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Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc
BI GING TON CAO CP A1 I HC

(S vhp: 2 s tit: 30)
Chng 1. Gii hn hm s mt bin
Chng 2. Php tnh vi phn hm s mt bin
Chng 3. Php tnh tch phn hm s mt bin
Chng 4. Chui s v Chui ly tha
Bin son: on Vng Nguyn
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguyn Ph Vinh Gio trnh Ton cao cp A1 C1 H Cng nghip TP. HCM.
2. Nguyn nh Tr Ton cao cp (Tp 2) NXB Gio dc.
3. Cng Khanh Ton cao cp (Tp 1, 4) NXB HQG TP.HCM.
4. Nguyn Vit ng Ton cao cp (Tp 1) NXB Gio dc.
5. Nguyn Tha Hp Gii tch (Tp 1) NXB HQG H Ni.
6. James Stewart, Calculus Early Transcendentals, Sixth Edition Copyright 2008,
2003 Thomson Brooks
7. Robert Wrede, Murray. R. Spiegel, Theory and Problems of Advanced Calculus, Second Edition
Copyright 2002, 1963 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Chng 1. GII HN HM S MT BIN

Bi 1. Gii hn hm s
Bi 2. Hm s lin tc v tim cn ca th
Bi 3. i lng V cng b
Bi 1. GII HN HM S
1.1. B tc v hm s
1.1.1. nh ngha
Xt hai tp con khc rng D v Y ca . Hm s f l
mt quy tc (hay nh x) cho tng ng mi phn t x D
vi duy nht mt phn t y Y , k hiu l f (x )
f : D Y
x y = f (x )
Tp D c gi l min xc nh (MX - domain) ca hm s f , k hiu l Df .
Tp f (Df ) = {f (x ) | x Df } c gi l min gi tr (range) ca hm f .
th (graph) ca hm f c MX D l tp hp im
i hc Cng nghip Tp. H Ch Minh (IUH)
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{(x, f (x )) x D } trn mt phng Oxy .

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Nu hm f tha mn f (x ) = f (x ), x Df th f c gi l hm s chn.
Nu hm f tha mn f (x ) = f (x ), x Df th f c gi l hm s l.
Hm f c gi l ng bin trn (a;b ) nu f (x 1 ) < f (x 2 ) khi x 1 < x 2 vi x 1, x 2 (a;b) ; f c gi

l nghch bin trn (a;b ) nu f (x 1 ) > f (x 2 ) khi x 1 < x 2 vi x 1, x 2 (a;b) .
1.1.2. Hm s hp
Gi s hai hm s f v g tha mn Gg Df . Khi , hm s h(x ) = ( f g )(x ) = f (g (x )) c gi l
hm s hp ca f v g .
VD. Xt f (x ) = 3x 2 v g (x ) = x 1 , ta c:
Hm s hp ca f v g l f (g (x )) = 3(g (x ))2 = 3x 2 6x + 3 .
Hm s hp ca g v f l g ( f (x )) = f (x ) 1 = 3x 2 1 .
1.1.3. Hm s ngc
Hm s f c gi l song nh (one-to-one function) nu x 1 x 2 f (x 1 ) f (x 2 ) .
Xt hm song nh f c MX D v min gi tr G . Khi , hm s ngc ca f , k hiu l f 1 , c
MX G v min gi tr D c nh ngha
f 1(y ) = x f (x ) = y (x D, y G ) .
VD. Nu f (x ) = 2x th f 1(x ) = log2 x (x > 0) .
Ch
MX ca f 1 = min gi tr ca f , v
min gi tr ca f 1 = MX ca f .
th ca hm y = f 1(x ) i xng vi th ca hm
y = f (x ) qua ng thng y = x .
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1.1.4. Hm s Lng gic ngc

1.1.4.1. Hm s y = arcsin x

arcsin x = y sin y = x , y ;
2 2
1
VD. Tnh arcsin v cot arcsin .
4
2
Gii.
1

1

Ta c arcsin = , v sin = v ; .
6
2
6 2 2
2
6

1
1
t arcsin = , ta c sin = v ; .
2 2
4
4
1
cos
1
15
Vy, ta c cos = 1
=
, v cot arcsin = cot =
= 15 .
16
4
4
sin
1.1.4.2. Hm s y = arccos x
arccos x = y cos y = x , y 0;
VD. arccos 0 =
;
2
arccos(1) = ; arccos
= ;
2
6
1 2
arccos =
.
3
2
1.1.4.3. Hm s y = arctan x

arctan x = y tan y = x , y ;
2 2
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Quy c
arctan(+) =
VD. arctan(1) =
, arctan() =
2
2
; arctan 3 = .
4
3
1.1.4.4. Hm s y = arccot x
( )
arccot x = y cot y = x , y 0;
Quy c
arccot(+) = 0, arccot() =
VD. arccot(1) =
; arccot 3 = .
4
6
1.2. Gii hn ca hm s
1.2.1. Gii hn tng qut
Ta vit lim f (x ) = L v c l gii hn ca f (x ) , khi x tin n a , bng L nu ta c th lm cho gi
x a
tr ca f (x ) rt gn vi L bng cch cho x tin gn n a (k c hai pha ca a ) nhng khng bng a .

nh ngha
Xt hm f xc nh trn khong cha im a . Ta ni rng gii hn ca f (x ) khi x tin n a l L , v
ta vit lim f (x ) = L nu vi mi > 0 tn ti > 0 tha mn:
x a
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nu 0 < | x a | < th | f (x ) L | < .
1.2.2. Gii hn mt pha

Ta vit lim f (x ) = L v c l gii hn bn tri ca f (x ) khi x tin n a bng L nu ta c th lm
x a
cho gi tr ca f (x ) rt gn vi L bng cch cho x tin st n a v x nh hn a . Tng t, nu ta cho

x tin n (v ln hn) a , ta c gii hn bn phi ca f (x ) khi x tin n a bng L v vit l
lim f (x ) = L .
x a +
Ch . K hiu x a ngha l ta ch xt x < a , v x a + ngha l x > a .

nh ngha
lim f (x ) = L nu vi mi > 0 tn ti > 0 tha mn:
x a
nu a < x < a th | f (x ) L | < .

lim+ f (x ) = L nu vi mi > 0 tn ti > 0 tha mn:
x a
nu a < x < a + th | f (x ) L | < .

nh l
lim f (x ) = L lim f (x ) = L = lim+ f (x )
x a
x a
x a
1.2.3. Gii hn v cng

Xt hm f (x ) xc nh trn khong cha im a . Khi , lim f (x ) = hay lim f (x ) = + c ngha
x a
x a
l gi tr tuyt i ca f (x ) v cng ln khi x tin n a , nhng khc a . C 4 dng sau

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nh ngha
Gi s hm s f xc nh trn khong cha im a . Khi lim f (x ) = + c ngha l vi mi gi tr
x a
dng M tn ti tha mn
nu 0 < | x a | < th f (x ) > M .
Gi s hm s f xc nh trn khong cha im a . Khi lim f (x ) = c ngha l vi mi gi tr
x a
m N tn ti tha mn
nu 0 < | x a | < th f (x ) < N .
1.2.4. Quy tc gii hn
Gi s k l hng s v lim f (x ) , lim g(x ) tn ti. Khi
x a
x a
1) lim[k .f (x )] = k . lim f (x )
2) lim[ f (x ) g(x )] = lim f (x ) lim g(x )
3) lim[ f (x )g(x )] = lim f (x ).lim g(x )
4) lim
x a
x a
x a
x a
x a
x a
x a
x a
x a
f (x )
f (x ) lim
= x a
nu lim g(x ) 0
x a
g(x ) lim g(x )
x a
nh l
Nu f (x ) g (x ) khi x tin n a ( x a ) v lim f (x ) , lim g(x ) tn ti th lim f (x ) lim g(x ) .
x a
x a
x a
x a
nh l kp gia
Nu f (x ) h(x ) g (x ) khi x tin n a ( x a ) v lim f (x ) = lim g(x ) = L th lim h(x ) = L .
x a
x a
x a
Ch
1
1
1
= +, = ,
=0
+
0
0
Mt s kt qu gii hn cn nh
sin (x )
tan (x )
= lim
=1
(x ) 0
(x ) 0
(x )
(x )
1) lim
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x
2) lim 1 + = lim (1 + x ) = e
x
x 0
x
x
3) lim[ f (x )]n = lim f (x ) , n +

x a
x a
lim g (x )
x a
4) lim [ f (x )]g (x ) = lim f (x )
nu lim f (x ) > 0
x a
x a
x a
5) lim n f (x ) = n lim f (x ) , n + (nu n l, ta gi s rng lim f (x ) > 0 )

x a
x a
x a
6) lim
x +
ln x
x
= lim x = 0 nu 1, > 1 .
x
+
x
1.2.5. Mt s v d
4 2x , x < 2
VD 1. Cho hm f (x ) =
, xt s tn ti ca lim f (x ) .
x 2
x 2, x > 2
2x + 12
khng tn ti.
x 6 | x + 6 |
VD 2. Chng t lim
VD 3. Chng t rng lim x 2 sin

x 0
1
= 0.
x
VD 4. Tnh L = lim 2x x 2 3x .
x
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VD 5. Tnh L = lim
x 2
x 4x + 1 + 1
.
x 2
VD 6. Tnh L = lim
x +
2x 2 x x 2 .
VD 7. Tnh L = lim
3x 2 2 + x .
VD 8. Tnh L = lim
x 1
5x 1 3 8x
.
x 1
2x
3x 1
4x 2 + 3
VD 9. Tnh L = lim
.
x
3 x 3 2
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cot x
VD 10. Tnh L = lim(cos 2x ) sin x .

x 0
Bi 2. HM S LIN TC V TIM CN CA TH
2.1. Hm s lin tc
2.1.1. nh ngha
Hm s f c gi l lin tc ti im a nu
lim f (x ) = f (a ) .
x a
nh ngha hm f lin tc ti a nu tha mn c 3 iu:

1) f (a ) xc nh (ngha l a Df );
2) lim f (x ) tn ti;
x a
3) lim f (x ) = f (a ) .
x a
2
x x 2 , x 2
VD 1. Chng t hm s sau lin tc ti x = 2 : f (x ) = x 2
,x =2
3
VD 2. Chng t hm f (x ) =
x
khng lin tc ti x = 1 .
x 1
2.1.2. Lin tc mt pha

nh ngha
Hm s f c gi l lin tc bn phi ti im a nu lim+ f (x ) = f (a ) , v lin tc bn tri ti im a
x a
nu lim f (x ) = f (a ) .
x a
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VD 3. Chng t hm s sau khng lin tc bn phi ti x = 0 , nhng lin tc bn tri ti x = 0 :

cos x , x < 0
,x =0
f (x ) = 1
sin x , x > 0
2.1.3. Lin tc trn khong

nh ngha
Hm s f c gi l lin tc trn khong (a;b ) nu f lin tc ti mi im thuc (a;b ) . (Nu f lin tc
phi ti a v lin tc tri ti b th f lin tc trn on [a;b ] ).
VD 4. Chng t f (x ) = 1 1 x 2 lin tc trn on [1; 1] .
2.1.4. Cc nh l
nh l 1
Nu f v g lin tc ti a v k l hng s th k .f , f g , f .g ,
f
( g (a ) 0 ) cng lin tc ti a .
g
nh l 2
Mi a thc u lin tc trn = (; +) .
Mi hm s s cp u lin tc trn min xc nh ca n.
nh l 3
Nu hm f lin tc ti b v lim g(x ) = b th lim f (g(x )) = f (b) . Ngha l
x a
x a
lim f (g(x )) = f (lim g(x ))

x a
x a
x 1
.
VD 5. Tnh lim arcsin
x 1
x 1
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2.2. Tim cn ca th
2.2.1. Tim cn ng
nh ngha
ng thng x = a c gi l tim cn ng ca th hm s y = f (x ) nu
lim f (x ) = hoc
x a
VD. Do lim
x 2
lim f (x ) = .
x a
3x + 1
3x + 1
= v lim+
= + , nn x = 2 l tim cn ng ca th hm s
x 2 x 2
x 2
3x + 1
y=
.
x 2
VD 6. Tm tt c cc tim cn ng ca th hm s f (x ) =
4 x2
.
x 2 + 2x 3
2.2.2. Tim cn ngang

nh ngha
ng thng y = L c gi l tim cn ngang ca th hm s y = f (x ) nu
lim f (x ) = L hoc lim f (x ) = L .
x
x +
Ch
ng cong y = f (x ) c min xc nh ng th khng c tim cn ngang.
Chng hn, ng cong y =
ln(1 x 2 )
khng c tim cn ngang.
x +2
x2 + 1
VD 7. Tm tt c cc tim cn ngang ca th hm s f (x ) =
.
x 1
2.2.3. Tim cn xin

nh ngha
ng thng y = ax + b c gi l tim cn xin ca th hm s y = f (x ) nu
lim
f (x )
= a v
x
lim f (x ) ax = b .
VD 8. Tm tt c cc tim cn xin ca th hm s f (x ) =
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3x 2 2x + 4
5
5
x
Ch . Ta vit f (x ) =
= 3x + 1 +
v
0.
x 1
x 1
x 1
V vy, tim cn xin cn tm l y = 3x + 1 .
VD 9. Tm tt c cc tim cn xin ca th hm s y = 3 x 2 (x 1) .
VD 10. Tm tt c cc tim cn xin hoc ngang ca th hm s y = x + x 2 4x + 5 .
Bi 3. I LNG V CNG B
3.1. Cc nh ngha
3.1.1. nh ngha 1
i lng (x ) c gi l v cng b (vit tt l VCB) khi x tin n a nu lim (x ) = 0 .
x a
VD. (x ) = tan 3 sin 1 x l VCB khi x 1 ; (x ) =
1
l VCB khi x + .
ln2 x
3.1.2. nh ngha 2
Gi s (x ) , (x ) l hai v cng b khi x tin n a . Ta c:
(x ) l v cng b bc cao hn (x ) , k hiu l (x ) = O((x )) , nu lim
x a
(x ) l v cng b cng bc vi (x ) nu 0 lim

x a
(x )
= 0.
(x )
(x )
.
(x )
(x ) l v cng b tng ng vi (x ) , k hiu l (x ) (x ) , nu lim

x a
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VD
1 cos x
1
= .
2
x 0
2
x
1 cos x l v cng b cng bc vi x 2 khi x 0 , v lim

sin2 3(x 1) 9(x 1)2 khi x 1 .
3.2. Tnh cht

Gi s i (x ) (i = 1,2, 3, 4) l cc v cng b khi x tin n a . Ta c:
1) 1(x ) 2 (x ) 1(x ) 2 (x ) = O(1(x )) = O(2 (x ))
2) Nu 1(x ) 2 (x ) v 2 (x ) 3 (x ) th 1(x ) 3 (x )
3) Nu 1(x ) 3 (x ) v 2 (x ) 4 (x ) th 1(x )2 (x ) 3 (x )4 (x )
4) Nu 1(x ) = O(2 (x )) th 1(x ) + 2 (x ) 2 (x ) .
3.3. Quy tc ngt b v cng b cp cao

Nu (x ) v (x ) l tng ca nhng v cng b khc cp khi x a th lim
x a
(x )
bng gii hn t s
(x )
ca v cng b cp thp nht ca (x ) v (x ) .

x 3 cos x + 1
.
x 0
x4 + x2
VD 1. Tnh L = lim
Ghi nh. Khi x 0 , ta c cc cng thc v cng b tng ng sau:

1) sin x x
5) 1 cos x
x
2
2) tan x x
3) arcsin x x
4) arctan x x
6) e x 1 x
7) ln(1 + x ) x
8) n 1 + x 1
x
.
n
Ch
1) Nu u(x ) l v cng b khi x 0 th ta c th thay x bi u(x ) trong 8 cng thc trn.
2) Cc cng thc v cng b tng ng trn khng p dng c cho hiu hoc tng ca cc v
cng b nu chng lm trit tiu t hoc mu ca phn thc.
e x + e x 2
(e x 1) + (e x 1)
x + (x )
=
lim
= lim
= 0 (sai !).
2
2
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
x2
e x + e x 2
Kt qu ng l lim
= 1 (xem bi quy tc LHospital chng 2).
x 0
x2
VD. lim
VD 2. Tnh L = lim
x 0
ln(1 2x sin2 x )
.
sin x 2 . tan x
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VD 3. Tnh L = lim
x 0
x + 1 + arctan2 x 1
.
cos3 x cos x + 2x
VD 4. Cho hm s y = f (x ) c xc nh bi x = 2t t 2 v y = t 2 + 3t 4 .
Khi x 0 , chng minh rng f (x )
x2
.
4
VD 5. Tm gi tr ca hm s sau y lin tc ti x = 0 :
2
2
3 tan x + sin x , x > 0
f (x ) =
2x
,x 0
VD 6. Tm gi tr ca hm s sau y lin tc ti x = 0 :
ln(cos x )
,x 0
2
2
f (x ) =
arctan x + 2x
,x=0
2 3
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Chng 2. PHP TNH VI PHN HM S MT BIN

Bi 1. o hm v Vi phn
Bi 2. nh l Gi tr trung bnh v quy tc LHospital
Bi 3. Gi tr ln nht Gi tr nh nht
Bi 4. Cng thc Taylor
Bi 1. O HM V VI PHN
1.1. Cc nh ngha
1.1.1. nh ngha 1
o hm ca hm s f ti a , k hiu bi f (a ) , l
f (a ) = lim
f (a + h ) f (a )
h
f (x ) = lim
f (x + h ) f (x )
h
h 0
nu gii hn trn tn ti.

Tng t, nu thay a bi x , ta c
h 0
nh l
Nu f c o hm (cn c gi l kh vi) ti a th f lin tc ti a
Chng minh. V f kh vi ti a , nn ta c:
f (a ) = lim
h 0
f (a + h ) f (a )
f (x ) f (a )
= lim
.
x a
h
x a
Mt khc
f (x ) f (a )
.(x a ) (x a )
x a
f (x ) f (a )
lim[ f (x ) f (a )] = lim
.lim(x a ) = f (a ).0 = 0 .
x a
x a
x a
x a
f (x ) f (a ) =
Vy, lim f (x ) = lim{f (a ) + [ f (x ) f (a )]} = lim f (a ) + lim[ f (x ) f (a )] = f (a )

x a
x a
x a
x a
1.1.2. nh ngha 2
o hm bn phi ca f ti a c xc nh bi
f+(a ) = lim+
h 0
f (a + h ) f (a )
h

o hm bn tri ca f ti a c xc nh bi
f(a ) = lim
h 0
f (a + h ) f (a )
h

Ch
Hm s f c o hm (kh vi) ti a nu v ch nu f(a ) = f+(a ) .
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VD 1. Chng t rng hm s sau y lin tc ti x = 1 , nhng khng kh vi ti x = 1 :

x + 1, x 1
f (x ) = 2
2x , x > 1
1.1.3. nh ngha 3
Hm s c gi l kh vi trn mt khong nu n kh vi ti mi im thuc khong .
Hm s f c gi l kh vi trn on [a;b ] nu f kh vi trn khong (a;b ) v tn ti f+(a ) v f(b) .
Hm s c gi l kh vi lin tc nu n c o hm v o hm lin tc.
Ghi nh
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng cong y = f (x ) ti im (a; f (a )) c cho bi cng thc
y f (a ) = f (a )(x a )
1.1.4. nh ngha 4
Nu t x = dx l s gia ca x th y = f (x + x ) f (x ) c gi l s gia ca y = f (x ) .
Nu hm s f kh vi lin tc trn mt khong cha x th
f (x + x ) f (x )
y
= lim
x 0
x 0 x
x
y = f (x )dx + .dx ( 0 khi x 0 ).
f (x ) = lim
i lng
dy = f (x )dx
c gi l vi phn ca y hay f (x ) .
Ch
dy = f (x )dx f (x ) =
dy
dx
1.2. Quy tc o hm
1.2.1. Cc quy tc tnh o hm
Gi s f , g v h l cc hm s kh vi, ta c:
1)
2)
d
d
d
[ f (x ) g (x )] =
f (x )
g (x ) , hay
dx
dx
dx
[ f (x ) g(x )] = f (x ) g (x )
d
d
[C .f (x )] = C . f (x ) (C ) , hay
dx
dx
[Cf (x )] = C .f (x )
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3)
d
d
d
[ f (x )g (x )] =
f (x ).g (x ) + f (x ). g (x ) , hay
dx
dx
dx
[ f (x )g(x )] = f (x )g(x ) + f (x )g (x )
d
4)
dx
d
d
f (x ).g(x ) f (x ). g(x )
f (x )
dx
= dx
, hay
2
g(x )
[
g
(
x
)]
f (x )
= f (x )g(x ) f (x )g (x ) (g(x ) 0)
2
g(x )
[g(x )]
dy
dy du
5) Nu y = f (u ) vi u = g (x ) th
=
. , hay
dx
du dx
y (x ) = y (u ).u (x )
6) Nu y = f (x ) v x = f 1(y ) th
dy
1
=
, hay
dx
dx / dy
y (x ) =
7) Nu y = f (x ) cho bi x = (t ) v y = (t ) th
1
x (y )
dy dy / dt
(t )
=
=
, hay
dx
dx / dt
(t )
y (x ) =
y (t )
x (t )
1.2.2. o hm ca cc hm s s cp
(u ) = .u .u 1
1) (x ) = .x 1
2)
( u ) = 2u u
( x ) = 2 1x
3) (sin x ) = cos x
(sin u ) = u .cos u
4) (cos x ) = sin x
1
= 1 + tan2 x
2
cos x
1
6) (cot x ) = 2 = (1 + cot2 x )
sin x
(cos u ) = u .sin u
u
(tan u ) =
= u (1 + tan2 u )
2
cos u
u
(cot u ) = 2 = u (1 + cot2 u )
sin u
7) (e x ) = e x
(e u ) = u e u
8) (a x ) = a x . ln a
(a u ) = u .a u .ln a
u
(ln | u |) = u
u
(loga | u |) = u.ln a
u
(arcsin u ) =
1 u2
u
(arccos u ) =
1 u2
5) (tan x ) =
1
9) (ln | x |) =
x
10) (loga | x |) =
11) (arcsin x ) =
1
x .ln a
1
1 x2
1
12) (arccos x ) =
1 x2
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1
1 + x2
1
14) (arccot x ) =
1 + x2
13) (arctan x ) =
u
1 + u2
u
(arccot u ) =
1 + u2
(arctan u ) =
1.2.3. Cc v d
VD 2. Tnh df (1) ca hm s f (x ) = x 2e 3x .
VD 3. Tnh cc o hm mt pha ca hm s sau ti x = 4 :

1
,x <4
f (x ) = 5 x
5 x , x 4
VD 4. Tnh vi phn ca hm s y = 2ln(arcsin x ) .
VD 5. Tnh y (x ) ca hm s cho bi x = 2t 2 1, y = 4t 3 (t 0) .
VD 6. Tnh y (x 0 ) ti x 0 = 1 ca hm s cho bi x = et , y = t 2 2t .
1.3. o hm ca hm s n
1.3.1. nh ngha
Xt phng trnh F (x , y ) = 0 () . Nu y = y(x ) l mt hm s sao cho khi thay y bi y(x ) vo () , ta
c ng thc ng trong mt khong no th y(x ) c gi l hm s n xc nh bi () .
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VD. Xt phng trnh x 2 + y 2 = 1 , ta xc nh c hai hm s n sau:

y = 1 x 2 nu 1 < x < 1 , v khi 0 < y 1 ;
y = 1 x 2 nu 1 < x < 1 , v khi 1 y < 0 .
1.3.2. Cng thc v cc v d

Nu y(x ) l hm s n c xc nh bi F (x , y ) = 0 th
y (x ) =
dF (x , y ) / dx
dF (x , y ) / dy
VD 7. Tnh y (x ) , vi y(x ) c xc nh bi ln x 2 + y 2 = arctan
y
.
x
VD 8. Tnh y (0) , vi y(x ) c xc nh bi y 3 = e x y + x ln y .
Ch
Ta c th xem hm n y(x ) nh l hm s hp u(x ) , v p dng cng thc o hm ca hm s hp.
VD. o hm hai v y 3 = e x y + x ln y theo x , ta c
3y y 2 = e x y + e x y + ln y +
xy
e x y 2 + y ln y
y (x ) = 3
.
y
3y e x y x
1.4. o hm cp cao
Xt hm f kh vi th f cng l mt hm s. Nu f c o hm, k hiu l (f ) = f , th hm s mi
f c gi l o hm cp hai ca f . Xt y = f (x ) , ta c:
y = f (x ) =
d dy d 2y
=
dx dx dx 2
o hm cp ba f l f = ( f ) . Xt y = f (x ) , ta c:
y = f (x ) =
d d 2y d 3y
=
dx dx 2 dx 3
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Tng qut, o hm cp n ( n 4 ) ca f , k hiu f (n ) , l f (n ) = ( f (n 1) ) . Xt y = f (x ) , ta c:
y (n ) = f (n )(x ) =
VD 9. Cho hm s f (x ) =
d ny
dx n
x2
, tnh f (0) .
ex
VD 10. Cho hm s f (x ) = cos2 x , tnh f (4)() .
VD 11. Cho hm s f (x ) = ln(cos x ) , tnh d 4 f (0) .
VD 12. Tnh f (4)(0) , vi f (x ) = ln 3 3x + 1 .
VD 13. Tnh f (1) , vi f (x ) =
1
.
x 3x 4
2
VD 14. Cho hm s y = (3 x )n +1 , tnh y (n ) .
VD 15. Cho hm s y =
x +3
, tnh d (n )y .
x 3x + 2
2
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Bi 2. NH L GI TR TRUNG BNH V QUY TC LHOSPITAL

2.1. nh l gi tr trung bnh (tham kho)
2.1.1. B Fermat
Gi s hm s f : (a, b) t cc tr a phng ti c (a, b) . Nu f kh vi ti c th f (c) = 0 .
2.1.2. nh l Rolle
Nu hm f lin tc trn [a, b ] , kh vi trn (a, b ) v f (a ) = f (b) th tn ti c (a, b) tha mn f (c) = 0 .
2.1.3. nh l gi tr trung bnh
Nu hm s f lin tc trn [a, b ] , kh vi trn (a, b ) th tn ti c (a, b) tha mn f (c) =
f (b) f (a )
.
b a
2.1.4. nh l Cauchy
Nu hai hm s f v g lin tc trn [a, b ] , kh vi trn (a, b ) th tn ti c (a, b) tha mn
f (b) f (a ) f (c)
=
( g (a ) g(b ) ).
g (b) g (a ) g (c )
2.2. Quy tc LHospital

f (x )
c gi l dng v nh
g(x )
0 / 0 (hoc / ). Cc dng gii hn ny c gii quyt nh quy tc LHospital sau
Nu lim f (x ) v lim g(x ) ng thi bng 0 (hoc bng v cng) th lim

x x 0
x x 0
x x 0
Nu f (x ) v g (x ) kh vi trn (a, b ) (c th khng kh vi ti x 0 ) v g (x ) 0 vi x x 0 th

f (x )
f (x )
= lim
x x 0 g (x )
x x 0 g (x )
lim
Ch
Cc dng v nh: 0. , 0 , 00 , 1 , v u c th bin i p dng quy tc LHospital.
e x + e x 2
VD 1. Tnh L = lim
.
x 0
x2
VD 2. Tnh L = lim
x 0
x 2 sin2 x
.
x 2 .arctan2 x
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VD 3. Tnh L = lim(
x 3 ln x ) ( 0 ).
+
x 0
1
VD 4. Tnh L = lim cot x ( ).
x 0
x
VD 5. Tnh L = lim x x 1 ( 1 ).
x 1
VD 6. Tnh L = lim (x + 3x )x ( 0 ).
x +
VD 7. Tnh L = lim (x ln2 x ) ( ).

x +
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Bi 3. GI TR LN NHT GI TR NH NHT
3.1. Cc tr a phng v im un
3.1.1. Hm s n iu
nh l 1
Nu f (x ) > 0 trn (a, b ) th f ng bin trn (a, b ) ; f (x ) < 0 trn (a, b ) th f nghch bin trn (a, b ) .
Ch
Hm s f ng bin (hoc nghch bin) trn (a, b ) th f c gi l n iu trn (a, b ) .
VD 1. Tm cc khong n iu ca hm s y = ln(x 2 + 1) .
VD 2. Tm cc khong n iu ca hm s f (x ) =
x2 + 1
.
(x 1)2
VD 3. Tm cc khong n iu ca hm s y =
x 2x
2
VD 4. Tm cc khong n iu ca hm s y = y(x ) : x = t 3 , y = t 3 3t 2 .
3.1.2. Cc tr a phng
nh ngha
Gi s hm s f (x ) lin tc trong (a;b ) cha x 0 .
Nu f (x 0 ) < f (x ) , x (a;b) \ {x 0 } th hm s f (x ) t cc tiu ti x 0 .
Nu f (x 0 ) > f (x ) , x (a;b) \ {x 0 } th hm s f (x ) t cc i ti x 0 .
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nh l 2
Gi s f (x ) c o hm n cp 2n (n + ) trn (a;b ) cha x 0 tha f (x 0 ) = ... = f (2n 1)(x 0 ) = 0 v
f (2n )(x 0 ) 0 . Khi :
Nu f (2n )(x 0 ) > 0 th f (x ) t cc tiu ti x 0 ,

Nu f (2n )(x 0 ) < 0 th f (x ) t cc i ti x 0 .
VD 5. Tm cc tr ca hm s f (x ) = x 6 2x 3 + 3 .
3.1.3. im un
nh ngha
Nu mi tip tuyn ca th (C ) : y = f (x ) u nm pha
di (tng t, pha trn) (C ) trn (a;b ) th th (C )
c gi l lm (tng t, li) trn (a;b ) .
im M 0 (C ) : y = f (x ) nm gia phn lm v li c
gi l im un ca th (C ) .
nh l
Nu f (x ) > 0 (hay f (x ) < 0 ) vi mi x (a;b) th th hm s y = f (x ) lm (hay li) trn (a;b ) .
Nu f (x 0 ) = 0 v f (x ) i du khi x chuyn t tri sang phi qua x 0 th M 0 (x 0 ; y 0 ) l im un ca
th hm s y = f (x ) .
VD. Tm cc khong li, lm v im un ca th hm s y = arccos x .
3.2. Gi tr ln nht Gi tr nh nht

3.2.1. nh ngha
Xt hm s y = f (x ) v X Df .
S M c gi l gi tr ln nht ca hm s f (x ) trn X , k hiu M = max f (x ) , nu
x X
x 0 X : f (x 0 ) = M v f (x ) M , x X .
S m c gi l gi tr nh nht ca hm s f (x ) trn X , k hiu m = min f (x ) , nu
x X
x 0 X : f (x 0 ) = m v f (x ) m, x X .
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Ch
Hm s c th khng t max hoc min trn X Df .
x X : min f (x ) f (x ) max f (x ) .
x X
x X
3.2.2. Phng php tm max min

Hm s lin tc trn on [a; b]
Xt hm s y = f (x ) lin tc trn [a;b ] . tm max f (x ) v min f (x ) , ta thc hin cc bc sau:
x [a ;b ]
x [a ;b ]
Bc 1. Gii f (x ) = 0 . Gi s c n nghim x 1,..., x n [a;b ] . (loi cc nghim nm ngoi [a;b ] ).

Bc 2. Tnh cc gi tr f (a ), f (x 1 ),..., f (x n ), f (b) .
Bc 3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht trong cc gi tr tnh bc 2 l cc gi tr max, min cn tm.
2x 2 3x + 3
VD 6. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s f (x ) =
trn on [0; 2] .
x +1
Ch
Nu bi cha cho on [a;b ] th ta phi tm MX ca hm s trc khi lm bc 1.
Ta c th i bin t = t(x ) v vit y = f (x ) = g(t(x )) . Nu gi T l min gi tr ca hm t(x ) th
max f (x ) = max g(t ) , min f (x ) = min g(t ) .

x X
t T
x X
t T
VD 7. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s f (x ) = x 2 + 5x + 6 .
VD 8. Tm max, min ca hm s f (x ) =
sin x + 1
.
sin2 x + sin x + 1
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Hm s lin tc trn khong (a; b)

Xt hm s y = f (x ) lin tc trn (a;b ) ( a, b c th l ). tm max f (x ) v min f (x ) , ta thc hin
x (a ;b )
x (a ;b )
cc bc:
Bc 1. Gii f (x ) = 0 . Gi s c n nghim x 1,..., x n (a;b) . (loi cc nghim nm ngoi (a;b ) ).
Bc 2. Tnh f (x 1 ),..., f (x n ) v hai gii hn L1 = lim+ f (x ), L2 = lim f (x ) .
x a
x b
Bc 3. Kt lun:
1) Nu max{f (x 1 ),..., f (x n )} > max{L1, L2 } th max f (x ) = max{f (x 1 ),..., f (x n )} ;
x (a ;b )
2) Nu min{f (x 1 ),..., f (x n )} < min{L1, L2 } th min f (x ) = min{f (x 1 ),..., f (x n )} ;

x (a ;b )
3) Nu khng tha 1) (hoc 2)) th hm s khng t max (hoc min).

Ch
Ta c th lp bng bin thin ca f (x ) thay cho bc 3.
VD 9. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s f (x ) =
x3
trn khong (1; +) .
x2 1
VD 10. Tm max, min ca hm s f (x ) =
x
x2 + 2 1
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Bi 4. CNG THC TAYLOR

4.1. Cng thc khai trin Taylor
Cho hm s f (x ) lin tc trn [a;b ] c o hm n cp n + 1 trn (a;b ) vi x , x 0 (a;b) ta c cc
khai trin sau
Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Lagrange
n
f (x ) =
f (n +1)(c)
(x x 0 )n +1
k!
(n + 1)!
vi c (a;b) .
f (k )(x 0 )
k =0
(x x 0 )k +
Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Peano

n
f (k )(x 0 )
k =0
k!
f (x ) =
(x x 0 )k + O((x x 0 )n )
Khai trin Maclaurin

Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Peano ti x 0 = 0 c gi l khai trin Maclaurin
n
f (x ) =
k =0
f (k )(0) k
x + O(x n )
k!
Hay
f (x ) = f (0) +
f (0)
f (0) 2
f (n )(0) n
x+
x + ... +
x + O(x n )
1!
2!
n!
VD 1. Khai trin Maclaurin ca f (x ) = tan x n x 3 .
4.2. Cc khai trin Maclaurin cn nh

1)
1
= 1 + x + x 2 + ... + x n + O(x n ) .
1x
x
x2
xn
2) e = 1 + +
+ ... +
+ O(x n ) .
1! 2!
n!
x
n
x x2 x3 x4
n 1 x
3) ln(1 + x ) =
+
+ ... + (1)
+ O(x n ) .
1
2
3
4
n!
4) cos x = 1
x2 x4 x6
x 2n
+
+ ... + (1)n
+ O(x 2n ) .
2! 4! 6!
(2n )!
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5) sin x =
x x3 x5 x7
x 2n +1
+ ... + (1)n
+ O(x 2n +1 ) .
1! 3! 5! 7 !
(2n + 1)!
6) (1 + x )m = 1 + m
x
x2
xn
+ m(m 1) + ... + m(m 1)...(m n + 1) + O(x n ) .
1!
2!
n!
Ch
Nu u(x ) l v cng b khi x 0 th ta c th thay x trong cc cng thc trn bi u(x ) .
VD 2. Tm khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s y =
1
n x 3 .
x 3x + 1
2
Bi tp. Tm khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s y =
4
n x 3 .
x 2x + 3
2
VD 3. Tm khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s y = ln(1 2x 2 ) n x 6 .
Bi tp. Tm khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s y = ln(3 + 2x 2 ) n x 6 .
VD 4. Tm khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s y = 2x n x 3 .
Bi tp. Tm khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s y = 5(3x 2) n x 7 .
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VD 5. Tm khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s y = e sin x n x 3 .
4.3. ng dng tnh o hm cp cao

VD 6. Cho hm f (x ) = x 3 cos 2x . Gi tr ca f (7)(0) l:
A. f (7)(0) = 480 .
B. f (7)(0) = 560 .
C. f (7)(0) = 3360 .
D. f (7)(0) = 6720 .
VD 7. Cho hm s f (x ) =
1 + x + x2
, tnh f (4)(0) .
2
1x + x
Bi tp. Cho hm s f (x ) =
5x 2 2x + 3
, tnh f (7)(0) .
x2 1
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Chng 3. PHP TNH TCH PHN HM MT BIN

Bi 1. Tch phn bt nh
Bi 2. Tch phn xc nh
Bi 3. ng dng ca tch phn xc nh
Bi 4. Tch phn suy rng
Bi 1. TCH PHN BT NH
1.1. nh ngha
Hm s F (x ) c gi l mt nguyn hm ca hm s f (x ) trn khong (a;b ) , k hiu l
F (x ) = f (x ), x (a;b) .
f (x )dx , nu
Nhn xt
Nu F (x ) l mt nguyn hm ca f (x ) th F (x ) + C cng l nguyn hm ca f (x ) , ngha l
f (x )dx = F (x ) + C
Tnh cht
1)
k.f (x )dx = k f (x )dx, k ;
2)
f (x )dx = f (x ) + C ;
3)
d
dx
4)
[ f (x ) + g(x )]dx = f (x )dx + g(x )dx .
f (x )dx = f (x ) ;
MT S NGUYN HM CN NH
x +1
1) a.dx = ax + C , a ;
2) x dx =
+ C , 1 ;
+1
dx
dx
3)
= ln | x | + C ;
4)
= 2 x +C ;
x
x
ax
+C ;
ln a
5)
x
x
e dx = e + C ;
6)
x
a dx =
7)
cos x dx = sin x + C ;
8)
sin x dx = cos x + C ;
9)
cos
dx
sin
12)
dx
1
x a
=
ln
+C ;
2
2a
x +a
a
14)
x
= ln tan + + C ;
2 4
16)
= tan x + C ;
x
dx
1
x
= arctan + C ;
2
2
a
a
x +a
11)
13)
15)
cos x
17)
18)
dx
10)
dx
x
dx
= cot x + C ;
= arcsin
x
+ C, a > 0 ;
a
a2 x 2
dx
x
= ln tan + C ;
sin x
2
dx
x +a
2
= ln x + x 2 + a + C ;
x
a
x 2 + a + ln x + x 2 + a +C ;
2
2
x
a2
x
a 2 x 2 dx =
a 2 x 2 + arcsin
+C .
2
2
|a |
x 2 + a dx =
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1.2. Phng php i bin

1.2.1. nh l
Nu
f (x )dx = F (x ) + C
ln2 x
VD 1. Tnh tch phn I =
v hm s x = (t ) kh vi th
ln 3 x + 1
f ((t )) (t )dt = F ((t )) + C .
dx .
cot x
dx .
4
x +3
2 sin

dx , x 0; .
2
cos x cos2 x + 1
tan x
1.2.2. Mt s dng tch phn i bin cn bit

Dng 1: I =
x +
(ax + b)
Cch gii. Bin i I =
VD.
4x + 3
dx =
2
4x + 4x + 1
dx .
p
q
dx .
+
ax + b (ax + b )2
2(2x + 1) + 1
dx =
(2x + 1)2
2
1
dx
+
2x + 1 (2x + 1)2
= ln 2x + 1
1
+C.
2(2x + 1)
x +
dx ( > 0) .
+ bx + c
1 p
q
2
Cch gii. Bin i I =
+
dx ( x 1, x 2 l nghim ca ax + bx + c ).
a x x 1 x x 2
Dng 2: I =
ax
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VD.
3x + 2
1
dx =
2
2
2x + 3x 5
3x + 2
dx =
(x 1) x +
5 1
11
1
.
+
.
7 x 1 7 2x + 5 dx
5
11
ln x 1 + ln 2x + 5 + C .
7
14
x +
dx ( < 0) .
+ bx + c
X
p
dx .
Cch gii. Bin i I = 2
+ 2
X + X +
Dng 3: I =
VD. I =
ax
2x + 1
dx =
4x 4x + 5
2
(2x 1) + 2
2x 1
2
dx =
dx +
dx .
2
2
2
+4
(2
x
1)
4
(2
x
1)
4
+

(2x 1)
I1
I2
1 d[(2x 1) + 4] 1
= ln[(2x 1)2 + 4] + C
2
4
4
(2x 1) + 4
2x 1
d
2
2x 1
1
1
=
I2 =
arctan
2
2 + C .
2
2
2x 1
1 +
2
2x 1
1
1
+C .
Vy I = ln 4x 2 4x + 5 + arctan
2
4
2
2
I1 =
Dng 4: Tch phn hm hu t bc cao.

Cch gii. Bin i hm di du tch phn v cc phn thc ti gin.
VD.
dx
1
=
3
x (x + 3) 3
VD. Tnh tch phn I =

Gii. Phn tch:
1
x 2
1
1 d(x 3 + 3) 1
x3
dx = ln x
=
+C .
ln
3
x x + 3
3
9
9 x3 + 3
x3 + 3
x 2 + 4x + 4
dx .
x (x 1)2
x 2 + 4x + 4 A
B
C
= +
+
.
2
x
x 1 (x 1)2
x (x 1)
Quy ng mu s, ta c: x 2 + 4x + 4 = A(x 1)2 + Bx (x 1) + Cx () .

T () ta c: x = 0 A = 4, x = 1 C = 9, x = 2 B = 3.
Vy I = 4
dx
dx
dx
9
3
+ 9
= 4 ln | x | 3 ln | x 1 |
+C .
2
x
x 1
x 1
(x 1)
Dng 5: Tch phn hm lng gic I =
R(sin x, cos x )dx .
Cch gii
Nu R( sin x , cos x ) = R(sin x , cos x ) , ta t t = cos x .
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Nu R(sin x , cos x ) = R(sin x , cos x ) , ta t t = sin x .

Nu R( sin x , cos x ) = R(sin x , cos x ) th ta h bc.
Nu R(sin x , cos x ) =
1
x
2t
1 t2
th ta t t = tan sin x =
,
cos
x
=
.
a sin x + b cos x + c
2
1 + t2
1 + t2
dx
.
sin x + sin 2x cos2 x
dt
tan x
t
1
Gii. t t = tan x x = arctan t dx =
, sin x =
=
, cos x =
2
2
2
1+t
1 + tan x
1+t
1 + t2
VD. Tnh tch phn I =
I =
dt
=
+ 2t 1
VD. Tnh tch phn I =
1
t +1 2
1
tan x + 1 2
d(t + 1)
=
ln
+C =
ln
+C .
2
2 2 2 t +1+ 2
2 2
tan x + 1 + 2
(t + 1)
dx
.
4 sin x + 3 cos x + 5
x
2dt
2t
1 t2
,
sin
,
cos
x = 2 arctan t dx =
x
=
x
=
.
2
1 + t2
1 + t2
1 + t2
1
2dt
dt
1
1
.
= 2
=
+C =
+C .
2
2
t +2
x
8t
3 3t
1+t
t + 4t + 4
tan + 2
+
+5
2
1 + t2
1 + t2
Gii. t t = tan
Vy I =
1.3. Phng php tch phn tng phn

Cng thc
udv = uv vdu
Cc dng tch phn tng phn thng gp
P(x )e dx th ta t u = P(x ), dv = e dx .
i vi dng tch phn P (x ) ln x dx th ta t u = ln x , dv = P (x )dx .
x
i vi dng tch phn
dx .
Ch
i vi tch phn kh, ta phi i bin trc khi ly tng phn hoc tch thnh tng ca cc tch phn.
cos
x e sin xdx .
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VD. Tnh tch phn I =
cos(ln x )dx .
Gii. t t = ln x x = et dx = e tdt
I = e t cos t dt = e t d(sin t ) = e t sin t + e td(cos t )
1
I = e t (sin t + cos t ) e t cos tdt I = e t (sin t + cos t ) + C
2
1
Vy I = e ln x [sin(ln x ) + cos(ln x )] + C .
2
VD. Tnh tch phn I =
cos
x dx .
Gii. t t = 3 x x = t 3 dx = 3t 2dt
I = 3 t 2 cos t dt = 3 t 2 d (sin t ) = 3t 2 sin t + 6 td (cos t )
= 3t 2 sin t + 6t cos t 6 sin t + C = 3 3 x 2 6 sin 3 x + 6 3 x cos 3 x + C .

(2x
+ x + 1)e x
+x
dx .
Bi 2. TCH PHN XC NH
2.1. nh ngha
Cho hm s f (x ) xc nh trn on [a; b ] .
Ta chia on [a; b ] thnh n on nh bi cc im chia x 0 = a < x 1 < ... < x n 1 < x n = b .
Trn mi on [x k ; x k +1] ta ly im ty x = k , k = 0, n 1 .
n 1
Gi x k = x k +1 x k v d = max {x k } . Lp tng tch phn (Riemann) = f (k )x k .

k
k =0
Gii hn hu hn (nu c) I = lim c gi l tch phn xc nh ca f (x ) trn on [a; b ] , k hiu

d 0
I =
f (x )dx
a
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Tnh cht
b
1)
k.f (x )dx = k f (x )dx, k ;

a
2)
[ f (x ) g(x )]dx =
a
3)
f (x )dx = 0; f (x )dx = f (x )dx ;

a
4)
f (x )dx g(x )dx ;
f (x )dx = f (x )dx + f (x )dx, c [a; b ] ;

a
c
b
5) f (x ) 0, x [a; b ]
f (x )dx 0 ;
a
b
6) f (x ) g(x ), x [a; b ]
f (x )dx g(x )dx ;

a
7) a < b
f (x )dx
f (x ) dx ;
a
b
8) m f (x ) M , x [a; b ] m(b a ) f (x )dx M (b a ) ;

a
b
9) Nu f (x ) lin tc trn on [a; b ] th c [a;b ] sao cho
f (x )dx = f (c)(b a ) .
a
2.2. Cng thc Newton Leibnitz

2.2.1. Tch phn vi cn trn thay i
x
Cho hm f (x ) kh tch trn [a;b ] , vi mi x [a;b ] th hm s (x ) =
f (t )dt
lin tc ti x 0 [a;b ]
v (x ) = f (x ) .
x
VD. Vi hm s (x ) =
t2
dt (x > 0) th ta c (x ) = e x .
2
(arctan t ) dt
2
VD 1. Tm gii hn L = lim
x +
x2 + 1
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sin x
VD 2. Tm gii hn L = lim+
x 0
2t dt
0
tan x
.
sin t dt
2.2.2. Cng thc Newton Leibnitz

x
Nu hm s f (x ) lin tc trn [a;b ] th F (x ) = (x ) + C vi (x ) =
f (t )dt
l nguyn hm ca f (x )
trn [a;b ] . Vy ta c:
b
f (x )dx = F (x ) = F (b) F (a )
a
Ch
C hai phng php tnh tch phn nh bi 1.
Nu f (x ) lin tc v l trn [; ] th
f (x )dx = 0 .
Nu f (x ) lin tc v chn trn [; ] th
f (x )dx = 2 f (x )dx .
tnh tch phn
f (x ) dx ta dng bng xt du ca f (x ) .
a
b
Trng hp c bit: Nu f (x ) 0, x (a;b) th
f (x ) dx =
f (x )dx .
a
| x |3 4 | x | dx .
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Bi 3. NG DNG CA TCH PHN

3.1. Tnh din tch hnh phng
3.1.1. Bin hnh phng cho trong ta Descartes
3.1.1.1. Bin hnh phng cho bi hm tng minh
Din tch hnh phng S gii hn bi ng y = f1 (x ) v y = f2 (x ) l
S=
f1(x ) f2 (x ) dx
trong x = , x = l nghim nh nht v ln nht ca phng trnh f1(x ) = f2 (x ) ( < ) .

Din tch hnh phng S gii hn bi ng x = g1(y ) v x = g2 (y ) l
S=
g1(y ) g2 (y ) dy
trong y = , y = l nghim nh nht v ln nht ca phng trnh g1(y ) = g2 (y ) ( < ) .

VD 1. Tnh din tch hnh phng S gii hn bi cc ng y = e x 1 , y = e 2x 3 v x = 0 .
VD 2. Tnh din tch hnh phng S gii hn bi y = x 2 4 | x | + 3 v trc honh.
3.1.1.2. Bin hnh phng cho bi phng trnh tham s

Hnh phng S gii hn bi ng cong x = x (t ), y = y(t ) vi t [; ] th
S=
y(t )x (t ) dt
VD 3. Tnh din tch hnh elip S :
x 2 y2
+
1.
a 2 b2
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VD 4. Tnh din tch S gii hn bi ng cong x = t 2 1, y = 4t t 3 .
3.1.2. Din tch hnh qut cong trong ta cc

3.1.2.1. H ta cc
Trong mt phng ta chn im O c nh gi l cc v tia Ox
gi l tia cc. V tr im M ty trong mt phng hon ton

xc nh bi r = OM v = (Ox ,OM ) . Khi , cp (r, )
c gi l ta cc ca im M .
Mi lin h gia ta cc v ta Descartes l
x = r cos
y = r sin
3.1.2.2. Phng trnh ng cong trong ta cc

Phng trnh ng cong trong ta cc c dng r = f () .
Cho ng cong (C ) trong ta Descartes c phng trnh F (x , y ) = 0 . Thay x = r cos v
y = r sin vo () ta c F (r cos , r sin ) = 0 . Gii r theo th ta thu c phng trnh ca
(C ) trong ta cc.
VD. Xt ng trn (C ) : x 2 + y 2 2ax 2by = 0 . Thay x = r cos v y = r sin vo (C ) , ta c:
r 2 cos2 + r 2 sin2 2a(r cos ) 2b(r sin ) = 0 .
Vy phng trnh ca (C ) trong ta cc l r = 2(a cos + b sin ) .
VD. Xt ng thng (d ) : x + y = 0 . Thay x = r cos v y = r sin vo (d ) , ta c:

r cos + r sin = 0 tan = 1 (d ) : =
3
hoc =
.
4
4
3.1.2.3. Din tch hnh qut cong trong ta cc

Din tch hnh qut cong S c bin c cho trong ta cc
gii hn bi r = r (), [; ] l
S=
1
r 2 ()d

VD 5. Tnh din tch hnh qut cong S gii hn bi r = 2 cos 4, 0; .
8
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VD 6. Tnh din tch hnh qut cong S gii hn bi: y = 0, y = 3 x v x 2 + y 2 2x = 0 .
VD 7. Tnh din tch hnh qut cong S gii hn bi: x = 0, y = x v x 2 + y 2 + 2y = 0 .
3.2. Tnh di ng cong phng

3.2.1. ng cong trong ta Descartes
3.2.1.1. ng cong c phng trnh y = f(x)
c phng trnh y = f (x ) (a x b) l
di AB
b
l =
AB
1 + [ f (x )]2 dx
VD 8. Tnh di l ca cung y = ln(cos x ), 0 x
.
4
VD 9. Tnh di cung y =
1
x2
t im O(0; 0) n im M 1; .
2
2
3.2.1.2. ng cong c phng trnh tham s

c phng trnh tham s: x = x (t ), y = y(t ) ( t ) l
di AB
l =
AB
[x (t )]2 + [y (t )]2 dt
2
x = t + 1
VD 10. Tnh di l ca cung c phng trnh:
, t 0; 1 .

y = ln t + t 2 + 1
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3.2.2. ng cong c phng trnh trong ta cc

c phng trnh trong ta cc r = r (), [; ] l
di cung AB
l =
AB
r 2 () + [r ()]2 d
VD 11. Tnh di l ca cung: r = 3 + 3 cos , [0; ] .
3.3. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay

3.3.1. Vt th quay quanh Ox
Th tch V ca vt th do min phng S gii hn bi y = f1 (x ) , y = f2 (x ) , x = a , x = b (a < b ) quay
quanh Ox l
b
V = f12 (x ) f22 (x ) dx
a
VD 12. Tnh th tch V do hnh phng S gii hn bi y = ln x , y = 0, x = 1, x = e quay quanh Ox .
VD 13. Tnh V do (E ) :
x 2 y2
+
= 1 quay quanh Ox .
a 2 b2
3.3.2. Vt th quay quanh Oy

Th tch V ca vt th do min phng S gii hn bi x = g1(y ) , x = g2 (y ) , y = c , y = d (c < d )
quay quanh Oy l
d
V = g12 (y ) g22 (y ) dy
c
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Th tch V ca vt th do min phng S gii hn bi y = f (x ) , y = 0 , x = a v x = b quay quanh

Oy l
b
V = 2 x .f (x )dx
a
VD 14. Tnh th tch V do hnh phng S gii hn bi y = 2x x 2 v y = 0 quay xung quanh Oy .
Bi 4. TCH PHN SUY RNG

Khi nim m u
Cho hm s f (x ) 0, x [a; b ] . Khi , din
tch hnh phng gii hn bi th hm s
y = f (x ) v trc honh l
b
S=
f (x )dx .
a
Cho hm s f (x ) 0, x [a; +) ( b + ).
Khi , din tch S c th tnh c cng c th
khng tnh c. Trong trng hp tnh c hu
hn th
+
S=
f (x )dx = lim
b +
f (x )dx .
a
4.1. Tch phn suy rng loi 1

4.1.1. nh ngha
b
Cho hm s f (x ) xc nh trn [a; +) , kh tch trn mi on [a;b ] . Gii hn (nu c) lim
b +
f (x )dx
a
c gi l tch phn suy rng loi 1 ca f (x ) trn [a; +) , k hiu l

+
f (x )dx = lim
b +
f (x )dx
a
nh ngha tng t:
b
f (x )dx = lim
f (x )dx = lim
Page 41
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f (x )dx
b +
a a
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Ch
Nu cc gii hn trn tn ti hu hn, ta ni tch phn hi t; ngc li l tch phn phn k.
Nghin cu v tch phn suy rng l kho st s hi t v tnh gi tr hi t (nu c).
+
VD 1. Kho st s hi t ca tch phn I =
Trng hp = 1: I = lim
b +
b
dx
= lim ln x = + (phn k).

1
b +
x
b
Trng hp khc 1: I = lim
dx
.
x
b +
1 b
dx
1
1
1
1 , > 1
x
=
lim
=
lim
b
1
=
1
1 b +
1 b +
x
+ , < 1.
Vy
> 1 : tch phan hoi tu va I =
1
1
1 : tch phan phan ky va I = +

0
dx
.
(1 x )2
Ch
+
Nu tn ti lim F (x ) = F (+) , ta dng cng thc

x +
f (x )dx = F (x )
+
a
a
b
Nu tn ti lim F (x ) = F () , ta dng cng thc

x
Tng t:
f (x )dx = F (x )
f (x )dx = F (x )
dx
.
2
1
+
x
4.1.2. Cc tiu chun hi t

4.1.2.1. Tiu chun 1
0 f (x ) g(x ), x [a; +)
+
f (x )dx hoi tu
g (x )dx hoi tu
Cc trng hp khc tng t.

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+
VD 4. Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =
10
e x dx .
4.1.2.2. Tiu chun 2

+
f (x ) dx hoi tu
f (x )dx hoi tu

+
cos 3x dx .
4.1.2.3. Tiu chun 3

f (x )
=k.
x + g (x )
Gi s f (x ), g (x ) lin tc, dng trn [a; +) v lim

+
Nu 0 < k < + th
g(x )dx
f (x )dx v
a
+
Nu k = 0 v
g(x )dx
cng hi t hoc phn k.
a
+
hi t th
k = +
Nu +
th
g(x )dx phan ky
a
f (x )dx hi t.
a
+
f (x )dx phn k.

+
dx
.
1 + x 2 + 2x 3
Ch
+
Nu f (x ) g (x ) khi x + th
f (x )dx v
a
+
g(x )dx
c cng tnh cht.
dx
.
1 + sin x + x
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VD 8. iu kin ca I =
A. > 3 ;
dx
x . 3 ln x + 1
3
B. > ;
2
hi t l:
C. > 2 ;
D. >
1
.
2
VD 9. Tm iu kin ca I =
(x 2 + 1)dx
hi t ?
2x + x 4 3
4.2. Tch phn suy rng loi 2

4.2.1. nh ngha
Gi s hm s f (x ) xc nh trn [a; b) , lim f (x ) = v kh tch trn mi on [a; b ] ( > 0) .
x b
Gii hn (nu c) lim f (x )dx c gi l tch phn suy rng loi 2 ca f (x ) trn [a; b) , k hiu l
0
a
b
f (x )dx = lim f (x )dx

0
nh ngha tng t:
b
f (x )dx = lim
0
f (x )dx = lim
f (x )dx lim+ = ;
a +
x a
b
0
f (x )dx lim+ = , lim =
a +
x a
x b
Ch
Nu cc gii hn trn tn ti hu hn th ta ni tch phn hi t; ngc li l tch phn phn k.
b
VD 10. Kho st s hi t ca tch phn I =
dx
, b > 0.
Trng hp = 1: I = lim+
0
b
dx
= lim+ ln x = ln b lim+ ln = + .
0
0
x
b
Trng hp khc 1: I = lim

0
1 b
dx
1
x
=
lim
x
dx
=
lim
1 0
x
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1
lim b 1 1
1 0
b 1
, <1
= 1
+ , > 1.
Vy
< 1 : tch phan hoi tu va I =
b1
1
1 : tch phan phan ky va I = +

1/3
VD 11. Tnh tch phn suy rng I =
1/6
dx .
1 9x 2
x.
dx
3
ln2 x
x
1
dx
.
x
4.1.2. Cc tiu chun hi t

Cc tiu chun hi t nh tch phn suy rng loi 1.
Ch
b
Nu f (x ) g (x ) khi x b (vi b l cn suy rng) th
f (x )dx
a
1
VD 14. Tch phn suy rng I =
A. < 1 ;
x
x (x + 1)(2 x )
g(x )dx
c cng tnh cht.
dx hi t khi v ch khi:
1
B. < ;
2
1
C. > ;
2
D. .
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1
VD 15. Tch phn suy rng I =
A. 1
x + 1
(x + 1)sin x
2
B.
dx phn k khi v ch khi:
1
2
C.
1
2
D. .
Ch
Gi s I = I 1 + I 2 vi I , I 1, I 2 l cc tch phn suy rng ta c:
1) I 1 v I 2 hi t I hi t.
I ( phan ky)
I + ( phan ky)
2) 1
hoc 1
th I phn k.
I 2 0
I 2 0
I ( phan ky)
I + ( phan ky)
hoc 1
th ta cha th kt lun I phn k.
3) 1
I 2 > 0
I 2 < 0
VD 16. Tch phn I =
A.
x +1
x 2 sin x
1
4
dx phn k khi v ch khi:

B.
1
4
C.
1
2
D. .
VD. Xt tch phn I =
cos x
x
+
sin x
cos x
dx , ta c: I =
x
x
cos x
+ cos1 = cos1
x +
x
= lim
1
sin x
dx
x2
dx
x2
sin x
dx hi t
x2
+
1
sin x
dx .
x2
(1).
(2).
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra I hi t.
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Chng 4. CHUI S V CHUI LY THA

Bi 1. Khi nim c bn v chui s
Bi 2. Chui s dng
Bi 3. Chui s c du ty
Bi 4. Chui ly tha
Bi 1. KHI NIM C BN V CHUI S

1.1. nh ngha
Cho dy s c v hn cc s hng u1, u2 ,..., un ,... . Biu thc
u1 + u2 + ... + un + ... = un
n =1
c gi l chui s.
Cc s u1, u2 ,..., un ,... l cc s hng v un c gi l s hng tng qut ca chui s.
Tng n s hng u tin Sn = u1 + u2 + ... + un c gi l tng ring th n ca chui s.
Nu dy {Sn }
hi t n s S hu hn th ta ni chui s hi t v c tng l S , ta ghi l
u
n =1
=S.
Ngc li, ta ni chui s phn k.
VD 1. Xt s hi t ca chui s
aq
n 1
( a 0 ).
n =1
Trng hp q = 1 : Sn = na + chui phn k.

Trng hp q 1 : Sn = u1 .
Nu | q | < 1 th Sn
1 qn
1 qn
= a.
.
1q
1q
a
chui hi t; nu | q | > 1 th Sn + chui phn k.
1q
Vy
aq
n 1
hoi tu | q | < 1
n =1
n(n + 1) .
n =1
1 + 1 .
ln
n
n =1
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n =1
1.2. iu kin cn chui s hi t
Nu chui
un hi t th lim un = 0 , ngc li nu lim un 0 th

n
n =1
u
n =1
phn k.
n4
3n 4 + n + 2 .
n =1
n5
VD 6. Xt s hi t ca chui s 4
.
n =1 n + 1
1.3. Tnh cht
1) Nu
u , v
n =1
2) Nu
n =1
hi t th
un hi t th
n =1
(u
n =1
n =1
n =1
+ vn ) = un + vn .
n =1
n =1
un = un .
3) Tnh cht hi t hay phn k ca chui s khng i nu ta thm hoc bt i hu hn s hng.
Bi 2. CHUI S DNG
2.1. nh ngha
Chui s
u
n =1
c gi l chui s dng nu un 0, n .
Khi un > 0, n th chui s l dng thc s.

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2.2. Cc nh l so snh
nh l 1
Gi s hai chui s
u , v
n
n =1
Nu
vn hi t th
n =1
n =1
Nu
tha 0 un vn , n n 0 . Khi :
n =1
un phn k th
n =1
hi t.
v
n =1
phn k.
n.2
n =1
1
n bng cch so snh vi
n =1
VD 2. Xt s hi t ca chui iu ha
ln 1 + n .
n =1
nh l 2
Gi s hai chui s
un ,
n =1
k =0:
n =1
tha mn un > 0 v vn > 0 vi n ln v lim
un
vn
=k.
un phn k vn phn k.
n =1
k = + :
n =1
un hi t vn hi t.
n =1
0 < k < + :
n =1
u
n =1
n =1
cng tnh cht.
2n (n + 1)
VD 3. Xt s hi t ca chui
bng cch so snh vi
n.3n +1
n =1
2
.

n =1 3
Ch
Chui s
n =1
n =1
hi t khi > 1 v phn k khi 1 .
n +1
2n 5 + 3
.
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2.3. Cc tiu chun hi t

2.3.1. Tiu chun DAlembert
Cho chui s dng
u
n =1
v lim
un +1
un
= D . Ta c:
Nu D < 1 th chui s hi t;
Nu D > 1 th chui s phn k;
Nu D = 1 th ta cha th kt lun.
1
VD 5. Xt s hi t ca chui s n
n =1 3
1
1 + .
n
5n (n !)2
(2n )! .
n =1
2.3.2. Tiu chun Cauchy
Cho chui s dng
u
n =1
v lim n un = C . Ta c:
n
Nu C < 1 th chui s hi t;
Nu C > 1 th chui s phn k;
Nu C = 1 th ta cha th kt lun.
n2
1
VD 7. Xt s hi t ca chui s .
n =1 2
nn
3n .
n =1
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2.3.3. Tiu chun Tch phn Maclaurin Cauchy

Gi s hm s f (x ) lin tc, f (x ) 0 v gim trn [k ; +), k . Ta c:
f (n ) hoi tu
n =k
n =1
f (x )dx hoi tu
1
3
n + 2n
2
n ln
n =2
Bi 3. CHUI S C DU TY
3.1. Chui s an du
3.1.1. nh ngha
Chui s
(1) u
n
n =1
VD.
(1)n
n v
n =1
c gi l chui s an du nu un > 0, n .
(1)n +1
n =1
2n + 1
l cc chui s an du.
2n +1
3.1.2. nh l Leibnitz
Nu dy {un }n gim v lim un = 0 th chui s
n
(1) u
n
n =1
hi t.
Khi , ta gi chui s l chui Leibnitz.
(1)n
.
n
n =1
2n + 1
VD 2. Xt s hi t ca chui s (1)
.
2n +1
n =1
n
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n =2
(1)n
n + (1)n
3.2. Chui s c du ty
3.2.1. nh ngha
Chui s
u
n =1
(un ) c gi l chui c du ty .
Chui s
un c gi l hi t tuyt i nu chui s
n =1
Chui s
un c gi l bn hi t nu chui
n =1
(1)n
VD. Chui s
l bn hi t v
n
n =1
| u
n =1
| hi t.
un hi t v chui
n =1
(1)n
n hi t (VD 1) v
n =1
n =1
| u
n =1
| phn k.
(1)n
1
= phn k.
n
n =1 n
3.2.2. nh l
Nu chui s
| un | hi t th chui c du ty
n =1
u
n =1
hi t.
cos(n n )
n2 .
n =1
(1)n + (2)n +1
.
3n
n =1
Page 52
01-09-2014
on Vng Nguyn
Bi 4. CHUI LY THA
4.1. Khi nim chung v chui hm
Cho dy hm u1 (x ), u2 (x ),..., un (x ),... cng xc nh trn D . Tng hnh thc
u1 (x ) + u2 (x ) + ... + un (x ) + ... = un (x ) (1)

n =1
c gi l chui hm s hay chui hm trn D .
u (x )
Nu ti x 0 D , chui s
n =1
hi t (hay phn k) th x 0 c gi l im hi t (hay phn k)
ca chui (1).
Tp hp cc im hi t x 0 ca chui (1) c gi l min hi t ca chui (1).
Chui (1) c gi l hi t tuyt i ti x 0 D nu chui
u (x )
n =1
hi t.
Tng Sn (x ) = u1(x ) + u2 (x ) + ... + un (x ) c gi l tng ring th n ca chui (1).

Trong min hi t ca chui (1), tng Sn (x ) hi t v mt hm s f (x ) no .
Hm f (x ) = lim Sn (x ) xc nh trong min hi t ca chui (1) c gi l tng ca chui (1).
n
Ta vit l
u (x ) = f (x ) . Khi , R (x ) = f (x ) S (x )
n =1
c gi l phn d ca (1) v ti mi x
thuc min hi t th lim Rn (x ) = 0 .

n
VD. Tm min hi t ca chui hm
ne
nx
n =1
Gii.
Vi x 0 > 0 , ta c: lim ne
n
nx 0
Vi x 0 0 , ta c: ne
nx 0
=e
x 0
< 1 chui s
ne
nx 0
hi t.
n =1
/ 0 chui s
ne
nx 0
phn k.
n =1
Vy min hi t ca chui hm
ne
nx
l (0; + ) .
n =1
x 2n
VD. Tm min hi t ca chui hm
.
n =1 n !
Gii.
1
Vi x 0 = 0 , ta c: chui s
hi t.
n =1 n !
Vi x 0 0 , ta c:
x 02(n +1)
(n + 1)!
x 02n
n!
x 02
n +1
0 chui s
x 02n
n!
hi t.
n =1
Vy min hi t ca chui hm
x 2n
n ! l .
n =1
Page 53
01-09-2014
on Vng Nguyn
4.2. Chui ly tha

4.2.1. nh ngha
a (x x )
Chui hm
n =0
vi an v x 0 l cc hng s c gi l chui ly tha.
Nhn xt
t x = x x 0 chui ly tha c dng
a x
Min hi t ca chui
a x
n =0
cha x = 0 nn khc rng.
n =0
4.2.2. B Abel
Nu chui hm
a x
n =0
hi t ti x = 0 th chui hi t tuyt i ti mi im x | |; | | .
H qu
Nu chui hm
a x
n =0
phn k ti x = th phn k ti mi x tha | x | > | | .
4.2.3. Bn knh hi t
4.2.3.1. nh ngha
S thc R > 0 sao cho chui
a x
n =0
hi t tuyt i trn (R; R) v phn k ti x : | x | > R c
gi l bn knh hi t.
Khong (R; R) c gi l khong hi t ca chui ly tha
a x
n =0
Nhn xt
Nu chui ly tha
a x
n =0
hi t vi mi x th R = + .
phn k vi mi x 0 th R = 0 .
Nu chui ly tha
a x
n =0
4.2.3.2. Phng php tm bn knh hi t

a
Nu tn ti lim n +1 = r hoc lim n an = r th
n
n a
n
0,
r = +
1
R =
, 0 < r < +
r
r =0
+,
Tm min hi t ca chui ly tha
Bc 1. Tm bn knh hi t R khong hi t ca chui ly tha l (R; R) .
Page 54
01-09-2014
on Vng Nguyn
Bc 2. Xt s hi t ca cc chui s ti x = R .
Bc 3. Kt lun:
1) Nu cc chui s phn k ti x = R th min hi t ca chui ly tha l (R; R) ;
2) Nu cc chui s hi t ti x = R th min hi t ca chui ly tha l [R; R ] ;
3) Nu chui s phn k ti x = R v hi t ti x = R th min hi t ca chui ly tha l [R; R) ;
4) Nu chui s phn k ti x = R v hi t ti x = R th min hi t ca chui ly tha l (R; R ] .
VD 1. Tm min hi t ca chui ly tha
xn
n .
n =1
(x 1)n
n.2n .
n =1
n2
1
VD 3. Tm min hi t ca chui ly tha 1 + x n .
n
n =1
3 (x + 2)
n
n2
n =0
Ht
Page 55
01-09-2014

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on Vng Nguyn

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc

BI GING TON CAO CP A1 I HC

Bin son: on Vng Nguyn

TI LIU THAM KHO

Chng 1. GII HN HM S MT BIN

{(x, f (x )) x D } trn mt phng Oxy .

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc

Hm f c gi l ng bin trn (a;b ) nu f (x 1 ) < f (x 2 ) khi x 1 < x 2 vi x 1, x 2 (a;b) ; f c gi

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc

1.1.4. Hm s Lng gic ngc

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc

tr ca f (x ) rt gn vi L bng cch cho x tin gn n a (k c hai pha ca a ) nhng khng bng a .

i hc Cng nghip Tp. H Ch Minh (IUH)

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc

nu 0 < | x a | < th | f (x ) L | < .

1.2.2. Gii hn mt pha

cho gi tr ca f (x ) rt gn vi L bng cch cho x tin st n a v x nh hn a . Tng t, nu ta cho

Ch . K hiu x a ngha l ta ch xt x < a , v x a + ngha l x > a .

nu a < x < a th | f (x ) L | < .

nu a < x < a + th | f (x ) L | < .

1.2.3. Gii hn v cng

l gi tr tuyt i ca f (x ) v cng ln khi x tin n a , nhng khc a . C 4 dng sau

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc

2) lim[ f (x ) g(x )] = lim f (x ) lim g(x )

3) lim[ f (x )g(x )] = lim f (x ).lim g(x )

i hc Cng nghip Tp. H Ch Minh (IUH)

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc

3) lim[ f (x )]n = lim f (x ) , n +

5) lim n f (x ) = n lim f (x ) , n + (nu n l, ta gi s rng lim f (x ) > 0 )

VD 3. Chng t rng lim x 2 sin

i hc Cng nghip Tp. H Ch Minh (IUH)

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc

i hc Cng nghip Tp. H Ch Minh (IUH)

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc

VD 10. Tnh L = lim(cos 2x ) sin x .

nh ngha hm f lin tc ti a nu tha mn c 3 iu:

2.1.2. Lin tc mt pha

i hc Cng nghip Tp. H Ch Minh (IUH)

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc

VD 3. Chng t hm s sau khng lin tc bn phi ti x = 0 , nhng lin tc bn tri ti x = 0 :

2.1.3. Lin tc trn khong

lim f (g(x )) = f (lim g(x ))

i hc Cng nghip Tp. H Ch Minh (IUH)

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc

2.2.2. Tim cn ngang

2.2.3. Tim cn xin

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc

VD 10. Tm tt c cc tim cn xin hoc ngang ca th hm s y = x + x 2 4x + 5 .

VD. (x ) = tan 3 sin 1 x l VCB khi x 1 ; (x ) =

(x ) l v cng b cng bc vi (x ) nu 0 lim

(x ) l v cng b tng ng vi (x ) , k hiu l (x ) (x ) , nu lim

i hc Cng nghip Tp. H Ch Minh (IUH)

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc

1 cos x l v cng b cng bc vi x 2 khi x 0 , v lim

3.2. Tnh cht

3.3. Quy tc ngt b v cng b cp cao

ca v cng b cp thp nht ca (x ) v (x ) .

Ghi nh. Khi x 0 , ta c cc cng thc v cng b tng ng sau:

i hc Cng nghip Tp. H Ch Minh (IUH)

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc

i hc Cng nghip Tp. H Ch Minh (IUH)

Bi ging Ton Cao cp A1 i hc