Sachasterisktiengvietfull 121121032806 Phpapp01

http://my.opera.
com/asteriskvn
MC LC
MC LC CC HNH.. iii
CC T VIT TT... iv
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK 1

1.1 Gii thiu v m ngun m Asterisk.... 1
1.2 Kin trc Asterisk. 4
1.3 Mt s tnh nng c bn... 6
1.3.1 Asterisk l mt PBX. 6
1.3.2 Asterisk l mt h thng IVR... 8
1.3.3 Asterisk l mt h thng Voicemail. 8
1.3.4 Asterisk l mt h thng VoIP (Voice over IP)... 9
1.3.5 Asterisk khng l mt Sip Proxy. 11
CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK.. 12
2.1 Gii thiu.. 12
2.2 VoIP-Voice over Internet Protocal 12
2.3 Cc phng thc bo hiu giao tip TDM 12
2.3.1 FXO v FXS. 12
2.3.2 Bo hiu Analog gia u cui v tng i.. 13
2.3.3 Bo hiu gia cc tng i... 14
2.4 Bo hiu trn mng VoIP.. 14
2.4.1 H.323 14
2.4.2 SIP-Session Initiation Protocal. 14
2.4.3 Proxy Server. 15
2.4.4 RTP v NAT. 15
2.4.5 IAX-Inter Asterisk eXchange... 16
2.5 Asterisk server... 17
2.6 Thit b VoIP. 17
2.6.1 VoIP phone... 17
2.6.2 Softphone.. 18
2.7 Card giao tip vi PSTN... 19
2.8 ATA.. 20
2.9 Codecs... 20
2.10 QoS-Quality of Service... 20
2.10.1 tr.. 21
2.10.2 trt.. 21
CHNG III: CC M HNH NG DNG M NGUN M 23
3.1 Tng i VoIP PBX 23
3.2 Kt ni IP-PBX vi PBX.. 24
i
http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn
3.3 Kt ni gia cc server Asterisk... 25

3.4 Cc ng dng IVR, Voice Mail, in thoi hi ngh... 26
3.5 Chc nng phn phi cuc gi t ng 27
CHNG IV: CC DCH V C BN CA ASTERSIK 28
4.1 Conference 28
4.2 Voicemail.. 28
4.3 Call Forwarding 28
4.4 Call ID.. 29
4.5 Automated Attendant 29
4.6 Time and Day 29
4.7 Call Pickup 29
4.8 Call Parking.. 29
4.9 Privacy Manager... 30
4.10 Call Detail Records. 30
4.11 Call Recoding. 30
4.12 Blacklist.. 30
4.13 User permission to/international call.. 30
CHNG V: THIT K CU HNH IP-PBX. 31
5.1 Ci t Asterisk. 31
5.1.1 Ci t Zaptel... 32
5.1.2 Ci t libpri. 33
5.1.3 Ci t Asterisk 33
5.1.4 Ci t Asterisk-Addons.. 36
5.2 Cu hnh h thng 38
5.2.1 Cu hnh giao tip vi PSTN 38
5.2.1.a. zaptel.conf... 39
5.2.1.b. zapata.conf.. 41
5.2.2 Giao din SIP... 44
5.2.3 Giao tip IAX... 47
5.2.4 Hp th thoi Voicemail.. 48
5.2.4.a. Gii thiu 48
5.2.4.b. Cu hnh chc nng Voicemail.. 49
5.2.5 Nhc ch (Music On Hold).. 50
5.2.5.b. Cu hnh tnh nng MOH 50
5.2.6 Hng i... 51
5.2.6.b. Cu hnh.. 51
5.2.7 Xy dng h thng hi thoi 52
5.2.7.b. Cu hnh. 53
ii
5.3 To k hoch quay s cho h thng.. 55

5.3.1 Gii thiu. 55
5.3.2 To mt ng cnh 55
5.3.3 To mt extension 56
5.3.4 To cc Extension gi ra.. 58
5.3.5 H thng tr li tng tc thoi (Automated Attendant). 59
CHNG VI: THI CNG H THNG IP-PBX C BN. 61
6.1 Cc thit b v phn mm s dng trong m hnh 61
6.2K hoch quay s. 64
6.3 Mt s chc nng c bn. 65
6.4 Cu hnh ... 65
6.5 Mt s kt qu thc hin.. 71
KT LUN 72
PH LC... 74
Th vin c php lnh v bin trong asterisk
1.Cc lnh tng qut 74
2.C php lnh tng tc vi Database... 74
3.C php dng lnh lin quan n knh IAX 75
4.C php dng lnh lin quan n knh SIP. 75
5.C php dng lnh lin quan n qun tr h thng. 75
6.Cc bin nh ngha trong Astersik.. 76
TI LIU THAM KHO.. 77
MC LC CC HNH
Hnh 1-1: S tng qut.. 3
Hnh 1-2: Kin trc Asterisk . 4
Hnh 1-3: Lin lc gia cc Extension .. 7
Hnh 1-4: Lin lc gia cc vn phng qua Internet . 10
Hnh 2-1: FXO v FXS.. 13
Hnh 2-2: ng k t Client n SIP proxy... 15
Hnh 2-3: Minh ha hot ng ca NAT 16
Hnh 2-4: in thoi VoIP.. 18
Hnh 2-5: in thoi Softphne ... 19
Hnh 2-6: Card TDM22B 19
Hnh 2-7: Thit b ATA.. 20
Hnh 2-8: Nguyn nhn xy ra trt.. 22
Hnh 3-1: IP-PBX... 23
Hnh 3-2: Kt ni IP-PBX vi PBX 24
Hnh 3-3: Kt ni gia cc server Asterisk. 25
Hnh 3-4:Trin khai server IVR, VoiceMail, Hi Thoi 26
Hnh 3-5: Phn phi cuc gi vi hng i.... 27
Hnh 6-1: M hnh IP-PBX c bn 61
iii
CC T VIT TT
ACD
ADPCM
AGI
AMP
API
ATA
Automatic Call Distribution

Adaptive Differential Pulse code Modulation
Asterisk Gateway Interface
Asterisk Management Platform
Application Programming Interface
Analog Terminal Adaptor
CDR
CGI
Call Detail Record

Control Gate Interface
CODEC
CRM
COder/DECoder
Customer Relationship Management
FTP
FXO
FXS
File Transfer Protocol

Foreign Exchange Office
Foreign Exchange Station
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
IAX
IETF
ITU
IVR
Inter Asterisk eXchange

Internet Engineering Task Force
International Telecommunication Union
Interactive Voice Response
MAN
MGCP
Metropolitan Area Network

Media Gateway Control Protocol
NAT
Network Address Translator
POTS
PRI
Plain Old Telephone Service

Primary Rate ISDN
QoS
Quality of Service
RADIUS
RTP
Remote Authentication Dial In User Service

Real Time Transport Protocol
SCCP
SER
SIP
SMTP
Cisco Sking
SIP Express Route
Session Initiation Protocol
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
WAV
Waveform Audio
iv
http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK

1.1 Gii thiu v m ngun m Asterisk
Asterisk l phn mm thc hin chc nng tng i in thoi ni b (PBX), cho php
cc my in thoi nhnh (extension) thc hin cuc gi vi nhau v kt ni vi cc
h thng in thoi khc bao gm c mng in thoi analog thng thng (PSTN) v
VoIP. Asterisk c y tnh nng ca tng i PBX thng mi: hp th thoi, hi
m, tng tc thoi (menu thoi)c bit, Asterisk cn h tr nhiu giao thc
VoIP nh SIP v H.323, hot ng nh trm kt ni gia cc in thoi IP v mng
PSTN. Tn Asterisk c ngun gc t k t * c dng trong Unix v Linux, th hin
cho ty chn bt k.
Asterisk l h thng chuyn mch mm, l phn mm ngun m c vit bng ngn
ng C chy trn h iu hnh Linux. Cng nh nhiu d n ngun m, Asterisk thot
u c xy dng nhm p ng nhu cu c nhn .Khi cn l sinh vin khoa k thut
my tnh ti i hc Auburn Alabama(M), Mark Spencer thnh lp cng ty cung
cp dch v h tr ngi dng Linux qua in thoi . tit kim chi ph, thay v mua
tng i PBX c sn, Mark quyt nh t xy dng phn mm thc hin chc nng
tng i chy trn PC dng h iu hnh Linux v kt qu l Asterisk ra i .
Asterisk l mt PBX v hn th na .Asterisk l mt phn mm mang tnh cch mng,
tin cy, m ngun m v min ph , bin mt PC r tin thng thng chy Linux
thnh mt h thng in thoi doanh nghip mnh m .Astreisk l mt b cng c m
ngun m cho cc ng dng thoi v l mt server x l cuc gi y chc nng
.Asterisk l mt nn tng tch hp in thoi vi tnh ha kin trc m.Nhiu h thng
Asterisk c ci t thnh cng trn khp th gii .Cng ngh Asterisk ang phc
v cho nhiu doanh nghip .
Asterisk l m ngun m, n thc hin truyn thng trong phn mm thay v phn
cng. iu ny cho php cc tnh nng mi c thm vo mt cch nhanh chng vi
n lc ti thiu.Chng ta c th thc hin cc thay i hay thm vo ca ring mnh
mt cch d dng.Vi s h tr bao gm trong n c quc t ha, mt tp hp di
do cc file cu hnh, v m ngun m, mi kha cnh ca Asterisk c th c ty
bin p ng nhu cu ca chng ta.
Phn mm Asterisk c thit k dng module .Cc thnh phn chc nng c thit
k thnh tng module ring bit v tch ri vi phn chuyn mch li .Mt trong
nhng im sonca Asterisk l qun l extension .Tng bc ca cuc gi c nh
ngha nh l mt ng dng .Quay s l mt ng dng, tr li, pht li, hp th thoi
l nhng v d ng dng khc .Ta c th to kch bn thc hin gi ng dng bt k
-1-
trn knh bt k .V d, c th thit lp mt s extension c chung cng lc 2

knh (c th ni n 2 my in thoi : 1 analog v 1 digital) trc khi chuyn cuc
gi n in thoi di ng ,v sau chuyn qua h thng th thoi.
Hin nay Asterisk trn pht trin nhanh, c rt nhiu doanh nghip trin khai ng
dng cho cng ty ca mnh .y l xu th tt yu ca ngi s dng in thoi, v cc
cng ty u c mng my tnh v cn lin lc vi nhau trong cng vic gia cc phng
ban hoc chi nhnh v cn mt chi ph thp, thm ch khng phi tn chi ph khi thc
hin cc cng vic trn mng ni b ca cng ty.
Khng gi gn thng tin lin lc trong cng ty m cc ng dng giao tip vi mng
PSTN hoc mng VoIP (nh voice 777) cho php gi ra bt c s in thoi no c
trn mng PSTN .
Ngoi ra vic tch hp vo cc ng dng nh CRM(Customer Relationship
Management) v h thng Outlook lm cho kh nng ng dng ca Asterisk linh hot
hn, p ng nhu cu cn thit cho ngi s dng in thoi .
Asterisk thot u c pht trin trn GNU/Linux nn x86(Intel), nhng gi y n
cng c th bin dch v chy trn OpenBSD, FreeBSD v Mac OSX v Microsoft
Windows.
-2-
Hnh 1-1: S tng qut
Asterisk l h thng chuyn mch tch hp, va l cng ngh truyn thng TDM va
l chuyn mch VoIP.Hnh trn cng cho thy kh nng giao tip ca h thng .Giao
tip vi in thoi analog thng thng, giao tip vi thit b in thoi VoIP, ngoi ra
cn c th giao tip vi mng PSTN v cc nh cung cp VoIP khc.
Asterisk cho php ngay c cng ty hay t chc nh cng c th thit lp h thng in
thoi a nng, h tr ng thi in thoi thng thng (analog) v in thoi IP
(VoIP).Theo M.Spencer, Asterisk l gii php vin thng cho i chng - ngoi chi
ph r v d dng thit lp, kh nng VoIP ca Asterisk cho php kt ni nhng vng
xa xi, nhng ni cha c mng cp in thoi truyn thng .
-3-
1.2 Kin trc Asterisk
Hnh 1-2: Kin trc Asterisk
V c bn kin trc ca Asterisk l s kt hp gia nn tng cng ngh in thoi v

ng dng in thoi .Cng ngh in thoi cho VoIP nh SIP, H323, IAX, MGCP,
cc cng ngh in thoi cho h thng chuyn mch TDM nh T1, E1, ISDN v cc
giao tip ng truyn thoi Analog.Cc ng dng thoi nh chuyn mch cuc gi,
tng tc thoi, caller ID, voicemail, chuyn cuc gi
Asterisk c mt s chc nng chnh ng vai tr quan trng trong h thng chuyn
mch cuc gi. Khi khi ng h thng Asterisk th chc nng Dynamic Module
Loader thc hin np driver ca thit b, np cc knh giao tip, cc format, codec v
cc ng dng lin quan, ng thi cc hm API cng c lin kt np vo h thng .
-4-
Sau h thng PBX Switching Core ca Asterisk chuyn sang trng thi sn sng
hot ng chuyn mch cuc gi, cc cuc gi c chuyn mch ty vo k hoch
quay s (Dialplan) c thc hin cu hnh trong tp tin cu hnh extensions.conf .
Chc nng Application Launcher rung chung thu bao, quay s, nh hng
cuc gi, kt ni vi hp th thoi
Scheduler and I/O Manager m nhim cc ng dng nng cao, cc chc nng c
pht trin bi cng ng pht trin Asterisk .
Codec Translator xc nhn cc knh nn d liu ng vi cc chun khc nhau c th
kt hp lin lc c vi nhau .
Tt c cc cuc gi nh hng qua h thng Asterisk u thng qua cc giao tip nh
SIP, Zaptel, IAX, nn h thng Asterisk phi m trch nhim v lin kt cc giao tip
khc nhau x l cuc gi .
Mi cuc gi c xut pht hoc c nhn qua mt giao tip trn knh ring bit
ca chnh n .Mt knh c th c kt ni n mt knh vt l -v d nh mt ng
dy POTS, hoc n mt knh logic-v d nh mt knh IAX hoc SIP.
Phn bit s xut hin ca mt cuc gi trn mt knh vi ci g s xy ra vi cuc gi
vo , l rt quan trng .Khi mt cuc gi n Asterisk qua mt knh, mt k hoch
nh s (Dial plan) quyt nh ci g s thc hin vi cuc gi . V d mt cuc gi c
th n qua mt knh SIP: cuc gi c th c n t mt SIP-Telephone hoc t
mt SIP- Softphone hot ng trn mt my tnh. K hoch nh s quyt nh cuc
gi nn c tr li, c kt ni vi in thoi khc, c chuyn cuc gi hay c
nh hng ti Voicemail .
Asterisk cung cp nhiu ng dng khc nhau .Cc ng dng ny sn sng cho k
hoch nh s khi x l cuc gi vo.K hoch nh s v cc ng dng c la
chn s dng trong k hoch nh s quyt nh Asterisk thi hnh nhng hnh
ng no.
H thng cng bao gm 4 chc nng API chnh:
Codec Translator API: cc hm m nhim thc thi v gii nn cc chun khc nhau
nh G723, GSM, MP3, ADPCM
-5-
Asterisk Chanel API: Giao tip vi cc knh lin lc khc nhau, y l u mi cho
vic kt ni cc cuc gi tng thch vi nhiu chun khc nhau nh SIP, IAX, H323,
Zaptel
Asterisk file foramt API: Asterisk tng thch vi vic x l cc loi file c nh dng
khc nhau nh MP3, WAV, GSM, em n s linh hot cho cc ng dng trn nn
Asterisk trong vic x l m chung, DTMF
Asterisk Aplication API: bao gm tt c cc ng dng c thc thi trong h thng
Asterisk nh voicemail, conference, callerID, cho php vit cc ng dng mi c
th tng tc trc tip vi phn li PBX.
Ngoi ra Asterisk cn c th vin Asterisk Gateway Interface (AGI, tng t nh
CGI)- c ch kch hot ng dng bn ngoi, cho php vit kch bn phc tp vi mt
s ngn ng nh PHP hay Perl.Ni chung, kh nng vit cc ng dng ty bin rt
ln.
1.3 Mt s tnh nng c bn
1.3.1 Asterisk l mt PBX
Asterisk l mt PBX (Private Branch Exchange).Mt PBX c th c xem nh l
mt tng i in thoi ring, kt ni mt hay nhiu in thoi ni b bn trong, v
thng kt ni ra bn ngoi bng mt hay nhiu ng dy in thoi .iu ny
thng c hiu qu v mt chi ph hn so vi vic thu mt ng dy in thoi cho
mi in thoi c nhu cu trong mt doanh nghip.
-Station-To-Station Calls:
Th nht, nh mt PBX, Asterisk cung cp cc cuc gi Station-To-Station .iu ny
c ngha ngi s dng c th quay s t in thoi ny n in thoi khc .
-6-
Hnh 1-3: Lin lc gia cc Extension

Trong hnh v, mi extension c th kt ni n bt k extension khc bng cch quay
s mt cch trc tip . iu ny c ngha rng nu mt modem gi mt bn fax n
mt my fax ni b, n thc thi bng cch to mt kt ni trc tip gia hai thit b
xuyn qua PBX.
-Line Trunking:
Th hai, Asterisk cung cp ng trung k.Trong hnh thc n gin nht, ng
trung k chia s truy cp ca nhiu ng dy in thoi . Cc ng dy in thoi
ny thng c s dng kt ni n mng in thoi ton cu, nh PSTN, nhng
cng c th l cc ng dy ring n cc h thng in thoi khc .
Cc kt ni ny c th l mt trung k Analog n, nhiu trung k Analog, hay cc kt
ni s dung lng cao cho php nhiu cuc gi ng thi c mang trn mt kt ni
n.
-Telco Features
Asterisk h tr tt c cc tnh nng tiu chun m chng ta mong i t bt k cng
ty in thoi (telco) no, Asterisk h tr gi v nhn Caller ID, v ngay c cho php
chng ta nh tuyn cc cuc gi da trn c s Caller ID.S dng Caller ID vi
PSTN chng ta yu cu cc kt ni PSTN ca chng ta phi cung cp tnh nng ny.
Asterisk cng h tr cc tnh nng khc nh l: call waiting, call return (*69),
distinctive ring, transfering calls, call forwarding Cc tnh nng c bn ny v
nhiu hn na c cung cp bi Asterisk.
-Phn phi cuc gi tin tin:
-7-
Asterisk c th nhn mt cuc thoi, xem xt c tnh ca cuc gi, v thc hin nh
tuyn da trn c s . Nu thng tin y khng c cung cp bi nh cung cp
kt ni PSTN, th chng ta yu cu ngi gi a vo thng tin bng cch dng in
thoi n phm ch tone.
Mi khi chng ta thc thi mt quyt nh cch nh tuyn cuc gi, chng ta c th
gi n n mt extension n, mt nhm extension, mt recording, mt voicemail
box, hoc ngay c mt nhm agent telephone m c th chuyn t in thoi n in
thoi. Chng ta c th s dng cc hng i cuc gi phc v khch hng mt cch
hiu qu hn na .
S linh hot ny a n cho chng ta kh nng t ch c mt h thng in thoi
to ra mt gii php mnh m cho cc doanh nghip tit kim chi ph in thoi .
Phn phi cuc gi tin tin trao quyn cho chng ta phc v khch hng theo cch tt
nht c th.
Mt nhn t lm nn s khc bit chnh gia Asterisk v cc h thng PBX khc l
Asterisk khng yu cu mua bn quyn cho bt c tnh nng g . V d s gii hn c
bao nhiu cuc gi trong hng i cuc gi (call queue) c quyt nh ch bi phn
cng chng ta s dng .
1.3.2 Asterisk l mt h thng IVR
IVR (Interactive Voice Response) l tnh nng p ng thoi tng tc. Kh nng v
s linh hot ca mt h thng in thoi da vo chng trnh a n cho chng ta
kh nng p ng khch hng theo cc cch y ngha .
Chng ta c th dng Asterisk cung cp dch v trong sut 24 gi. Asterisk cho
php chng ta pht li cc file, c vn bn, v ngay c truy lc thng tin t c s d
liu. y l k thut m chng ta tip cn trong vic tr tin cc in thoi qua h
thng ngn hng . Khi chng ta gi n ngn hng, chng ta s nghe mt s loi bn
tin c thu v a ra lnh, thng l s dng in thoi n phm ch tone.V
d chng ta c th nghe mt li cho v bn tin trng thi, chng ta g vo s ti
khon v thng tin c nhn hoc giy y quyn chng thc. Chng ta cng thng
nghe thng tin ring, thng tin ring ny c truy lc t c s d liu ,nh l mt vi
phin giao dch mi nht hoc s d ti khon .Cc h thng vi tnh nng nh vy
c thc thi bng cch s dng Astrisk.
1.3.3 Asterisk l mt h thng Voicemail
Aterisk l mt h thng Voicemail bao gm cc chc nng y .H thng Voicemail
c sc mnh y kinh ngc .N h tr nhiu ng cnh Voicemail nhiu t chc c
th c truy cp vo t cng server .N h tr cc vng thi gian khc nhau v vy
cc user c th kim tra khi in thoi ca h c cuc gi vo. N cung cp s la
chn thng bo nhn cc bn tin mi qua mail: thc t chng ta c th nh km
bn tin audio.
-8-
1.3.4 Asterisk l mt h thng VoIP (Voice over IP)

Asterisk a n cho chng ta kh nng s dng IP (Internet Protocal) cho cc cuc
gi in thoi, c bit cc cuc gi ng di dng IP th chi ph thp hn so vi cc
cng ngh in thoi truyn thng .
S chn la s dng Asterisk khng c ngha l chng ta ch c th s dng VoIP
cho cc cuc gi .Trong thc t nhiu thit lp cho Asterisk khng phi s dng ht tt
c, nhng vi mi thit lp h thng c kh nng thm vo VoIP mt cch d dng v
bt c lc no m khng cn chi ph cng thm.
Hu ht cc cng ty c hai mng: mt cho in thoi v mt cho my tnh .Vn g
s xy ra nu chng ta hp nht hai mng ny?Tit kim c nhng g? Tit kim ln
nht thu c l gim gnh nng qun l cho cc nhn vin IT (Information
Technology) .By gi chng ta c mt vi chuyn gia v my tnh v mng, v t khi
in thoi s hot ng trong tm iu khin ca my tnh v qua mng IP ca chng
ta, kin thc nn tng tng t s cho php cc nhn vin ca chng ta c quyn
qun l h thng in thoi.
Chng ta cng s thu c li ch t vic mua thit b c gim xung trong thi
gian di. Thit b my tnh ngy cng r hn trong khi cc h thng in thoi c
quyn dng nh gi nguyn gi c.V vy chng ta c l mong i gi ca Switch,
Router v cc thit b mng d liu khc tip tc gim gi.
Hu ht cc h thng in thoi hin ti, cc ng dy in thoi ko xa ti a theo
chiu di cp c cho php bi nh sn xut h thng in thoi. Khi dng VoIP
chng ta c th c nhiu user s dng cng dch v ca Asterisk t nhiu v tr khc
nhau. Chng ta c th c cc user ti vn phng dng in thoi PSTN hoc in
thoi IP, chng ta c th c cc user VoIP xa, ngay c khi chng ta c ton b h
thng Asterisk c vn hnh v hot ng hon ton tch bit nhng vi nh tuyn
c tch hp .
Mt phng php gim bt tng ph l gim s lng khng gian vn phng c
yu cu .Nhiu doanh nghip s dng lin lc t xa cho mc ch ny .iu ny
thng to ra mt vn : chng ta dng s no lin lc mt ngi i li xa.
Tng tng rng ngi lao ng lin lc t xa c th n gin ch s dng cng my
in thoi khi nh cng nh khi vn phng hoc ngay c khi dng mobile ca h.
VoIP cho php chng ta c mt s m rng n bt c ni u khi chng ta c mt kt
ni Internet nhanh hp l .iu ny c ngha ngi lm vic c th c mt in thoi
nh nu h c mt kt ni bng rng .V vy, h s truy nhp n tt c cc dch v
c cung cp vn phng lm vic , v d nh voicemail, gi ng di v quay s
n ngi khc.
Chng ta chuyn cc ngi lm vic vo trong PBX t nh ca h, chng ta c th lm
iu tng t i vi cc vn phng xa .Bng cch ny, ngi lm vic nhiu v tr
c th c cc tnh nng ph hp, c truy cp cng phng php mt cch chnh xc,
gip gim bt gnh nng hun luyn ngi lao ng .
-9-
Nhng iu ny khng phi l tt c m VoIP c th em n cho chng ta.Chng ta

c th s dng mt Asterisk server mi vn phng v ni kt li .iu ny c ngha
l mi vn phng c th c cc ng dy ni ht ca chnh h, nhng lin lc vn
phng n vn phng th c gi (tunnel) qua Internet.S tit kim c c bi trnh
cc cuc gi ng di c th ng k.
Hnh 1-4: Lin lc gia cc vn phng qua Internet
Mt khi chng ta c cc Office c ni kt theo phng php nh th, chng ta c

th qun l cc cuc gi khng cn ng ni, bt k nhn vin Office no. .V d,
nu mt khch hng gi n Office A yu cu v ti khon ca h v phng thanh ton
ti khon th Office B, chng ta chuyn cuc gi mt cch d dng n ngi thch
hp vn phng khc. Chng ta khng phi quan tm vn phng khc th u .Ch
cn h c mt kt ni Internet tin cy, ngay c khi h khng phi trong cng quc
gia.
Tin li khc khi kt ni cc h thng in thoi vi nhau l chng ta c th nh
tuyn cc cuc gi da trn c s thi gian .Tng tng rng chng ta c hai vn
phng, mi vn phng trong mi vng thi gian khc nhau .Mi vn phng chc
chn s m ca hot ng nhng thi im khc nhau . qun l khch hng ca
chng ta mt cch hiu qu, chng ta c th chuyn cc cuc gi t vn phng cha
m ca sang vn phng m .Hn na ,v chng ta ang dng kt ni Internet
lin kt cc vn phng , nn khng c ph tn cng thm khi thc hin.
Bng cch lin kt cc vn phng ca chng ta li vi nhau s dng VoIP, chng ta c
th gia tng dch v cho khch hng trong khi vn gim c chi ph .
- 10 -
1.3.5 Asterisk khng l mt SIP Proxy

Asterisk h tr SIP (Session Initiation Protocal) i vi VoIP .Cc cuc gi c th
c thc hin v c nhn vi SIP s dng Asterisk.
Trong SIP, cc thit b ng k vi mt SIP server. Server ny cho php cc thit b
xc nh v tr vi nhau thit lp lin lc.Khi mt s lng ln ca cc thit b SIP
c s dng ,mt SIP Proxy th thng c tn dng qun l s ng k v kt
ni theo cch c hiu qu .
Tuy nhin, Asterisk khng th hot ng nh mt SIP Proxy .Cc thit b SIP c th
ng k vi Asterisk nhng khi s thit b SIP gia tng, Asterisk khng th p ng
tt. V vy, nu chng ta d nh dng khong trn 100 thit b SIP, Asterisk c l
khng thch hp.
Trong khi Asterisk khng l mt SIP proxy, Asterisk c th c cu hnh s dng
cho cc s ng k.Mt proxy c s dng ph bin l SER (SIP Express
Router).SER l mt SIP proxy ngun m , n gip Asterisk p ng nhu cu cho s
thit lp rt ln.
- 11 -
http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK
CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK

2.1 Gii thiu
Trong chng ny s gii thch r cc khi nim c bn lin quan n h thng
Asterisk, cung cp nhng kin thc nn tng, nhng khi nim cn thit thit k
trin khai xy dng h thng in thoi vi Asterisk .
2.2 VoIP Voice Over Internet Protocol
VoIP l mt cng ngh cho php truyn thoi s dng giao thc mng IP, trn c s
h tng ca mng Internet .VoIP l mt trong nhng cng ngh vin thng ang c
quan tm nht hin nay khng ch i vi nh khai thc, cc nh sn xut m cn c
vi ngi s dng dch v .
VoIP c th va thc hin mi loi cuc gi nh trn mng in thoi knh truyn
thng (PSTN) ng thi truyn d liu trn c s mng truyn d liu .Do cc u
im v gi thnh dch v v s tch hp nhiu loi hnh dch v nn VoIP hin nay
c trin khai mt cch rng ri.
Dch v in thoi VoIP l dch v ng dng giao thc IP, nguyn tc ca VoIP bao
gm vic s ha tn hiu ting ni, thc hin vic nn tn hiu s, chia nh cc gi nu
cn v truyn gi tin ny qua mng, ti ni nhn cc gi tin ny c rp li theo ng
th t ca bn tin, gii m tn hiu tng t phc hi li ting ni ban u .
Cc cuc gi trong VoIP da trn c s s dng kt hp c chuyn mch knh v
chuyn mch gi.Trong mi loi chuyn mch u c u v nhc im ring ca n.
Trong k thut chuyn mch knh dnh ring cho mt knh truyn gia hai thit b
u cui thng qua cc node chuyn mch trung gian .Trong chuyn mch knh tc
truyn dn lun lun c nh (ngha l bng thng khng i), vi mng in thoi
PSTN tc ny l 64 kbps, truyn dn trong chuyn mch knh c tr nh .
Trong chuyn mch gi cc bn tin c chia thnh cc gi nh gi l cc packet,
nguyn tc hot ng ca n l s dng h thng lu tr v chuyn tip cc gi tin
trong node mng .i vi chuyn mch gi khng tn ti khi nim knh ring, bng
thng khng c nh c ngha l c th thay i tc truyn, k thut chuyn mch
gi phi chu tr ln v trong chuyn mch gi khng qui nh thi gian cho mi
gi d liu ti ch, mi gi c th i bng nhiu con ng khc nhau ti ch,
chuyn mch gi thch hp cho vic truyn d liu v trong mng truyn d liu khng
i hi v thi gian thc nh thoi, s dng u im ca mi loi chuyn mch trn
th trong VoIP kt hp s dng c hai loi chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi .
2.3 Cc phng thc bo hiu giao tip TDM
2.3.1 FXO v FXS
FXO (Foreign Exchange Office) l thit b nhn tn hiu t tng i gi n nh dng
chung ,tn hiu nhc gc my, tn hiu mi quay s, gi v nhn tn hiu thoi ,
- 12 -
FXO ging nh my Fax hay modem dial- up 56 k , dng kt ni vi ng dy

in thoi .
FXS(Foreign Exchange Station) l thit b ti ni cung cp ng dy in thoi ,thit
b FXS s cung cp tn hiu mi quay s (dialtone), dng chung, hi m chung (ring
tone).Trong ng dy Analog, FXS cung cp dng chung v in p cho in thoi
hot ng. V d FXS cung cp in p -48V DC n my in thoi Analog trong
sut thi gian m thoi v cung cp 90V DC (20Hz) pht in p rung chung
.Thit b FXS pht cn thit b FXO nhn.
Card TDM s dng trong h thng Asterisk thng tch hp va l thit b FXO, va
l thit b FXS (ging b ATA), FXO kt ni vi ng dy in thoi, cn FXS
dng kt ni vi my in thoi Analog thng thng dng chuyn mch cuc
gi TDM qua h thng Astesisk (s c phn tch thm trong phn cu hnh cho knh
TDM)
Vi card giao tip Digium FXS, mt Asterisk server c th iu khin cc my in
thoi Analog ni b . FXO v cc board mch giao tip T-carrier t Digium c th kt
ni mt Asterisk server n mng PSTN .
Tm li cn nm:
FXS c kt ni vi FXO ging vi ng dy in thoi ni vi my in
thoi
FXS cung cp ngun cho in thoi FXO (in thoi Analog)
Hnh 2-1: a) My in thoi vai tr FXO kt ni vi FXS (PSTN), hnh b) PBX kt

ni vi FXO v FXS, hnh c) ATA ng vai tr nh FXS kt ni vi cc my in
thoi vai tr FXO .
2.3.2 Bo hiu Analog gia u cui v tng i
Khi chng ta nhc my in thoi gi th nghe tn hiu mi quay s, u bn kia b
bn th chng ta nghe tn hiu bn (busy tone), cc loi tn hiu nh vy gi l cc tn
- 13 -
hiu bo hiu analog .Cc tn hiu nh : mi quay s, tn hiu bn, rung chung, trng
thi nhc gc my l cc tn hiu c trao i gia thit b FXO v FXS.
C nhiu phng thc bo hiu khc nhau ng vi tng ni s dng, v th ti ni kt
ni vi ng dy in thoi cn xem xt h ang s dng phng thc bo hiu g,
t chng ta khai thc loi tn hiu bo hiu cho thch hp, cc phng thc bo hiu
nh
Koolstart, Loop Start, Ground Start. Mt minh ha cho vic s dng sai phng thc
bo hiu l khi chng ta khai bo phng thc bo hiu gia h thng Asterisk v
ng dy in thoi khc nhau th dn n Asterisk s khng nhn bit c tn hiu
gc my, iu ny s lm cho Asterisk khng bao gi gii ta c cuc gi thc
hin cuc gi mi .
2.3.3 Bo hiu gia cc tng i
SS7 h thng bo hiu s 7 c pht trin bi AT&T v ITU l h thng bo hiu
s dng cho cc cuc gi gia cc tng i trong mng PSTN .Trong h thng bo
hiu s 7 tn hiu chuyn ti trn ng trung k kt ni gia hai tng i gm c hai
mch ring, mt cho thoi v mt cho bo hiu, nh vy thoi v bo hiu c th
chuyn trn hai knh vt l khc nhau.
2.4 Bo hiu trn mng in thoi VoIP
2.4.1 H.323
H.323 l cng ngh nn tng trong truyn dn m thanh thi gian thc, hnh nh v
trao i d liu trn mng c s-mng gi .Trong , ch ra cc b phn, giao thc v
cc th tc cung cp cc dch v giao tip a phng tin trn mng c s-mng
gi. Mng c s-mng gi bao gm cc mng IP (nh mng Internet) , cc tng i
chuyn mch gi (IPX-Internet Packet Exchange), cc mng LAN, cc mng MAN v
cc mng WAN. H.323 c th c ng dng mt cch a dng - ch gm thoi(IP
Telephony), hay thoi v hnh nh (Video Telephony), hay thoi v d liu, hay bao
gm c thoi, d liu v hnh nh. H.323 cng c th ng dng trong truyn thng a
phng tin-a im (Multipoint - Multimedia) . H.323 cung cp cc dch v gia tng
v do c th ng dng trong cc vng c s bin ng ln v kch c mng v dch
v cung cp.
2.4.2 SIP- Session Initiation Protocol
SIP l giao thc Internet dnh cho bo hiu VoIP c pht trin bi IETF, cung cp
vi chc nng ging h thng bo hiu s 7 nhng da trn nn IP.Mt chc nng
ging bo hiu s 7 l bo hiu v thoi chuyn ti trn hai knh ring .Giao thc
SIP thc hin chc nng thit lp v bo hiu cuc gi, khi ni n bo hiu cuc gi
l ch nh cc tn hiu bo hiu nh: tn hiu mi quay s, tn hiu bn SIP l phn
thit lp mc nh ca Astersik (SIP c h tr trong Asterisk vi module
chan_sip.so) . Hu ht thit b VoIP mi u c h tr giao thc SIP.N c mt s u
im, nh: code th nh hn. L do l SIP ch h tr cc tnh nng rt c bn. Cc tnh
nng tin tin c h tr qua cc chun Internet ring bit .
- 14 -
C php iu khin SIP ging nh SMTP, HTTP, FTP v cc giao thc IETF khc
.SIP l mt tiu chun ni bt trong VoIP v n n gin so vi giao thc khc v d
nh H.323 .
Chng ta cu hnh giao thc SIP bng cch son tho trong tp tin
/etc/asterisk/sip.conf. Tp tin ny c mt s thit lp trong mt session [general], tip
theo l cc nh ngha ca chng ta cho ngi s dng (s phn tch k hn trong phn
cu hnh Asterisk) .
2.4.3 Proxy server
Mc d hai thit b SIP c th lin lc trc tip vi nhau khi to cuc gi nhng
trong giao thc SIP cn c chc nng Proxy linh hot hn trong thip lp cuc gi
.Proxy Server s lm nhim v ghi nhn tt c cc s in thoi c pha clien ng
k n qua bn tin Registration.Khi mt client khc thc hin cuc gi th thc s
Client khng bit s in thoi cn gi ang u nn thng qua Proxy server
tm kim thit lp cuc gi.
Hnh 2-2: ng k t Client n SIP proxy, vi giao thc SIP ng

bo hiu v thoi ring .
2.4.4 RTP v NAT
Cc cuc gi trn Internet vi giao thc SIP c chia thnh cc gi thoi v c
chuyn qua giao thc RTP (Real Time Transport Protocol).RTP l giao thc khng ch
thc hin chuyn cc gi thoi qua Internet m cn c c Video na .Mt cuc gi
thng thng c hai hng thng tin l nhn v pht, RTP lm vic chuyn cc gi d
liu thoi cng trn hai hng .
RTP c gng m bo d liu s c truyn v nhn trong mt chu k thi gian ngn.
R rng tr trong lin lc thoi c th l mt vn . V vy RTP ngn nga tr
ny mc ti a c th .
NAT (Network Address Translator) l mt tr ngi ln trong giao thc RTP .Mng s
dng NAT l mt mng chia s nhiu a ch IP ni b vi mt a ch IP cng cng
kt ni vi th gii bn ngoi .NAT dng chia s nhiu my tnh trong mng
LAN ni b s dng c Internet, nhng cng chnh v th m cc my tnh ni b
- 15 -
gp kh khn trong vic thc hin cuc gi VoIP qua Inetrnet. chnh l vn tr
ngi khi truyn thoi qua giao thc RTP.
Hnh 2-3: Minh ha hot ng ca NAT

Trong giao thc RTP nh chng ta bit l thoi c chuyn trn hai ng
khc nhau l ng pht v ng thu, vn NAT nm ch tn hiu thoi t bn
ngoi vo bn trong qua giao thc RTP khng thc hin c cn chiu ngc li th
thc hin tt. Hay ni cch khc vn NAT lm cho cc cuc gi t Inetrnet m
thoi vo cc my ni b qua NAT th khng nghe c, cn trong trng hp cc
cuc gi t cc my ni b ra cc my Inetrnet th nghe tt .
Vn NAT trn c gii quyt trong Asterisk bng vic khai bo thng s nat=yes
trong cu hnh knh giao thc SIP.
2.4.5 IAX-Inter Asterisk eXchange
IAX l mt giao thc c to bi cc tc gi ca phn mm Asterisk . Bi v s hn
ch ca SIP v H.323.H chn to ra mt chun mi cho php Asterisk server lm
c rt nhiu th m khng th lm c vi cc chun khc . IAX xuyn qua NAT
mt cch d dng . Hu ht cc tng la (firewall) v cc Gateway Internet ti nh
u s dng NAT, cng nh cc nh cung cp dch v . SIP v H.323 phi lm vic
gian kh pht trin cc chun cho php chng i qua cc dng khc nhau ca NAT.
Trong khi , IAX c th lm vic qua hu ht cc thit b NAT ra ngoi .
- 16 -
IAX c kh nng cu hnh hn l cc giao thc khc khi giao tip vi Asterisk (trong
Asterisk, IAX c h tr bi module chan_iax2.so) .K t khi m ngun (source
code) c bit n, chng ta c th sa n nu mun, v sau trnh nhng thay
i ny c nh gi vi mc ch l bao gm trong cc version tng lai ca
Asterisk .
IAX h tr trung k cho cc cuc gi (trunking of call) . iu ny c ngha l nhiu
cuc gi c th c kt hp trong mt lung n .Thng qua kh nng ca trung k,
mt s lng bng thng ng k c th c tit kim bi khng c cc overhead ca
nhiu lung .
IAX kt ni gia cc server h tr chc nng switch command , cc cuc gi
c nh tuyn mt cch hiu qu gia cc Asterisk server.
Hin c hai phin bn ca IAX l IAX version 1 (IAX) v IAX version 2 (IAX2) .
IAX2 ra i c k vng s l mt s thay i hon ho cho nguyn bn IAX
version1 .
2.5 Asterisk server
Asterisk server l mt PC chy h iu hnh Linux, yu cu cu hnh nh bng 2.1
v m bo chc chn c khe cm m rng gn cc board lin lc .V d Digium
T1, adaptor FXO hoc FXS .
Bng 2.1: Yu cu ca cu hnh my Asterisk server
Mc ch
Th nghim, hc tp
H thng cho vn phng
hoc nh ring
H thng cho doanh nghip
nh
H thng thng mi c
va v ln
S lng cc knh
1- 5
5-10
Cu hnh ti thiu
400-MHz x86, 256 MB RAM
1-GHz x86, 512MB RAM
Ti 15
3-GHz x86, 1GB RAM
Hn 15
Dual CPUs, hay cng c th l

nhiu server trong mt cu trc
phn tn.
2.6 Thit b VoIP

2.6.1 VoIP phone
y l thit b phn cng kt ni vi mng VoIP ging nh my in thoi bn
thng thng nhng dnh cho VoIP, cn phi thc hin cu hnh trc khi s dng .
Lu mt s tnh nng khi thc hin mua thit b in thoi VoIP:
+Low bandwidth: h tr Code no, G729 l tt nht hin nay .
+Web Interface: phi c giao tip thit lp cu hnh thn thin d s dng .
- 17 -
+Audio Interface: c speaker phone hay khng .

Gi thnh ca in thoi VoIP t hn in thoi thng thng, gi khong trn di
100$/mt ci .
Hnh 2-4: My in thoi VoIP

2.6.2 Softphone
in thoi d nht thit lp vi Asterisk l Softphone.L mt phn mm c ci
trn my tnh, m phng mt in thoi trn PC, thc hin tt c cc chc nng ging
nh thit b in thoi VoIP.Softphone d thit lp v c th c cu hnh khong vi
pht.Cn lu khi s dng Softphone l my tnh phi c card m thanh, headphone
v firewall khng b kha .
Softphone dng card m thanh ca my tnh truyn v nhn tn hiu audio, hoc
mt chn la l USB phone, ging nh thit b thoi gn vo cng USB ca my
tnh. Softphone th khng t (thng l free) v cc USB phone thng c gi thp
hn 50$
S dng Softphone vi h thng Asterisk nn dng Softphone vi cng ngh giao thc
mi dnh cho Asterisk l IAX .
- 18 -
Hnh 2-5: in thoi Softphone

2.7 Card giao tip vi PSTN
Mun cho php cc my in thoi ni b trong h thng Asterisk kt ni v thc hin
cuc gi vi mng PSTN chng ta cn phi c thit b phn cng tng thch.Thit b
phn cng s dng cho h thng Asterisk do chnh tc gi lp cng ty Digium phn
phi, y cng chnh l tng ln trong vic phn phi phn mm Asterisk l h
thng ngun m s dng min ph.
Thit b phn cng thng k hiu bt u bng cm t TDMxyB trong x l s
lng port FXS, y l s lng port FXO, B:Bundle(sn phm c dng sn), gi
tr ti a ca x v y l 4 ,v d card TDM22B c ngha l c 2 port FXS v 2 port
FXO.
Hnh 2-6 Card TDM22B gm 4 port: 2 FXS v 2 FXO
- 19 -
2.8 ATA- Analog Telephone Adaptors

ATA l thit b kt ni vi in thoi analog thng thng n mng VoIP, mt thit
b ATA gm c hai loi port: RJ-11 kt ni vi my in thoi Analog thng
thng, cn RJ-45 kt ni vi mng VoIP.
ATA thc s l thit b FXS chuyn i tn hiu Analog sang tn hiu s s dng cho
mng VoIP, tn dng my in thoi Analog nn trang b thit b ATA thay v phi
trang b in thoi VoIP.
Thit b ATA s dng vi giao thc IAX c Digium phn phi l thit b ATA c
s dng rng ri vi Asterisk c tn gi l IAXy .
Hnh 2-7: Thit b ATA

2.9 Codecs
Codecs c hiu mt cch tng qut l cc m hnh ton hc c s dng m
ha (v nn ) tn hiu thoi dng Analog sang tn hiu Digital v ngc li .
C nhiu thut ton codec thc hin chuyn i tn hiu Analog sang tn hiu
Digital dng nh phn (0,1) nh G711, GSM, G729. ng vi mi thut ton c
nhng u im ring, c bit l vic ti u s dng bng thng trn ng truyn.
Mc tiu cui cng l cc thut ton a ra phi m bo cht lng cuc gi tt nht
v tit kim bng thng nht
G729 l codec tt nht hin nay trong h thng VoIP.Vi h thng Asterisk s
dng thut ton ny cn phi mua bn quyn s dng v y l codec khng min ph
s dng .
2.10 QoS-Quality of Service
Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng dch v-QoS:
- 20 -
2.10.1 tr
Thoi l dch v mang tnh thi gian thc rt cao v th tr l yu t nh hng rt ln
n cht lng dch v .Tr c nh ngha l khong thi gian tnh t lc tn hiu
thoi i t ngi ni ti ngi nghe .Tr l yu t khng th trnh khi, tr i vi
mng in thoi truyn thng (mng PSTN) khong t 50 ms n 70 ms.Theo khuyn
ngh ca ITU-T, m bo cht lng thoi cho h thng VoIP th tr t u pht
ti u thu hoc ngc li khng c vt qu 150 ms, khi m tr vt qu 400
ms n 500 ms th khng th chp nhn c .
Cc nguyn nhn gy ra tr bao gm: tr trn mng li, tr trn b m ha gii m,
tr trong qu trnh ng gi, tr b m, tr x l ting ni
2.10.2 trt
Nguyn nhn gy ra trt l gi tn hiu thoi trong qu trnh truyn t ngun n ch
s gp phi nhng iu kin khc nhau trn mng li do thng n ch vi
nhng khong tr khc nhau. y l tnh khng ng nht ca tr .Mt nguyn nhn
khc ca trt i vi ng dng PC to PC l do vic s dng h iu hnh phi thi
gian thc, cc gi tin thoi phi i h iu hnh x l trong nhng khong thi gian
khc nhau khi m h iu hnh phi x l i vi cc ng dng khc nhau .
- 21 -
Hnh 2-8: Nguyn nhn xy ra trt

loi b tnh khng ng nht ca tr, ngi ta thit k cc b m tr (Jitter Buffer)
ti ni n ca cc gi tin, cc gi tin n vi cc khong cch khc nhau v thi gian
c lu ti b m ri ra khi b m vi khong tr nh nhau . Khi b m c kch
thc cng ln th kh nng loi b tnh khng ng nht cng ln, tuy nhin vic s
dng b m s gy ra hin tng tr trong ng dng thoi, do cn c bi ton cn
i gia tr v trt .
Ngoi hai nguyn nhn trn cn c mt s nguyn nhn na nh hng n cht lng
thoi nh mt gi, gii hn bng thng, ting vng .
- 22 -
http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn CHNG III: CC M HNH NG DNG M NGUN M ASTERISK
CHNG III: CC M HNH NG DNG M NGUN M

ASTERISK
Asterisk thc hin rt nhiu ng cnh ng dng khc nhau ty vo nhu cu s dng,
di y l nhng ng cnh ng dng thng c s dng trong thc t trin khai h
thng Asterisk.
3.1. Tng i VoIP PBX
Hnh 3-1: IP- PBX
y l h thng chuyn mch VoIP c xy dng phc v cc cng ty c nhu cu

thc hin trn nn tng mng ni b trin khai .Thay v lp t mt h thng PBX
cho nhu cu lin lc ni b th nn lp t h thng IP-PBX, iu ny s lm gim chi
ph ng k. H thng c th lin lc vi mng PSTN qua giao tip TDM .
- 23 -
3.2. Kt ni IP- PBX vi PBX
Hnh 3-2: Kt ni IP- PBX vi PBX
Mt ng cnh t ra y l hin ti Cng ty trang b h thng PBX, by gi cn

trang b thm p ng nhu cu lin lc trong cng ty sao cho vi chi ph thp nht,
gii php thc hin l trang b h thng Asterisk v kt ni vi h thng PBX
ang tn ti qua lung E1.Ngoi ra tng kh nng lin lc vi mng PSTN v VoIP
khc, cng ty c th thc hin kt ni vi nh cung cp dch v VoIP.
- 24 -
3.3. Kt ni gia cc server Asterisk
Hnh 3-3: Kt ni gia cc server Asterisk
Phng php trn ng dng rt hiu qu cho cc cng ty nm ri rc cc v tr a l

khc nhau, nhm gim chi ph ng di .V d cng ty M c tr s t ti M v cc
chi nhnh t ti Vit Nam vi cc a im Thnh ph H Ch Minh v H
Ni.Thng qua mng WAN ca Cng ty cc cuc gi ni b gia cc v tr khc nhau
s lm gim chi ph ng k .
- 25 -
3.4. Cc ng dng IVR, VoiceMail, in thoi hi ngh
Hnh 3-4: Trin khai server IVR, VoiceMail, Hi Thoi
ng dng thc hin cc server kt ni vi h thng PSTN hay tng i PBX trin
khai cc ng dng nh tng tc thoi IVR .Mt v d cho ng dng tng tc thoi
l cho bit kt qu s s hay kim tra cc cuc gi ging dch v 19001260.ng
dng VoiceMail thu nhn nhng tin nhn thoi t pha thu bao ging nh chc nng
hp th thoi ca Vin thng thnh ph trin khai .Cn chc nng in thoi hi ngh
thit lp cho nhiu my in thoi cng ni chuyn vi nhau .
- 26 -
3.5. Chc nng phn phi cuc gi t ng
Hnh 3-5: Phn phi cuc gi vi hng i

ACD (Automatic Call Distribution): phn phi cuc gi t ng .
y l chc nng ng dng cho nhu cu chm sc khch hng hay nhn phn hi t
pha khch hng.
Cng ty c kh nng tip nhn cng mt lc 10 cuc gi nh th cuc gi th 11 gi
n th h thng gii quyt nh th no ? Bnh thng th s nghe tn hiu bn nhng
vi chc nng phn phi cuc gi s a thu bao vo hng i ch tr li,
trong khi ch tr li cuc gi, thu bao c th nghe nhng bi ht hay do Asterisk
cung cp, trong lc ny nu mt trong mi s in thoi tr v trng thi ri th cuc
gi ang ch s c tr li, ging nh chc nng ca dch v 1080 hay 116 ca Vin
thng thnh ph .
- 27 -
http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG IV: CC DCH V C BN CA ASTERISK
CHNG IV: CC DCH V C BN CA ASTERISK

Asterisk c mt s tnh nng c bn c gii thiu chng mt. Trong phn ny
s gii thiu mt s tnh nng vi cc ng dng c th hiu r hn v cc tnh nng
ca h thng Asterisk .
4.1. Conference call (m thoi nhiu ngi)
Nu chng ta cn gi in ti nhiu ngi nhng ch thng bo cho h cng mt
ni dung .Tht l mt thi gian v bt tin khi phi ln lt bm s ca tng ngi
gi.Chc nng Conference call, s gip chng ta gii quyt iu ny .
Cc cuc m thoi nhiu ngi c thit lp cho php ngi nhn cuc gi tham gia
m thoi xuyn sut cuc gi hoc c th c thit lp ngi nhn cuc gi
ch c php nghe m khng c ni .
Chng ta c th cho php ngi gi, gi ti nhng ngi khc v thm h vo tham
d cuc m thoi .
4.2. Voicemail (hp th thoi)
y l tnh nng cho php h thng nhn cc thng ip tin nhn thoi, mi my in
thoi c khai bo trong h thng Asterisk cho php khai bo thm chc nng hp
th thoi.
Mi khi s in thoi bn th h thng Astreisk nh hng trc tip cc cuc gi n
hp th thoi tng ng khai bo trc.
Voicemail cung cp cho ngi s dng nhiu tnh nng la chn nh: password xc
nhn khi truy cp vo hp th thoi, gi mail bo khi c thng ip mi.
- Voicemail transfer:
Tnh nng cho php bn chuyn cuc gi vo hp th thoi khi bn khng rnh
nghe.
-Voicemail dial:
Nu bn khng mun in thoi ca ngi nhn chung (trnh lm phin
khng cn thit), bn c th ni trc tip vo Voicemail ca ngi nhn .Ngi
nhn sau s nghe li thng tin ca bn t Voicemail .
4.3. Call Forwarding (chuyn cuc gi)
Khi khng c nh, hoc i cng tc m ngi s dng khng mun b l tt c cc
cuc gi n th hy ngh ngay n tnh nng chuyn cuc gi .
y l tnh nng thng c s dng trong h thng Asterisk .Chc nng ny cho
php chuyn mt cuc gi n mt hay nhiu s my in thoi c nh trc .
- 28 -
Mt s trng hp cn chuyn cuc gi nh: chuyn cuc gi khi bn, chuyn cuc
gi khi khng tr li, chuyn cuc gi tc thi, chuyn cuc gi vi thi gian nh
trc .
4.4. Caller ID (hin th s ch gi)
Chc nng ny rt hu dng khi mt ai gi n v ta mun bit chnh xc l gi t
u v trong mt s trng hp bit chc h l ai .
Ngoi ra Caller ID cn l chc nng cho php chng ta xc nhn s thu bao gi n
c ngha l da vo caller ID chng ta c tip nhn hay khng tip nhn cuc gi t
pha h thng Asterisk.Ngn mt s cuc gi ngoi mun .
4.5. Automated Attendant (tng tc thoi)
Chc nng tng tc thoi c rt nhiu ng dng trong thc t, khi gi in thoi n
mt c quan hay x nghip, thu bao thng nghe thng ip nh Xin cho mng bn
gi n cng ty chng ti, hy nhn phm 1 gp phng kinh doanh, phm 2 gp
phng k thut sau ty vo s tng tc ca thu bao gi n, h thng
Astreisk s nh hng cuc gi theo mong mun.
Khi mun xem im thi, mun bit tin cc in thoi ca thu bao, mun bit t gi
la hin nay nh th no, hay kt qu s s tt c nhng mong mun trn u c
th thc hin qua chc nng tng tc thoi.
4.6.Time and Date
Vo tng thi gian c th cuc gi s nh hng n mt s in thoi hay mt chc
nng c th khc. V d trong cng ty gim c mun ch cho php nhn vin s dng
my in thoi trong gi hnh chnh, cn ngoi gi th s hn ch hay khng cho php
gi ra bn ngoi .
4.7.Call pickup
y l tnh nng cho php chng ta t my in thoi ny c th nhn cuc gi t my
in thoi khc ang rung chung .
Bn nghe my in thoi ca ngi khc trong phng ang chung.Ngi
khng c mt trong phng nhn cuc gi .V bn cng khng mun ri khi bn
lm vic ca mnh tr li cuc gi.Bn hy dng in thoi ca bn tr li cuc
gi .
4.8.Call Parking
Bn ang tr li mt cuc gi .Bn mun chuyn cuc gi ny sang mt ng nghip
khc, nhng ngi ny ch c th nhn in thoi sau khong 1 pht na (v ngi ny
ang ni chuyn in thoi, hoc va bc ra ngoi ) V bn khng mun cm in
- 29 -
thoi na . Bn s park-chuyn, cuc gi ny vo mt Park place (mt s in thoi

trung gian) . ng nghip ca bn sau s pickup-nhn, cuc gi t Park place .
4.9.Privacy Manager
Khi mt ngi ch doanh nghip trin khai Asterisk cho h thng in thoi ca cng
ty mnh nhng li khng mun nhn vin trong cng ty gi i ra ngoi tr chuyn vi
bn b, khi Asterisk cung cp mt tnh nng tin dng l ch cho php s in thoi
c lp trnh, c php gi n nhng s my c nh no thi, cn nhng s
khng c trong danh sch nh sn s khng thc hin cuc gi c.
4.10.Call Detail Records
Asterisk gi li cc d liu chi tit cuc gi y .Chng ta c th cha thng tin
ny trong mt tp phng (flat file), hoc tt hn l mt database lu tr v tra cu
hiu qu. S dng thng tin ny chng ta c th gim st s s dng ca h thng
Asterisk.
Chng ta c th so snh cc d liu ny vi ha n m cng ty in thoi gi n,
cho php chng ta phn tch lu lng cuc gi.
4.11.Call Recording
Asterisk a n cho chng ta kh nng ghi m cc cuc gi. Tnh nng ny c
s dng chng minh ni dung cuc gi lm tha mn mt yu cu no ca
khch hng khi cn thit cng nh kh nng gip trong cc trng hp c lin quan
n php lut.
4.12.Blacklist
Blacklist cng ging nh Privacy Manager nhng c mt s khc bit l nhng my
in thoi nm trong danh sch s khng gi c n my ca bn (s dng trong
tnh trng hay b quy ri in thoi)
4.13.User permission to/international call
Chng ta c th c cp quyn bng mt m hoc theo s ni b.
V cn rt nhiu tnh nng na m h thng Asterisk c th cung cp cho ngi s
dng , trn y ch l mt s tnh nng thng c s dng . bit thm cc tnh
nng cn li, chng ta c th tham kho website www.asterisk.org.
- 30 -
http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG V: THIT K CU HNH IP-PBX
CHNG V: THIT K CU HNH IP-PBX

Trong chng ny s m t vic ci t phn mm Asterisk vo my server, tm hiu
cc file cu hnh h thng quan trng, k hoch quay s(dialplan)
5.1. Ci t Asterisk
ci t Asterisk, u tin chng ta phi ci t h iu hnh Linux vo my server .
C th ci cc bn phn phi sau ca Linux: Fedora, CentOS, Redhat, Debian Cc
gi phn mm ph thuc phi c trong h iu hnh Linux trc khi ci t Asterisk
l:
-
bison
gcc
kernel-source
libtermcap-devel
ncurses-devel
openssl096b
openssl-devel
i vi cc phin bn Asterisk trc 1.2, chng ta phi ci t thm gi mpg123 .

ci t gi mpg123, chng ta download bng lnh :
#wget http://www.mpg123.de/mpg123-0.59.tar.gz
Tip theo chng ta bung nn vo mt th mc ch nh, bin dch (compile) v ci t
(install) bng cc lnh:
#tar zxvf mpg123-0.59.tar.gz
#make
#make install
Sau khi hon tt cc bc trn, chng ta tin hnh download phn mm Asterisk vi
phin bn mi nht .Tt c cc gi phn mm ca Asterisk c cung cp y t
website cung cp m ngun m : http://www.asterisk.org
Download cc gi phn mm Asterisk bng cc lnh :
#cd /usr/src
#wget http://ftp.digium.com/pub/asterisk/asterisk-1.x.x.tar.gz
#wget http://ftp.digium.com/pub/asterisk/asterisk-addons-1.x.x.tar.gz
#wget http://ftp.digium.com/pub/asterisk/asterisk-sounds-1.x.x.tar.gz
#wget http://ftp.digium.com/pub/zaptel/zaptel-1.x.x.tar.gz
#wget http://ftp.digium.com/pub/libpri/libpri-1.x.x.tar.gz
( x :i din cho version)
- 31 -
Vic download nhanh hay chm ty vo tc ng truyn internet, sau khi

download hon thnh chng ta tin hnh bung nn cc gi :
#tar xzvf asterisk-1.x.x.tar.gz
#tar xzvf asterisk-addons-1.x.x.tar.gz
#tar xzvf asterisk-sounds-1.x.x.tar.gz
#tar xzvf zaptel-1.x.x.tar.gz
#tar xzvf libpri-1.x.x.tar.gz
Chng ta cng nn to mt lin kt bng cch g lnh :
#ln s /usr/src/asterisk-1.x.x /usr/src/asterisk .Lnh ny m bo gi addons c
bin dch ng .
Tip theo chng ta bin dch cc gi gii nn.Trc tin l gi zaptel, k n l gi
libpri, sau cng l gi asterisk.
5.1.1. Ci t Zaptel
Gi zaptel c cha th mc /usr/src/zaptel-1.x.x . nh lnh nh di y ci
t:
#cd /usr/src/zaptel-1.x.x
#make clean
#./configure
#make
#make install
Cc lnh ny thc hin khong vi pht, ty thuc vo tc ca my tnh ci t .
Sau khi ci t xong s tr li du nhc lnh v hin th mt lot cc thng bo, trong
c mt s bn tin li m ch yu l yu cu ci t cc gi ph thuc lit k
trn, nu cc gi cha c ci t.
Gi Zaptel, cha cc driver Zapata c to cho Asterisk, cn thit cho vic s dng
phn cng in thoi ca hng Digium, v cng bao gm mt s th vin m Asterisk
ph thuc vo, bt k l chng ta c s dng phn cng ca hng Digium hay khng.
Nu chng ta mun Asterisk khi ng khi boot my tnh, chng ta dng lnh:
#make config
Lnh ny to ra mt script chn module Zaptel vo kernel v chy ztconfig khi boot
my tnh.
- 32 -
5.1.2. Ci t libpri
K n chng ta bin dch v ci t gi libpri c cha ti th mc /usr/src/libpri1.x.x bng cc lnh sau:
#cd /usr/src/libpri-1.x.x
#make clean
#make
#make install
Qu trnh bin dch ny khong mt pht, sau khi thc hin xong s tr v du nhc
lnh .
Libpri cung cp cc th vin c yu cu cho vic s dng trung k PRI, cng nh
mt s giao tip in thoi khc. Ngay c khi Asterisk khng giao tip vi PRI, chng
ta cng nn ci t n.
5.1.3. Ci t Asterisk
By gi n lc chng ta thc s ci t Asterisk, c cha ti th mc
/usr/src/asterisk-1.x.x . Chng ta ci t nh sau ;
#cd /usr/src/asterisk-1.x.x
#make clean
#./configure
#make
#make install
Sau khi ci t thnh cng, chng ta s c mt h thng PBX vi cc tnh nng c bn.
Ti thi im ny chng ta s tin hnh cu hnh h thng theo nhu cu s dng.
hiu r hn v cch cu hnh h thng, chng ta s xem cc tp tin cu hnh mu
bng cch g lnh:
#make samples
Asterisk khi ng mi khi boot my tnh chng ta dng lnh:
#make config
Lnh make samples to ra mt tp tin zaptel.conf th mc /etc v cc tp tin cu hnh
mu th mc /etc/asterisk
Cc tp tin cu hnh mu bao gm:
adsi.conf: tp tin ny cha ng cu hnh cho giao din cc dch v hin th Analog
hay vit tt l ADSI (Analog Display Services Interface).
adtranvofr.conf: tp tin ny cha cu hnh cho vic s dng Voice over Frame Relay.
- 33 -
agents.conf: tp tin ny cha cu hnh cho vic s dng cc agent (in thoi vin),
thng c ng dng trong cc trung tm cuc gi (call center).Tp tin ny cho php
chng ta nh ngha cc agent v gn cho h cc ID v mt khu.
alarmreceiver.conf: tp tin ny cu hnh ng dng nhn cnh bo. Chng ta s khng
thay i cc gi tr t s thit lp mc nh ca n .
alsa.conf: tp tin ny cha cc tham s cu hnh cho card m thanh ca h thng.
asterisk.adsi: bao gm script ADSI mc nh ca Asterisk. Script ny s c thc thi
t in thoi nu chng ta dng phn cng ADSI.
asterisk.conf: tp tin ny thit lp cc bin tng qut cho vic s dng Asterisk. Hu
ht nhng tham s ny chng ta s khng cn phi chnh sa . N thng bo cho
Asterisk mt cch cn bn ni tm cc tp tin tng qut v cc chng trnh c kh
nng thc thi.
cdr_manager.conf: tp tin ny cu hnh CDR cho qun l cuc gi.
cdr_odbc.conf: y l tp tin cu hnh cho vic s dng mt kt ni c s d liu
ODBC lu tr cc CDR ca chng ta.
cdr_pgsql.conf:tp tin cu hnh ny cho php chng ta s dng c s d liu
PostgreSQL lu tr cc bn ghi CDR ca chng ta.
cdr_tds.conf: y l tp tin cu hnh cho vic s dng FreeTDS, cho php cc kt ni
n Microsoft SQL v Sybase.
enum.conf: tp tin ny cu hnh s dng ENUM, cho php chng ta phn gii cc s
in thoi da trn cc DNS, qua cho php chng ta nh tuyn cuc gi n mt
s IP thay v i trn mng PSTN.
extconfig.conf: vi tp tin ny, chng ta c th ty chn lu cc thng tin hot ng
ca queue v mt c s d liu no .
extensions.conf: tp tin ny cu hnh hot ng ca Asterisk.Chng ta s tim hiu su
v tp tin ny.
features.conf: tp tin ny bao gm cc ty chn cho cc chc nng c bn ca h
thng nh : call parking, call pickup
festival.conf: tp tin ny tit lp cc tham s cho Festival, l mt chng trnh ngun
m m cho php server ca chng ta c cc tp tin vn bn.
iax.conf: tp tin ny cu hnh cc ti khon s dng giao thc IAX m thoi
indications.conf: y l ni cho php chng ta cu hnh cc thuc tnh tng qut ca
h thng in thoi nh: nhp chung v cc tone, cho php chng ta cung cp m
- 34 -
thanh ngi dng s dng cc m thanh ca mng in thoi ca mt quc gia no

.
logger.conf: tp tin ny thit lp cc dng logging m chng ta s s dng.
manager.conf: tp tin ny cu hnh cc quyn truy cp t xa n h thng qun l
cuc gi Asterisk.
meetme.conf: tp tin cu hnh ny thit lp cc phng hi thai n gin .Chng ta
cng c th ty chn nh ngha cc mt khu cho tng phng.
modem.conf: tp tin ny thit lp cc bin tng qut cho php chng ta s dng cc
modem la chn vi Astersik. Ch rng khng nhiu cc modem c h tr bi
Asterisk, v hu ht cc modem ch l half-duplex, chng khng c hiu nng tt .
modules.conf: tp tin cu hnh ny la chn cc module Astersik no s c khi
ng. Chng ta c th kch hot hoc tt cc tnh nng ca PBX thng qua vic thay
i cc tham s y .
musiconhold.conf: tp tin cu hnh ny to cc tp tin nhc ch v nh ngha th t
tp tin no s c pht.
oss.conf: cu hnh ny ging nh alsa.conf, chng ta s khng dng n n.
phone.conf: tp tin ny cho php chng ta s dng cc giao tip in thoi Linux, nh
linejack ca Quicknet
privacy.conf:tp tin ny cho php chng ta cu hnh cc ty chn ring.
queues.conf: tp tin cu hnh ny cho php chng ta to cc hng i (queue) cho
ngi gi, cho php chng ta tip nhn mt s lng ln cc cuc gi cng mt lc
bng gii php thng minh.
res_config_odbc.conf: tp tin ny thit lp cu hnh lu tr cc thng tin cu hnh
h thng vo mt c s d liu dng ODBC.
rpt.conf: tp tin ny cho php chng ta s dng cc b lp v tuyn (radio repeater).
rtp.conf: tp tin cu hnh ny thit lp cc cng s dng giao thc thi gian thc (
Real -Time Protocal ).
sip.conf: tp tin cu hnh ny nh ngha cc ti khon dng giao thc khi to phin
(Session Initiation Protocal) v cc ty chn cho chng .Chng ta cng c th thit lp
cc bin tng qut cho SIP, nh dng cng no v thi gian timeout l bao nhiu.
skinny.conf: tp tin ny cu hnh giao thc VoIP skinny, vn c s dng rt nhiu
trong cc in thoi ca Cisco.
- 35 -
telecordia-1.adsi: y l mt script ADSI mu.

voicemail.conf: tp tin cu hnh ny to cc ngi dng hp th thoi(voicemail) v
mt vi tham s tng qut cho cc kch bn Mail, h thng voicemail ca Astersik.
vpb.conf: tp tin ny cu hnh phn cng Voice Tronix.
zapata.conf: tp tin ny thit lp cc thng s cu hnh giao tip in thoi
Zapata.Chng ta s s dng tp tin ny cu hnh phn cng ca Digium. Phn cng
ca Digium cho php chng ta lin lc vi PSTN .
5.1.4. Ci t Asterisk-addons
Ta dng cc lnh sau ci t Asterisk-Addons:
#cd /usr/src/asterisk-addons-1.x.x
#./configure
#make
#make install
Sau khi bin dch v ci t thnh cng, chng ta c th khi ng v s dng Asterisk
vi cc tham s mc nh. C nhiu cch khi ng Asterisk, nhng cch n gin
nht l thc hin lnh sau:
# /usr/sbin/asterisk rvvvv
thot khi ch dng lnh, ta dng lnh sau:
CLI>exit
Cu trc th mc ca Asterisk:
Asterisk s dng nhiu th mc trn h thng Linux qun l cc kha cnh khc
nhau ca h thng, nh cc bn ghi hp th thoi, cc bn tin nhc thoi, v cc tp tin
cu hnh.Phn ny s trnh by cc th mc chnh yu, c to ra trong qu trnh ci
t v c cu hnh trong tp tin asterisk.conf
/etc/asterisk/
Th mc /etc/asterisk/ cha cc tp tin cu hnh ca h thng Asterisk, ngoi tr tp
tin zaptel.conf c t ti th mc /etc/ .Phn cng Zaptel u tin c pht trin
bi Jim Dixon thuc nhm in thoi Zapata( Zapata Telephony Group) giao tip
gia my tnh vi mng in thoi , m Asterisk li s dng phn cng ny , vi l do
m file cu hnh zaptel.conf khng nm trong th mc /etc/asterisk/
/usr/lib/asterisk/modules/
Th mc /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/ cha tt c cc modules cn thit Asterisk hot
ng .Bn trong th mc l cc ng dng khc nhau, cc codec, cc nh dng(format)
v cc knh(channel) c s dng bi Asterisk. Theo mc nh Asterisk s np tt c
cc module vo lc khi ng . Chng ta c th khng cho np mt module bt k
bng cch khng khai bo s dng trong tp tin modules.conf. Lu khi khng cho
- 36 -
np module th phi bit chc module khng nh hng n hot ng ca

Asterisk, nu khng li s xut hin khi khi ng .
/var/lib/asterisk/
Th mc /var/lib/asterisk/ cha tp tin astdb v mt s th mc con.Tp tin astdb cha
ng thng tin c s d liu ca Astersik, ging nh Microsoft Windows Registry.
Cc th mc con ca th mc /var/lib/asterisk/ bao gm:
. agi-bin/
Th mc agi-bin/ cha cc script ca ngi dng, cc script ny c th giao tip
vi Asterisk qua cc ng dng AGI(Asterisk Gate Interface) khc nhau c
ci t sn.AGI l phn giao tip vi ngn ng lp trnh script thc hin mt
s cng vic ca Asterisk t bn ngoi.
. firmware/
Th mc firmware/ cha mt s firmware cho cc thit b khc nhau tng
thch vi Asterisk.N hin ti ch cha th mc con /iax cha cc firmware cho
thit b IAXy ca Digium.IAXy l thit b ATA s dng giao thc IAX.
. images/
Cc ng dng thng tin vi cc knh h tr cc nh ha th s dng th mc
ny. Nhng hin ti cc knh thng tin th hu nh khng h tr truyn nh nn
th mc ny cng him khi c s dng.Tuy nhin nu cc thit b c h tr
th th mc ny tr nn hiu dng.
. keys/
Asterisk c th s dng mt h thng kha public/private xc minh cc kt
ni gia cc server Asterisk thng qua ch k in t RSA.Nu t mt kha
public vo th mc /keys th kt ni ca server u bn kia c th c xc
minh bng knh thng tin c h tr, i vi Asterisk th knh giao thc IAX h
tr loi xc minh ny. Mt kha private th khng bao gi c phn pht n
public, chng ta ch cng b kha public n vi server cn kt ni, sau s
xc minh vi kha private ny.C hai kha public v private c lu vi ui
.pub v .key t ti th mc keys/
. mohmp3/
Khi chng ta cu hnh Asterisk vi tnh nng Music on Hold, tnh nng ny
hot ng s ly cc tp tin MP3 ti th mc mohmp3/. Tp tin nh dng theo
chun ca Asterisk nn khi s dng cc file MP3 thng thng cn c s
chuyn i thch hp trc khi chp vo th mc trn s dng.
. sounds/
Tt c cc tp tin m thanh lin quan n nhc thoi ca Asterisk c t ti
th mc sounds/.Ni dung ca cc tp tin cha trong th mc c lit k qua
tp tin sounds.txt t ti th mc m ngun ca Asterisk. Cn ni dung ca cc
tp tin m thanh c m rng thm c lit k trong tp tin sounds-extra.txt
t trong th mc c trch ra khi bung gi asterisk-sounds.
- 37 -
/var/spool/asterisk/
Th mc /var/spool/asterisk/ cha nhiu th mc con bao gm outgoing/, qcall/,tmp/,
voicemail/ . Astersik lun kim tra th mc outgoing v qcall v y l hai th mc
cha cc tp tin dng text, cha thng tin yu cu cuc gi . Cc tp tin cho php
chng ta to ra mt cuc gi n gin bng cch sao chp hoc di chuyn tp tin c
cu trc qui nh vo th mc outgoing/.
Th mc tmp/ s dng lu tr nhng thng tin tm, lun m bo khng xy ra
tnh trng c v vit tp tin cng mt lc, khi yu cu x l tp tin chng ta thao tc
trn th mc tmp/ trc khi lu vo tp tin ch .
Tt c li nhc thoi t pha ngi s dng v cc li nhc thoi s dng cho thao tc
voicemail u c cha trong th mc voicemail/. Mt hp th thoi c to ra ng
vi mt my ni b trong tp tin voicemail.conf, s c to ra mt th mc con
tng ng cho my ni b ti th mc voicemail/.
/var/run/
Th mc /var/run/ cha thng tin process ID (pid) cho tt c cc tin trnh ang hot
ng trong h thng, bao gm c Asterisk . Lu l ng vi mi h iu hnh th
mc var/run/ c th khc.
/var/log/asterisk/
Th mc /var/log/asterisk/ l ni Asterisk cha tt c cc tp tin nht k hay cn gi l
tp tin log. Chng ta c th ty bin cc loi thng tin c lu trong cc tp tin log
khc nhau qua tp tin cu hnh logger.conf t ti th mc /etc/astersik
/var/log/asterisk/cdr-csv:
Th mc /var/log/asterisk/cdr-csv c s dng lu chi tit cuc gi CDR , thng
tin mc nh v chi tit thng tin cuc gi c lu tr trong tp tin Master.csv,
nhng thng th ng vi mi m accountcode s to mt th mc ring lu chi tit
cuc gi cho my .
5.2. Cu hnh h thng
Sau khi hon tt phn ci t Asterisk, mt bc quan trng tip theo l cu hnh h
thng, c th ni y l bc quan trng nht ca vic trin khai h thng n vi tng
ng dng c th.
5.2.1. Cu hnh giao tip vi PSTN
kt ni vi mng PSTN chng ta cn phi c mt card TDM vi cng FXO v mt
ng dy in thoi hoc c th l mt tng i ni b PBX .C nhiu nh sn xut
phn cng khc nhau, nhng trong phm vi lun vn s trnh by cu hnh mu dng
card zapata TDM04B ca Digium. (Thng tin v card, c th tham kho ti
http://www.digium.com ).
Trc khi lp t card TDM04B hy tt ngun my tnh v kim tra khe cm PCI c
tng thch gn vo hay khng, ch yu l kim tra s tng thch v mt vt l .
Sau khi hon tt hy bt my tnh tr li v chun b cu hnh cho card hot ng .
- 38 -
Cu hnh cho card hot ng thng qua hai tp tin cu hnh l tp tin zaptel.conf
th mc /etc v tp tin zapata.conf th mc /etc/asterisk
5.2.1.a. zaptel.conf
Nh bit tp tin zaptel.conf nm th mc /etc. Chng ta c th chnh sa tp tin
ny bng bt c cng c chnh sa text no u thch. Khi thay i ni dung ca tp tin
ny, chng ta phi buc cc driver Zaptel c tp tin cu hnh pht hin s thay i.
Nu h thng ca chng ta c cu hnh bt u phn cng Zaptel khi boot my,
chng ta c th thc hin iu ny bng lnh sau :
$/etc/init.d/zaptel stop
$/etc/init.d/zaptel start
Hoc nu chng ta khng bt u cc giao tip Zaptel khi boot my, chng ta c th
thc thi cc s thay i bng cch chy lnh sau:
#ztcfg
xem cc thng tin xut ra trong qu trnh reload knh Zap, ta thm cc tham s v
vo cu lnh trn:
#ztcfg vvv
C hai ty chn tng qut c thit lp trong tp tin ny . u tin l loadzone, s
nh ngha u tin ring bit cho chun ca mt quc gia no , nh cng
ca chung nn c l bao nhiu .Cng vy tham s th hai defaultzone s bo cho
Zaptel bit vng no c dng mc nh, nu nh khng c ch nh c th. Gi tr
cho mi ty chn ny gm hai ch vit tt ca quc gia .V d i vi Hoa k, tp
tin zaptel.conf c th cha ng:
loadzone = us
defaultzone = us
Tip theo chng ta cn m t loi kt ni m chng ta dng .ng dy c th c
nhiu dng khc nhau, loi kt ni chng ta s dng ph thuc vo loi dch v no
c cung cp bi cng ty in thoi.Thng thng c hai s la chn thng dng cho
Asterisk l Primary Rate ISDN (PRI) v Plain Old Telephone System (POST), thng
c gi l ng dy Analog.
i vi ng dy Analog thng thng (POST), trong tp tin zaptel.conf, chng ta
cn ch ra loi bo hiu no chng ta s s dng .Nh trnh by phn trc, chng
ta cn thit b FXO kt ni n PSTN . y chng ta nh ngha loi bo hiu m
Asterisk s dng ch khng phi l dng thit b ang dng.
i vi mi knh Zap, c th cho card TDM04B, ta phi nh ngha:
fxsks =1,2,3,4
loadzone = us
- 39 -
defaultzone = us
Vi khai bo fxsks=1,2,3,4 ta nh ngha ba tham s . u tin xc nh loi bo
hiu, nu thit b chng ta dng l giao tip FXO th bo hiu s dng s l FXS v
ngc li.Th hai chng ta nh ngha giao thc .iu ny ph thuc vo ng dy
in thoi m chng ta dng.Thng thng chng ta c th s dng Koolstart(ks),hoc
cc ty chn khc l: Loopstart(ls) v Groundstart(gs).Cui cng chng ta ch ra s
knh l 4, nm trn knh t 1 n 4 ca card giao tip. Nu chng ta cu hnh loi bo
hiu khng ph hp, khi reload Zaptel bng lnh ztcfg vvv, ta s thy bn tin li nh
sau:
#ztcfg vvv
ZT_CHANCONFIG failed on channel 1: invalid argument (22)
Did you forget that FXS interfaces are configured with FXO signalling and that
FXO interfaces use FXS signalling?
Nu chng ta dng ng dy s ISDN (PRI) hoc T1, th tp tin cu hnh ca chng
ta s c mt vi khc bit so vi ng dy Analog .Chng ta nh ngha mi lung
ISDN hay T1 nh l mt span .i vi mi span ny ,chng ta cn ch ra cc thng s
chi tit nh sau :
Span number: y l s th t n nh cho mi lung .Nu lung kt ni vo cng
th nht trn card, ta nh ngha l span 1, cng s 2 l span 2,
Timing: mi lung cn c mt ngun ng b 1 trong 2 u cui. Mt lung ISDN
gn vo card giao tip ca Asterisk c th ng b da vo xung ng h cc b hoc
c th da vo xung u ra pha telco hoc ni m PBX kt ni ti .ng b cc b
(Internal timing) l khi xung ng b c ly ngay trn card, da vo xung chipset
trn card. ng b ngoi l khi xung ng b c ly t ng dy PRI do u xa
gi ti .Tham s timing trong nh ngha span trong tp tin zaptel.conf s quyt ng
la chn l primary, secondary hay trn mt ngun xung ng b khc :
0: ngha l internal clocking, s dng tn hiu xung ca chipset trn card khi to
xung ng b.
1: xung ng b l primary source, tc zaptel ng b xung da vo tn hiu nhn
c t ng dy cho port (span) ny.y c gi l external clocling.
2: xung ng b l secondary clock source, ngha l s khi phc xung cho span ny t
xung ca card nu span vi clock =1 b li.
Line Build Out (LBO):s nguyn ny m t chiu di ca cable.
Framing: thng tin ny m t cc thng s framing cho ng truyn ca chng ta.
Nhng thng s ny cn m t chnh xc vi khai bo ca nh cung cp .
Nu l lung T1: c cc tham s: d4 (cn gi l supperframe hay sf) v esf
Nu l lung E1: c cc tham s: cas, ccs.
Coding: tham s ny ch ra m ng truyn ca chng ta .Cng nh framing, thng
s ny phi m t chnh xc vi nh cung cp ni kt:
i vi T1: ami hoc b8zs
- 40 -
i vi E1: ami, hdb3 v thm vo tham s crc4 kch hot vic kim tra
CRC-4 cho ng truyn.
5.2.1.b. zapata.conf
Chng ta cu hnh xong tp tin zaptel.conf h thng Linux c th nhn dng
c driver ca card cng nh hiu c cc thng s lin quan n ng truyn.
Tuy nhin Asterisk c th bt tay c vi driver ny , ta phi cu hnh trong tp tin
zapata.conf
Tp tin cu hnh ny c c bi Asterisk . Do cp nht s thay i trong tp
tin ny, chng ta dng lnh reload giao din console ca Asterisk . Zaptel khng cn
phi restart trong trng hp ny.
Sau y l rt nhiu tham s phi c thit lp trong tp tin ny:
language: y l ngn ng mc nh s dng .Mc nh l en (ting Anh)
conext: y l ni chng ta ni cho Asterisk cc cuc gi mi s t vo ng cnh
no x l .Gi tr mc nh l default
switchtype: ch dng khi ng truyn l PrimaryRate ISDN hoc T1, gm cc ty
chn:
- 4ess: giao thc 4ESS ca AT&T
- 5ess: giao thc 5ESS ca Lucent
- dms100: Nortel DMS100
- euroisdn-EuroISDN
- national: National ISDN2(default)
- ni1: Old National ISDN 1
pridialplan:thit lp ny cng ch dnh cho cc kt ni PRI.Gm cc ty chn :
-unknow
-private
-local
-national
-international
overlapdial:thit lp ny quyt nh gi cc s overlapping trong qu trnh quay s
hay khng .Cc gi tr ty chn l: yes v no.
signalling: thit lp ny chn phng php bo hiu .Gm cc gi tr:
- em: bo hiu E&M
- em_w: E&M Wink
- fxY-zz: vi Y c th l o hoc s ( iu ny s tng t nh trong tp tin
zaptel.conf) v zz c th l ks (Koolstart), gs (Groundstart), hoc ls
(Loopstart).
- pri_cpe: bo hiu PRI, pha CPE(Customer Premises Equipment).
- pri_net: bo hiu PRI, pha mng.
- 41 -
sf: bo hiu SF
sf_w: SF Wink
prewink :chu k prewink (chu k chp nhy), mc nh l 50ms.

preflash: mt chu k flash, mc nh l 50 ms.
start: thi gian bt u, mc nh l 1500 ms.
usecallerid: chn yes nu chng ta mun s dng caller ID.Ch iu ny c th gy
ra thi gian tr t khi Asterisk bt u nhn cuc gi cho n khi chung v
Asterisk s phi i nhn c thng tin v caller ID.Nu khng mun s dng
chn no.
hidecallerid: chn yes nu chng ta mun n caller ID cho cc cuc gi ra ngoi .
callwating: chn yes kch hot chc nng ch cuc gi trn thit b FXO.
restrictcid:chn yes gi callerid
Identification)
di dng ANI (Automatic Number
callwaitingcallerid : chn yes nu mun h tr caller ID cho cuc gi ch .

threewaycalling: chn yes nu mun h tr cuc gi 3 bn.
transfer: thit lp chc nng ny l yes nu mun h tr flash-hook transfer. S
dng chc nng ny i hi phi chn three-way calling .
cancallforward: chn yes nu mun h tr chc nng call forward.
callreturn: quyt nh c kch hot chc nng call return (gi li ) thng qua phm
chc nng : *69
mailbox: thit lp voicemail number ca mailbox.
echocancel: tham s ny c th chn l yes,no hoc mt s c th nh ngha
mc trit ting vng.
echocancelwhenbridget: thit lp iu ny thnh yes nu mun trit ting vng khi
cuc gi hon ton l TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) .Thng thng l khng cn
thit , nhng trong cu hnh mu c thit lp l yes.
relaxdtmf: thit lp ny gip Asterisk nhn ra c cc tn hiu phm dng DTMF
c nhp vo trong qu trnh m thoi .
thit lp li (Gian setting):
-txgain: n v dB, thit lp TX gain, mc nh l 0.0
-rxgain: n v dB, thit lp RX gain, mc nh l 0.0
- 42 -
group: nh ngha mt nhm cho cc knh Zap. iu ny dng cho cc cuc gi ra .

pickupgroup: y l mt nhm nhc my (pickup group).Nu mt in thoi no
trong cng nhm pickup vi bn rung chung, bn c th nhc my t xa thng qua
vic quay *8#
callerid: thit lp s caller ID thnh asreceived hoc vi mt s c th.
accountcode: chng ta c th n nh cc knh n tng m ti khon i vi vic
qun l cc.
adsi:chn yes nu chng ta c dng cc in thoi tng thch ADSI.
busydetect: thit lp thnh yes c gng nhn dng xem ng dy hin l
hung up hay busy.
busycount : tham s ny nh ngha bao nhiu tn hiu bn (busy tone) c nhn
trc khi hang up mt knh. Mc nh l 4, tng gi tr ny ln c th trnh cc
trng hp b rt cuc gi mt cch ngu nhin .
musiconhold: nh gha class music s dng cho nhc ch.
channel: y c th l mt knh hay l mt nhm knh .Cc knh ny phi c nh
ngha trc trong /etc/zaptel.conf.
Sau y l v d minh ha :
-Gi s chng ta c mt thit b FXO trn knh 1, cuc gi nhm 1, th khai bo
trong tp tin zapata.conf nh sau:
[trunkgroups]
;nh ngha cc nhm trung k ti y.Mc nh c th b qua
[channels]
;cc gi tr mc nh
usecallerid=yes
hidecallerid=no
callwaiting=no
threewaycalling=yes
transfer=yes
echocancel=yes
;nh ngha cho cng FXO
signalling=fxs_ks
context=default
group=1
channel=1
- 43 -
-i vi thit b FXS trn knh 2 th khai bo nh sau:

[trunkgroups]
;nh ngha cc nhm trung k ti y.Mc nh c th b qua
[channels]
;cc gi tr mc nh
usecallerid=yes
hidecallerid=no
callwaiting=no
threewaycalling=yes
transfer=yes
echocancel=yes
;khai bo cng FXS
signalling=fxo_ks
context=longdistance
adsi=no
callgroup=1
pickupgroup=1
channel=2
5.2.2. Giao din SIP
Giao thc khi to phin (Session Initiation Protocal-SIP), l mt trong cc chun giao
thc truyn thoi trn nn IP . Giao thc ny ch yu da vo giao thc thi gian thc
(Real-time Transport Protocal), s dng cng UDP trong b TCP/IP truyn thoi .
N cng ng ngha cc a ch c nh dng ging nh mt email, vd user@domain
. Chng ta s cu hnh giao thc ny bng cch chnh sa tp tin /etc/asterisk/sip.conf.
Tp tin ny gm mt s thit lp trong phn tng qut [general], v tip theo l cc
nh ngha ca chng ta cho cc user.
Cc ty chn trong phn [general] bao gm:
context: thit lp ng cnh mc nh cho cc cuc gi vo. Cc cuc gi ny c th
t cc user ca chng ta, hoc nu chng ta kt ni n Internet th n c th n t bt
ni no . Mc nh l default.
port: thit lp cng UDP lng nghe i vi cc kt ni. Mc nh l 5060 v chng
ta khng nn thay i, tr khi chng ta c mt l do thc s tt.
bindport: xc nh a ch IP m chng ta mun SIP phc v n .
srvlookup:quyt nh c kch hot chc nng DNS SRV lookup hay khng .
pedantic: nu chng ta c s dng pingtel, nn thit lp tham s ny l yes.
- 44 -
tos: y l thng s thit lp cht lng dch v (Quality of Service- QoS). Chng ta
c th ch ra mt gi tr s c th no hoc c th dng t kha lowdelay,
throughput,reliability,mincost hoc none. Chng ta nn thit lp gi tr ny l
lowdelay nu khi m thoi nghe nhng tp m nh ting lp bp, si hoc cc m
thanh khng ph hp khc.
maxexpiry: thit lp thi lng ti a tnh bng giy, cho php mt phin ng k c
gi tr . Mc nh l 3600, ngha l mt phin ng k ti a s phi time out sau 1 gi
defaultexpiry : y l thi lng mc nh tnh bng giy cho mt phin ng k bt
k. Mc nh l 120.
notifymimetype: chng ta c th ghi dng MINE ln cc bn tin SIP NOTIFY.
Chng ta khng nn sa tham s ny, nu nh khng phi v mt l do c bit no
videosupport: chng ta c th thit lp tham s ny thnh yes cho php h tr
hnh nh trong SIP.Asterisk hin ti h tr cc codec hnh nh nh H.263 v H.263+
musicclass: l ni thit lp cc bn nhc ch mc nh cho tt c cc cuc gi SIP.
Mc nh l default.
accountcode: thit lp cc m ti khon cho cc SIP user. Tnh nng ny ng dng
trong vic tnh cc .
language: thit lp ngn ng mc nh cho cc SIP user.Mc nh l en.
relaxdtmf: gip cho Asterisk nhn c cc xung dng DTMF ca cc phm c
nhn trong qu trnh m thoi.
rtptimeout: ni y chng ta c th cu hnh chu k im lng ti a cho 1cuc gi .Nu
RTP stream khng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian c thit lp .Cuc gi s
c kt thc .Mc nh l 60
externip: ni y chng ta c th thit lp cc a ch IP bn ngoi ca server
Astersik. iu ny rt hu ch cho cc trng hp lin quan n NAT v tng la .
localnet: ni y chng ta s nh ngha cc a ch IP bn trong cho Asterisk servser.
iu ny s ch cho Astersik bit cc bn tin SIP no dng cho a ch IP ngoi v
nhng ci no cn cho a ch IP bn trong .
register: tham s ny dng ng k vi mt nh cung cp hoc dch v bng giao
thc SIP no .
V d : abc@def@sipprovider.com. ,trong adb l username, def l password v
sipprovider.com l SIP ca nh cung cp dch v .
codes: chng ta phi nh ngha loi codec(encoder/decoder) no c s dng cho
cc cuc gi SIP m chng ta cho php thng qua Astersik. u tin chng ta nn thit
- 45 -
lp disalow=all v hiu tt c cc codec. Sau thm tng codec bng cch dng
allow=codec.
V d ch cho php s dng codec g.723 v ulaw, ta dng :
disallow=all
allow=g723
allow=ulaw
Chng ta cu hnh cc ty chn tng qut trong phn [general], tip theo chng ta
phi nh ngha cho cc user .Sau y l cu hnh c th cho mt user:
type: gm cc gia tr :
user: kt ni ny c php gi cc cuc gi n chng ta.
peer: chng ta c php gi cc cuc gi n kt ni ny.
friend: kt ni ny l user ln peer.
username: thit lp usename dng cho vic xc thc.
secret: thit lp password dng cho vic xc thc.
md5secret:m ha dng MD5 hash ca chui<user>:asterisk:<secret> cho vic xc
thc thm bo mt.
callerid: thit lp caller ID . V d callerid=Myname<1234> .
host: thit lp a ch host cho user .a ch ny c th l mt a ch tnh hoc mt t
kha dynamic.
nat: thit lp cho d thit b SIP pha sau NAT firewal hay khng.
mailbox: thit lp mailbox kim tra tin nhn cho user.iu ny c th ch l mt
mailbox ID, hoc c th l mailbox ID v theo sau l @tn ng cnh.
qualify: thit lp bao nhiu milisecond thit b c th mt kt ni(trng thi
unreachale) c xem nh l down.
dtmfmode: thit lp ch d DTMF .S la chn gi tr no ph thuc vo phn cng
chng ta ang s dng .Cc gi tr ty chn l: rfc2833, info, inband .
security: chng ta c th dng t kha permit hoc deny thit lp cc mc
bo mt.
- deny: thit lp danh sch cc a ch IP khng cho php ng k, nu chng ta thit
lp deny=0.0.0/0.0.0.0 th tt c cc ng k s b t chi. Nu cu hnh deny=
192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 th tt cc ng k xut pht t a ch lp C ca
192.168.1.0 s b t chi.
- permit: danh sch cc a ch IP cho php ng k n .Mc nh l tt c cc a ch
u c php.
- 46 -
Sau y l 1 cu hnh mu trong tp tin sip.conf . Gi s cc ty chn tng qut

c thit lp .Chng ta c 3 user: mt cho tt c cc cuc gi vo, mt cho cc cuc
gi ra n dch v Free World Dial(FWD) v mt cho mt in thoi SIP
[sip_incoming]
type=user
[FWD-out]
type=peer
secret=mypassword
username=myusername
password=mypassword
host=host.provider.com
[1000] ; y l extension ca in thoi SIP
type=friend
contex=longdistance
username=1000
callerid=Myname<1000>
host=dynamic
defaultip=192.168.1.100
secret=2manysecrets
nat=no
canreinvite=yes
dtmfmode=info
mailbox=1000
disallow=all
allow=ulaw
accountcode=company123
5.2.3. Giao tip IAX
Tt c cu hnh cho mt kt ni IAX nm trong tp tin /etc/asterisk/iax.conf. Cng
ging nh cu hnh SIP, cn phi thit lp mt s ty chn tng qut cho kt ni IAX
trong phn [general], bao gm cc ty chn :
port: thit lp cng lng nghe cho cc cuc gi IAX. Mc nh l 5036
bindaddr: thit lp a ch IP kt ni ti .Mc nh l 0.0.0.0 ngha l tt c cc IP
u c gi tr.
accountcode: cng nh i vi SIP , chng ta cng c th thit lp mt m ti khon
dng cho mc ch tnh cc.
language: chng ta c th xc nh ngn ng, nu khng Asterisk s mc nh l
English.
- 47 -
bandwidth: chng ta c th ch ra mt mc bng thng no .iu ny s t thit

lp t ng cc codec no c th v khng th s dng. Cc gi tr gm low,
medium, v high.
codec selecton: cng nh trong sip.conf .Chng ta c th khng cho php tt c cc
codec bng disallow=all v sau ch cho php mt s codec c th no ,v d:
allow=ulaw. Nu chng ta dng allow=all th tng t nh dng bandwidth=high.
trunkfreg:chng ta c th thit lp s mili giy gia cc bn tin trung k. Mc nh 20
ms l kh tt cho hu ht cc thit lp .
register: nh trong sip.conf, chng ta c th ng k n mt server t xa.Gi s nu
username l abc, mt khu l pw v chng ta mun ng k vi
providerhost.com th cu lnh ng k s l:
register=> abc:pw@providerhost.com
tos: thit lp cc bt TOS, cc gi tr ty chn l lowdelay, throughput,
reliability, mincost v none.Thng thng lowdelay c tin tng nht.
Sau khi nh ngha xong cc ty chn tng qut, chng ta cn nh ngha cc tham s
c th cho tng user . Mi tham s ty chn chi tit cho mt user IAX th tng t nh
user trong cu hnh SIP .Mt s khc bit gia SIP v IAX l giao thc IAX h tr cc
phng php xc thc dng m ha kha RSA chung/ring, cng vi MD5 v thun
text.
Sau y l mt v d: Gi s chng ta c mt user vi s extension l 2000 v cc
tham s tng qut trong [general] c nh ngha th cc khai bo trong tp tin
iax.conf l:
[2000]
type=friend
secret=123456
host=dynamic
defaultip=192.168.1.200
callerid=name<2000>
context=longdistance
deny=0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0
permit=192.168.1.1/255.255.255.0
5.2.4. Hp th thoi (Voicemail)
5.2.4.a. Gii thiu
Asterisk cung cp kh nng xy dng ng dng Voicemail, vi kh nng ny gip cho
ngi s dng in thoi khng b l bt k cuc gi in thoi no. Mt s tnh nng
ca h thng voicemail:
- 48 -
Khi user khng tr li, user khng c kt ni mng hay user ang bn, h thng
u c thng ip ring thng bo tnh trng ca thu bao c gi v pht thng
ip mi li tin nhn .
Mi hp th u c qun l bng password v th mc ring
Khi thng ip c nhn, h thng VoiceMail c th gi qua mail thng bo, tt
nhin c km theo file thng ip.
C th kim tra VoiceMail trc tip trn my in thoi.
Nhng thng ip li cho trong h thng hon ton c th thay i ph hp vi ng
cnh s dng, khng nht thit phi s dng thng ip mc nh .
5.2.4.b. Cu hnh chc nng voicemail
Sau y l cc bc xy dng h thng Voicemail
-To hp th c tn l [hopthu] trong tp tin voicemail.conf :
[hopthu]
3003=>1234,hai,lxhai06@yahoo.com
-Trong tp tin sip.conf khai bo nh sau:
[3003]
type=friend
username=3003
secret=121212
host=dynamic
context=testhopmail
mailbox=3003@hopthu
-Trong tp tin extensions.conf khai bo nh sau:
[testhopmail]
exten => 3003,1,Dial(SIP|3003,45)
exten => 3003,2,VoiceMail(u3003@hopthu) ; nu khng tr li th chuyn n
hp th thoi
exten =>3003,102,VoiceMail(b3003@hopthu) ; ng dng Dial() gi cuc gi
n priority n+1 nu ng
dy bn.
Kim tra Voicemail:
ng dng VoicemailMain() qun l cc user ca PBX truy cp vo voicemail ca
h.
V d:
- 49 -
exten => 500,1,VoiceMailMan()

Extension 500 a n h thng voicemail.Trong trng hp ny, h thng s nhc
user a vo s ca mailbox v password, nu gi tr a vo hp l, user s nghe
c ni dung ca mailbox .
5.2.5. Nhc ch (Music On Hold)
5.2.5.a. Gii thiu
Tnh nng MOH ca Asterisk vi nhiu ng dng thc t rt thit thc, mt s ng
dng tiu biu nh trong khi gi my gp ngi khc, thu bao c th nghe m
nhc gii tr qun i thi gian ch i, khi ch tr li cuc gi thu bao s nghe m
nhc thay v hi m chung, hoc pht ra mt thng ip thng bo cho mt tc v no
.
5.2.5.b. Cu hnh tnh nng MOH
Chp ton b tp tin nhc vo th mc mt nh /var/lib/asterisk/mohmp3 .Sau khai
bo trong tp tin cu hnh /etc/asterisk/musiconhold.conf vi ni dung :
[default]
mode=files
directory=/var/lib/asterisk/mohmp3
random=yes
Nu random=no th tt c cc tp tin m thanh trong th mc mohmp3 s th hin theo
th t.
Nu random=yes s thc hin mt tp tin m thanh ngu nhin trong th mc . Sau khi
cu hnh xong chng ta c th test bng cch cu hnh k hoch quay s trong tp tin
/etc/asterisk/extensions.conf nh sau :
;cc dng ny phi c t cng ng cnh vi cc thu bao
exten => 9000,1,Answer()
exten => 9000,n,SetMusicOnHold(default)
exten => 9000,n,WaitMusicOnHold(15)
exten => 9000,n,Hangup()
Khi thu bao quay s 9000 h thng s tr li sau pht ra mt bi nhc ngu nhin
trong th mc default, trong vng 15s sau gc my
Chng ta c th to ra mt lp th mc khc vi lp default sau chp tt c cc tp
tin m nhc vo th mc ny v ng thi khai bo trong tp tin cu hnh
/etc/asterisk/musiconhold.conf th chng ta c th s dng chc nng MOH.
Sau y l qu trnh thc hin :
- 50 -
-To th mc mi
#mkdir /var/lib/asterisk/mohmp3/newclass
-Khai bo tp tin cu hnh /etc/astersik/musiconhold.conf
[newclass]
mode=files
directory=/var/lib/asterisk/mohmp3/newclass
random=yes
on k hoch quay s trong tp tin extensions.conf nh sau:
exten=> 9000,1,Answer()
exten=> 9000,n,SetMusicOnHold(newclass)
exten=> 9000,n,WaitMusicOnHold(15)
exten=> 9000,n,Hangup()
5.2.6. Hng i (Queue)
5.2.6.a. Gii thiu
Hng i to ra mt ch logic xp cc caller vo cho n khi chng ta sn sng tr
li cuc gi.Hng i l mt cung c rt mm do v mnh m cho cc h thng dch
v khch hng.
5.2.6.b. Cu hnh:
Tt c cc cu hnh lin quan n hng i, nm trong tp tin /etc/astersik/queues.conf.
nh ngha mt hng i, chng ta bt u bng tn hng i, c t trong du
ngoc vung [].y cng l s cc extension khc c th truy cp vo queue
thng qua s ny.Do tt nht nn t tn hng i di dng s .V d: [1000].
Sau chng ta phi thit lp cc tham s cho hng i.u tin l nhc ch trong
hng i, chng ta s ch ra class cha nhng tp tin m thanh upload ln h thng
(nh m t trong phn Music On Hold):
music = music_class
Tip theo chng ta nh ngha mt thng bo, nu nh chng ta mun.iu ny gip
pht mt tp tin m thanh thng bo n cc in thoi vin (agent) khi anh ta (c ta )
tr li cuc gi n t hng i. Chc nng ny s hu ch nu chng ta c cc agent
tr li nhiu hng i, n s gip thng bo cho agent bit cuc gi ny i t hng
i no ti . Nu mun dng, phi chc chn rng chng ta c tp tin m thanh:
/var/lib/asterisk/sounds/<ten_file>.<extension>.Thit lp chc nng ny bng cu
lnh:
announce= <tn_file>
- 51 -
By gi chng ta cn cu hnh qui lut chung cho cc agent trong hng i .

Chng ta nn quyt nh iu ny da vo c th ca cng vic m hng i phi
lm.V d nu thit lp chc nng ringall cho hng i, ta dng:
strategy = ringall
Khi ,nu mt cuc gi c vo hng i, tt c cc in thoi ca cc agent trong
hng i m ang ri u chung v sn sng nhn cuc gi .
Tip theo chng ta thit lp timeout. y l thi lng m mi cuc gi s chng
trc khi hng i xem xt cuc gi khng c tr li .Chng ta nn thit lp thi
gian ny ln cc agent thi gian nhc my v tr li in thoi .Gi tr
thng dng l 15ms :
timeout=15
By gi chng ta thit lp thi gian i trc khi bt u th li sau khi chung ht
tt c cc extension trong hng i m khng c tr li .Gi tr thng dng l 0
retry=0
Tip theo chng ta thit lp gii hn bao nhiu cuc gi c xp vo hng i.Nu
chng ta mun cho php mi cuc gi u vo hng i, th thit lp gi tr 0:
maxlen=0
Cui cng, chng ta nh ngha cc thnh vin trong hng i.n gin chng ta ch
cn thm cc dng lnh theo nh dng nh sau:
member => agent/extension_number
member => agent/extension_number
Trong , extension_number l cc s ca agent m ta nh ngha trong tp tin
agents.conf
V c nh th ta tip tc ng ngha cc hng i khc vi cc tham s ph hp p
ng nhu cu ra . S lng hng i chng ta nh ngha c th l khng gii hn,
ch ph thc vo ngun ti nguyn ca server .
5.2.7. Xy dng h thng hi thoi (conference rooms)
5.2.7.a. Gii thiu
Chc nng hi thai cho php nhiu ngi c th cng nhau trao i, ni m mi
ngi cng gi n m thoi gi l phng hi thoi . Asterisk cho php to ra
nhiu phng hi thoi ty vo nhu cu s dng . Trong h thng in thoi truyn
thng PSTN c th s dng c tnh nng ny chng ta phi tr tin, cn i vi
Asterisk l min ph .
- 52 -
5.2.7.b. Cu hnh
cu hnh thc hin mt phng hi thoi chng ta ln lt cu hnh nh sau :
To ra phng hi thoi room trong tp tin cu hnh meetme.conf . Khi chng ta m
tp tin ny, chng ta c th thy nh sau
;
; configuration file for MeetMe simple conference rooms
;
[room]
;
; Usage is conf => confno[,pin]
; conf => 1234
; conf => 2345,9938
Khai bo phng hi thoi room trong k hoch quay s cho mi ngi c th
gi n.
To phng hi thoi room
to phng hi thoi room chng ta khai bo trong tp tin meetme.conf theo c
php sau :
conf => conference_number[,pin][,adminpin]
trong :
-
conf=> l t kha to phng hi thoi.

conference_number: con s t tn cho phng hi thoi, thu bao gi con s
ny c vo phng hi thoi
pin: mt khu nhn dng ng nhp, thu bao mun vo phng hi thoi phi
nhp ng mt khu ny.
adminpin: mt khu qun tr phng hi thoi , khi thu bao nhp ng mt
khu ny th c th qun tr c h thng phng hi thoi nh kha phng
chng hn.
V d:
khai bo phng hi thoi trong tp tin meetme.conf :
[rooms]
;hi thoi ca phng kinh doanh
conf => 2000,123456
;hi thoi ca phng k thut c adminpin l 1111
conf = >2001,2222,1111
thc hin k hoch quay s cho phng hi thoi:
- 53 -
tip nhn cc cuc gi hi thoi chng ta dng hm ng dng MeetMe() trong k

hoch quay s
C php :
MeetMe([confno][,[option][,pin]])
trong :
confno: con s ca phng hi thoi, nu thng s ny khng khai bo th khi
ng nhp h thng s yu cu nhp vo.
pin: s mt khu ng nhp .
options: l thng s la chn khng c hoc c nhiu thng s kt hp vi
nhau xc nh mt s chc nng hot ng ca phng hi thoi, cc chc
nng c th lit k ra nh sau:
Tham
s
m
t
i
p
X
d
D
e
E
v
r
q
M
x
w
b
s
A
Chc nng
Ngi tham gia hi thoi ch nghe, khng c ni chuyn .
Ngi hi thoi ch ni khng c nghe .
Pht thng bo c ngi kt ni hay ri khi phng
User c th ri khi phng hi thoi bng cch nhn phm #
User c th thot khi phng hi thoi bng cch nhp vo extension hp
l, (thit lp qua bin ${MEETME_EXIT_CONTEXT}), nu bin ny
khng c thit lp th s dng extension trong ng cnh hin ti.
Thm ng vo phng hi thoi khng cn thit lp s pin
Thm ng vo phng hi thoi phi cn thit lp s pin
Chn phng hi thoi trng u tin
Chn phng hi thoi trng u tin khng cn s pin
Hi thoi vi ch Video
Nu chc nng ny c chn th cuc m thoi trong phng hi thoi s
c thu m vi nh dng tp tin ${MEETME_RECORDINGFORMAT}
v lu vo v tr ${MEETME_RECORDINGFILE}
Thit lp mode yn lng (Khng pht m khi c thu bao vo/ri khi
phng hi thoi )
Cho php Music On Hold khi phng ch c mt cuc gi.
ng phng hi thoi khi user ch tr thot phng hi thoi.
i cho n khi user ch tr n phng hi thoi .
Chy AGI script thit lp bin ${MEETME_AGI_BACKGROUND},
script mc nh l conf-background.agi
Vo menu(user and administrator) khi nhn phm *
Thit lp ch Admin
- 54 -
Lun lun hi s Pin ngay c ch nh trong i s hm ng dng

meetme()
Cc bin s dng trong hm ng dng MeetMe()

C php
${MEETME_RECORDINGFILE}
${MEETME_RECORDINGFORMAT}
${MEETME_EXIT_CONTEXT}
${MEETME_AGI_BACKGRUOND}
${MEETMESECS}
Chc nng
Tp tin thu m cuc hi thoi(option r)
nh dng tp tin thu m (gsm,wav,)
Ng cnh thot ra t phng hi thoi
AGI script
S giy thu bao trong phng hi thoi
5.3.To k hoch quay s(Dialplan) cho h thng

5.3.1. Gii thiu
K hoch quay s l tri tim ca h thng Asterisk. K hoch quay s cho bit cc
cuc gi s c x l nh th no qua h thng Asterisk . K hoch quay s bao gm
tp hp cc dng lnh hay cc ng dng theo mt trnh t no m h thng phi
thc hin p ng nhu cu chuyn mch cuc gi. cu hnh thnh cng h thng
Asterisk th iu kin tin quyt l phi hiu r k hoch quay s .
H thng chng ta hot ng c n nh v phong ph v chc nng hay khng ph
thuc rt nhiu vo vic chng ta thit k mt k hoch quay s nh th no.
5.3.2. To mt ng cnh (context)
u tin ng cnh l g ? nh ngha mt cch n gin, mt ng cnh l mt nhm
cc extension. Mi extension phi tn ti trong mt ng cnh v mi extension thng
i qua nhiu ng cnh khc nhau .
Trong tp tin extensions.conf, mt ng cnh c nh ngha bi du ngoc vung
[], c dng :
[mycontext]
Mt ng cnh bao gm mt nhm v hn cc extensions, trong thc t chng ta cn rt

nhiu cc ng cnh to ra nhiu k hoch quay s cng nh nhng chc nng mm
do, phong ph cho h thng .V d trong mt cng ty, khng phi tt c cc nhn vin
u c kh nng gi in thoi theo nhu cu ca h. Mt nhn vin cn qu mi, lm
nhng cng vic khng qu quan trng c l khng cn thit phi cho php gi nhng
cuc gi quc t . Cng vy mt gim c cng khng mun b quy ry lin tc v
nhng thc mc t khch hng bnh thng , Chng ta c th thit lp ton b cc
qui lut hot ng cho cc extension bng cch nhm chng vo nhng context ring
x l.
Chng ta c th gi mt ng cnh khc t ng cnh hin ti bng cch dng c php:
- 55 -
include =>other_context
V d chng ta c mt ng cnh tn l [mycontext].Nu chng ta mun [mycontext]
bao gm c ng cnh [default] tn ti t trc, chng ta thm cc dng sau trong
tp tin extensions.conf:
[mycontext]
include =>default
Dng c php trn cung cp cho cc extension trong ng cnh [mycontext] kh nng
truy nhp ti tt c cc extension trong ng cnh [default].iu ny cng c ngha l
nu ng cnh [default] c bao gm mt s ng cnh khc nhau nh [conference] th tt
c cc extension trong [mycontext]u c th gi ti extension trong [conference].
5.3.3. To mt extension
Mt estension l mt nhm cc lnh bo cho Asterisk thc thi mt s cng vic .K
hoch quay s l mt tp gm nhiu extension, khi mt cuc gi tng ng vi
extension no th ng dng cho cuc gi s c thc hin, extension c th n
gin vi mt ch danh c th nh 1234 hay l mt chui s mu nh sau: _9xxx .
Mt extension hon chnh trong tp tin extensions.conf c nh dng nh sau :
exten => extensionnum,priority,action
trong :
exten => : mi dng bt u vi lnh exten => , chng ta khng c thay i iu
ny
extensionnum: l tn, s ,hoc l mt s i din tng qut ca extension .
Mt extensionnum c nhiu dng nh sau:
nh dng
8000
4321/4321
_4xxxx
s
_(gch di)
.(du chm)
[13-9]bao gm cc s
X
Z
N
Gi tr
S c th :8000
S extension vi callerID
S i din tng qut
Extension khi to. Nu khng c s
extension no khc c a vo, th y
l extension thc thi
Bt u mt s i din tng qut
S bt k
1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
S bt k t 0-9
S bt k t 1-9
S bt k t 2-9
- 56 -
Extension timeout .Nu mt user c i

hi nhp mt phm hoc lm mt tc v
no nhng khng kp, extension ny s
c gi
Extension khng c gi tr. Nu mt user
chn sai cc ty chn cho php, extension
ny s c gi
Cc cuc gi fax . Nu Asterisk nhn thy
tn hiu fax, cuc gi s c nh tuyn
n extension ny.
fax
priority : l th t thc hin cc ng dng trong k hoch quay s, Astersik s bt

u priority 1, k tip l ng dng ti priority 2 c thc hin . Mt vi lnh c th
buc Asterisk nhy n priority n +1 .
K t version 1.2 ca Astersik, thay v gn mt con s c th cho th t thc hin nh
trn, ta c th gn th t n cho mi dng exten=> , iu ny s ni vi Astersik l
ng dng vi th t tip theo s thc hin.
V d:
exten => 123,1,Answer()
exten => 123,n, do something
exten => 123,n, do something else
exten => 123,n, do one last thing
exten => 123,n,Hangup()
Version 1.2 cng cho php chng ta gn cc nhn dng text vo priority . gn mt
nhn dng text vo mt priority, n gin ch l thm nhn vo bn trong du ngoc
() sau priority nh sau :
exten => 123,n(label),do something
action : y l ni chng ta bo cho Astersik bit chng ta mun lm g ,tc l ng
dng no s c thc hin mi khi extesion no c gi, cc ng dng nh thc
hin quay s, tr li cuc gi hay n gin l nhc my hay gc my Mt vi ng
dng tiu biu thng hay c dng gm :
ng dng
Answer()
Ch thch
Tr li cuc gi ny .Rt nhiu ng dng i hi
rng cuc gi phi c tr li trc khi chng
c th thc thi cc tc v khc.
Playback(tn_tp tin)
Dng pht mt file m thanh dng .wav hoc

.gsm. Cuc gi phi c tr li trc khi thc
thi tc v ny.
- 57 -
Background(tn_tp tin)
Ging nh ng dng Playback, tuy nhin n

c dng ch mt phm nhp vo t user,
khng bt buc phi nghe ht file m thanh ri
mi chuyn ti extension khc .ng dng ny
i hi cuc gi phi tr li trc
Goto(contex,extension,priority)
ng dng ny gip chng ta gi mt cut gi

n mt context, extension v priority c ch
nh c th.
Voicemail(extendsion)
Chc nng ny dng chuyn cuc gi hin

ti vo hp th thoi.
VoicemailMain()
ng dng ny cho php user lng nghe cc tin

nhn thoi, cng nh ghi m cc li cho, tn v
thit lp cc ty chn cu hnh khc .
Dial(technology/id,options,timeout) y l ni chng ta bo cho Asterisk bit

rung chung mt in thoi khi n c quay
s. Cc ty chn bao gm:
t : cho php user b gi chuyn cuc gi
bng cch nhn phm # .
T : cho php user gi chuyn cuc gi bng
cch nhn phm # .
r : rung chung
m: cung cp nhc ch
H : cho php gc my bng cch nhn phm
*
Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu ng dng linh hot khc . bit thm thng tin v cc ng
dng cng nh cc tham s km theo, dng lnh show aplications giao tip dng
lnh ca Asterisk.
CLI> show Aplications
5.3.4. To cc Extension gi ra (outgoing)
Vi k hoch quay s, chng ta khng ch quan tm n vic x l cc cuc gi vo
m tt nhin cn cn phi to cc extension gi ra .
Cc extension gi ra hot ng nh th no ph thuc vo k hoch m chng ta thit
k trc .N ph thuc vo vic bn mun nh tuyn cc cuc gi cho tng user
- 58 -
nh th no .Cn to cc k hoch mm do nhng phi tht gn gi vi cc h thng

truyn thng ngi dng khng phi l lm khi tip xc.
Hu ht cc h thng thng i hi user phi nhn mt phm no chim trung
k gi ra trc khi c th quay s ra ngoi . lm iu ny, ta dng c php nh sau
(gi s l phm 9):
[outgoing]
exten => _9.,1,Dial(Zap/g1/${EXTEN:1})
trong :
extensionnum :chng ta ang dng mt s tng qut (pattern) i din cho phn
extensionnum.
g1 :l nhm cc knh Zap ca giao din Zaptel.Chng ta nhm cc ng dy (hoc
cc knh )li vi nhau cc cuc gi c th t ng nhn thy ng dy (hay knh)
no ri v thc hin cuc gi trn .
${EXTEN:1}: l bin lu s m chng ta quay tr i s u tin. Asterisk s b i
s lng s bng vi s m chng ta ch ra sau du hai chm:, nu chng ta quay
9123456789 th s c gi i s l 123456789. Tng t, nu chng ta mun b qua
2 s u, ta dng ${EXTEN:2}
5.3.5. H thng tr li tng tc thoi (Automated Attendant)
ng dng tng tc thoi l ng dng thng gp i vi bt c h thng tng i
PBX no.Cho php cc thu bao tng tc vi h thng qua cc thng ip thoi . V
d khi thu bao gi n PBX, s c thng ip pht ra Hn hnh cho bn gi n
cng ty ABC ca chng ti , mi nhn phm 1 gp phng kinh doanh, nhn phm 2
gp phng h tr khch hng
Trong phn ny s trnh by tng bc xy dng h thng tng tc thoi mt cch d
hiu nht, khai bo trong tp tin extensions.conf nh sau :
extensions.conf
[default]
exten => 100,1,Dial(SIP/100)
exten => 200,1,Dial(SIP/200)
[mainmenu]
exten => s,1,Answer()
exten => s,n,Background(thanks); pht thng ip cm n khi gi
n cng ty
exten => s,n,WaitExten()
exten => 1,1,Goto(submenu,s,1)
exten => 2,1,Hangup()
[submenu]
exten => s,1,Ringing ; rung chng trong vng 2 giy
exten => s,n,Wait(2)
exten => s,n,Background(submenuopts) ; Cn n gi n phng
- 59 -
kinh doanh
exten => s,n,WaitExten()
exten => 1,1,Goto(default,A,1)
exten => 2,1,Goto(default,B,2)
on trn c th gii thch nh sau: tt c cc cuc gi n u c chuyn n ng

cnh [mainmenu], trong ng cnh ny hm ng dng Background(thanks) s thc hin
pht ra thng ip Cm n qu khch gi in n cng ty chng ti, mi nhn
phm 1 gp phng kinh doanh , sau khi thu bao nhn phm 1 s c a n
ng cnh [submenu] ng vi ng cnh ca phng kinh doanh.
Ti ng cnh ca phng kinh doanh hm ng dng Background(submenuopts) s
pht thng ip cm n gi n phng kinh doanh , mi nhn phm 1 gp ng
A, phm 2 gp ng B , Ti y ty vo thu bao nhn phm 1 hoc 2 s c
chuyn n ngi cn gp tng ng.
- 60 -
http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn- CHNGVI: THI CNG H THNG IP-PBX C BN
CHNG VI: THI CNG H THNG IP-PBX C BN

6.1. Cc thit b v phn mm s dng
- Yu cu cu hnh ti thiu ca Asterisk server:
Mc ch
Th nghim, hc tp
S lng cc knh
1- 5
H thng cho vn phng

hoc nh ring
H thng cho doanh nghip
nh
H thng thng mi c
va v ln
5-10
Cu hnh ti thiu
400-MHz x86, 256 MB RAM
1-GHz x86, 512MB RAM
Ti 15
3-GHz x86, 1GB RAM
Hn 15
Dual CPUs, hay cng c th l

nhiu server trong mt cu trc
phn tn.
(ngun: bng 2.1 [2])
- Asterisk server trong m hnh c bn trn c:

+ Cu hnh:
CPU: Pentium IV 2.2 GHz
RAM: 512MB
HDD: 10GB
+ H iu hnh Linux: Fedora core 6.0
+ Phn mm m ngun m Asterisk:
asterisk: version 1.4.21.2
asterisk-addons: version 1.4.7
zaptel: version 1.4.12.1
libpri: version 1.4.7
- Card giao tip vi PSTN: TDM01B (0 FXS, 1 FXO) ca Digium, h tr giao thc
SIP, IAX, H.323 .
- ATA linksysPAP2: s dng giao thc SIP, c hai cng FXS v mt cng Ethernet:
- 61 -
- SoftPhone: Phn mm X-Lite version 3.0 (download t www.xten.com), ci trn my

tnh, h tr giao thc SIP:
cu hnh ti khon SIP cho X-Lite (my 3006), vo Show Menu - SIP Account
Setting, ta nhp cc thng s nh hnh sau y:
- 62 -
Sau khi nhp y cc thng tin nh trn, X-Lite s tin hnh ng k vi Asterisk
server . Nu ng k thnh cng, ta c mn hnh hin th ca X-Lite nh sau:
- in thoi IP: IP Phone AT-530, hai cng RJ45, h tr giao thc SIP :
- in thoi Analog thng thng

6.2. K hoch quay s
Hng gi
Gi ra( out-going calls)
Gi vo ( in-coming calls)
Ni b(internal)
K hoch quay s-cch s dng

Bm s 9 chim trung k gi ra
Quay s vo trc tip
Quay s
Bm trc tip s
Voicemail
- li tin nhn:nu
sau 10 hi chung
khng c ngi nhc
my, c th li tin
nhn sau ting bip(
kt thc tin nhn ,bm
- 63 -
#)
-truy xut vo voice
mail : quay s 9000
6.3. Mt s chc nng c bn
Stt
1
Chc nng
Hin th s thu bao ch gi
Cch s dng
Nhc my t xa (Call pickup)
T my in thoi bt k trong cng

nhm, quay *8 nhn cuc gi ang
rung chung.
Ngi gi hay ngi b gi Quay # 700, gc my v n mt my in

dng my in thoi khc thoi khc quay 701, v tip tc cuc m
tip tc cuc m thoi ( Call thoi.
parking)
Chuyn cuc gi trong khi m Nhn # v s in thoi cn chuyn.

thoi (Call Transfer)
Chuyn cuc gi( Call Forward)
chuyn cuc gi tc thi:

ng k : *30 s in thoi #
hy:*31#
chuyn cuc gi khi bn :
hy:*33#
chuyn cuc gi khi khng tr
li:
hy:*35#
T chi nhn cuc gi(Do Not

Disturb)
ng k : *94#
hy:*95#
Quay s tt(Speed Dial)
nhn 1 s gi s 3005
nhn 2 s gi s 3006
6.4. Cu hnh
Vi m hnh, cng vi k hoch quay s v cc chc nng c bn trnh by trn,
chng ta s c ni dung cc tp tin cu hnh nh sau :
6.4.1.Cu hnh cng FXO (card TDM01B)
6.4.1.a. Tp tin zaptel.conf
fxsks=1
- 64 -
loadzone=us
defaultzone=us
Sau khi thit lp cu hnh zaptel, np li module cho thit b bng lnh sau :
# /etc/init.d/zaptel restart
6.4.1.b. Tp tin zapata.conf
[trunkgroups]
;nh ngha cc nhm trung k ti y, mc nh c th b qua
[channels]
usecallerid=yes
hidecallerid=no
callwayting=no
transfer=yes
echocancel=yes
echotraining=yes
; FXO interface
context=incoming
sinallinging=fxs_ks
channel=1
6.4.2. Tp tin sip.conf
[general]
contex = default
bindport=5060
bindaddr=0.0.0.0
disallow=all
allow=ulaw
srvlookup = yes
;khai bo cc user
[3003]
type=friend
secret=pasword_03
qualify=yes
nat=no
host=dynamic
canreinvite=no
context=internal
mailbox=3003
callgroup=1
pickupgroup=1
- 65 -
[3004]
type=friend
secret=pasword_04
qualify=yes
nat=no
host=dynamic
canreinvite=no
context=internal
mailbox=3004
callgroup=1
pickupgroup=1
[3005]
type=friend
secret=pasword_05
qualify=yes
nat=no
host=dynamic
canreinvite=no
context=internal
mailbox=3005
callgroup=1
pickupgroup=1
[3006]
type=friend
secret=pasword_06
qualify=yes
nat=no
host=dynamic
canreinvite=no
context=internal
mailbox=3006
callgroup=1
pickupgroup=1
Ch : trng context=internal phi ng vi mt context c nh ngha [internal]
trong tp tin extensions.conf , nh th th cc SIP Entry mi hot ng c bn
trong mt context
6.4.3.Tp tin features.conf ( chc nng call parking)
[general]
parkext => 700
parkpos => 701-720
context => parkedcalls
parkingtime => 25
- 66 -
Ch i vi tp tin ny, s thay i c nh hng th giao tip dng lnh

Asterisk, ta dng lnh restart hoc reload res_feature.so.Nu dng lnh reload th s
thay i trong tp tin s khng nh hng.
6.4.4.Tp tin voicemail.conf
[general]
format=wav49|gsm|wav
servicemail=asterisk
[default]
3003 => 1234,hai,lxhai@yahoo.com
6.4.5. Tp tin extensions.conf
y l tp tin cu hnh quan trng nht, cc my in thoi trong m hnh c thc hin
c cc cuc gi ni b, gi ra, t mng PSTN gi vo v cc dch v c trin khai
c hay khng, tt c ph thuc vo tp tin ny.
[general]
static=yes
writeprotect=no
[incoming]
exten => s,1,Dial(SIP/3003)
[internal]
include => parkedcalls
include => tinhnang
include => out-going
exten => _3XXX,1,Macro(dial-voicemail,SIP/${EXTEN},20,${EXTEN})
exten => 9000,1,VoiceMailMain(${CALLERID(num)})
[out-going]
exten => _9NXXXXXX,1,Dial(Zap/g1/${EXTEN:1})
exten => _9NXXXXXX,2,Congestion()
exten => _9NXXXXXX,102,Congestion()
[tinhnang]
exten => _*30.,1,Set(FORWARD=${EXTEN:3})
exten => _*30.,2,Macro(CFIM-ON)
- 67 -
exten => *31,1,Macro(CFIM-OFF)

exten => _*32.,2,Macro(CFBS-ON)
exten => *33,1,Macro(CFBS-OFF)
exten => _*34.,2,Macro(CFUN-ON)
exten => *35,1,Macro(CFUN-OFF)
exten => *94,1,Macro(DND-ON)
exten => *95,1,Macro(DND-OFF)
;khai bo cc Macro
[macro-dial-voicemail]
;Voicemail khi bn v khng tr li
exten => s,1,Set(DESTINATION=${ARG1})
exten => s,n,Set(temp=${DB(DND/${MACRO_EXTEN})})
exten => s,n,GotoIf($[${temp} = 1]?DND_ON:DND_OFF)
exten => s,n(DND_ON),NoOp(DND -ON)
exten => s,n,Busy()
exten => s,n(DND_OFF),NoOp(DND -OFF)
exten => s,n,Set(temp=${DB(CIFM/${MACRO_EXTEN})})
exten => s,n,GotoIf(${temp} ?CFIM_ON:CFIM_OFF)
exten => s,n(CFIM_ON),NoOp(CFIM -ON)
exten => s,n,Goto(CF,1)
exten => s,n(CFIM_OFF),NoOp(CFIM -OFF)
exten => s,n,Dial(${ARG1},25,Tt)
exten => CF,1,Dial(local/${temp}${EXTEN})
exten => CF,1,Dial(SIP/${temp},25,r)
exten => CF,n,Dial(iax2/${temp},20,r)
exten => CF,n,Dial(zap/g0/${temp},20,r)
exten => s-NOANSWER,1,Set(temp=${DB(CFUN/${MACRO_EXTEN})})
exten => s-NOANSWER,n,GotoIf(${temp} ?CFUN_ON:CFUN_OFF)
exten => s-NOANSWER,n(CFUN_ON),NoOp(CFUN- ON)
exten => s-NOANSWER,n,Goto(CF,1)
exten => s-NOANSWER,n(CFUN_OFF),NoOp(CFUN- OFF)
exten => s-NOANSWER,n,Voicemail(u${ARG2}@default)
exten => s-NOANSWER,n,Hangup()
exten => s-CHANUNAVAIL,1,Voicemail(u${ARG2}@default)
exten => s-CHANUNAVAIL,2,Hangup()
- 68 -
exten => s-BUSY,1,Set(temp=${DB(CFBS/${MACRO_EXTEN})})

exten => s-BUSY,n,GotoIf(${temp} ?CFBS_ON:CFBS_OFF)
exten => s-BUSY,n(CFBS_ON),NoOp(CFBS- ON)
exten => s-BUSY,n,Goto(CF,1)
exten => s-BUSY,n(CFBS_OFF),NoOp(CFBS- OFF)
exten => s-BUSY,n,Voicemail(b${ARG2}@default)
exten => s-BUSY,n,Hangup()
exten => _s-.,1,NoOp(STATUS = ${DIALSTATUS} Hanging up)
exten =>_s-.,n,Hangup()
[macro-CFIM-ON]
exten => s,1,NoOp()
exten => s,n,Set(DB(CFIM/${CALLERID(num)})=${FORWARD})
exten => s,n,Playback(beep)
exten => s,n,Hangup()
[macro-CFIM-OFF]
exten => s,1,NoOp()
exten => s,n,Dbdel(CFIM/${CALLERID(num)})
[macro-CFBS-ON]
exten => s,1,NoOp()
exten => s,2,Set(DB(CFBS/${CALLERID(num)})=${FORWARD})
exten => s,3,Playback(beep)
exten => s,4,Wait(1)
exten => s,5,Hangup()
[macro-CFBS-OFF]
exten => s,1,NoOp()
exten => s,n,Dbdel(CFBS/${CALLERID(num)})
[macro-CFUN-ON]
exten => s,1,NoOp()
exten => s,n,Set(DB(CFUN/${CALLERID(num)})=${FORWARD})
- 69 -
[macro-CFUN-OFF]
exten => s,1,NoOp()
exten => s,2,Dbdel(CFUN/${CALLERID(num)})
[macro-DND-ON]
exten => s,1,NoOp()
exten => s,2,Set(DB(DND/${CALLERID(num)})=1})
[macro-DND-OFF]
exten => s,1,NoOp()
exten => s,n,Dbdel(DND/${CALLERID(num)})
6.5.Mt s kt qu thc hin
-Bn ngoi gi vo PBX (quay s ca ng dy kt ni cng FXO) s chung
my 3003 .
-Bn trong thu bao bm s 9 s chim trung k gi ra, ri tip tc quay s ca mng
PSTN.
-Cc thu bao ni b quay s trc tip lin lc vi nhau
-Cc dch v:
+DND (t chi nhn cuc gi): v d khi thu bao 3004 quay *94# ng k
dch v DND, th tt c cc thu bao khc khi gi s 3004 u nghe tone bn. hy
dch v ny, thu bao 3004 quay *95#
+Call parking: v d thu bao 3005 gi thu bao 3006 v thu bao 3006 nhc
my m thoi, nu thu bao 3005 khng mun dng in thoi 3005 tip tc m
thoi m mun dng in thoi 3004, th thu bao 3005 nhn # v tip theo l 700, gc
my ri i n in thoi 3004 quay s 701, th s tip tc m thoi vi thu bao
3006(trong thi gian thu bao 3005 di chuyn n in thoi 3004 th thu bao 3006 s
nghe c nhc ch).
Tt c kch bn cuc gi trong phn 6.3 v cc dch v trong phn 6.4 test v cho
kt qu tt.
- 70 -
http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - KT LUN
KT LUN
Truyn thoi qua IP (VoIP) l cng ngh v ang pht trin mnh m . Cng vi s
pht trin ca h tng chuyn mch gi, IP-PBX s dn dn thay th cho cc PBX
chuyn mch knh truyn thng .Yu t c bn nht to ra s thay i ny chnh l bt
ngun t bn cht mm do v hiu sut ca chuyn mch gi ni chung v chuyn
mch IP ni ring .
Cng ngh Asterisk cc k linh hot, c th kt ni vi mng in thoi bn ngoi qua
ng dy tng t (Analog) hay s (Digital) .Ch vi mt s thit b phn cng n
gin, kt hp vi phn mm m ngun m Asterisk, chng ta c th xy dng nn mt
h thng IP-BPX hon chnh vi y cc tnh nng. Ngoi cc dch v truyn thng
v cc dch v tin tin cho IP-PBX, Asterisk c th m rng thm cc chc nng khc
nh IVR vi chc nng Text To Speech , ly d liu ng t database v pht thnh
li ni (ng dng trong ngn hng, t ch trong hng khng, tra im thi
),Voicemail, ghi m cuc gi, nh tuyn cuc gi theo ph thp nht bng cch
ng k vi cc SIP Provider nh : Vietvoice,OCI, to cc cuc gi quc t gi
r, do c pht trin bng phn mm nn IP-PBX Asterisk d dng tch hp c vi
cc h thng qun l khch hng CRM (Customer Relationship Management) vi cc
chc nng Click to talk, lu gi thng tin khch hng gi vo, l mi trng c s
xy dng nn cc trung tm cuc gi (Call Center) hay cc trung tm lin lc (Contact
center),
- 72 -
http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn PH LC
PH LC
Th vin c php lnh v bin trong Asterisk
1. Cc lnh tng qut:
Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
C php
add extension
debug channel
help
no debug channel
pri debug span
Tc dng
Thm mt extension vo ng cnh
M Debug cho channel
Hin th danh sch cc dng lnh
Tt debug cho mt channel
Bt ch debug cho mt span(i vi kt ni
E1)
pri no debug span
Tt ch debug cho mt span(i vi kt ni
E1)
show agents
Hin th trng thi cc agent
show applications
Hin th cc ng dng ang ng k
show channel
Hin th cc thng tin v mt knh c th
show channels
Hin th thng tin v cc knh
show codecs
Hin th cc codec c h tr
show conferences
Hin th trng thi cc phng hi thoi
show dialplan
Hin th thng tin Dialplan
show
manager Hin th cc c php lnh v qun l
command
show manager connect Hin th cc user qun l ang ng k
show parkedcalls
Hin th danh sch cc parked call
show queues
Hin th thng tin cc hng i
show voicemail users
Danh sch cc hp th thoi c to
show voicemail zones
Danh sch cc nh dng bn tin zone
shoft hangup
Yu cu hangup 1 knh thoi c th no
2.C php lnh tng tc vi Database

stt
1
2
3
4
5
C php
database del
database deltree
database get
database put
database show
Tc dng
Xa mt gi tr/kha trong database
Xa cc gi tr/cy kha trong database
Ly d liu t database
Lu d liu vo database
Hin th ni dung database
- 74 -
3. C php dng lnh lin quan n knh IAX

Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C php
iax2 debug
iax2 no debug
iax2 show cache
iax2 show channel
iax2 show peers
iax2 show registry
iax2 show users
iax set jitter
Tc dng
Debug knh iax
Tt debug knh iax
Hin th cc thng tin cache ca knh iax
Hin th thng tin cc knh iax
Hin th trng thi cc kt ni iax
Hin th tnh trng ng k ca cc kt ni
Hin th danh sch cc user iax c to
Thit lp b m cho iax
4. C php lnh lin quan n knh SIP:

Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
C php
sip debug
sip no debug
sip reload
sip show channels
sip show peers
sip show registry
sip show users
Tc dng
Bt debug knh sip
Tt debug knh sip
Ti li cc thng tin cu hnh sip
Hin th danh sch cc knh sip
Hin th danh sch cc ti khon sip c to
Hin th trng thi ng k ca cc ti khon sip
Hin th danh sch tt cc ti khon sip c to
5.C php lnh lin quan n qun tr h thng:

Stt
1
C php
restart gracefully
2
3
restart now
restart when convenient
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
reload
stop gracefully
stop now
stop when convenient
extensions reload
show modules
show uptime
show version
Tc dng
Khi ng li h thng ch cn thn (khi
khng cn cuc gi no ang x l)
Khi ng h thng ngay lp tc
Khi ng li h thng khi thun tin (khi t
ngi gi)
Ti li asterisk
Tt Asterisk mt cch cn trng
Tt Asterisk ngay lp tc
Tt asterisk khi thun tin
Ti li cc thng tin cu hnh extension
Hin th cc modules c cu hnh
Hin th thi gian uptime ca h thng
Hin th phin bn cc phn mm h thng
- 75 -
6.Cc bin nh ngha trong Asterisk:

Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Bin
${ACCOUNTCODE}
${CALLERID}
${CALLERIDNAME}
${CALLERIDNUM}
${CHANNEL}
${CONTEX}
${DATETIME}
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
${DNID}
${ENUM}
${EXTEN}
${ENV(VAR)}
${HANGUPCAUSE}
${INVALID_EXTEN}
${LANGUAGE}
${LEN(VAR)}
${MEETMESECS}
${PRIORITY}
${TIMESTAMP}
19
20
21
${TXTCIDNAME}
${UNIQUEID}
${SIPUSERAGENT}
Ch thch
M ti khon
Caller ID
Ch tn ca phn caller ID
Ch s ca phn Caller ID
Tn ca knh hin ti
Ng cnh hin ti
Ngy gi hin ti theo nh dng:YYYY-MM-DDHH:MM:SS
Nhn dng s quay
Cha kt qu ca ng dng EnumLookup
Extension hin ti
Bin mi trng dng (VAR)
Nguyn nhn hangup cuc gi
Extension c gi khng ph hp
Ngn ng hin ti
Chiu di ca chui
Thi gian(giy) ca mt user trong phng hi thoi
Th t u tin
Ngy gi hin ti,nh dng:YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
Cha kt qu ca ng dng TXTCIDName
Kha nhn dng cuc gi hin ti
Cc agent SIP
- 76 -
http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - TI LIU THAM KHO
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Building Telephony Systems with Asterisk, David Gomillion & Barrie Dempster,
2006, PACKT.
[2] Asterisk : The Future of Telephony , Leif Madsen, Jared Smith & Jim Van
Meggelen, 2005,OReilly.
[3] Asterisk Hacking, Benjamin Jackson & Champ Clark III,2007,Syngress.
[4] http://www.asterisk.org
[5] http://www.digium.com
[6] http://www.voip-info/wiki-asterisk
[7] http://www.asteriskguru.com
[8] http://www.vfonex.com
[9] http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn
- 77 -

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CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK 1

3.3 Kt ni gia cc server Asterisk... 25

5.3 To k hoch quay s cho h thng.. 55

Automatic Call Distribution

Call Detail Record

File Transfer Protocol

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Inter Asterisk eXchange

Metropolitan Area Network

Network Address Translator

Plain Old Telephone Service

Remote Authentication Dial In User Service

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK

CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK

trn knh bt k .V d, c th thit lp mt s extension c chung cng lc 2

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK

Hnh 1-1: S tng qut

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK

1.2 Kin trc Asterisk

Hnh 1-2: Kin trc Asterisk

V c bn kin trc ca Asterisk l s kt hp gia nn tng cng ngh in thoi v

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK

Hnh 1-3: Lin lc gia cc Extension

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK

1.3.4 Asterisk l mt h thng VoIP (Voice over IP)

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK

Nhng iu ny khng phi l tt c m VoIP c th em n cho chng ta.Chng ta

Hnh 1-4: Lin lc gia cc vn phng qua Internet

Mt khi chng ta c cc Office c ni kt theo phng php nh th, chng ta c

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG I: TNG QUAN V ASTERISK

1.3.5 Asterisk khng l mt SIP Proxy

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK

CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK

FXO ging nh my Fax hay modem dial- up 56 k , dng kt ni vi ng dy

Hnh 2-1: a) My in thoi vai tr FXO kt ni vi FXS (PSTN), hnh b) PBX kt

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK

Hnh 2-2: ng k t Client n SIP proxy, vi giao thc SIP ng

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK

Hnh 2-3: Minh ha hot ng ca NAT

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK

3-GHz x86, 1GB RAM

Dual CPUs, hay cng c th l

2.6 Thit b VoIP

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK

+Audio Interface: c speaker phone hay khng .

Hnh 2-4: My in thoi VoIP

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK

Hnh 2-5: in thoi Softphone

Hnh 2-6 Card TDM22B gm 4 port: 2 FXS v 2 FXO

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK

2.8 ATA- Analog Telephone Adaptors

Hnh 2-7: Thit b ATA

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn - CHNG II: CC KHI NIM TRONG H THNG ASTERISK

Hnh 2-8: Nguyn nhn xy ra trt

http://my.opera.com/asteriskvn CHNG III: CC M HNH NG DNG M NGUN M ASTERISK