Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc
Trn Bo Ngc
B mn Ton, Khoa Khoa hc, i hc Nng Lm

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

1. Khi nim v phn loi hm s

Cc hm s s cp c bn ( bc THPT)
Hm ly tha
V d: x 5 ,

x 2 :=

1
,
x2

x 3 :=

1
,
2x

32x = (3x )2 = 9x ,

x 2 ,. . .

Hm m v logarit
V d: 5x ,

2x :=

3x = e x ln 3 ,. . .

Hm lng gic
V d: sin x, cos x, tan x, cot x.
Khi nim hm s s cp (tng qut)
Hm s s cp tng qut l hm thu c bng cch ly tng,
hiu, tch, thng, hp ca cc hm s cp c bn.
Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

1. Khi nim v phn loi hm s

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

1. Khi nim v phn loi hm s

Cc hm s lng gic ngc

(
1 x 1,
1 y = arcsin x
x = sin y

1 x 1,
2 y = arccos x
x = cos y
(
x R,
3 y = arctan x
x = tan y

x R,
4 y = arccot x

y
2
2
0y

<y <
2
2

0<y <

x = cot y

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

1. Khi nim v phn loi hm s

V d 1.1.

1
3
a) Tnh arcsin( ), arccos(
), arctan( 3)
2
2
x
b) Tm tp xc nh ca hm s y = arcsin log
10

3
5

a) arcsin( ) = , arccos(
)=
, arctan( 3) =
2
6
2
6
3
b) iu kin xc nh ca hm s:
x
1
x
1 log
1 (x > 0) log
log
log 10 (x > 0)
10
10
10
1
x

10 (x > 0)
10
10
1 x 100
Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l D = [1; 100].
Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

1. Khi nim v phn loi hm s

V d 1.2.
1
Cho hm s y = arcsin . Tp xc nh ca hm s l
x
A. [1; 1]
B. [1; 0]
D. (; 1] [1; +)

C. [0; 1]

iu kin xc nh ca hm s:
1
1 1
x
1+x
1x

0 v
0
x
x
x (; 1] (0; +) v x (; 0) [1; +)
x (; 1] [1; +).
Chn p n D.
Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

1. Khi nim v phn loi hm s

V d 1.3. Chn pht biu ng
A. lim arcsin x = 1
x0

C. lim arctan x =
x

B. lim arctan
x0

1
= +
x2

D. Nu arcsin x = arccos y th x 2 + y 2 = 1.
2

A. lim arcsin x = arcsin 0 = 0

x0
1

B. lim arctan 2 =
x0
x
2

C. V lim arctan x = v lim arctan x = , nn suy ra

x+
x
2
2
lim arctan x khng tn ti.

D. t = arcsin x = arccos y suy ra x = sin v y = cos .

Ta c x 2 + y 2 = sin2 + cos2 = 1.

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2. Gii hn ca hm s
Cc nh ngha gii hn v tnh cht c th xem trong gio trnh
( hc cp THPT). y ta nhn mnh:
Cc qu trnh (c xt trong mn Ton B1)
Ta xt 2 qu trnh: x a, x . ng vi 2 qu trnh , cc
gii hn c xt dng:
lim f (x), lim f (x).

xa

Cc dng v nh thng gp
0
,
, , 0., 0 , 0 , 00 v 1 .
0

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.1. Dng v nh

0
0

Phng php
S dng cc hng ng thc ng nh hoc php chia Horner
t nhn t chung ri kh (rt gn) lng v nh. Trng hp c
cn thc, ta thc hin trc cn thc.
V d 2.1.
x2 1
.
x1 x 3 2x 2 + 3x 2

Tnh gii hn L1 = lim

(x 1)(x + 1)
(x 1)(x 2 x + 2)
x +1
1+1
= lim 2
= 2
= 1.
x1 x x + 2
1 1+2

Ta c L1 = lim

x1

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.1. Dng v nh

0
0

V d 2.2.

x 2x
Tnh gii hn L2 = lim
.
x1
x3 1

(x 2 x)(x + 2 x)

L2 = lim
x1
(x 3 1)(x + 2 x)
x 2 (2 x)

= lim 3
x1 (x 1)(x + 2 x)
(x 1)(x + 2)

= lim
x1 (x 1)(x 2 + x + 1)(x + 2 x)
x +2

= lim 2
x1 (x + x + 1)(x + 2 x)
1+2
1

= 2
= .
2
(1 + 1 + 1)(1 + 2 1)
Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.2. Gii hn

1
v Gii hn mt bn (tri, phi)
0

Phng php
S dng gii hn c bn

1
= .
0

Bi tp 2.3.
x 2 5x + 6
.
x2 x 3 6x 2 + 12x 8

Tnh gii hn L3 = lim

(x 2)(x 3)
x2
(x 2)3
x 3
= lim
=
x2 (x 2)2
1
x 3
x 3
v lim
c dng c bn v
< 0 khi x tin ti 2.
2
x2 (x 2)
0
(x 2)2
Ta c L3 = lim

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.2. Gii hn

1
v Gii hn mt bn (tri, phi)
0

Ch : Cc trng hp khng xc nh c biu thc ly

gii hn m/dng, ta khng nh gii hn khng tn ti.
V d 2.3
x 2 + 2x 3
.
x1
1 x2

Tnh gii hn L4 = lim

lim

x(1)

lim

x(1)+

x 2 + 2x 3
(x 1)(x + 3)
= lim
2

1x
x(1) (1 x)(1 + x)
(x + 3)
= lim
= +

x +1
x(1)
x 2 + 2x 3
(x + 3)
= lim
=
1 x2
x +1
x(1)+

T (1) v (2) suy ra gii hn L4 khng tn ti.

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

(1)
(2)

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.3. Dng v nh

Phng php
Chia t v mu cho x bc cao nht mu ri s dng gii hn c bn
1
lim k = 0 vi k > 0.
x x
V d 2.4.

x + x2 + 2
Tnh gii hn L5 = lim
.
x+
2x + 3
Chia t v mu cho x (x > 0) ta c
r
2

1+ 1+ 2
1+ 1
x
L5 = lim
= lim
= 1.
3
x+
x+
2
2+
x
Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.3. Dng v nh

V d 2.5. Tnh gii hn

x2 + x2 + 2
a) L6 = lim
x
2x + 3

b) L7 = lim

x+

x2

2x + 3

+ x2 + 2

a) Chia t v mu cho x (x < 0) ta c

r
2

x 1+ 2 
1
x
= .
L6 = lim
=
3
x
2
2+
x
2
2
b) Chia t v mu cho x (x > 0) ta c
2x + 3

L7 = lim
= lim
x+ x 2 + x 2 + 2
x+
Trn Bo Ngc

3
2
+
xr x 2
1+

1+

2
x2

0
= 0.
1+ 1

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.3. Dng v nh

T cc v d trc ta d dng rt ra kt lun:

Ch : suy ra nhanh kt qu ca gii hn dng v nh

tng h s bc cao nht t

,
tng h s bc cao nht mu

a) bc t = bc mu:

kt qu =

b) bc t < bc mu:

kt qu = 0,

c) bc t > bc mu:

kt qu = .

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.4. Dng v nh
Phng php
Quy ng a gii hn cho v mt trong cc dng

0 1
, ,
.
0 0

V d 2.6.

Tnh gii hn L8 = lim

x2


1
1

.
x 2 x 2 3x 6


1
1

L8 = lim
x2 (x + 1)(x 2)
3(x 2)
3 (x + 1)
= lim
x2 3(x + 1)(x 2)
2x
1
1
= lim
= lim
= .
x2 3(x + 1)(x 2)
x2 3(x + 1)
9
Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.4. Dng v nh
V d 2.7.

Tnh gii hn L9 = lim

x0


1
1
2
.
x
x x

Ta c
(x 1) 1
x 2
L9 = lim
= lim
x0 x(x 1)
x0 x(x 1)
Mt khc
x 2
= ,
lim

x0 x(x 1)
x 2
lim+
= +,
x0 x(x 1)

 
1
.
0

nn gii hn L9 khng tn ti.

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.4. Dng v nh
Nu ng dng v xut hin cn thc, ta s trc cn
thc.
V d 2.9.
Tnh gii hn L10 = lim

x+

L10

p

x 2 + 3x x .

( x 2 + 3x x)( x 2 + 3x + x)

= lim
x+
( x 2 + 3x + x)

3x
= lim
x+ ( x 2 + 3x + x)

Chia t v mu cho x (x > 0) ta c

3
3
3
L10 = lim q
=
= .
x+
2
1+1
1 + x3 + 1
Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.5. Cc gii hn c bn (dng

0
0

v 1 )

nh l 1
1

sin x
= 1.
x0 x
ln (1 + x)
lim
= 1.
x0
x
ex 1
lim
= 1.
x0
x
lim

V d 2.10. Tnh gii hn

tan ax
a) lim
x0
x

1 cos ax
.
x0
x2

b) lim

tan ax
sin ax
a
= lim
.
= a.
x0
x0 ax
x
cos ax

a) lim

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.5. Cc gii hn c bn
2 sin2
1 cos ax
b) lim
=
lim
x0
x0
x2
x2

ax
2

"

= lim

sin

x0

ax
2

ax
2

#2
.

a2
a2
= .
2
2

V d 2.11. Tnh gii hn

ln(cos x)
x0
x2

a) lim

b) lim+
x0

3x 1
x

x 1
.
x1 lg x

c) lim

ln(cos x)
ln(1 + (cos x 1)) cos x 1
1
= lim
.
= .
2
2
x0
x0
x
cos x 1
x
2

a) lim

b) lim+
x0

e x ln 3 1
3x 1
= lim+
. ln 3 = ln 3.
x
x ln 3
x0

x 1
x 1
1
i ln 10 = ln 10.
= lim
ln 10 = lim h
x1 lg x
x1 ln x
x1 ln(1+(x1))

c) lim

x1

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.5. Cc gii hn c bn
nh l 2
lim [u(x)]v (x)

c dng 1 = e lim[u(x)1].v (x) .

V d 2.12. Tnh cc gii hn



1
1 x
a) lim (1 + x) x
b) lim 1
x
x0
x
1


c) lim

n+

n+1
n1

lim (1+x1). 1

12n

x
a) lim (1 + x) x = e x0
= e.
x0 
x
1
1
lim (1 1 1)x
= e x x
= e 1 = .
b) lim 1
x
x
e


2(12n)
n+1
lim ( n1
1).(12n)
lim
n + 1 12n
1
c) lim
= e x0
= e x0 n1 = 4 .
n+ n 1
e

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.6. Khi nim v cng b (VCB)

a) nh ngha
Hm (x) c gi l VCB trong mt qu trnh no nu
lim (x) = 0 trong qu trnh .
Ch 1: x, sin x, arcsin x, tan x, arctan x, x ( > 0) l cc VCB
xt trong qu trnh x 0.
1
Ch 2: , ( > 0), q x (|q| < 1) l cc VCB xt trong qu
x
trnh x +.
b) Tnh cht
lim (x) = L {(x) L} l mt VCB.
Nu (x) l 1 VCB v |(x)| M th (x).(x) l 1 VCB.

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.6. Khi nim v cng b (VCB)

c) So snh hai VCB trong cng qu trnh
(x)
= 0 th (x) gi l VCB bc cao hn (x).
(x)
(x)
Nu lim
= k th (x) v (x) gi l hai VCB cng cp.
(x)
c bit nu k = 1 th (x) v (x) gi l hai VCB
tng ng. K hiu (x) (x).
Nu lim

d) Qu trnh u 0 v VCB tng ng thng gp

sin u arcsin u tan u arctan u u.
u2
1 cos u .
2
ln (1 + u) (e u 1) u.
Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.6. Khi nim v cng b (VCB)

e) Dng v nh

0
v VCB tng ng
0

Nu (x) (x) v (x) (x) th

lim

(x)
(x)
= lim
.
(x)
(x)

V d 2.13. Tnh gii hn

 
 
ln cos x 0
3 x 1
sin x sin a 0
a) lim
b) lim
c) lim+
xa
x0
x2
0
x a
0
x
x0
a) lim

x0

ln cos x
ln(1 + (cos x 1))
cos x 1
= lim
= lim
2
x0
x0
x2
x
x2

x2
2
1
x2
= lim
=

v
cos
x

khi x 0.
x0
x2
2
2
Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.6. Khi nim v cng b (VCB)

xa
2 cos x+a
sin
sin x sin a
2
2
b) lim
= lim
xa
xa
x a
x a






2 cos x+a
. xa
x a
x a
2
2
v sin

khi x a.
= lim
xa
x

a
2
2


x +a
= lim cos
= cos a.
xa
2

e x ln 3 1
1
c) lim+
= lim+
x
x0
x0 x

x ln 3
= lim+
v e x ln 3 1 x ln 3 khi x 0
x
x0
ln 3
= lim+ = +.
x
x0
3

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

2.6. Khi nim v cng b (VCB)

V d 2.14. Tnh gii hn
1

a) lim (cos 2x) x 2

x0

b) lim (1 cos x). cot2 x

x0

x0

lim (cos 2x1).

a) lim (cos 2x) x 2 = e x0

x0

Ch : ta s dng 1 cos 2x

c) lim+ x 4+ln x

1
x2

lim

= e x0

(2x)2
2

(2x)2 1
. 2
2
x

= e 2 =

1
.
e2

khi x 0.
 2
x

2
(1 cos x)
b) lim (1 cos x). cot x = lim
= lim
x0
x0
x0 x 2
tan2 x
Ch : ta s dng tan x x khi x 0.
2

lim

c) lim+ x 4+ln x = e x0+

3
. ln x
4+ln x

lim

= e x0+

3 ln x
4+ln x

lim

= e x0+

1
= .
2

3
4 +1
ln x

= e 3.

x0

Ch : ta s dng cng thc ab = e b ln a cho gii hn lim[u(x)]v (x)

nu n khng c dng 1 .
Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

3. Hm s lin tc
a) Ch : Hm s c cng thc khc nhau vi x < a v x > a
Nu lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = L th lim f (x) tn ti v bng L.
xa

xa

xa

V d 3.1. Cho hm s

sin x2

x
f (x) =

x +11
x2

vi x < 0
. Tnh lim f (x).
x0

vi x > 0

sin x2
1
1

= .
lim f (x) = lim
=
lim
x
x
2 x0
2
x0
x0
2

2
2
x +11
x 2 + 1 12

lim f (x) = lim+
= lim+ 
x2
x0+
x0
x0 x 2
x2 + 1 + 1
sin

x
2

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

3. Hm s lin tc
= lim+
x0

x2

1
1
= .
2
+1+1

1
Suy ra lim f (x) = lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = .
x0
2
x0
x0
b) nh ngha

i) f (a) xc nh v
ii) lim f (x) tn ti
Hm s y = f (x) lin tc ti x = a nu
xa

iii) lim f (x) = f (a).

xa

V d 3.2. Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s

p

sin2 x + 1 cos x
vi 2 < x < 0 ti x = 0.
2
f (x) =
sin
x

arccos x
vi
x 0
Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

3. Hm s lin tc

.
2

lim+ f (x) = lim+ arccos x = arccos 0 = .

2
x0
x0
p
2
sin x + 1 cos x
lim f (x) = lim
2

x0
x0
p sin x 2
sin2 x + 1 cos2 x
p

= lim
x0 sin2 x
sin2 x + 1 + cos x
Ta c f (0) = arccos 0 =

2 sin2 x
p

x0 sin2 x
sin2 x + 1 + cos x
2
=1
= lim p
x0
sin2 x + 1 + cos x
Suy ra lim f (x) khng tn ti. Vy hm s cho gin on
= lim

x0

ti x = 0.
Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc

Khi nim, phn loi hm s Gii hn hm s Hm s lin tc

M-un: Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc.

Ht.

Trn Bo Ngc

Hm s, Gii hn v Hm s lin tc