Slide Giao Trinh Toan Cao Capa1 7413 PDF

BI GING TON CAO CP A1
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Monday, August 30, 2010
TON CAO CP A1
CAO NG
PHN PH
PHI CHNG TRNH
S ti
tit: 45
----Chng 1. Hm s mt bin s
Chng 2. Php tnh vi phn hm mt bin s
Chng 3. Php tnh tch phn hm mt bin s
Chng 4. Chui s
Chng 5. i s tuyn tnh
Ti liu tham kho
1. Nguyn Ph Vinh Gio trnh Ton cao cp

(bc Cao ng)
H Cng nghip TP. HCM.
2. Nguyn nh Tr Ton cao cp Tp 1, 2
(Dng cho SV Cao ng)
NXB Gio dc.
Bin so
son: ThS. o
on Vng Nguyn
Ti Slide b
bi gi
ging To
Ton A1 C t
ti
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
B tc v hm s
Gii hn ca hm s
i lng v cng b v cng ln
Hm s lin tc
.
1. B TC V HM S
1.1. Khi nim c bn
1.1.1. nh ngha hm s
Cho X ,Y khc rng.
nh x f : X Y vi x y = f (x ) l mt hm s.
Khi :
Min xc nh (MX) ca f, k hiu Df, l tp X.
Min gi tr (MGT) ca f l:
G = y = f (x ) x X .
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
Nhn xt
th ca hm s chn i xng qua trc tung.
th ca hm s l i xng qua gc ta .
1.1.2. Hm s hp
Cho hai hm s f v g tha iu kin Gg D f .
Khi , hm s h(x ) = ( f g )(x ) = f [g(x )] c gi l
hm s hp ca f v g.
Ch
( f g )(x ) (g f )(x ).
VD 2. Hm s y = 2(x 2 + 1)2 x 2 1 l hm hp ca
f (x ) = 2x 2 x v g(x ) = x 2 + 1 .
Ton cao cp A1 Cao ng
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
Nu f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) x1 = x 2 th f l n nh.
Nu f(X) = Y th f l ton nh.
Nu f va n nh va ton nh th f l song nh.
VD 1.
a) Hm s f : tha y = f (x ) = 2x l n nh.
b) Hm s f : [0; +) tha f (x ) = x 2 l ton nh.
c) Hs f : (0; +) tha f (x ) = ln x l song nh.
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm chn nu:
f (x ) = f (x ), x Df .
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm l nu:
f (x ) = f (x ), x Df .
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
1.1.3. Hm s ngc
Hm s g c gi l hm s ngc ca f,
k hiu g = f 1 , nu x = g(y ), y G f .
Nhn xt
th hm s y = f 1(x )
i xng vi th ca
hm s y = f (x ) qua
ng thng y = x .
VD 3. Cho f (x ) = 2x th
f 1(x ) = log2 x , mi x > 0.
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
1.2. Hm s lng gic ngc
1.2.1. Hm s y = arcsin x
Hm s y = sin x c hm ngc trn

f 1 : [1; 1] ;
2 2
x y = arcsin x .

; l
2 2
VD 4. arcsin 0 = 0 ;
arcsin(1) = ;
2
3
arcsin
= .
2
3
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
1.2.2. Hm s y = arccos x
Hm s y = cos x c hm ngc trn [0; ] l
f 1 : [1; 1] [0; ]
x y = arccos x .
VD 5. arccos 0 = ;
2
arccos(1) = ;
arccos
1 2
= ; arccos
=
.
2
6
2
3
Ch
arcsin x + arccos x =
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
1.2.3. Hm s y = arctan x

Hm s y = tan x c hm ngc trn ; l
2 2

f 1 : ;
2 2
x y = arctan x .
VD 6. arctan 0 = 0 ;
arctan(1) = ;
4
arctan 3 = .
3
Quy c. arctan (+) =
, arctan () = .
2
2
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
1.2.4. Hm s y = arccot x
Hm s y = cot x c hm ngc trn (0; ) l

f 1 : (0; )
x y = arc cot x .
VD 7. arc cot 0 = ;
2
3
arc cot(1) =
;
4
arc cot 3 = .
6
Quy c. arc cot(+) = 0, arc cot() = .
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
2. GII HN CA HM S
2.1. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 1
Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn (a; b). Ta ni f(x) c gii
hn l L (hu hn) khi x x 0 [a ; b ], k hiu
lim f (x ) = L , nu > 0 cho trc ta tm c > 0
x x 0
sao cho khi 0 < x x 0 < th f (x ) L < .

nh ngha 2 (nh ngha theo dy)
Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn (a; b). Ta ni f(x) c gii
hn l L (hu hn) khi x x 0 [a ; b ], k hiu
lim f (x ) = L , nu mi dy {xn} trong (a ; b ) \ {x 0 } m
x x 0
x n x 0 th lim f (x n ) = L .
n
, x [1; 1].
2
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
nh ngha 3 (gii hn ti v cng)

Ta ni f(x) c gii hn l L (hu hn) khi x + ,
k hiu lim f (x ) = L , nu > 0 cho trc ta tm
x +
c N > 0 ln sao cho khi x > N th f (x ) L < .

Tng t, k hiu lim f (x ) = L , nu > 0 cho
x
trc ta tm c N < 0 c tr tuyt i ln sao cho

khi x < N th f (x ) L < .
nh ngha 4 (gii hn v cng)
Ta ni f(x) c gii hn l + khi x x 0 , k hiu
lim f (x ) = + , nu M > 0 ln ty cho trc ta
x x0
tm c > 0 sao cho khi 0 < x x 0 < th

f (x ) > M .
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
Tng t, k hiu lim f (x ) = , nu M < 0 c tr

x x0
tuyt i ln ty cho trc ta tm c > 0 sao cho

khi 0 < x x 0 < th f (x ) < M .
nh ngha 5 (gii hn 1 pha)
Nu f(x) c gii hn l L (c th l v cng) khi x x 0
vi x > x 0 th ta ni f(x) c gii hn phi ti x0 (hu
hn), k hiu lim f (x ) = L hoc lim f (x ) = L .
x x0 +0
x x+
0
Nu f(x) c gii hn l L (c th l v cng) khi x x 0

vi x < x 0 th ta ni f(x) c gii hn tri ti x0 (hu
hn), k hiu lim f (x ) = L hoc lim f (x ) = L .
x x 0 0
x x
0
Ch . lim f (x ) = L lim f (x ) = lim+ f (x ) = L .

x x0
x x
xx
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
2.2. Tnh cht

Cho lim f (x ) = a v lim g (x ) = b . Khi :
x x 0
x x 0
2) lim [ f (x ) g (x )] = a b .
x x 0
3) lim [ f (x )g (x )] = ab ;
x x 0
f (x ) a
= , b 0;
g (x )
b
5) Nu f (x ) g (x ), x (x 0 ; x 0 + ) th a b .
6) Nu f (x ) h (x ) g (x ), x (x 0 ; x 0 + ) v
lim f (x ) = lim g (x ) = L th lim h (x ) = L .
4) lim
x x 0
x x 0
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
2) Xt L = lim
lim [u(x )]v (x ) = a b .
A. L = 9 ;
B. L = 4 ;
C. L = 1;
D. L = 0 .
Cc kt qu cn nh
1
1
1) lim = , lim = +.
+
x 0 x
x 0 x
3x
VD 2. Tm gii hn L = lim 1 +
.
2
x
2x + 1
C. L = e 2 ;
VD 3. Tm gii hn L = lim 1 + tan2 x

+
x 0
A. L = ;
B. L = 1;
C. L = 4 e ;
an
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
2x
B. L = e 3 ;
3. I LNG V CNG B V CNG LN
D. L = 1.
1
4x
3.1. i lng v cng b

a) nh ngha
Hm s (x ) c gi l i lng v cng b (VCB)
khi x x 0 nu lim (x ) = 0 (x0 c th l v cng).
x x 0
D. L = e .
VD 1. (x ) = tan3 sin 1 x l VCB khi x 1 ;
(x ) =
, ta c:
x
1
lim 1 + = lim (1 + x )x = e.
x
x 0
x
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
A. L = ;
+ bm1x m1 + ... + b0
nu n = m ;
bn
b) L = 0 nu n < m ;
c) L = nu n > m .
sin x
tan x
3) lim
= lim
= 1.
x 0 x
x 0 x
4) S e:
a) L =
x x 0
2x
VD 1. Tm gii hn L = lim
x + 3
x
x x 0
an x n + an 1x n 1 + ... + a0
x b x m
m
x x 0
2x
x 1
x x 0
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
nh l
Nu lim u(x ) = a > 0, lim v(x ) = b th:
x x 0
x x 0
1) lim [C .f (x )] = C .a (C l hng s).
1
ln2 x
l VCB khi x + .
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
c) So snh cc VCB
nh ngha
b) Tnh cht ca VCB

1) Nu (x ), (x ) l cc VCB khi x x 0 th
(x ) (x ) v (x ).(x ) l VCB khi x x 0 .
Cho (x ), (x ) l cc VCB khi x x 0 , lim
x x 0
2) Nu (x ) l VCB v (x ) b chn trong ln cn x 0

th (x ).(x ) l VCB khi x x 0 .
3) lim f (x ) = a f (x ) = a + (x ), trong (x ) l
x x 0
VCB khi x x 0 .
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
(x )
= k.
(x )
Khi :
Nu k = 0 , ta ni (x ) l VCB cp cao hn (x ),
k hiu (x ) = 0((x )) .
Nu k = , ta ni (x ) l VCB cp thp hn (x ).
Nu 0 k , ta ni (x ) v (x ) l cc VCB
cng cp.
c bit, nu k = 1, ta ni (x ) v (x ) l cc VCB
tng ng, k hiu (x ) (x ) .
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
VD 2.
1 cos x l VCB cng cp vi x 2 khi x 0 v:
x
2 sin 2
1 cos x
2 = 1.
lim
= lim
2
2
x 0
x 0
2
x
x
4
2
Tnh cht ca VCB tng ng khi x x0

1) (x ) (x ) (x ) (x ) = 0((x )) = 0((x )).
2) Nu (x ) (x ), (x ) (x ) th (x ) (x ).
3) Nu 1(x ) 1(x ), 2(x ) 2(x ) th
1(x ) 2 (x ) 1(x )2(x ).
4) Nu (x ) = 0((x )) th (x ) + (x ) (x ).
sin2 3(x 1) 9(x 1)2 khi x 1.
Quy tc ngt b VCB cp cao

Cho (x ), (x ) l tng cc VCB khc cp khi x x 0
(x )
th lim
bng gii hn t s hai VCB cp thp
x x 0 (x )
nht ca t v mu.
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
VD 3. Tm gii hn L = lim
x 0
x 3 cos x + 1
x4 + x2
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
VD 4. Tnh gii hn L = lim
x 0
Cc VCB tng ng cn nh khi x 0

1) sin x x ;
2) tan x x ;
3) arcsin x x ;
x2
5) 1 cos x ;
2
4) arctan x x
7) ln(1 + x ) x ;
8) n 1 + x 1
VD 5. Tnh L = lim
x 0
6) e 1 x ;
x
x
.
n
Ch . Nu u(x ) l VCB khi x 0 th ta c th thay x

bi u(x ) trong 8 cng thc trn.
sin
ln(1 2x sin2 x )
sin x 2 . tan x
x + 1 1 + x 2 3 tan2 x
sin x 3 + 2x
Ch
Quy tc VCB tng ng khng p dng c cho
hiu hoc tng ca cc VCB nu chng lm trit tiu
t hoc mu ca phn thc.
e x + e x 2
(e x 1) + (e x 1)
VD 6. lim
= lim
x 0
x 0
x2
x2
x + (x )
= lim
= 0 (Sai!).
x 0
x2
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
3.2. i lng v cng ln

a) nh ngha
Hm s f(x) c gi l i lng v cng ln (VCL)
khi x x 0 nu lim f (x ) = (x0 c th l v cng).
x x 0
VD 7.
cos x + 1
l VCL khi x 0 ;
2x 3 sin x
x3 + x 1
l VCL khi x + .
x 2 cos 4x + 3
Nhn xt. Hm s f (x ) l VCL khi x x 0 th

1
l VCB khi x x 0 .
f (x )
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
VD 8.
khi x 0 v:
2x + x
3
1
2x 3 + x
x
lim :
= 3 lim
= 3 lim
= .
3
3
3
x 0 x
x 0
x 0 x 3
2x + x
x
l VCL khc cp vi
2 x + x 1 2 x khi x + .
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
b) So snh cc VCL
nh ngha
Cho f (x ), g(x ) l cc VCL khi x x 0 , lim
x x 0
f (x )
=k.
g(x )
Khi :
Nu k = 0 , ta ni f (x ) l VCL cp thp hn g(x ).
Nu k = , ta ni f (x ) l VCL cp cao hn g(x ).
Nu 0 k , ta ni f (x ) v g(x ) l cc VCL
cng cp.
c bit, nu k = 1, ta ni f (x ) v g(x ) l cc VCL

tng ng. K hiu f (x ) g(x ) .
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
Quy tc ngt b VCL cp thp

Cho f(x) v g(x) l tng cc VCL khc cp khi x x 0
f (x )
th lim
bng gii hn t s hai VCL cp cao nht
x x 0 g(x )
ca t v mu.
VD 9. Tnh cc gii hn:

x 3 cos x + 1
x 3 2x 2 + 1
A = lim
; B = lim
.
3
x
x +
3x + 2x
2 x 7 sin2 x
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
4. HM S LIN TC
4.2. nh l
Tng, hiu, tch v thng ca cc hm s lin tc ti
x0 l hm s lin tc ti x0.
Hm s s cp xc nh u th lin tc .
Hm s lin tc trn mt on th t gi tr ln nht v
nh nht trn on .
4.1. nh ngha
S x 0 D f c gi l im c lp ca f(x) nu
> 0 : x (x 0 ; x 0 + ) \ {x 0 } th x Df .
Hm s f(x) lin tc ti x0 nu lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ).
x x 0
Hm s f(x) lin tc trn tp X nu f(x) lin tc ti mi

im x 0 X .
Quy c
Hm s f(x) lin tc ti mi im c lp ca f(x).
4.3. Hm s lin tc mt pha

nh ngha
Hm s f(x) c gi l lin tc tri (phi) ti x0 nu
lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ) ( lim f (x ) = f (x 0 )).
x x 0
x x 0+
nh l
Hm s f(x) lin tc ti x0 nu
lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ).
x x 0
x x 0+
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
3 tan2 x + sin2 x
, x >0
VD 1. Cho hm s f (x ) =
.
2x
Gi tr ca hm s lin tc ti x = 0 l:
1
3
A. = 0 ;
B. = ;
C. = 1;
D. = .
2
2
ln(cos
x
)
,x 0
VD 2. Cho hm s f (x ) = arctan2 x + 2x 2
.
2 3, x = 0
Gi tr ca hm s lin tc ti x = 0 l:
17
17
3
3
A. = ; B. = ; C. = ; D. = .
12
12
2
2
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
1. o hm
2. Vi phn
3. Cc nh l c bn v hm kh vi Cc tr
4. Cng thc Taylor
5. Quy tc
LHospital
1. O HM
1.1. Cc nh ngha
a) nh ngha o hm
Cho hm s y = f (x ) xc nh trong ln cn (a ; b) ca
x 0 (a ; b ). Gii hn:
f (x 0 + x ) f (x 0 )
y
lim
= lim
x 0 x
x 0
x
(nu c) c gi l o hm ca y = f (x ) ti x 0 .
K hiu l f (x 0 ) hay y (x 0 ).
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
c) o hm v cng
y
Nu t s
khi x 0 th ta ni y = f (x ) c
x
o hm v cng ti x 0 .
Tng t, ta cng c cc khi nim o hm v cng
mt pha.
VD 1. Cho f (x ) = 3 x f (0) = ,
f (x ) = x f (0+ ) = + .
Ch
Nu f (x ) lin tc v c o hm v cng ti x 0 th tip
tuyn ti x 0 ca th y = f (x ) song song vi trc Oy .
Chng 1. H
Hm s
s mt bi
bin s
s
4.4. Phn loi im gin on

Nu hm s f (x ) khng lin tc ti x 0 th x 0 c gi
l im gin on ca f (x ).
Nu tn ti cc gii hn:
lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ), lim f (x ) = f (x 0+ )
x x 0
f (x 0 ),
x x 0+
f (x 0+ )
nhng
v f (x 0 ) khng ng thi bng
nhau th ta ni x 0 l im gin on loi mt.
Ngc li, x 0 l im gin on loi hai.
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
Nhn xt. Do x = x x 0 nn:

f (x 0 ) = lim
f (x ) f (x 0 )
x x 0
x x0
b) o hm mt pha
Cho hm s y = f (x ) xc nh trong ln cn phi
f (x ) f (x 0 )
(x 0 ; b ) ca x 0 . Gii hn lim
(nu c)
+
x x0
x x 0
c gi l o hm bn phi ca y = f (x ) ti x 0 .
K hiu l f (x 0+ ). Tng t, f (x 0 ).
Nhn xt. Hm s f (x ) c o hm ti x0 khi v ch khi
f (x 0 ) = f (x 0 ) = f (x 0+ ).
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
1.2. Cc quy tc tnh o hm
1) o hm tng, hiu, tch v thng ca hai hm s:

(u v ) = u v ;
(uv ) = u v + uv ;
k
u u v uv
= kv , k ;
=
.
2
v
v
v
v2
2) o hm ca hm s hp f (x ) = y[u(x )]:
f (x ) = y (u ).u (x ) hay y (x ) = y (u ).u (x ).
3) o hm hm s ngc ca y = y(x ):
1
x (y ) =
.
y (x )
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
( ) = e ;
o hm ca mt s hm s s cp
( ) = .x
1) x
3) (sin x ) = cos x ;
5) (tan x ) =
1
2
cos x
= 1 + tan2 x ;
2)
( x ) = 2 1x ;
6) (cot x ) =
) = x1 ;
9) ln x
4) (cos x ) = sin x ;
1
sin2 x
( ) = a .ln a ;
7) e x
8) a x
11) (arcsin x ) =
10) loga x
1
1 x2
) = x .ln1 a ;
12)(arccos x ) =
14) (arc cot x ) =
1
1 x2
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
1.3. o hm hm s cho bi phng trnh tham s

Cho hm s y = f (x ) c phng trnh dng tham s
x = x (t ), y = y(t ). Gi s x = x (t ) c hm s ngc
13) (arctan x ) =
1
1 + x2
1
1 + x2
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
1.4. o hm cp cao
Gi s f (x ) c o hm f (x ) v f (x ) c o hm th
( f (x )) = f (x ) l o hm cp hai ca f (x ).
v hm s ngc ny c o hm th:
y
y (t )
y (x ) =
hay yx = t .
x (t )
x t
x = 2t 2 1
VD 2. Tnh y (x ) ca hm s cho bi
, t 0.
y = 4t 3
x = et
VD 3. Tnh yx (1) ca hm s cho bi

.
2
y = t 2t
VD 4. Cho hm s f (x ) = sin 2 x . Tnh o hm f (6)(0).
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
VD 5. Tnh f (n )(x ) ca hm s f (x ) = (1 x )n +1 .
VD 6. Tnh y (n ) ca hm s y =
1
2
x 3x 4
Tng t ta c:
f (n )(x ) = f (n 1)(x ) l o hm cp n ca f (x ).
A. f (6)(0) = 32 ;
B. f (6)(0) = 32 ;
C. f (6)(0) = 16 ;
D. f (6)(0) = 0 .
1.5. o hm ca hm s n
Cho phng trnh F (x , y ) = 0 (*).
Nu y = y(x ) l hm s xc nh trong 1 khong no
sao cho khi th y(x ) vo (*) ta c ng nht thc th
y(x ) c gi l hm s n xc nh bi (*).
o hm hai v (*) theo x , ta c Fx + Fy.yx = 0 .
Vy yx =
Fx
, F 0.
Fy y
y (x ) = yx c gi l o hm ca hm s n y(x ).
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
VD 7. Cho hm n y(x ) xc nh bi xy e x + e y = 0 .
Tnh y (x ).
2. VI PHN
2.1. Vi phn cp mt
Hm s y = f (x ) c gi l kh vi ti x 0 D f nu
VD 8. Cho hm n y(x ) xc nh bi:
f (x 0 ) = f (x 0 + x ) f (x 0 ) c th biu din di
xy e x + ln y = 0 (*). Tnh y (0).
f (x 0 ) = A.x + 0(x )
dng:
vi A l hng s v 0(x ) l VCB khi x 0 .

y
ln x 2 + y 2 = arctan . Tnh y (x ).
x
Ch
Ta c th xem hm n y(x ) nh hm hp u(x ) v thc
hin o hm nh hm s hp.
Nhn xt
f (x 0 ) = A.x + 0(x )
y 3 + (x 2 + 1)y + x 4 = 0 . Tnh y (x ).
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
f (x 0 )
x
=A+
0(x )
x
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
f (x 0 )
2.2. Vi phn cp cao

Gi s y = f (x ) c o hm n cp n th
x 0
A f (x 0 ) = A .
x
df (x 0 ) = f (x 0 ).x hay df (x ) = f (x ).x .
Chn f (x ) = x df (x ) = x dx = x .
Khi , i lng A.x c gi l vi phn ca hm s

y = f (x ) ti x0. K hiu df (x 0 ) hay dy(x 0 ).
d n y = d (d n 1y ) = y (n )dx n
c gi l vi phn cp n ca hm y = f (x ).
Vy df (x ) = f (x )dx hay dy = y dx .
VD 4. Tnh vi phn cp 2 ca hm s y = ln(sin x ).
VD 1. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca f (x ) = x 2e 3x ti x 0 = 1.
VD 5. Tnh vi phn cp n ca hm s y = e 2x .
VD 2. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca y = arctan(x 2 + 1) .
VD 6. Tnh vi phn cp 2 ca f (x ) = tan x ti x 0 =
VD 3. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca hm s y = 2
ln(arcsin x )
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
3. CC NH L C BN V HM KH VI
CC TR CA HM S
3.1. Cc nh l
3.1.1. B Fermat
Cho hm s f (x ) xc nh trong (a ;b ) v c o hm ti
x 0 (a ;b ). Nu f (x ) t gi tr ln nht (hoc b nht)
ti x 0 trong (a ;b) th f (x 0 ) = 0 .
3.1.2. nh l Rolle
Cho hm s f (x ) lin tc trong [a ;b ] v kh vi trong
(a ;b ). Nu f (a ) = f (b ) th c (a ;b ) sao cho f (c ) = 0 .
.
4
Ch
Khi x l mt hm s c lp vi y th cng thc
d ny = y (n )dx n khng cn ng na.
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
3.1.3. nh l Cauchy
Cho hai hm s f (x ), g(x ) lin tc trong [a ;b ], kh vi
trong (a;b ) v g (x ) 0, x (a ;b).
Khi , c (a;b) sao cho:
f (b) f (a ) f (c)
=
.
g(b) g(a ) g (c)
3.1.4. nh l Lagrange
Cho hm s f (x ) lin tc trong [a ;b ], kh vi trong (a;b ).
Khi , c (a;b) sao cho:
f (b ) f (a )
= f (c ).
b a
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
3.2. Cc tr ca hm s
3.2.1. Hm s n iu
a) nh ngha
Cho hm s f (x ) lin tc trong trong (a;b ). Khi :
f (x ) c gi l tng (ng bin) trong (a;b ) nu
f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
> 0 , x1, x 2 (a ;b) v x1 x 2 .
x1 x 2
f (x ) c gi l gim (nghch bin) trong (a;b ) nu

f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
< 0 , x1, x 2 (a;b ) v x1 x 2 .
x1 x 2
f (x ) c gi l n iu trong (a;b ) nu
f (x ) tng hay gim trong (a;b ).
Nu f (x ) n iu trong (a;b ) v lin tc trong (a;b ] th

f (x ) n iu trong (a;b ] (trng hp khc tng t).
b) nh l
Cho hm s f (x ) kh vi trong trong (a;b). Khi :
Nu f (x ) > 0, x (a ;b ) th f (x ) tng trong (a;b ).
Nu f (x ) < 0, x (a;b ) th f (x ) gim trong (a;b ).
VD 1. Tm cc khong n iu ca y = ln(x 2 + 1).
x2 + 1
VD 2. Tm cc khong n iu ca f (x ) =
.
(x 1)2
1
VD 3. Tm cc khong n iu ca y =
.
x 2 2x
VD 4. Tm cc khong n iu ca y = e
x 3 4
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
3.2.2. Cc tr
a) nh ngha
Nu f (x ) lin tc trong (a ;b) cha x 0 v f (x 0 ) < f (x )
hay f (x 0 ) > f (x ), x (a;b ) \ {x 0 } th f (x ) t cc tiu
hay cc i ti x 0 .
b) nh l
Cho f (x ) c o hm n cp 2n trong (a ;b) cha x 0
3.2.3. Gi tr ln nht gi tr nh nht

a) nh ngha
Cho hm s y = f (x ) c MX D v X D .
S M c gi l gi tr ln nht ca f (x ) trn X nu:
x 0 X : f (x 0 ) = M v f (x ) M , x X .
K hiu l: M = max f (x ).
tha f (x 0 ) = ... = f (2n 1)(x 0 ) = 0 v f (2n )(x 0 ) 0 .
Nu f (2n )(x 0 ) > 0 th f (x ) t cc tiu ti x 0 .
x X
Nu f (2n )(x 0 ) < 0 th f (x ) t cc i ti x 0 .

4
VD 5. Tm cc tr (nu c) ca f (x ) = x , f (x ) = x .
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
Nu M = max f (x ) v m = min f (x ) th:

x X
x X
m f (x ) M , x X .
b) Phng php tm max min

Hm s lin tc trn on [a; b]
Cho hm s y = f (x ) lin tc trn on [a; b ].
tm max f (x ) v min f (x ), ta thc hin cc bc sau:
x [a ;b ]
x [a ;b ]
Bc 1. Gii phng trnh f (x ) = 0 . Gi s c n

nghim x 1,..., x n [a; b ] (loi cc nghim ngoi [a; b ]).
Bc 2. Tnh f (a ), f (x 1 ),..., f (x n ), f (b).
Bc 3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht trong cc gi tr
tnh trn l cc gi tr max, min tng ng cn tm.
x X
S m c gi l gi tr nh nht ca f (x ) trn X nu:

x 0 X : f (x 0 ) = m v f (x ) m, x X .
K hiu l: m = min f (x ).
Ch
Hm s c th khng t max hoc min trn X D .
Chng 2. Ph
Php t
tnh vi phn h
hm m
mt bi
bin s
s
VD 6. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
3
f (x ) = x 4 x 2 x + 3 trn on [0; 2].
2
Ch
Nu bi cha cho on [a; b ] th ta phi tm MX
ca hm s trc khi lm bc 1.
C th i bin s t = t (x ) v vit y = f (x ) = g(t (x )).
Gi T l min gi tr ca hm t (x ) th:
max f (x ) = max g(t ), min f (x ) = min g(t ).
x X
t T
x X
t T
VD 7. Tm max, min ca f (x ) = x 2 + 5x + 6 .
sin x + 1
VD 8. Tm max, min ca y =
.
2
sin x + sin x + 1

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BI GING TON CAO CP A1

Monday, August 30, 2010

1. Nguyn Ph Vinh Gio trnh Ton cao cp

Ton cao cp A1 Cao ng

Monday, August 30, 2010

1.2. Hm s lng gic ngc

Hm s y = cot x c hm ngc trn (0; ) l

sao cho khi 0 < x x 0 < th f (x ) L < .

Ton cao cp A1 Cao ng

nh ngha 3 (gii hn ti v cng)

c N > 0 ln sao cho khi x > N th f (x ) L < .

trc ta tm c N < 0 c tr tuyt i ln sao cho

tm c > 0 sao cho khi 0 < x x 0 < th

Monday, August 30, 2010

Tng t, k hiu lim f (x ) = , nu M < 0 c tr

tuyt i ln ty cho trc ta tm c > 0 sao cho

Nu f(x) c gii hn l L (c th l v cng) khi x x 0

Ch . lim f (x ) = L lim f (x ) = lim+ f (x ) = L .

2.2. Tnh cht

lim [u(x )]v (x ) = a b .

VD 3. Tm gii hn L = lim 1 + tan2 x

3. I LNG V CNG B V CNG LN

3.1. i lng v cng b

VD 1. (x ) = tan3 sin 1 x l VCB khi x 1 ;

Ton cao cp A1 Cao ng

1) lim [C .f (x )] = C .a (C l hng s).

Monday, August 30, 2010

b) Tnh cht ca VCB

Cho (x ), (x ) l cc VCB khi x x 0 , lim

2) Nu (x ) l VCB v (x ) b chn trong ln cn x 0

Tnh cht ca VCB tng ng khi x x0

sin2 3(x 1) 9(x 1)2 khi x 1.

Quy tc ngt b VCB cp cao

VD 4. Tnh gii hn L = lim

Cc VCB tng ng cn nh khi x 0

Ch . Nu u(x ) l VCB khi x 0 th ta c th thay x

Ton cao cp A1 Cao ng

Monday, August 30, 2010

3.2. i lng v cng ln

Nhn xt. Hm s f (x ) l VCL khi x x 0 th

Cho f (x ), g(x ) l cc VCL khi x x 0 , lim

Nu k = , ta ni f (x ) l VCL cp cao hn g(x ).

c bit, nu k = 1, ta ni f (x ) v g(x ) l cc VCL

Quy tc ngt b VCL cp thp

VD 9. Tnh cc gii hn:

Hm s f(x) lin tc trn tp X nu f(x) lin tc ti mi

Ton cao cp A1 Cao ng

4.3. Hm s lin tc mt pha

Ton cao cp A1 Cao ng

Monday, August 30, 2010

4.4. Phn loi im gin on

Nhn xt. Do x = x x 0 nn:

1.2. Cc quy tc tnh o hm

1) o hm tng, hiu, tch v thng ca hai hm s:

Monday, August 30, 2010

14) (arc cot x ) =

1.3. o hm hm s cho bi phng trnh tham s

VD 3. Tnh yx (1) ca hm s cho bi

VD 4. Cho hm s f (x ) = sin 2 x . Tnh o hm f (6)(0).

Ton cao cp A1 Cao ng

Monday, August 30, 2010

VD 8. Cho hm n y(x ) xc nh bi:

xy e x + ln y = 0 (*). Tnh y (0).