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TRNG THPT TN HNG

Chuyn :
PHNG PHP GEN TRONG GII PHNG TRNH
NGHIM NGUYN
Thc hin: Phan nh Trung
Hc sinh lp 12A1, nin kha: 2014-2015
Trong Sinh hc, ta nh ngha gen l mt on DNA mang cu trc xc
nh thng tin di truyn. Tng t nh vy, phng php gen thc cht l
quy tc xy dng cu trc nghim t mt phng trnh khi bit cc nghim
c s ca n. Nu t mt nghim ca phng trnh cho ta c qui tc
xy dng ra mt nghim mi th qui tc gi l gen. Phng trnh Pell v
phng trnh Markov chnh l hai v d in hnh cho phng php ny.
I. Phng trnh Pell
1. Phng trnh Pell loi I:
Phng trnh Pell loi I l phng trnh nghim nguyn c dng:
x2 dy 2 = 1, d Z

(1)

Tnh cht:
1. Nu d l s chnh phng th (1) v nghim.
2. Nu d l s nguyn m th (1) khng c nghim nguyn dng.
3. (iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh Pell loi I) Phng trnh (1) c
nghim nguyn dng khi v ch khi d nguyn dng v khng chnh phng.
Cng thc nghim ca phng trnh Pell loi I:
Ta xt trong trng hp nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh Pell loi
I(tc l x, y Z+ ). Gi (a, b) l hai nghim nh nht ca (1). Lc ny tt
c nghim ca n c vt sch bi dy (xn ), (yn ):

n
n

d)
+
(a

b
d)
(a
+
b

xn =
n 2
n
(a
+
b
d)

(a

b
d)

yn =
2 d
Hoc theo cng thc truy hi:

x0 = 1, y0 = 0

x = a, y = b
1
1

xn+2 = 2axn+1 xn , n = 0, 1, 2, ...

yn+2 = 2ayn+1 yn , n = 0, 1, 2, ...


1

2. Phng trnh Pell loi II:


Phng trnh Pell loi II l phng trnh nghim nguyn c dng:
x2 dy 2 = 1, d z

(2)

Tnh cht:
1. Nu d l s chnh phng th (2) v nghim.
2. Nu d c c nguyn t dng 4k + 3 th (2) v nghim.
3. Gi (a, b) l nghim nh nht ca (2). Khi , (2) c nghim nu v ch
nu h
(
a = x2 + dy 2
b = 2xy
c nghim nguyn dng.
Cng thc nghim ca phng trnh Pell loi II:
Xt phng trnh Pell loi I:
x2 dy 2 = 1
. Gi (a, b) l hai nghim nh nht ca phng trnh ny. Xt h
(
a = x2 + dy 2
b = 2xy
Gi s h ny c nghim duy nht l (u, v). Khi , tt c nghim ca (2)
c xc nh bi dy:

x0 = u, y0 = v

x = u3 + 3duv 2 , y = dv 3 + 3u2 v
1
1

xn+2 = 2axn+1 yn , n = 0, 1, 2, ...

yn+2 = 2ayn+1 yn , n = 0, 1, 2, ...


3. Bi tp v d:
Bi ton 1 Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng x > 2 sao cho x 1, x, x + 1
lp thnh di ba cnh mt tam gic c din tch l mt s nguyn.
Li gii:
Gi s x l s nguyn dng tha mn bi ton. Khi , na chu vi tam gic
x1+x+1
3
c tnh bi: p =
= x. Gi y l din tch tam gic . p
2
2
2

dng cng thc Heron, ta c:


s 



3
3
3
3
1 p
y=
x
xx
xx+1
x x 1 = x 3(x2 4)
2
2
2
2
4
Suy ra:
p
4y = x 3(x2 4)
16y 2 = 3x2 (x2 4)
.
.
.
Do 16y 2 .. 2 3x2 (x2 4) .. 2 x .. 2. Nh vy, tn ti k N sao cho
x = 2k. Theo :
16y 2 = 3.4k 2 (4k 2 4)
y 2 = 3k 2 (k 2 1)
p
y = k 3(k 2 1)
p
Ch rng: : k, y Z+ 3(k 2 1) Z+ . Do tn ti l Z+ sao cho:
3(k 2 1) = l2
.
R rng l2 .. 3 l = 3m, m Z+ . Khi phng trnh tr thnh
k 2 3m2 = 1
y chnh l phng trnh Pell loi I v cng thc nghim ca n c xc
nh bi:

k0 = 1, m0 = 0

k = 2, m = 1
1
1

kn+2 = 6kn+1 kn , n = 0, 1, 2, ...

mn+2 = 6mn+1 mn , n = 0, 1, 2, ..
Suy ra:

x0 = 2, y0 = 1

x = 4, y = 2
1
1

xn+2 = 4xn+1 xn , n = 0, 1, 2, ...

yn+2 = 4yn+1 yn , n = 0, 1, 2, ...


Vy tt c gi tr ca x tha mn bi ton c xc nh bi dy:
(
x0 = 2, x1 = 4
xn+2 = 4xn+1 xn .n = 0, 1, 2...
.
3

Bi ton 2 Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng n sao cho trung bnh cng


ca n s chnh phng u tin l mt s chnh phng.
Li gii:
Bng qui np ta chng minh c rng: Vi mi S nguyn dng n, ta lun
c:
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2 =
6
Suy ra:
12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2
(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
n
6
+
Theo , ta cn tm n, y Z sao cho:
(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= y2
6
n2 + 3n + 1 = 6y 2
16n2 + 24n + 4 = 48y 2
(4n + 3)2 48y 2 = 1
t x = 4n + 3, th th ta thu c:
x2 48y 2 = 1
y chnh l phng trnh Pell loi I. Bng php th tun t, ta tm c
(7, 1) l nghim nh nht ca n. Theo , cng thc nghim ca phng
trnh Pell ny l:

x0 = 1, y0 = 0

x = 7, y = 1
1
1
xk+2 = 14xk+1 xk , k = 0, 1, 2, ...

yk+2 = 14yk+1 yk , k = 0, 1, 2, ...


Bng qui np, ta chng minh c rng:
(
x2k 1 (mod 4)
x2k+1 3 (mod 4)
Ngoi ra:
x2k+3 = 14x2k+2 x2k+1 = 14(14x2k+1 x2k ) x2k+1
= 196x2k+1 14x2k x2k+1
= 195x2k+1 + x2k+1 14x2k x2k+1
= 194x2k+1 x2k1
4

x2k+1 3
x3
Z+ , theo : nk =

4
4
= 194nk nk1 + 144. Vy, tt c gi tr n tha mn

ng thi, v x = 4n + 3 nn n =

n0 = 1, n1 = 337, nk+1
bi ton l:
(
n0 = 1, n1 = 337
nk+1 = 194nk nk1 + 144, k = 0, 1, 2, ...

Bi ton 3 Tm cp s nguyn t p, q tha mn: p2 2q 2 = 1


Li gii:
Xt phng trnh Pell loi I:
x2 2y 2 = 1
Bng php th tun t, ta nhn thy (3, 2) l nghim nh nht ca phng
trnh ny ng thi y cng l cp s nh nht tha mn bi ton. Theo
, cng thc nghim ca phng trnh Pell ny c xc nh bi:

(3 + 2 2)n + (3 2 2)n

x n =
n 2
n
(3
+
2
2)

(3

2
2)

y n =
2 2
Suy ra:

(3 + 2 2)n + (3 2 2)n (3 + 2 2)n (3 2 2)n

+
xn + y n =
2
2 2

( 2 + 1)2n+1 + ( 2 1)2n+1

=
2 2
p dng cng thc khai trin Newton, ta c:

( 2 + 1)2n+1 + ( 2 1)2n+1

xn + y n =
2 2
i P2n+1 i
i
P2n+1 i
2n+1i
i=0 C2n+1 ( 2) +
i=0 C2n+1 ( 2) (1)

=
2 2
Pn
2j+1 j
n
X 2j+1
2 2 j=0 C2n+1 2

=
=
C2n+1 2j
2 2
j=0
1
= C2n+1
+

n
X

2j+1 j
2 =1+
C2n+1

n
X
j=1

j=1

2j+1 j
C2n+1
2 1

(mod 2)

iu ny ch xy ra khi p, q khc tnh chn l hay ni cch khc phng trnh


cho v nghim nu min{p, q} > 2. Vy, (3, 2) l nghim duy nht ca bi
ton.
Bi ton 4 Tm tt c cc s t nhin n sao cho 2n + 1 v 3n + 1 u
l cc s chnh phng.
Li gii:
t d = gcd(2n + 1, 3n + 1), khi :
(
(
d | 2n + 1
d | 6n + 3

d|1d=1
d | 3n + 1
d | 6n + 2
iu ny cho thy 2n + 1, 3n + 1 ng thi l cc s chnh phng khi v ch
khi tn ti y Z+ sao cho:
(2n + 1)(3n + 1) = y 2
6n2 + 5n + 1 = y 2
144n2 + 120n + 24 = 24y 2
(12n + 5)2 24y 2 = 1
t x = 12n + 5, phng trnh tr thnh:
x2 24y 2 = 1
y chnh l phng trnh Pell loi I, v 24 khng phi l s chnh phng
nn phng trnh ny chc chn c nghim v cng thc nghim ca n c
cho bi:

x0 = 1, y0 = 0

x = 5, y = 1
1
1

xk+2 = 10xk+1 xk , k = 0, 1, 2, ...

yk+2 = 10yk+1 yk , k = 0, 1, 2, ...


Bng qui np ta chng minh c x2k+1 5 (mod 12), do :
nk =

x2k+1 5
12

Ngoi ra:
x2k+3 = 10x2k+2 x2k+1
= 10(10x2k+1 x2k ) x2k+1
= 99x2k+1 10x2k
= 98x2k+1 + (10x2k x2k1 ) 10x2k
= 98x2k+1 x2k1
6

Suy ra: nk+1 = 98nk nk1 + 40. V theo tt c gi tr n tha mn bi


ton l:
(
n0 = 0, n1 = 40
nk+ = 98nk nk1 + 40, k = 0, 1, 2, ...
Nhn xt: Vi cch lm tng t nh bi ton 4, ta c th gii quyt c
bi ton sau:
Bi ton (Vit Nam TST 2013):
1. Chng minh rng tn ti v hn s nguyn dng t sao cho 2012t + 1 v
2013t + 1 u l cc s chnh phng.
2. Xt m, n l cc s nguyn dng sao cho mn + 1 v (m + 1)n + 1 u l
cc s chnh phng. Chng minh rng n chia ht cho 8(2m + 1)
Bi ton 5 Chng minh rng tn ti v hn s nguyn dng x, y, z sao
cho:
x2 + y 3 = z 4
Li gii:
B : Tn ti v hn s nguyn dng n, k sao cho:
n(n + 1)
= k2
2
Chng minh b :
Bin i phng trnh (1) v dng tng ng:
(2n + 1)2 8k 2 = 1
t m = 2n + 1, phng trnh (1) tr thnh m2 8k 2 = 1. y chnh l
phng trnh Pell loi I v cng thc nghim ca n c cho bi:

m0 = 1, k0 = 0

m = 3, k = 2
1
1

ml+2 = 6ml+1 ml

kl+2 = 6kl+1 kl
Ngoi ra, ta thy ml 1 (mod 2) nn gi tr n tha mn b c cho
bi:
(
n0 = 0, n1 = 1
nl+2 = 6nl+1 nl + 2, l = 0, 1, 2, ...

Dy s ny chng t khng nh ca b l ng. B c chng minh.


Tr li bi ton, Bng qui np ta d dng kim tra c rng vi mi n
nguyn dng, ta lun c:

2
n(n + 1)
3
3
3
3
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =
2
2

n(n + 1)
3
3
3
3
3
[1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (n 1) ] + n =
2
2
2


(n 1)n
n(n + 1)

+ n3 =
2
2
T y, p dng b trn, ta chn

n(n + 1)

x=

2
y=n

z 2 = n(n + 1)
2
R rng y chnh l ba b s tha mn bi ton. T suy ra pcm.
Bi ton 6 Chng minh rng tn ti v hn s nguyn dng x, y sao cho:
x+1 y+3
+
=6
y
x
Li gii:
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
x2 + (1 6y)x + y(y + 3) = 0
Xem y nh mt phng trnh bc hai n x tham s y, ta c:
= (1 6y)2 4y(y + 3) = 32y 2 24y + 1
By gi ta nhn thy rng phng trnh cho c v hn nghim nguyn
dng khi v ch khi tn ti v hn s nguyn dng y, k tha mn:
32y 2 24y + 1 = k 2
64y 2 48y + 2 = 2k 2
(8y 3)2 2k 2 = 7
8

t m = 8y 3, phng trnh tr thnh:


m2 2k 2 = 7

()

Xt phng trnh Pell loi I: m2 2k 2 = 1, d thy phng trnh Pell ny


nhn nghim nh nht l (3, 2), bng php th tun t ta tm c (3, 1) l
nghim c s ca (). Theo , ta xt dy (xn ), (yn ):

x0 = 3, y0 = 2
xn+1 = 3xn + 4yn , n = 1, 2, 3, ...

yn+1 = 2xn + 3yn , n = 1, 2, 3, ...


ng thi:
2
x2n+1 2yn+1
= (3xn + 4yn )2 2(2xn + 3yn )2 = x2n 2yn2 = ... = x21 2y12 = 7

iu ny chng t phng trnh m2 2k 2 = 7 c v hn nghim nguyn


dng. Ngoi ra ta cn nhn thy x2k 3 (mod 8), tht vy ch rng:
xn+1 = 3xn + 4yn
= 9xn1 + 12yn1 + 4yn
= 9xn1 + 8yn1 + 4(yn + yn1 )
= 9xn1 + 8yn1 + 8(xn1 + 2xn1 ) xn1

(mod 8)

Nh vy,
x2k x2k2 ... x2 x0 3

(mod 8)

iu ny cho thy tn ti v hn y, k Z+ sao cho:


(8y 3)2 2k 2 = 7
T d dng suy ra pcm.
Bi ton 7 (Anh 2007) Chng minh rng tn ti v s nguyn dng m, n
tha mn :
m+1 n+1
+
n
m
l mt s nguyn
Li gii:
m+1 n+1
t
+
= k (k Z+ . Bin i phng trnh v dng:
n
m
m2 + m(1 kn) + n2 + n = 0
9

Phng trnh ny c
= (1 kn)2 4(n2 + n) = (k 2 4)n2 2n(k + 2) + 1
. Chn k = 4. Ta cn chng minh tn ti v s s nguyn dng n sao cho
= 12n2 12n + 1 l s chnh phng. Hay phng trnh:
12n2 12n + 1 = t2 3(4n2 4n + 1) 2 = t2 t2 3(2n 1)2 = 2
c v s nghim nguyn dng.
Ta xt hai dy (xn ), (yn ) c cho bi:

x0 = 1, y0 = 1
xn+1 = 2xn + 3yn

yn+1 = xn + 2yn
Khi y ta c :
2
x2n+1 3yn+1
= (2xn + 3yn )2 3(xn + 2yn )2 = x2n 3yn2 = ... = x20 3y02 = 2

iu ny chng t phng trnh dng:


X 2 3Y 2 = 2

(X = t, Y = 2n 1)

c v hn nghim nguyn dng (xk , yk ) vi xk , yk l s hng bt k ca hai


dy (xn )(yn )
Ch rng, ta c :
4n 1 t
m=
2
Nn m nguyn th t phi l. ng thi, bng qui np ta d dng chng
minh c rng c v s s hng ca dy (xn ), (yn ) l s l. Nh vy phng
trnh:
m+1 n+1
+
=4
n
m
c v hn nghim nguyn dng. Bi ton c gii quyt.
Nhn xt: Khi tham kho li gii trn, bn c s khng khi thc mc
rng: "Ti sao l c th la chn hai dy (xn ), (yn ) nh trn. Phi chng l
do tnh c?" Xin tr li lun rng l khng phi tnh c, tt c u c sp
xp theo mt trt t ring ca n c. Ta c phng php chn ra cc dy
(xn ), (yn ) nh sau :
Xt phng trnh nghim nguyn c dng :
X 2 kY 2 = m
10

(1)

trong m l s nguyn v k l s nguyn dng khng chnh phng.


Nu (1) c nghim nguyn dng l (A, B). Xt phng trnh Pell dng
X 2 kY 2 = 1 c nghim nguyn dng l (C, D).Ta xt cc dy :

x0 = A, y0 = B
xn+1 = Cxn + kDyn

yn+1 = Dxn + Cyn


ng thi:
2
x2n+1 kyn+1
= x2n kyn2 = ... = x20 ky02 = m

cho nn phng trnh (1) chc chn c nghim.


II. Phng trnh Markov:
Phng trnh Markov c in l phng trnh nghim nguyn c dng:
x21 + x22 + x23 + ... + x2n = kx1 x2 x3 ...xn

(II)

Trong n, k l cc tham s nguyn dng.


Tnh cht:
1. Nu phng trnh (II) c nghim th n s c rt nhiu nghim. Xem (II)
nh mt phng trnh bc hai n xn , cc s x1 , x2 , ..., xn1 l tham s. Khi
:
x2 kx1 x2 ...xn1 .x + x21 + x22 + ... + x2n1 = 0
Gi x0 = y l nghim th hai ca phng trnh ny. Theo nh l Vite ta
c:
x+y = kx1 x2 ...xn1 y = kx1 x2 ...xn1 xn =

x21 + x22 + ... + x2n1


xn

(II.1)

Ch rng u < xn khi v ch khi:


x21 + + x2n1 kx1 xn1

(II.2)

Qu trnh ny c th thc hin vi mi bin s xj trong vai tr ca xn .


Nhng ch i vi mt bin - bin ln nht l c th xy ra (II.2) v ta thu
c nghim mi (x1 , x2 , . . . , x0n ) nh hn nghim c (th t theo tng cc
bin). Nh vy, theo a s l cc nghim tng ln v ta c cy nghim.
Tip theo, tr nhng trng hp c bit, ta s gi s rng x1 x2
xn . Ta s ni nghim (x1 , x1 , , xn ) l nghim gc (nghim c s), nu
x21 + + x2n1 x2n 2xn kx1 xn1
11

(II.3)

(t nghim ny, tt c cc nhnh cy i n cc nghim bn cnh, u tng)


2.Nu phng trnh (II) c nghim nguyn dng th n c nghim gc.
3. Nu n > 2, (x1 , x2 , , xn )) l nghim gc, ngoi ra, x1 x2 xn .
Khi
2(n 1)
x1 xn2
.
k
4. Nu x1 x2 xn l cc s nguyn dng bt k tho mn iu
x21 + + x2n
2
2
2
kin 1 < xn x1 + + xn1 , th t s R =
khng vt qu
x1 x2 xn
n+3
..
2
NH L: Nu phng trnh (II) c nghim v n 6= k, th n 2k 3 khi
n 5 v n > 4k 6 khi n = 3, n = 4.
* Phng php Vite Jumping:
nh l Vite: Xt phng trnh bc hai ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 6= 0 c hai
nghim x1 , x2 . Khi :

x 1 + x 2 = b
a
x 1 x 2 = c
a
nh l o Vite: Xt tam thc bc haif (x) = ax2 + bx + c, a 6= 0. Gi
x1 , x2 l hai nghim ca f (x). Khi , mt s thc tha mn x1 < < x2
khi v ch khi a.f () < 0.
Chng ta bt u vi bi ton sau:
Bi ton 8 (IMO 1988) Cho a, b l cc s nguyn dng tha mn k =
a2 + b 2
l mt s nguyn. Chng minh rng k l mt s chnh phng.
ab + 1
Li gii:
Gi s kt lun bi ton khng ng. Trong tp hp tt c cc s nguyn
dng (a, b) tha mn bi ton, ta chn ra hai phn t a, b sao cho tng a + b
l nh nht. Khng gim tnh tng qut, gi s a b > 0. Xt phng trnh
bc hai n x:
x2 + (b kb)x + b2 k = 0
R rng, phng trnh ny nhn mt nghim l a. Gi nghim cn li l x0 .
Theo nh l Vite, ta c:
(
x0 + a = kb b
x0 .a = b2 k
12

T y, ta d dng suy ra c rng x0 Z+ .


Nu x0 < 0 th x0 1, suy ra:
x2 (bk b)x + b k x2 + (bk b) + b2 k > 0, mu thun
Nu x0 = 0 th k = b2 , mu thun.
Nu x0 > 0 th (x0 , b) l mt cp s tha mn bi ton. V lc ny:
x0 + b =

b2 k
b2
a2
+b<
+b<
+b=a+b
a
a
a

iu ny mu thun vi tnh nh nht ca a + b. Nh vy, gi thit phn


chng l sai. Bi ton c chng minh.
Ta tip tc vi bi ton sau:
Bi ton 9 Chng minh rng nu a, b l cc s nguyn dng sao cho
a2 + b2
k=
l mt s nguyn th k = 5.
ab 1
Li gii:
Trong tt c cc s (a, b) tha mn k l mt s nguyn, ta chn ra cp (a, b)
sao cho a + b l nh nht. Xt phng trnh:
k=

x 2 + b2
x2 kbx + b2 + k = 0
xb 1

()

R rng, phng trnh () nhn mt nghim l a, gi nghim cn li l x0 .


Theo nh l Vite, ta c:
(
x0 + a = bk
x0 .a = b2 + k
R rng, x0 Z+ .
Nu trong hai s a v b c mt s bng 1, gi s b = 1, th th:
a2 + 1
2
=a+1+
Z
a1
a1


a1=2
a=3
(a 1) | 2

k=5
a1=1
a=2
k=

Nu min{a, b} > 1, th do:


b2 kb2 + b2 + k > 0 k(1 b2 ) + 2b2 > 0
13

V b > 1 b2 1 > 0 b 2, lc ny ta c:
k<

2b2
=
b2 1

2
1
1 2
b

2
1
1
4

8
3

(1)

Mt khc, ta li c:
ab 1
1
1
1
1
ab 1
= 2
=
= k>2

2
k
a +b
2ab
2 ab
2

(2)

T (1) v(2) suy ra iu mu thun. Tm li, ta c k = 5 l gi tr duy nht


tha mn bi ton (pcm).
Bi ton 10 (VMO 2012) Xt cc s t nhin l a, b tha mn a | b2 + 2 v
b | a2 + 2. Chng minh rng a, b l cc s hng ca dy (xn ) c cho bi:
(
x1 = x2 = 1
xn+2 = 4xn+1 xn
Li gii:
Ta c:
(
a | b2 + 2
b | a2 + 2

ab | (a2 + 2)(b2 + 2) ab | (a2 b2 + 2a2 + 2b2 + 4)

Do a, b l nn ta c ngay ab | a2 +b2 +2 . Tng t, ta cng c nu ab | a2 +b2 +2


th:
(
a | b2 + 2
b | a2 + 2
. Tc l:

(
a | b2 + 2
b | a2 + 2

ab | a2 + b2 + 2

()

Trong cc phn t (a, b) tha mn (), ta chn ra mt cp (a, b) sao cho a + b


l nh nht. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b Xt phng trnh bc
hai n x sau:
x2 kbx + b2 + 2 = 0
R rng phng trnh ny nhn mt nghim l a, gi nghim kia l x0 . Theo
nh l Vite, ta c:
(
x0 + a = bk
x0 .a = b2 + 2
14

Ch rng a l nh nht, cho nn x0 a, suy ra:


x0 + a 2a kb 2a

a
k

b
2

Nu trong hai s a, b c mt s bng 1, gi s b = 1 th ka = a2 +3 k = 4.


Nu min{a, b} > 1, th a b 2 nn:
k=

2
k
1
a b
+ +
+1+ k 3
b a ab
2
2

Mt khc, theo AM-GM, ta c:


kab = a2 + b2 + 2 2(ab + 1) k 3
Suy ra k = 3, v a2 + b2 + 2 = 3ab. iu ny chng t rng trong hai s a, b
phi c mt s chia ht cho 3. Gi s 3 | b th th b 3. Nu a = 1 th d
thy ngay iu mu thun, suy ra:
a 2 ab 6
Nu nh vy, th:
3=

a b
2
3
2
+ +
+ 1 + V l
b a ab
2
6

Vy ch c th l k = 4, tc l
a2 + b2 + 2 = 4ab

()

Gi s (y0 , y1 ) l mt cp s bt k tha (). Gi s y0 > y1 , nu y0 = 1 th


y1 = 1 tc l tn tin y0 = x1 , y1 = x2 . Do , ta ch cn xt vi trng
hp y0 , y1 > 1.
Chn cp (y1 , y2 ) = (y1 , 4y1 y0 ), r rng y cng l mt cp s tha mn
(). Lc ny ta ch ti 4y1 y0 < y0 nn
y1 + y2 = y1 + (4y1 y0 ) < y1 + y0
Tng t, ta cng chn c cp (y2 , y3 ) = (y2 , 4y2 y1 ) cng tha () v
y2 + y3 < y1 + y2 < y0 + y1 .
Tip tc qu trnh ny, ta c:
... < yi + yi+1 < ... < y1 + y2 < y1 + y0
Mt khc, y1 + y0 > 2 nn tn ti k N sao cho
yk + yk+1 = 2 yk = yk+1 = 1
15

Tc l: yk = x2 , yk+1 = x1 . V nh vy, (yn ) c xc nh bi:


(
yo = y1 = 1
yn+2 = 4yn+1 yn
Theo , ta c: xn+1 = yn . Bi ton c chng minh.
Bi ton 11 Xt phng trnh x2 + y 2 + 1 = kxy.
a) Tm tt c cc s k nguyn dng sao cho phng trnh trn c nghim
nguyn dng (x, y).
b) Vi cc gi tr k tm c, hy tm tt c cc nghim nguyn dng ca
phng trnh.
Li gii:
x2 + y 2 + 1
Z ta chn ra hai gi
xy
tr (X, Y ) sao cho X + Y l nh nht. Gi s lun X Y . Xt phng trnh
:
t2 ktY + Y 2 + 1 = 0

Trong tp hp cc gi tr (x, y) tha mn

D thy phng trnh ny c nghim t1 = X, gi nghim cn li l t0 . Theo


nh l Vite :

t0 + X = kY
t0 X = Y 2 + 1
T y d thy t0 cng nguyn dng, v tnh nh nht ca X + Y nn
t0 X.
Suy ra :
k
X

kY = t0 + X 2X
Y
2
V X, Y nguyn dng nn X, Y 1. Nh vy:
k=

Y
1
k
X
+
+
+1+1k 4
Y
X XY
2

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi: X = Y, 2X = kY, X = Y = 1, mu thun.


Nh vy k 3. Hn na theo AM-GM ta d thy k 3.
Vy k = 3. Th li vi k = 3 th (x, y) = (1, 1) l mt nghim ca phng
trnh.
b) Ta tm tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh:
16

x2 + y 2 + 1 = 3xy

(1)

Xt dy s (un ) xc nh bi:

u0 = 1, u1 = 1
un+1 = 3un un1 , n 1
Ta chng minh rng (x, y) l cp s nguyn dng bt k tha (1) khi v ch
khi tn ti n tha x = xn , y = xn+1 .
Tht vy, bng qui np ta d kim tra c (xn , xn+1 ) tha (1) vi mi n.
Gi (w0 , w1 ) l mt cp s nguyn dng bt k tha (1). Nu w0 = 1 th
w1 = 1, tc tn ti n = 0 w0 = u0 , w1 = w1 . Xt w0 , w1 > 1, gi s
w0 > w1 .
Khi ta chn w2 = 3w1 w0 . D thy w2 nguyn dng v cp (w1 , w2 ) =
(w1 , 3w1 w0 ) lc ny cng tha (1).
rng ta c:
w2 + 1
< w0
w2 = 3w1 w0 = 1
w0
Suy ra:
w2 + w1 < w1 + w0
Hon ton tng t ta chn c cp (w2 , w3 ) = (w2 , 3w2 w1 ) cng
tha w3 nguyn dng v w3 + w2 < w2 + w1 .
C tip tc qu trnh ny, ta c:
... < wi+1 + wi < ... < w2 + w1 < w1 + w0
Nhng w1 + w0 > 2 nn phi tn ti k sao cho:
wk + wk+1 = 1 wk = u1 = 1, wk+1 = u0 = 1
T :

wk1 = 3wk wk+1 = 3u1 u0 = u2


wk2 = 3wk1 wk = 3u2 u1 = u3
...
w1 = 3w2 w3 = 3uk1 uk2 = uk
w0 = 3w1 w2 = 3uk 3uk1 = uk+1

Nh vy vi cp (w0 , w1 ) bt k th tn ti n = k (w1 , w0 ) = (uk , uk+1 ).


Nh vy, tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh l (x, y) = (un , un+1 ) vi dy
(un ) xc nh nh trn.

17

Bi tp ngh:
1. Tm tt c cc gi tr nguyn dng p phng trnh x2 + y 2 + z 2 = pxyz
c nghim nguyn dng
2. (VMO 2002) Tm tt c cc gi tr nguyn dng n sao cho phng

trnh x + y + u + v = n xyuv c nghim nguyn dng.


3. (MOCP 03) Tm tt c cc gi tr nguyn dng n sao ch phng
trnh (x + y + z)2 = nxyz c nghim nguyn dng.
4. (i Loan 1998) Hi phng trnh x2 + y 2 + z 2 + u2 + v 2 = xyzuv 65
c nghim nguyn ln hn 1998 hay khng?
5. (M 2002) Tm cc cp s (m, n) nguyn dng sao cho

m 2 + n2
l
mn 1

mt s nguyn.
6. Tm s nguyn dng n nh nht tha mn 19n + 1 v 95n + 1 u
l cc s chnh phng.

Ti liu tham kho:


[1]: Phng trnh nghim nguyn - Phan Huy Khi.
[2]: Phng trnh Diophant - Trn Nam Dng
[3]: nh l Vite v ng dng - Trn mnh Sang
[4]: Mt s ti liu t internet: diendantoanhoc.net, mathvn.com, mathscope.org,
artofproblemsolving.com,...

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