Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chuyn :
PHNG PHP GEN TRONG GII PHNG TRNH
NGHIM NGUYN
Thc hin: Phan nh Trung
Hc sinh lp 12A1, nin kha: 2014-2015
Trong Sinh hc, ta nh ngha gen l mt on DNA mang cu trc xc
nh thng tin di truyn. Tng t nh vy, phng php gen thc cht l
quy tc xy dng cu trc nghim t mt phng trnh khi bit cc nghim
c s ca n. Nu t mt nghim ca phng trnh cho ta c qui tc
xy dng ra mt nghim mi th qui tc gi l gen. Phng trnh Pell v
phng trnh Markov chnh l hai v d in hnh cho phng php ny.
I. Phng trnh Pell
1. Phng trnh Pell loi I:
Phng trnh Pell loi I l phng trnh nghim nguyn c dng:
x2 dy 2 = 1, d Z
(1)
Tnh cht:
1. Nu d l s chnh phng th (1) v nghim.
2. Nu d l s nguyn m th (1) khng c nghim nguyn dng.
3. (iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh Pell loi I) Phng trnh (1) c
nghim nguyn dng khi v ch khi d nguyn dng v khng chnh phng.
Cng thc nghim ca phng trnh Pell loi I:
Ta xt trong trng hp nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh Pell loi
I(tc l x, y Z+ ). Gi (a, b) l hai nghim nh nht ca (1). Lc ny tt
c nghim ca n c vt sch bi dy (xn ), (yn ):
n
n
d)
+
(a
b
d)
(a
+
b
xn =
n 2
n
(a
+
b
d)
(a
b
d)
yn =
2 d
Hoc theo cng thc truy hi:
x0 = 1, y0 = 0
x = a, y = b
1
1
(2)
Tnh cht:
1. Nu d l s chnh phng th (2) v nghim.
2. Nu d c c nguyn t dng 4k + 3 th (2) v nghim.
3. Gi (a, b) l nghim nh nht ca (2). Khi , (2) c nghim nu v ch
nu h
(
a = x2 + dy 2
b = 2xy
c nghim nguyn dng.
Cng thc nghim ca phng trnh Pell loi II:
Xt phng trnh Pell loi I:
x2 dy 2 = 1
. Gi (a, b) l hai nghim nh nht ca phng trnh ny. Xt h
(
a = x2 + dy 2
b = 2xy
Gi s h ny c nghim duy nht l (u, v). Khi , tt c nghim ca (2)
c xc nh bi dy:
x0 = u, y0 = v
x = u3 + 3duv 2 , y = dv 3 + 3u2 v
1
1
k0 = 1, m0 = 0
k = 2, m = 1
1
1
mn+2 = 6mn+1 mn , n = 0, 1, 2, ..
Suy ra:
x0 = 2, y0 = 1
x = 4, y = 2
1
1
x0 = 1, y0 = 0
x = 7, y = 1
1
1
xk+2 = 14xk+1 xk , k = 0, 1, 2, ...
x2k+1 3
x3
Z+ , theo : nk =
4
4
= 194nk nk1 + 144. Vy, tt c gi tr n tha mn
ng thi, v x = 4n + 3 nn n =
n0 = 1, n1 = 337, nk+1
bi ton l:
(
n0 = 1, n1 = 337
nk+1 = 194nk nk1 + 144, k = 0, 1, 2, ...
(3 + 2 2)n + (3 2 2)n
x n =
n 2
n
(3
+
2
2)
(3
2
2)
y n =
2 2
Suy ra:
+
xn + y n =
2
2 2
( 2 + 1)2n+1 + ( 2 1)2n+1
=
2 2
p dng cng thc khai trin Newton, ta c:
( 2 + 1)2n+1 + ( 2 1)2n+1
xn + y n =
2 2
i P2n+1 i
i
P2n+1 i
2n+1i
i=0 C2n+1 ( 2) +
i=0 C2n+1 ( 2) (1)
=
2 2
Pn
2j+1 j
n
X 2j+1
2 2 j=0 C2n+1 2
=
=
C2n+1 2j
2 2
j=0
1
= C2n+1
+
n
X
2j+1 j
2 =1+
C2n+1
n
X
j=1
j=1
2j+1 j
C2n+1
2 1
(mod 2)
d|1d=1
d | 3n + 1
d | 6n + 2
iu ny cho thy 2n + 1, 3n + 1 ng thi l cc s chnh phng khi v ch
khi tn ti y Z+ sao cho:
(2n + 1)(3n + 1) = y 2
6n2 + 5n + 1 = y 2
144n2 + 120n + 24 = 24y 2
(12n + 5)2 24y 2 = 1
t x = 12n + 5, phng trnh tr thnh:
x2 24y 2 = 1
y chnh l phng trnh Pell loi I, v 24 khng phi l s chnh phng
nn phng trnh ny chc chn c nghim v cng thc nghim ca n c
cho bi:
x0 = 1, y0 = 0
x = 5, y = 1
1
1
x2k+1 5
12
Ngoi ra:
x2k+3 = 10x2k+2 x2k+1
= 10(10x2k+1 x2k ) x2k+1
= 99x2k+1 10x2k
= 98x2k+1 + (10x2k x2k1 ) 10x2k
= 98x2k+1 x2k1
6
m0 = 1, k0 = 0
m = 3, k = 2
1
1
ml+2 = 6ml+1 ml
kl+2 = 6kl+1 kl
Ngoi ra, ta thy ml 1 (mod 2) nn gi tr n tha mn b c cho
bi:
(
n0 = 0, n1 = 1
nl+2 = 6nl+1 nl + 2, l = 0, 1, 2, ...
+ n3 =
2
2
T y, p dng b trn, ta chn
n(n + 1)
x=
2
y=n
z 2 = n(n + 1)
2
R rng y chnh l ba b s tha mn bi ton. T suy ra pcm.
Bi ton 6 Chng minh rng tn ti v hn s nguyn dng x, y sao cho:
x+1 y+3
+
=6
y
x
Li gii:
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
x2 + (1 6y)x + y(y + 3) = 0
Xem y nh mt phng trnh bc hai n x tham s y, ta c:
= (1 6y)2 4y(y + 3) = 32y 2 24y + 1
By gi ta nhn thy rng phng trnh cho c v hn nghim nguyn
dng khi v ch khi tn ti v hn s nguyn dng y, k tha mn:
32y 2 24y + 1 = k 2
64y 2 48y + 2 = 2k 2
(8y 3)2 2k 2 = 7
8
()
x0 = 3, y0 = 2
xn+1 = 3xn + 4yn , n = 1, 2, 3, ...
(mod 8)
Nh vy,
x2k x2k2 ... x2 x0 3
(mod 8)
Phng trnh ny c
= (1 kn)2 4(n2 + n) = (k 2 4)n2 2n(k + 2) + 1
. Chn k = 4. Ta cn chng minh tn ti v s s nguyn dng n sao cho
= 12n2 12n + 1 l s chnh phng. Hay phng trnh:
12n2 12n + 1 = t2 3(4n2 4n + 1) 2 = t2 t2 3(2n 1)2 = 2
c v s nghim nguyn dng.
Ta xt hai dy (xn ), (yn ) c cho bi:
x0 = 1, y0 = 1
xn+1 = 2xn + 3yn
yn+1 = xn + 2yn
Khi y ta c :
2
x2n+1 3yn+1
= (2xn + 3yn )2 3(xn + 2yn )2 = x2n 3yn2 = ... = x20 3y02 = 2
(X = t, Y = 2n 1)
(1)
x0 = A, y0 = B
xn+1 = Cxn + kDyn
(II)
(II.1)
(II.2)
(II.3)
x 1 + x 2 = b
a
x 1 x 2 = c
a
nh l o Vite: Xt tam thc bc haif (x) = ax2 + bx + c, a 6= 0. Gi
x1 , x2 l hai nghim ca f (x). Khi , mt s thc tha mn x1 < < x2
khi v ch khi a.f () < 0.
Chng ta bt u vi bi ton sau:
Bi ton 8 (IMO 1988) Cho a, b l cc s nguyn dng tha mn k =
a2 + b 2
l mt s nguyn. Chng minh rng k l mt s chnh phng.
ab + 1
Li gii:
Gi s kt lun bi ton khng ng. Trong tp hp tt c cc s nguyn
dng (a, b) tha mn bi ton, ta chn ra hai phn t a, b sao cho tng a + b
l nh nht. Khng gim tnh tng qut, gi s a b > 0. Xt phng trnh
bc hai n x:
x2 + (b kb)x + b2 k = 0
R rng, phng trnh ny nhn mt nghim l a. Gi nghim cn li l x0 .
Theo nh l Vite, ta c:
(
x0 + a = kb b
x0 .a = b2 k
12
b2 k
b2
a2
+b<
+b<
+b=a+b
a
a
a
x 2 + b2
x2 kbx + b2 + k = 0
xb 1
()
k=5
a1=1
a=2
k=
V b > 1 b2 1 > 0 b 2, lc ny ta c:
k<
2b2
=
b2 1
2
1
1 2
b
2
1
1
4
8
3
(1)
Mt khc, ta li c:
ab 1
1
1
1
1
ab 1
= 2
=
= k>2
2
k
a +b
2ab
2 ab
2
(2)
(
a | b2 + 2
b | a2 + 2
ab | a2 + b2 + 2
()
a
k
b
2
2
k
1
a b
+ +
+1+ k 3
b a ab
2
2
a b
2
3
2
+ +
+ 1 + V l
b a ab
2
6
Vy ch c th l k = 4, tc l
a2 + b2 + 2 = 4ab
()
kY = t0 + X 2X
Y
2
V X, Y nguyn dng nn X, Y 1. Nh vy:
k=
Y
1
k
X
+
+
+1+1k 4
Y
X XY
2
x2 + y 2 + 1 = 3xy
(1)
Xt dy s (un ) xc nh bi:
u0 = 1, u1 = 1
un+1 = 3un un1 , n 1
Ta chng minh rng (x, y) l cp s nguyn dng bt k tha (1) khi v ch
khi tn ti n tha x = xn , y = xn+1 .
Tht vy, bng qui np ta d kim tra c (xn , xn+1 ) tha (1) vi mi n.
Gi (w0 , w1 ) l mt cp s nguyn dng bt k tha (1). Nu w0 = 1 th
w1 = 1, tc tn ti n = 0 w0 = u0 , w1 = w1 . Xt w0 , w1 > 1, gi s
w0 > w1 .
Khi ta chn w2 = 3w1 w0 . D thy w2 nguyn dng v cp (w1 , w2 ) =
(w1 , 3w1 w0 ) lc ny cng tha (1).
rng ta c:
w2 + 1
< w0
w2 = 3w1 w0 = 1
w0
Suy ra:
w2 + w1 < w1 + w0
Hon ton tng t ta chn c cp (w2 , w3 ) = (w2 , 3w2 w1 ) cng
tha w3 nguyn dng v w3 + w2 < w2 + w1 .
C tip tc qu trnh ny, ta c:
... < wi+1 + wi < ... < w2 + w1 < w1 + w0
Nhng w1 + w0 > 2 nn phi tn ti k sao cho:
wk + wk+1 = 1 wk = u1 = 1, wk+1 = u0 = 1
T :
17
Bi tp ngh:
1. Tm tt c cc gi tr nguyn dng p phng trnh x2 + y 2 + z 2 = pxyz
c nghim nguyn dng
2. (VMO 2002) Tm tt c cc gi tr nguyn dng n sao cho phng
m 2 + n2
l
mn 1
mt s nguyn.
6. Tm s nguyn dng n nh nht tha mn 19n + 1 v 95n + 1 u
l cc s chnh phng.
18