H70O6N4Mg v cu

trc

2-formyl.
Tuy nhin mu sc ca thc vt, ngoi cht dip lc (chlorophyll) cho mu

xanh th thc vt cn c dip hong t (carotenoid) gm: caroten cho mu vng

cam, xantophyll cho mu , v flavonoid c mu hn hp vng, xanh, ta, ,
trong c anthocyanins cho mu c trng.
2.2.2. Cu trc ca Chlorophyll
Cu trc ho hc ca chlorophyll l gn ging hemoglobin mu ngi,
cng gm 4 nhm heme gn vi mt nguyn t kim loi, ngi l nguyn t st,
cn thc vt v to, nguyn t magi (Mg) thay th cho nguyn t st. Ngi ta
cn gi cht dip lc (chlorophyll) l mu ca thc vt.

Hnh 2.2. Cu trc ha hc ca chlorophyll

Cu trc c bn ca chlorophyll l nhn porphyrin. Nhn porphyrin do 4
vng pyrol ni vi nhau bng cc cu metyl to thnh vng khp kn (cc cu
=CH- cha no ni 4 vng pyrol li vi nhau), trn ton b vng porphyrin c 8
nguyn t C, c cc nhm thay th c th chuyn ha ln nhau. Vng pyrol
th IV trng thi kh (gia C7 v C8 khng c ni i) v c mt gc acid. Cu
C ni vng pyrol III v pyrol IV to nn mt vng kh V, vng ny khng cha
N v qua l mt gc acid gn vo v gc ny c th b ester ha bng ru
metylic, to thnh gc COOCH3. Gia nhn c nguyn t Mg to nn cu trc
dng hem, l phn quan trng nht v n quyt nh mu xanh lc ca dip lc.
Bn cnh cc vng pyrol cn c vng ph th 5. iu c bit quan trng l
trn nhn porphyrin hnh thnh 10 ni i cch l c s ca hot tnh quang ho
ca chlorophyll. T nhn porphyrin c hai gc ru l metol (CH3OH) v fytol
(C20H39OH) ni vo ti C10 v C7.
C nhiu loi phn t chloropyll. Cc loi chlorophyll u c phn cu trc
ging nhau, l nhn porphyrin v 2 gc ru. Mi loi chloropyll c c

trng ring bi cc nhm bn khc nhau to nn mt s tnh cht khc nhau.

Chlorophyll l cht c hot tnh ho hc cao, va c tnh acid, va c tnh kim.
c bit chloropyll c nhng tnh cht l hc quan trng gip cho chng thc hin
chc nng trong quang hp.
Tnh cht l hc quan trng nht l chlorophyll c kh nng hp th nng
lng ng sng chn lc. Quang ph hp th cc i ca chlorophyll vng tia xanh
(: 430-460 nm) v vng nh sng (: 620-700 nm). Nh kh nng hp th nh
sng mnh nn chloropyll c hot tnh quang ho. Khi hp th nng lng t cc
lng t nh sng, nng lng ca cc lng t lm bin i cu trc
ca chlorophyll lm cho phn t chlorophyll tr thnh trng thi giu nng lng
trng thi kch ng in t. trng thi phn t chlorophyll thc hin cc
phn ng quang ho tip theo.
Mt tnh cht quan trng khc ca chlorophyll l c kh nng hunh quang.
Nh kh nng hunh quang m nng lng c truyn qua cc h sc t tp
trung vo hai tm quang hp.
Nh nhng tnh cht trn nn chlorophyll l sc t c vai tr quan trng
trong quang hp. Chlorophyll tip nhn nng lng nh sng truyn nng lng
nh sng thnh nng lng in t ca chlorophyll ri bin i nng lng in
t thnh nng lng ho hc tch tr trong ATP cung cp cho qu trnh tng hp
cht hu c.
2.2.3. Phn loi
2.2.3.1.Chlorophyll a (C55H72O5N4Mg)
Chlorophyll a c tm thy trong tt c cc sinh vt nhn chun c bit
n quang hp. Trong s cc sinh vt nhn s, n c tm thy vi s lng ln
ch c vi khun lam, mc d du vt bin th nh ca chlorophyll a c tm
thy trong mt s vi khun anoxygenic, vi khun lu hunh mu xanh l cy v
heliobacteria, ni m n c mt chc nng quan trng nh l mt trung gian trong

chui vn chuyn in t . Mt s prochlorophytes cha divinyl chlorophyll a,

trong cc nhm th ti v tr C-8 trn vng B l vinyl thay v ethyl.
Mt bin th quan trng ca chlorophyll a l chlorophyll a'. Sc t ny khc
vi chlorophyll a ch trong ha hc lp th ti v tr C-132. S gim oxy ha quang
ph v c tnh ca chlorophyll a tng t nh chlorophyll a. Hin nay nhiu
bng chng cho thy rng chlorophyll a c to thnh t chlorophyll a, mc d
cc gi nh C-132 cht enzyme tn ti trong mt s cy v ng vt cha c xc
nh.
Chlorophyll a ta thy cc tia xanh v c hp th cn tia lc khng
c hp th. Tia lc khng c cc sc t hp th v phn chiu vo mt ta do
ta thy l c mu lc.
2.2.3.2. Chlorophyll b (C55H70O6N4Mg)
Chlorophyll b ging ht chlorophyll a ngoi tr ti mt v tr l C-7, ni mt
nhm formyl (-CHO) thay th nhm methyl (-CH3). S thay i ny thay i s
hp thu ti a cc bc sng ngn hn. Chlorophyll b phn ln c trong cc sinh
vt nhn chun quang hp, ngoi tr cc to v to nu. Trong sinh vt nhn s
quang hp n ch c tm thy trong prochlorophytes.
2.2.3.3. Chlorophyll c
Cht dip lc c phn ln him thy, trong n khng c ui isoprenoid v
cng khng c vng D gim ( thiu gc phytol tail_ C20H39OH ). V vy bng
phng php ha hc phn loi nh porphyrin, v khng phi l mt chlorin.
Chlorophyll c c tm thy ring bit trong cc nhm khc nhau ca to bin nh
to ct. N hot ng nh l mt ph kin thu nh sng, trong sc t phc hp
protein tng t chlorophyll b thc vt v to xanh. C mt vi bin th cu trc
ca chlorophyll c, trong khc nhau trong mt s nhm th vng ngoi vi.

2.2.3.4.Chlorophyll d
Chlorophyll d khc chlorophyll a ch mt vi im: cc nhm th v tr C-3
l mt nhm formyl trong chlorophyll d, thay v nhm vinyl ti chlorophyll a,
chlorophyll d c bit n nh l mt du vt thnh phn ca to nht nh v
c cho rng l khng c tht. Tuy nhin, vo nm 1996 mt loi vi khun
Cyanobacteria acaryochloris ( nhn gi ), c pht hin nh l mt s cng sinh
trong mt s ng vt khng xng sng bin. Sinh vt ny c cha chlorophyll
d nh l cc sc t chnh, v n cng cha chlorophyll a v sc t bilin.
Chlorophyll d l ng lc v cu trc trung gian gia chlorophyll a v
bacteriochlorophyll a, m c gi rng n, hoc mt sc t c lin quan, c
th c c chuyn i trung gian trong qu trnh quang hp anoxygenic.

Hnh 2.3 Cu trc ha hc ca chlorophyll a, b, d

2.3 Hm lng v thnh phn chlorophyll trong rau qu [14], [17].
Trong cc phn xanh ca cy, chlorophyll c trong t chc c bit, phn
tn trong nguyn sinh cht gi l lc lp ( Chloroplast ) hay ht dip lc.
Hm lng ca chlorophyll trong cy xanh chim khong 1 cht kh.
Trong a s thc vt bc cao th t l gia chlorophyll a v chlorophyll b l: 3/1, t
l ny c th thay i da vo nhiu yu t nh loi, trng thi v mi trng (
m, sng,cht khong, ).
VD: Thc vt thng sng ni c nh sng nhiu th thng c t l
chlorophyll a cao hn so vi thc vt sng ni ti, mt.
i vi tri cy khi chn, t l (3/1) ny c khuynh hng gim xung
nhng trong vi trng hp c bit th t l ny li tng ln, do chlorophyll b b
phn hy nhanh hn chlorophyll a.

Hnh 2.3. Ht dip lc (chloroplast)

Bng 2.3. S phn b ca Chlorophyll v thnh phn cu trc ca chng
Chlorophyll a

CTPT
Nhm

Chlorophyll b

C55H72O5N4Mg C55H70O6N4Mg
CH =

CH =

Chlorophyll

C35H30O5N4Mg
CH =

Chlorophyll

C35H28O5N4Mg
CH =

Chlorophyll d

C54H70O6N4Mg
CHO

C3
Nhm

CHO

C7
Nhm
C8

CH =

Nhm
C17
Lin kt
C17-C18

Kp

Kp

Tn sut

Ph bin

a s thc vt

Cc loi To

Cc loi To

Vi khun Lam

khc nhau

khc nhau

(cyanobacteria)

2.4. Tnh cht v cc yu t nh hng n s n nh ca chlorophyll

S c mt ca sc t chlorophyll trong cc nguyn liu thc vt lm cho
chng c mu xanh lc c trng. Mu xanh t nhin c trng ny thng b bin
i trong qu trnh ch bin nhit. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l do khi t bo
cn sng, chlorophyll tn ti di dng lin kt vi protein c trong t bo, di tc
ng ca nhit cao, protein s b bin tnh v gii phng chlorophyll khi c gii
phng thng khng bn vng s chuyn thnh hp cht pheophytin c mu xanh
olive hoc nu.
V d: rau qu xanh ng hp, Cu to thnh cht dn xut vi chlorophyll
cho mu xanh sng
Enzyme chlorophylase trong rau qu c kh nng chuyn pheophytin thnh
pheophorbid c mu xanh olive hoc nu.
(1) Di tc dng ca nhit v acid cha trong dch bo ca rau qu hoc
acid c trong dung dch. Cc acid chim ly ion Mg2+ trong phn t chlorophyll v
thay th bng 2 ion H+ lm cho chng chuyn ha thnh pheophytin c mu xanh
oliu sm. Thi gian un nng cng lu th s sm mu xy ra cng mnh. V s
sm mu ny xy ra mnh hn na i vi cc loi rau qu c hm lng acid cao
[1]. V vy, nhng sn phm thc phm chua nh l me, kh, xoi b mt mu xanh
v c mu oliu ngay trong qu trnh chn. iu ny c th c gii thch l
do:mt mt protein b ng t lm v t bo b ph hy, mt khc l do lin kt
gia chlorophyll v protein b t lm chlorophyll d dng tham gia phn ng.

Hnh 2.4. S chuyn ho ca chlorophyll

Chlorophyl + 2HX Pheophytin (mu sm oliu) + MgX2

COOCH3
C32H30ON4Mg

COOCH3
+ 2HCl

C32H30ON4H2

COOC20H39
Chlorophyll a

+ MgCl2
COOC20H39

Pheophytin

(2) Khi chlorophyll tc dng vi kim nh (carbonat km v kim th) th

acid v mui acid ca dch bo s b trung ho, to thnh cc mui phc tp c

cha Mg gi l chlorophylinic acid. V kim c tc dng lm mt nhm phytin do
qu trnh x phng ho to thnh chlorophyllinic acid, metanol, ru phytol.
Acid chlorophylic hay mui ca n lm cho sn phm c mu xanh m.
C55H72O5N4Mg + NaOH

C32H30ON4Mg(COONa)2 + CH3OH + C20H39OH

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophilinic acid

C55H70O6N4Mg + NaOH

C32H28O2N4Mg(COONa)2 + CH3OH + C20H39OH

Chlorophyll b

Metanol Ru phitol

(3) Di tc dng ca Fe, Sn, Al, Cu, th Mg2+ trong chlorophyll s b thay
th v cho ra cc mu khc:
- Vi Fe cho mu nu.
- Vi Sn, Al cho mu xm.
- Vi Cu cho mu xanh sng bn
Bi vy, trong sn xut thc phm, c bit khi ch cc loi rau xanh, ngi
ta rt ch trng ti vic bo tn lng chlorophyll c sn trong nguyn liu nhm
gi mu xanh t nhin cho sn phm, bng cch:
+ Gia nhit nhanh trong mt lng nc ln (3-4 lt/kg) gim hm lng
acid. Acid lc ny s b bay i cng vi hi nc.
+ Gia nhit rau xanh trong nc cng, carbonat kim th s trung ha mt
phn acid ca dch. Do , trong sn xut cn ch n thnh phn ca nc luc
rau.
+ B sung mui Bicacbonat Natri (NaHCO3) vo nc luc rau xanh (rau
ci, rau mung).
+ Trong sn xut ch xanh, ngi ta b sung vo khi ch khi dit men mt
lng Cacbonat amon (NH4)2CO3. Nh l ch gi c mu xanh rt p.
2.5. Vai tr ca chlorophyll
- Trong qu trnh quang hp 14: Chlorophyll gi vai tr v cng quan
trng trong qu trnh quang hp, l cht u tin nhn nng lng nh sng cho h
quang hp tng hp cc cht hu c t cht v c nui sng mi sinh vt trn
tri t. Chlorophyll hp th nh sng chuyn v dng nng lng ATP (ha nng),
trong qu trnh ny xy ra cc phn ng chuyn dch electron (phn ng oxy ha
kh) to thnh cc sn phm oxy ha v kh.
Hay ni cch khc l gip cy s dng nh sng mt tri trong qu trnh
quang hp (to ra cc hp cht hu c v ngun oxy duy nht cho tri t), cho
php l cy to tinh bt t dioxyt cacbon v nc.

nh sng
6CO2 + 6H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chlorophyll

thc vt, chlorophyll thng c kh nng che khut nhng mu khc

khin cho l cy c mu xanh c trng. Nhng trong qu trnh tri cy chn hoc
l l gi th mu sc ny b thay i l do chlorophyll b mt i, thay th bng s
tng hp nhng sc t khc.
Trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm, di tc ng ca cc yu t ca mi
trng nh: pH, nhit , nc, ion kim loi, enzymes xy ra cc qu trnh
bin i mu. Cc bin i ny c th l qu trnh mt mu ca cc cht mu c
bn cht t nhin hoc l cc phn ng to mu. V s bin i ny ph thuc rt
ln vo bn cht ca cht mu v cc thng s k thut ca quy trnh ch bin [2].
Chnh v vy trong thc phm ni chung cng nh trong ngnh rau qu ni ring
Chlorophyll c s dng nh mt phm mu ph gia thc phm (t nhin hay
nhn to). Mt s nguyn liu thc vt ph bin c s dng tch chit
chlorophyll l: c linh lng, cy tm ma, rong bin... N thng c chit xut t
nguyn liu thc vt kh bng cch s dng cc loi dung mi nh: cc
hydrocacbon clo, acetone, ethanol,... 7, 8.
Ngoi ra, sn phm thng mi c th l Chlorophyll phc ng. Sn
phm ny thu c khi thm mui ng hu c vo sn phm chit t c linh lng,
tm ma v cc nguyn liu thc vt khc vi dung mi (aceton, dicloromethan,
methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol v hexan). Chlorophyll phc ng bn mu hn
so vi chlorophyll 6.

Hnh 2.5. Cu to ca Chlorophyll phc ng

Chlorophylphc ng chlorophyll phc ng
Mui natri/kali ca chlorophyll phc ng. Sn phm thu c khi cho
ng vo dch chit chlorophyll b x phng ha. Sau khi thm ng vo
chlorophylin tinh ch, nhm acid b trung tnh ha to thnh dng mui ca kali
v/hoc natrihexan. Sn phm thng mi c th dng dung dch nc hoc bt
kh 6.

Hnh 2.6. Cng thc cu to ca mui kim ca chlorophyll phc ng

S hnh thnh phc cht kim loi mu xanh lc khi lm mt mu chlorophyll
trong qu trnh x l nhit l phng php hu hiu gi cho mu sc cho rau qu
ng hp. Km v ng s thay th cho Mg trong vng porphyrin nhng lin kt
ny c phc cht kh chc chn, bn vi nhit v acid so vi phc ca Mg.

Tm li, mt sn phm c mu sc hp dn s gp phn lm tng kh nng

la chn ca khch hng. T , gip cho lng sn phm tiu th tng nhanh, gp
phn thc y qu trnh sn xut. V vy, cht mu thc phm c mt vai tr ht
sc quan trng trong ngnh cng ngh thc phm. Mc d n khng c ngha
nhiu v mt gi tr dinh dng nhng c ngha rt ln cc mt sau:
- Gia tng mu sc c hiu ca thc phm c cng mu km.
- Lm ng nht mu sc ca thc phm (vi cc nguyn liu khc nhau
mu sc sn phm sau khi ch bin c th khc nhau).
- Khi phc s mt v bin mu ca cc sn phm do tc ng ca cc qu
trnh ch bin.
- To thc phm c mu sc hp dn hn.

2.6. Nhng bin i ca chlorophyll trong ch bin v bo qun 8, 14.

Hnh 2.7. C ch phn ng cho s suy gim ca chlorophyll trong rau qu

ch bin v lu tr. a = gy ra bi nhit.

Trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun rau qu chlorophyll thng b mt i.

Chlorophyll d b chuyn ha hoc thoi bin c trong v ngoi t bo thnh mt
lot dn xut nu v xanh liu hoc thnh cc phn t khng mu (c hoc khng
c kh nng pht hunh quang), do qu trnh lm mt mu chlorophyll bng ha
cht hay nh sng.
Cc sn phm c mu nu liu: pheophytin, pheophorbide, pyropheophytin
v pyropheophorbide.
Cc sn phm c mu xanh liu: chlorophyllide, pyrochlorophyll v ng
phn ca chlorophyll l hydroxychlorophyll.
2.6.1. i n i sau hi thu hoch
Mt mu xanh l du hiu lo ha sau khi thu hoch. nhng l gi, mu c
th chuyn t xanh sang vng, , nu ty thuc vo s bin i ca chlorophyll
thnh nhng sn phm khng mu hoc b ty mu. S lo ha a ti nhng bin
i xu, dn n vic lm cht cc t bo, cc m,
S mt mu dip lc c th so snh vi s oxi ha lipid. Thc vt c c
ch bo v chng oxy ha cao gi dip lc tt hn thc vt c c ch bo v chng
oxy ha dip lc thp.
mt vi thc phm v nhng iu kin ct tr nht nh, cc m c kh
nng tng hp dip lc sau khi thu hoch, sau mi b mt.
Ethylen (

) thc y nhanh tc mt mu chlorophyll rau qu trong

khi nhit v nn p sut ( Controlled Atmosphere_ CA ) cn tr qu trnh ny.

Lers et al (1998) chng minh c ethylen y nhanh s mt mu
chlorophyll rau cn gi sau 8 ngy trong ti nhit 25C.Ngc li, nng
s lm chm cc qu trnh lo ha v v hiu ha s lo ha do ethylen thc
y.
Paradis (1996) chng t lng chlorophyll trong ci bng c gi li
sau 6 tun bo qun 2

+ 6

4C. Ngc li, 60 chlorophyll b mt

sau 4 tun bo qun ngoi tri. Tuy nhin, khi hoa c chuyn ra ngoi tri sau
khi c bo qun trong iu kin CA th lng chlorophyll gim, bp hoa vng i
v n rt nhanh.
2.6.2. i n i trong qu tr nh ch

i n

rau qu gi c lu v v hiu ha enzym, ngi ta thng x l nhit.

nhit trn 60C, t bo s cht, phn t pectin b b gy, cu trc t bo
khng th phc hi li. Trong qu trnh ln men s pht trin ca vi khun s ph
v cu trc t bo.
Chlorophyll nh v trong cc grana ca lc lp trong t bo cha b ph hy.
Khi t bo b cht trong qu trnh x l nhit, lc lp s mt, cc grana b
phn tn v cc git m c bao trong mt lp mng. Khi t bo cht b v, tnh
thm thu ca mng tng ln, acid ca dch bo c gii phng, dn ti qu trnh
mt mu chlorophyll.
S chuyn ha chlorophyll thnh pheophytin trong x l nhit ph thuc
nhit , thi gian x l v pH.
T 60C tr ln, qu trnh chuyn thnh pheophytin tng nhanh khi nhit
tng. Chlorophyll a nhy vi nhit hn chlorophyll b. broccoli juice, chlorophyll
a mt mu nhanh hn chlorophyll b gp 2 ln.
Qu trnh lm mt mu chlorophyll xy ra theo 2 giai on v s thay i v
mu sc c nhn thy khi gia nhit broccoli juice, c bit 90 v 100C. Giai
on u l pheophytin ha v giai on sau l phn hy pheophytin thnh
pyropheophytin.
Haisman v Clark (1975), a ra kt lun: 55 chlorophyll b chuyn thnh
pheophytin trong 20 pht trong diu kin x l nhit brussels sprout 80C. Tri
li, ch c 39 b chuyn ha l cy thuc l (hnh 2.8). pH ca brussels sprout
v l cy thuc l sau khi x l nhit l 6.2 v 6.0. Haisman v Clark cng kim tra

t l pheophytin hnh thnh nhit 60C 25 m cy vi pH tng dn t 4.1

n 7.2. H quan st s tng pheophytin khi pH gim. Tuy nhin, nhn chung
khng c mi lin h chung gia pheophytin v pH thp. Haisman v Clark cng
c kt lun rng s n nh chlorophyll trong nhng t bo b ph hy s tp trung
v dng t nhin ca acid dch bo v s lin kt gia chlorophyll v lipoprotein
trong lc lp.

Hnh 2.8: S chuyn ha thnh pheophytin Brussels Sprouts v l cy thuc l

sau 20 pht x l nhit ti 60, 70, 80 v 90 C
2.6.3 Ty trng ( blanching)
Nu ty khng th mu sc ca sn phm s thay i trong qu trnh bo
qun ng lnh do hot ng ca enzym chlorophyllase v peroxidase. Ngoi ra
di tc dng ca enzym lipoxygenase s hnh thnh lipid hydroperoxide v gc
hydroperoxy t do c th lm mt mu chlorophyll.
Nu ty qu mc s to ra nhng mu khng mong mun, v khi n b
pheophytin ha hon ton, hnh thnh pyropheophytin v ph hy lun lc lp.

S dng phng php ty trng bng nc, nc s vo trong t bo v

nhng khong trng trong ni bo, lc lp s phng ln v cht dip lc s khuch
tn qua t bo vo a ty.
Vic ty bng nc nng, hi nc v microwave_steam khng lm cho sn
phm c s khc bit v mu sc
2.6.4 Nu
Nu u 3 pht trong nc, ta thy khng c nh hng ln n tng lng
chlorophyll, tuy nhin chlorophyll a va b th tng trong khi chlorophyll a' v b'
li gim.
Chen (1993) ghi nhn s thay i ca cc thnh phn c lin quan ti
chlorophyll trong khi x l nhit bng sng viba l khoai ty (bng 2.4). Trong 8
pht nu tng lng chlorophyll gim ng 7 ln. Chlorophyll a bin i thnh
chlorophyll a', mt ng phn ca chlorophyll a v pheophytin a mt cch u n.
Trong khi chlorophyll b chuyn thnh chlorophyll b' trong 2 pht u,
pheophytin b v pyropheophytin a sau 8 pht nu mi xut hin.

ng 2.4: S thay i ca cc thnh ph n lin quan t i chlorophyll khi x l nhit

b ng sng viba l khoai ty

2.6.5. ng hp v dit hun

Trong qu trnh ng hp v tit trng, mu ca rau qu s chuyn t xanh
lc chlorophyll sang mu sang mu xanh oliu ca pheophytin do yu cu x l
nhit trong thi gian di t yu cu v trng trong cng nghip.
VD: 100 chlorophyll rau bina bin thnh pheophytin trong 30 pht
121C. Trong khi ch c 16 b mt trong ng lnh. Rau qu ng hp c mu
nu oliu ca pheophytin a v b cng vi pyropheophytin a v b.
2.6.6. Dehydrat ho sy
Thi gian sy nhit cao dn ti nhng sn phm km cht lng do qu
trnh caramen ha, phn ng Maillard, phn ng enzym v lm mt mu ca cc
cht mu thc phm nh s pheophytin ha. S pheophytin ha xy ra cc thc
phm c hm lng nc thp trong khi bo qun.
Sy l cy rau cn 80 v 900C, 3-7% chlorophyll chuyn thnh
pheophytin; cn sy 100 v 1400C th c 12-15% chuyn thnh pheophytin.
Nhng mu sy c gi trong 2 nm nhit thp cha lng
pheophytin cao hn nhng mu sy nhit cao.
Bo qun lu chlorophyll b bn hn chlorophyll a. iu ny nh hng n
mu ca sn phm v chlorophyll a c mu xanh lc cn chlorophyll b mu vng
xanh.
Chloropyll b mt t nht khi sy trong t sy 300C.
Phng php s dng hi nc lm tng tnh thm thu ca mng t bo, c
li cho s dch chuyn ca nc v gim thi gian sy.
2.6. . Ngm n c mui v qu tr nh ln men
Dng gim hay axit trong mui da s nh hng ti vic duy tr mu xanh
ca rau. Khi mui da, bp ci c xt thnh nhng ming nh v c trong

thng kn vi p sut thp, cho thm acid trc khi loi khng kh gim mnh
pH ca sn phm.
Trong qu trnh ln men, ta phi to nhng iu kin thch hp cho s ln
men nhng iu ny cng gy mt mu dip lc.
qu trnh ch bin du oliu, pH thay i kh chm, nguyn nhn chnh lm
mt mu chlorophyll l s bin i thnh chlorophyllide v sau l
pheophorbide. S chuyn ha chlorophyll thnh pheophorbide l do tc dng ca
pH chua, tc mi trng acid. S bin i chlorophyllide v chlorophyll l do
hot ng ca chlorophyllase.
Nu trong hn hp trn c cha cc axit a nc nh acid citric, malic, acid
acetic, s gi mu xanh ca rau tt hn nhng hn hp cha axit k nc nh
acid benzoic v acid k nc c th khuch tn qua mng lipid ca lc lp v phn
ly H+ trong t bo.
2.6.8.

ng lnh

ng lnh l mt trong nhng phng php quan trng gi cht lng

rau qu trong thi gian bo qun di. Hu ht rau qu c ty trc khi ng lnh
ngn chn s mt mu do enzym v s pht trin ca kh thi. Tuy nhin mt
s loi nh c rt th khng.
Nhng yu t nh hng n cht lng ng lnh l: nhit , thi gian
bo qun v s thay i nhit trong kho thi gian bo qan tng khi nhit
ng lnh ti thiu l -25 n -400C .
S mt mu ca cc cht mu thc phm lin quan n nhit bo qun,
loi rau qu c x l, nhng bc chun b cn thit ca ng cc, u tin cho ty
v ng lnh.
Buckle v Edwards (1970), theo di qu trnh mt mu ca chlorophyll ca
u c ty v bo qun -90C trong N2 sut 20 thng. (Hnh 2.9).

Lng chlorophyll gim; chlorophyllide, pheophytin, pheophorbide tng.

Tuy nhin s tng ny khng gii thch c lng b mt i. Nguyn nhn l do
hot ng ca cc enzym chlorophilase, oeroxidase, lipoxygenase.

Hnh 2.9: u trnh mt mu ca Chlorophyll ca u c t y v bo qun

-90C trong N2 sut 20 thng
2.7. Cc phng php xc nh chlorophyll t rau qu 17.
C 4 phng php ch yu xc nh hm lng chlorophyll.
+ Phng php trc quang.
+ Phng php hunh quang.
+ Phng php sc k lng hiu nng ( HPLC).
+ Phng php in ha.
Phng php hunh quang c nhy cao hn phng php trc quang, do
i vi cc mu c hm lng chlorophyll nh, phng php hunh quang s
u tin c s dng.
Phng php HPLC vi thit b phc tp hn nhng vn da trn nguyn
tc ca phng php hunh quang v trc quang.

Phng php in ha xc nh chlorophyll bng cc ph tun hon trc

tip thng qua in cc mng carbon thu c mi n thun nghch oxy ha ti
cc dng EV = +400 mV, in cc so snh l Ag/AgCl.
Trong qu trnh nghin cu, thng s sng phng php hunh quang v
trc quang xc nh lng chlorophyll.
2.7.1 Ph ng ph p hunh quang
2.7.1.1. Phng php o trc tip
Phng php ny cho php xc nh chlorophyll trong phiu sinh vt m
khng cn chit hay x l ha hc.
Phng php o hunh quang trc tip ny c th thc hin theo 2 cch:
- o trn dng chy lin tc p dng cho gim st mi trng.
- o trn mu nc ring l ti hin trng hoc phng th nghim.
Thit b cho phng php o trc tip ny l my o hunh quang hin
trng 10-AU hay my hunh quang cho phng th nghim DT-700.
2.7.1.2. Phng php ngm chit (gin tip)
Cc php o hunh quang trong dung mi ngm chit t cc t bo b ph
v thng c dng xc nh lng tuyt i ca chlorophyll hin din v
lng sn phm chlorophyll b phn hy pheophytin.
Trong qu trnh chit tch xc nh chlorophyll bng phng php ngm
chit thng dng cc loi dung mi sau: acetone, ethanol, methanol v DMSO
(Dimethyl sulfoxide). Cho d dng bt k dung mi no th chlorophyll u
khng

n nh khi c mt acid v nh sng. Lng vt acid s lm

cho

chlorophyll chuyn thnh pheophitin tng ng. V vy, dng c phi c trung
ha m bo khng c acid. nh sng mt tri hay nh sng hunh quang s
lm chlorophyll phn hy rt nhanh. Do cn tin hnh th nghim nh sng
du v dng c cha cn sng. Nn nghin mu trc khi chit bi v c nghin
cu cho thy rng nghin mu trc khi chit s lm tng lng chlorophyll tch

c t 5 60%. Mt s th nghim s dng dung mi DMSO th khng cn

nghin.
2.7.2. Ph ng ph p trc quang
Nguyn tc: cc dng chlorophyll a, b, c, d c th ngm chit bng cc dung
mi acetone, ethanol, methanol v DMSO. Mi loi chlorophyll c mt ph hp
thu nh sng c trng vi peak hp thu ring. Phn ngm chit trong cc dung
mi c phn tch trn my so mu tng ng vi cc peak .
Php xc nh chlorophyll bng phng php trc quang bao gm cc qu
trnh: ph v t bo v ngm chit chlorophyll, sau o hp th cc bc
sng.
u nhc im trong vic xc nh chlorophyll a bng phng php trc
quang v hunh quang:
- nhy: phng php hunh quang c nhy ln hn 1000 ln. X l
mu cho phng php hunh quang dng k thut ngm chit tng t nh phng
php trc quang nhng c nhy cao hn v lng mu s dng t hn.
- Tc : phng php trc quang phi o mu mt vi bc sng, trong
khi phng php hunh quang ch cn o mt bc sng.
- Chn bc sng o: vi my hunh quang kt qu o khng ph thuc vo
vic chn bc sng.
- Cuvet: phng php hunh quang khng ph thuc qu nhiu vo v tr
cng nh s tng thch ca cuvet.
2.7.3. Mt s loi dung m i chi t chlorophyll
Acetone
Dung mi acetone c s dng rng ri trong c hai phng php trc
quang v hunh quang. i vi phng php trc quang cn ly tm loi b nh
hng ca c ca dung dch, nhng vi phng php hunh quang th c th
b qua v k thut ny khng nhy vi c mc bnh thng. Nu mu

trng (blank) c gi tr o hunh quang cao hoc khng th xt gi tr bng 0 cho

my hunh quang bng mt dung mi acetone trng, th c ngha l acetone b
nhim bn. S nhim bn thng thng l do s snh du t qu trnh ch to cc
bnh cha kim loi.
Methanol
Methanol c hiu qu hn acetone trong mt vi trng hp. Phng php
ny c th o hunh quang trc tip khi khng cn chnh xc cao v hm lng
pheophytin thp. Khi cn chnh xc cao hn v pheophytin c mt vi lng
ng k, dch chit methanol c lm kh v chuyn sang acetone 90%. Ph
pheophitin a v b kh nhy vi pH ca mi trng trong dung mi methanol nhng
khng nhy trong dung mi acetone 90% nn xc nh c lng chlorophyll
chun xc hn trong phng php trc quang cng nh phng php o hunh
quang.
DMSO (dimethyl sunfoxide)
Dung mi ny c hiu qu khi ngm chit cc loi to nu, mt loi to kh
c th tch chit chlorophyll bi cc dung mi khc. Dung mi ny cho php
ngm chit hu nh hon ton cc loi to, chng khng li mt cht sc t no
trong b thi. DMSO c kh nng ph v cc th ht bn trong v cu trc mng
ca to nu v to lam.
Ethanol
Ethanol c xem l mt trong nhng dung mi chit tch tt, s dng
nh gi chlorophyll trong sinh khi vi to. Ngoi ra ethanol cn c hiu qu trong
qu trnh chit tch v nh lng cc sc t t cc t bo t dng hn so vi
acetone.
2.8. Cc phng php tch chit chlorophyll
2.8.1. C s l thuy t ca ph ng ph p t ch chi t chlorophyll 13, 17.

Do nhn Mg trong vng pyron mang tnh tan trong nc v kt hp vi

protein mng, trong khi ui di cacbon ca gc ru phytol li mang tnh k
nc v hng ti cu trc lipid ca mng tilacoit, nn phn t chlorophyll ch
yu ha tan trong cc dung mi hu c. Tuy nhin tch tt chlorophyll ra khi
l, ngi ta khng dng ether petrol hay benzen m dng cn hoc acetone pha vi
mt t nc tch c ht phn t chlorophyll t l. Cc sc t thuc nhm
carotenoit cng c chit tch theo phng php ny.
Chlorophyll tch ri khi phc h sc t vn c kh nng hot ng quang
ha, tc l vn c kh nng b kch thch bi nh sng v khi c th lm c
vai tr chuyn H+ v e trung gian. Hin tng ny gi l tnh cht cm quang ca
chlorophyll.
2.8.2. Quy tr nh t ch chi t Chlorophyll [10]
Chlorophyll dng lm phm mu ph gia thc phm thng dng: Magi
chlorophyll hoc Magi phaeophytin. Thu c bng cch chit c, c linh lng,
tm ma v cc nguyn liu thc vt khc vi dung mi ph hp nh: aceton,
dicloromethan, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol v hexan... Sau loi dung mi
thu c sn phm gm thnh phn mu chnh l cc phaeophytin v magi
chlorophyll. Sn phm sau khi chit v loi dung mi cha cc cht mu khc nh
carotenoid, sp v cht bo c ngun gc t nguyn liu. thu c cht mu
tinh khit hn ngi ta c th s dng phng php kt tinh li [11].

Hnh 2.10. Rong mt

Qu trnh tch chit chlorophyll t Rong Mt (Porphyra.sp) vi h dung

mi (ethanol, methanol, aceton) c tin hnh nh sau:
Rong kh

Ngm ln 1

Ngm ln 2

Ngm ln 3

Lm ro nc
CaCO3
(250-750 mg)
Xay (5 pht)
Acetone,
methanol,

Ha trn

ethanol
(40C/ 16-24h)

Ly tm 6000 vng/pht trong

10 pht

C c

Dch
chlorophyll

Hnh 2.11. S tch chit chlorophyll t rong mt

- Cho 3g rong kh c ngm vi 1000 ml nc ct (D.W) loi b sc t

phycoerythrin v cc tp cht tan trong nc khc. Sau mi 1 gi, rong c vt ra
v cho vo 1000 ml D.W mi. Cng on ny c tin hnh 3 ln lin tip nhau.
- Sau , rong c vt ra v ro nc hon ton.
- Tip theo, rong c cho vo my xay cng vi mt lng D.W xc nh
(nhit 4 100C) v c xay trong 5 pht. CaCO3 c b sung trc khi xay
vi lng xc nh (250 750 mg).
- Sau , dch xay c ra 1 cc thy tinh v c b sung dung mi
(acetone, methanol, ethanol) sao cho nng dung mi sau cng t t l phn
trm xc nh (70 90%) v th tch cui cng t 100 ml. Cc thy tinh c bc
kn v c gi trong iu kin ti nhit 40C v thi gian thch hp (16 24
gi).
- Dch thu c sau khi chit c em ly tm 6000 vng/pht trong 10
pht. Dch trong c thu hi c c to thnh chlorophyll dng cao. Nu
sn phm yu cu tinh khit cao hn ca th dng phng php sc k ct hoc
kt tinh.
2.9. Mt s ng dng ca chlorophyll vo trong thc phm
2.9.1 Trong c ng nghip thc phm[11]
Trong thc phm Chlorophyll cng l mt cht mu thc phm (E140),
c s dng b sung trong mt s sn phm bnh ko, sp, st, cc sn phm
tri cy, nc chm, mt, nc gii kht hoc du thc vt tng gi tr cm
quan.
Chlorophyll v cc dn xut ca n c bit n l cc cht c hot ng
chng oxy ha. Vic tiu th cc loi rau l, giu chlorophyll v cc dn xut ca
n nh chlorophyllin, c lin quan n vic gim mt s loi bnh ung th. V vy
vic p dng mt ch giu chlorophyll c th gip tr hon hoc ngn nga s
khi u ca mt s bnh nh ung th, l cc biu hin lo ha c gy ra bi

cc gc t do.Cc ngin cu ch ra rng cc dn xut ca chlorophyll c hot

tnh chng oxy ha t nht l nh vitamin C. Chng c ch qu trnh hydroperoxide
t s oxy ha acid linoleic v bo v ty th khi s tn cng ca cc gc t do v
cc loi phn ng oxy ha khc.Theo , cc dn xut ca chlorophyll a cho
thy l c kh nng bt gc t do hiu qu hn cc dn xut t chlorophyll b. Hn
na, cc dn xut

kim loi t do ca chlorophyll nh chlorin, pheophytin,

pyropheophytin cho thy c kh nng chng oxy ha thp hn cc dn xut kim

loi

nh

Mg-chlorophyll,

Zn-pheophytins,

Zn-pyropheophytins

Cu-

chlorophyllins.
2.9.2. Mt s ng dng h c
2.9.2.1. Trong Y hc [12]
Trong y hc, chlorophyll c xem nh mt thnh phn c bn cho khu
phn n king cha bnh.
Chlorophyllin dn xut kim loi ca chlorophyll, c tim nng phng chng
cc cht gy ung th t thc n b thiu mc nh hydrocarbon mch vng, aflatoxin.
Chlorophyll v cc dn xut cn c s dng nh l cht cm th nh sng
dit cc t bo ung th v chng virus, cht khng b th, cht cha vt thng
v kh mi hi.
Chlorophyll c ch pht trin ca vi khun, kch thch vic phc hi cc m
b h hi v bo v con ngi khi cc cht gy ung th. Chlorophyll cn gip
cho tiu ha tt v lm cho da thm p.
Chlorophyll cn lm tng chc nng ca tim, h huyt qun, phi v cc
chc nng ca ph n. Chlorophyll c dng tt trong cc trng hp thiu mu,
huyt p khng bnh thng c nguy c dn n x va ng mch. N kch thch
cc trng thi nhu ng: hon thin h thng rut non, gim hm lng ure nh
l mt thuc li tiu.

2.9.2.2. Trong cng nghip tiu dng [15]

Chlorophyll c b sung trong kem nh rng (chng hi ming, chng
su rng), x phng (khng nm, khng khun), nhum mu nc hoa, m phm...

PHN 3
KT LUN
Mu sc l ch tiu bt buc v rt quan trng khi nh gi cht lng ca
bt k mt sn phm thc phm no. Mt sn phm c mu sc p s gp phn
li ko s ch ca khch hng.
Mu sc ca sn phm trc ht phn nh ngun gc ca nguyn liu hay
ni cch khc n c sn trong bn thn ca nguyn liu thc vt, ng vt. Khi
nh gi cht lng ca cc loi thc phm ny ngi ta cn c vo mu sc t
nhin ca nguyn liu xem xt cht lng ca sn phm. Tuy nhin, nhm cht
mu ny rt khng bn, d b bin i di tc ng ca cc iu kin khc nhau
nh nhit , nh sng, pH, oxy khng kh... V vy, trong qu trnh sn xut v
bo qun thc phm, ngi ta lun tm mi cch bo tn lng cht mu t
nhin vn c ca nguyn liu.
Qua qu trnh nghin cu gip em hiu r hn v cht mu chlorophyll,
v tnh cht, c im, ng dng v nhng bin i ca n trong cc sn phm
thc phm. T rt ra c cc bin php lm gim s bin i ca n ch bin
ng k thut v ph hp gi mu sc c trng ca sn phm.
Cng nh qu trnh tm hiu m em c thm nhiu kinh nghim v vit
bi v dch thut hn, k nng tm, c, v cht lc ti liu.
Qua y cho em c gi li cm n chn thnh n cc thy c gip
hng dn cho em, c bit cho em gi li cm n c Nguyn Th Dim Hng, l
gio vin hng dn nhit tnh hng dn em hon thnh tt n ny.

TI LIU THAM KHO

Ting Vit
[1] Th Bch Thy, Bi ging ha sinh thc phm1, Trng i Hc Nng Lm
Hu, 2011.
[2]. Nguyn Duy Thnh, Bi ging ph gia thc ph m, i hc Bch khoa H Ni,
2009.
[3]. Nguyn Ch Linh, Bi ging ph gia trong sn xut thc ph m, Trng Cao
ng cng ng Kin Giang, 2007.
[4]. Nguyn Thy Linh v L Phm Cng Hoang, nh hng ca mt s yu t ln
qu trnh tch chit chlorophyll t rong mt (Porphyra sp.), Khoa Thy sn,
trng i hc Nng lm Tp. H Ch Minh.
[5]. Trng Th M Linh, Ph gia trong ch bin thc ph m, i hc Cng ngh
Si Gn, 2010.
[6]. uy chu n k thu t quc gia v ph gia thc ph m ph m mu, QCVN 410:2010/BYT.

Ting Anh
[7]. Yuan-Kun Lee, Hee-Peng KHNG, Natural color additives, Nation University
of Singapore
[8]. Douglas B. MacDougall, Colour in food, woodhead publishing limited,
Cambridge England.
[9]. Delpine, Marcel, (September 1951), Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou,
Journal of Chemical Education, 28 (9), 454.
[10]. Fleming Ian, (14 October 1967), Absolute Configuration and the Structure
of Chlorophyll, nature 216 (5111), 151152.

Trang Web
[11].http://fof.hcmuaf.edu.vn/data/file/58_%20NT%20Linh-DHNLzTach%20chiet%20chlorophyll.pdf].
[12]. http://www.lifecare.com.vn/news.aspx?tab0=3&tab1=4&id=15
[13].http://doan.edu.vn/do-an/luan-van-nghien-cuu-xac-dinh-chlorophyll-a-bang
phuong-phap-huynh-quang-ung-dung-cho-phan-tich-mau-nuoc-mat-va-so-sanh5624.
[14].http://tai-lieu.com/tai-lieu/de-tai-chlorophyll-va-nhung-bien-doi-trong-chebien-va-bao-quan-thuc-pham-7554/
[15].http://www.docs.vn/vi/sinh-hoc-38/27404-san-xuat-chat-mau-tu-phelieu.html)
[16].http://123doc.vn/document/41518-nhung-sac-to-quang-hop-cau-truc-vaquang-pho-hoc.htm
[17].

http://www.kilobooks.com/showthread.php?t=319480-Nghin-cu-chit-

xut-dch-chlorophyll-chng-oxy-ha-t-lbp?referrerid=388746