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H Cng nghip Tp.
HCM
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TON CAO CP A1 I HC
PHN PH
PHI CHNG TRNH
S ti
tit: 45
Chng 1. Hm s mt bin s
Chng 2. Php tnh vi phn hm mt bin s
Chng 3. Php tnh tch phn hm mt bin s
Chng 4. L thuyt chui
Ti liu tham kho
1. Nguyn Ph Vinh Gio trnh Ton cao cp A1 C1
H Cng nghip TP. HCM.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Gii hn dy s
Gii hn hm s
i lng v cng b v cng ln
Hm s lin tc
1. GII HN DY S
1.1. Cc nh ngha v dy s thc
nh ngha 1
Mt dy s thc (gi tt l dy s) l mt nh x f t +
vo cho tng ng f (n ) = x n .
K hiu dy s l {x n }, n = 1, 2,...
Trong , x 1 ; x 2 ;...; x n ;... c gi l cc s hng v x n
l s hng tng qut ca dy s.
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
1
VD 2. Dy s {x n }, x n = 2 l dy tng.
n
n +1
Dy s {x n }, x n =
l dy gim.
2n
Dy s {x n }, x n = (1)n khng n iu.
nh ngha 3
Dy s {x n } c gi l b chn trn nu M sao
cho x n M , n + .
Dy s {x n } c gi l b chn di nu m sao
cho x n m, n + .
Dy s {x n } c gi l b chn nu dy b chn trn v
b chn di.
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
Sunday, October 31, 2010
2. Nguyn nh Tr Ton cao cp (Tp 2)

NXB Gio dc.
3. Cng Khanh Ton cao cp (Tp 1, 4)
NXB HQG TP.HCM.
4. Nguyn Vit ng Ton cao cp (Tp 1)
NXB Gio dc.
5. Nguyn Tha Hp Gii tch (Tp 1)
NXB HQG H Ni.
Bin so
son: ThS.
ThS. o
on Vng Nguyn
Ti Slide bi gi
ging To
Ton A1 i hc ti
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
VD 1. Dy s {x n } c cho di dng lit k:

1
1
1
x 1 = 1; x 2 = ; x 3 = ;...; x n = ;...
2
3
n
Dy s {x n }, x n = (1)n c cho dng tng qut.
Dy s {x n } sau c cho di dng quy np (hi quy):
x 1
x n := n 1
, x0 = 2.
2x n 1
nh ngha 2
Dy s {x n } c gi l tng (hay gim) nu x n x n +1
(hay x n x n +1) vi mi n + .
Mt dy s tng (hay gim) c gi l dy n iu.
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
1
VD 3. Dy s {x n }, x n = 2 b chn trn bi s 0 .
n
n +1
1
Dy s {x n }, x n =
b chn di bi s .
2n
2
Dy s {x n }, x n = (1)n sin n b chn v:
x n 1, n + .
Dy s {x n }, x n = (n )n +1 khng b chn trn v cng
khng b chn di.
nh ngha 4
S a c gi l gii hn ca dy s {x n } nu:
> 0, N : n > N x n a < .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
K hiu: lim x n = a hay x n a .
1.2. Cc tnh cht ca dy s hi t

nh l 1
Nu dy s hi t th gii hn ca n l duy nht.
Dy s {x n } c lim x n = nu:
n
m , N : n > N x n < m .
Dy s {x n } c lim x n = + nu:
n
M , N : n > N x n > M .
Nu dy s {x n } c lim x n = a (hu hn) th ta ni
n
dy hi t, ngc li th ta ni dy phn k.
2n 1 2
VD 4. Chng t rng: lim
= .
n 3n + 1
3
lim (kx n ) = ka, k ; lim (x n + yn ) = a + b

n
lim
xn
yn
a
; y 0, b 0 .
b n
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Nu lim x n = a, lim yn = b th a b .
n
Cho ba dy s {x n }, {yn }, {z n } tha x n yn z n vi

mi n N . Nu lim x n = lim z n = a th lim yn = a .
n
lim x n = a , lim yn = b . Khi :
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
nh l 2. Cho hai dy s hi t {x n }, {yn } v
lim (x n yn ) = ab ;
nh l 3
Cho hai dy s {x n }, {yn } tha x n yn , n N .
n
Nu dy s hi t th dy b chn.
Nu dy s tng v b chn trn th dy hi t.
Nu dy s gim v b chn di th dy hi t.
1
1
1
sin2
nn:
n
n +1 n
1
1
1
0 lim sin2
lim = 0 .
n n
n + 1 n n
1
1
Vy lim sin2
= 0.
n n
n +1
VD 5. Ta c 0
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
nh l 4 (nh l Cantor)
Cho hai dy s {x n }, {yn } tha:
x y , [x ; y ] [x ; y ], n +
n
n
n +1
n +1
n
n
lim(yn x n ) = 0.
x
Khi , tn ti s thc duy nht c [x n ; yn ], n + .
nh l 5 (nh l Bolzano Weierstrass)
nh ngha. Cho dy s {x n }. T , ta trch ra dy s:
x n ; x n ; x n ;...; x n ;...
1
vi cc ch s nk + tha n1 < n2 < ... < nk < ...

Khi , x n c gi l dy con trch ra t dy {x n }.
{ }
k
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
nh l 6 (Tiu chun hi t Cauchy)
nh l. T mi dy s b chn, ta u c th trch ra
c mt dy con hi t.
VD 6. Cho dy s b chn {x n }, x n = sin n .

2
nh ngha. Dy s {x n } c gi l dy Cauchy (hay
T dy {x n }, ta c th trch ra hai dy con nh sau:
x 2k := sin k , x 4k +1 := sin(4k + 1) .
2
nh l. Mi dy s hi t u l dy Cauchy v ngc
li, mi dy Cauchy u hi t.
Ta c:
x 2k 0 (hi t) v x 4k +1 1 (hi t).
Nhn xt
Do hai dy con hi t v hai gii hn khc nhau nn dy
{x n } khng c gii hn duy nht. Vy dy {x n } phn k.
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
dy c bn) nu > 0 cho trc, ta tm c N +

sao cho m, n N th x m x n < .
VD 7. Xt s hi t ca cc dy s {x n } sau:
a) x n := (1)n ;
n
sin 1 sin 2
sin n
sin k
b) x n :=
+
+ ... +
=
.
1.2
2.3
n(n + 1) k =1 k (k + 1)
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Mt s kt qu gii hn cn nh
1) lim k = k , k
n
1
2) lim x n =0 lim = ; lim x n =a lim x n = a .
n
n
n
n x
n
1
1
3) lim = 0, > 0 ; lim n = 0, > 1.
n n
n
4) Nu a < 1 th lim a n = 0 ; a > 1 th lim a n = .
n
1.3. Mt s v d v gii hn dy s
3n 2 n 7
.
n
n2 + 5
VD 8. Tm lim
(n 2 1)(4n 4 + 3)
.
n
2n 6 n 3 + n
VD 9. Tm lim
3n n + 1
.
n 4n + n 2
1
5) lim n a = 1 (a > 0 ); lim n n = 1; lim 1 + = e .
n
n
n
n
VD 10. Tm lim
ln n
n
6) Nu 1, > 1 th lim = lim n = 0 .
n n
n
VD 11. Tm L = lim
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
n +1
2n
9n 2 + 2n 5
VD 12. Tm L = lim
n 2 + 1
n
VD 16. Tm gii hn L = lim
VD 15. Tm gii hn L = lim n 2 n n 2 + 3 ?
3
A. L = ; B. L = + ; C. L = ;
2
1
D. L = .
2
an
= 0, a > 0 .
n n !
n3 + 1 n2 n ?
VD 17*. Chng minh rng: lim
n + 3 2n 1 .
1
A. L = 0 ; B. L = +; C. L = ;
2
n +4
VD 13. Tm L = lim 1
.
n
n + 1
VD 14. Tm L = lim
1 + 22 + 32 + ... + n 2
.
n
5n 3 + n + 1
D. L = 0 .
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
VD 18*. Xt s hi t v tm gii hn (nu c) ca dy:

x n := 1 + x n 1 , x 0 = 3 .
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
2.1. B tc v hm s
Nu f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) x1 = x 2 th f l n nh.
Nu f (X ) = Y th f l ton nh (hay trn nh).
2.1.1. nh ngha hm s
Nu f va n nh va ton nh th f l song nh.
2. GII HN HM S
Cho hai tp khc rng X , Y .

Hm s f (hoc nh x f ) t X vo Y l mt quy lut
m mi x X xc nh c duy nht mt y Y .
Khi :
Min xc nh (MX) ca f , k hiu D f , l tp X .
Min gi tr (MGT) ca f l:
G = y = f (x ) x X .
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
VD 1. Cc hm s:
f : vi y = f (x ) = 2x l n nh.
f : [0; +) vi f (x ) = x 2 l ton nh.
f : (0; +) vi f (x ) = ln x l song nh.
Hm s y = f (x ) c gi l hm chn nu:
f (x ) = f (x ), x D f .
th ca hm s chn i xng qua trc tung.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Hm s y = f (x ) c gi l hm l nu:
f (x ) = f (x ), x Df .
th ca hm s l i xng qua gc ta .
2.1.2. Hm s hp
Cho hai hm s f v g tha iu kin Gg Df .
Khi , hm s h(x ) = ( f g )(x ) = f [g (x )] c gi l
hm s hp ca f v g .
Ch .
( f g )(x ) (g f )(x ).
2
K hiu l: g = f 1 .
VD 3. Cho f (x ) = 2x th:
f 1(x ) = log2 x , x > 0 .

Nhn xt
VD 2. Hm s y = 2(x + 1) x 1 l hm hp ca
2
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
2.1.3. Hm s ngc
Hm s g c gi l hm s ngc ca hm s f nu:
x = g (y ), y G f .
f (x ) = 2x x v g(x ) = x + 1 .
th ca hm s y = f 1(x ) i xng vi th ca
hm s y = f (x ) qua ng thng y = x .
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
2.1.4. Hm s lng gic ngc
a) Hm s y = arcsin x
Hm s y = sin x c hm ngc trn

f 1 : [1; 1] ;
2 2
x y = arcsin x .

; l
2 2
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
b) Hm s y = arccos x
Hm s y = cos x c hm ngc trn [0; ] l
f 1 : [1; 1] [0; ]
x y = arccos x .
;
2
arccos(1) = ;
VD 5. arccos 0 =
VD 4. arcsin 0 = 0 ;
arcsin(1) = ;
2
3
arcsin
= .
2
3
arccos
Ch . arcsin x + arccos x =
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
c) Hm s y = arctan x

Hm s y = tan x c hm ngc trn ; l
2 2

f 1 : ;
2 2
x y = arctan x .
VD 6. arctan 0 = 0 ;
, x [1; 1].
2
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
d) Hm s y = arccot x
Hm s y = cot x c hm ngc trn (0; ) l
f 1 : (0; )
x y = arc cot x .
;
2
3
arc cot(1) =
;
4
arc cot 3 = .
6
arc
cot
Quy c.
(+) = 0, arc cot () = .
VD 7. arc cot 0 =
arctan(1) = ;
4
arctan 3 = .
3
Quy c. arctan (+) =
1 2
= ; arccos
=
.
2
6
2
3
, arctan () = .
2
2
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
2.2. Gii hn hm s
2.2.1. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 1. Cho hm f (x ) xc nh trong (a; b ).
Ta ni f (x ) c gii hn l L (hu hn) khi x tin n
x 0 [a; b ] nu vi mi > 0 cho trc, ta tm c s
> 0 sao cho khi 0 < x x 0 < th f (x ) L < .

K hiu l: lim f (x ) = L .
x x 0
nh ngha 2 (nh ngha theo dy)

Cho f (x ) xc nh trong (a; b ). Ta ni f (x ) c gii hn
l L (hu hn) khi x x 0 [a ; b ] nu vi bt k dy
{x n } trong (a ; b) \ {x 0 } m x n x 0 th f (x n ) L .
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
nh ngha 3 (gii hn ti v cng)

Ta ni f (x ) c gii hn l L (hu hn) khi x +
nu vi mi > 0 cho trc ta tm c s M > 0 sao
cho khi x > M th f (x ) L < .
x +
Ta ni f (x ) c gii hn l L (hu hn) khi x

nu vi mi > 0 cho trc ta tm c s m < 0 sao
cho khi x < m th f (x ) L < .
x
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
nh ngha 5 (gii hn 1 pha)
nh ngha 4 (gii hn v cng)

Ta ni f (x ) c gii hn l L = + khi x x 0 nu vi
mi s M > 0 ln ty , ta tm c s > 0 sao cho
khi 0 < x x 0 < th f (x ) > M .
K hiu l: lim f (x ) = + .
x x 0
Ta ni f (x ) c gii hn l L = khi x x 0 nu vi
mi s m < 0 ty , ta tm c s > 0 sao cho khi
0 < x x 0 < th f (x ) < m .
K hiu l: lim f (x ) = .
x x 0
Nu f (x ) c gii hn l L (L c th l ) khi x x 0
(x 0 hu hn) v x > x 0 th ta ni f (x ) c gii hn phi
ti x 0 . K hiu: lim f (x ) = L hoc lim f (x ) = L .
x x 0 +0
x x 0
x x
x x 0
f (x ) a
= (b 0)
x x 0 g (x )
x x 0
b
5) Nu f (x ) g(x ), x (x 0 ; x 0 + ) th a b .
6) Nu f (x ) h(x ) g(x ), x (x 0 ; x 0 + ) v
lim f (x ) = lim g(x ) = L th lim h(x ) = L .
x x 0
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Mt s kt qu gii hn cn nh
1) lim
sin (x )
tan (x )
= lim
= 1.
(
x
)
0
(x )
(x )
2) Nu 1, > 1 th lim
2) lim [ f (x ) g(x )] = a b
x x 0
x x +
ln x
x
=
lim
=0
x + x
x + x
x x 0
3) lim [ f (x )g(x )] = ab ;
Ch
lim f (x ) = L lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) = L.
(x ) 0
1) lim [k .f (x )] = k .a (k )
x x
x x 0 0
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
x x 0
Nu f (x ) c gii hn l L (L c th l ) khi x x 0
(x 0 hu hn) v x < x 0 th ta ni f (x ) c gii hn tri
ti x 0 . K hiu: lim f (x ) = L hoc lim f (x ) = L .
x x 0
2.2.2. Tnh cht

Cho lim f (x ) = a v lim g(x ) = b . Khi :
x x +
4) lim
x x 0
3) Nu lim u(x ) = a > 0, lim v(x ) = b th:

x x 0
x x 0
v (x )
lim [u(x )]
x x 0
= ab .
x
1
4) lim 1 + = lim (1 + x )x = e .
x
x 0
x
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
2.2.3. Mt s v d
1 3x + 1
.
x 0
x
x 0
x + 8 4 2x
.
x
VD 3. Tm gii hn L = lim x 2 + 2x x .
x +
VD 4. Tm gii hn L = lim x + 2 + x 2 + 1.
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
A. L = ;
B. L = e 3 ;
C. L = e 2 ;
D. L = 1.
A. L = ;
B. L
C. L
1
= e2;
B. L = 4 ;
C. L = 1;
D. L = 0 .
3.1. i lng v cng b

a) nh ngha
Hm s (x ) c gi l i lng v cng b (VCB)
khi x x 0 nu lim (x ) = 0 (x0 c th l v cng).
D. L = 1.
b) Tnh cht ca VCB

1) Nu (x ), (x ) l cc VCB khi x x 0 th
(x ) (x ) v (x ).(x ) l VCB khi x x 0 .
2) Nu (x ) l VCB v (x ) b chn trong ln cn x 0
th (x ).(x ) l VCB khi x x 0 .
3) lim f (x ) = a f (x ) = a + (x ), trong (x ) l
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
A. L = 9 ;
VD 1. (x ) = tan3 sin 1 x l VCB khi x 1 ;
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
VCB khi x x 0 .
2x
x 1
x x 2 1
.
x
x + 3
x x 0
x x 0
x 1
3. I LNG V CNG B V CNG LN
cos x x 2
VD 8*. Tm gii hn L = lim
.
cos 2x
x 0
3
= e2;
x 1
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
2x 3
x 2 + x + 3
x x 2 + 1
tan 1 x , x 1
VD 5. Cho hm s f (x ) = sin2 x 2 1
, x > 1.
3x 2 3
Tnh f (1), lim f (x ) v lim+ f (x ).
(x ) =
1
ln2 x
l VCB khi x + .
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
c) So snh cc VCB
nh ngha
Cho (x ), (x ) l cc VCB khi x x 0 , lim
x x 0
(x )
= k.
(x )
Khi :
Nu k = 0 , ta ni (x ) l VCB cp cao hn (x ),
k hiu (x ) = 0((x )) .
Nu k = , ta ni (x ) l VCB cp thp hn (x ).
Nu 0 k , ta ni (x ) v (x ) l cc VCB
cng cp.
c bit, nu k = 1, ta ni (x ) v (x ) l cc VCB
tng ng, k hiu (x ) (x ) .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
VD 2 1 cos x l VCB cng cp vi x 2 khi x 0 v:

x
2 sin2
1 cos x
2 = 1.
= lim
lim
2
2
x 0
x
0
2
x
x
4
2
sin 2 3(x 1) 9(x 1)2 khi x 1 .
Quy tc ngt b VCB cp cao

Cho (x ), (x ) l tng cc VCB khc cp khi x x 0
(x )
th lim
bng gii hn t s hai VCB cp thp
x x 0 (x )
nht ca t v mu.
x 3 cos x + 1
.
x 0
x4 + x2
Tnh cht ca VCB tng ng khi x x0

1) (x ) (x ) (x ) (x ) = 0((x )) = 0((x )).
2) Nu (x ) (x ), (x ) (x ) th (x ) (x ).
3) Nu 1(x ) 1(x ), 2 (x ) 2 (x ) th
1(x ) 2 (x ) 1(x )2 (x ).
4) Nu (x ) = 0((x )) th (x ) + (x ) (x ).
Cc VCB tng ng cn nh khi x 0

1) sin x x ;
2) tan x x ;
3) arcsin x x ;
4) arctan x x
x2
5) 1 cos x ;
6) e x 1 x ;
2
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
x
7) ln(1 + x ) x ;
8) 1 + x 1 .
n
Ch . Nu u(x ) l VCB khi x 0 th ta c th thay x
bi u(x ) trong 8 cng thc trn.
ln(1 2x sin2 x )
VD 4. Tnh gii hn L = lim
.
x 0
sin x 2 . tan x
n
VD 5. Tnh L = lim
sin
x + 1 1 + x 2 3 tan2 x
sin x 3 + 2x
x = 2t t 2
VD 6. Cho hm s y = f (x ) tha:
.
2
4
y = t + 3t
Khi x 0 , chn p n ng?
x 0
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
3.2. i lng v cng ln

a) nh ngha
Hm s f(x) c gi l i lng v cng ln (VCL)
khi x x 0 nu lim f (x ) = (x0 c th l v cng).
x x 0
VD 7.
cos x + 1
l VCL khi x 0 ;
2x 3 sin x
x3 + x 1
l VCL khi x + .
x 2 cos 4x + 3
Nhn xt. Hm s f (x ) l VCL khi x x 0 th

1
l VCB khi x x 0 .
f (x )
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
x2
x2
;
B. f (x ) ;
4
2
x
C. f (x ) ;
D. f (x ) 3x 2 .
2
Ch
Quy tc VCB tng ng khng p dng c cho
hiu hoc tng ca cc VCB nu chng lm trit tiu
t hoc mu ca phn thc.
A. f (x )
VD. lim
x 0
e x + e x 2
x2
= lim
(e x 1) + (e x 1)
x2
x + (x )
= lim
= 0 (Sai!).
x 0
x2
x 0
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
b) So snh cc VCL
nh ngha
Cho f (x ), g(x ) l cc VCL khi x x 0 , lim
x x 0
f (x )
=k.
g(x )
Khi :
Nu k = 0 , ta ni f (x ) l VCL cp thp hn g(x ).
Nu k = , ta ni f (x ) l VCL cp cao hn g(x ).
Nu 0 k , ta ni f (x ) v g(x ) l cc VCL
cng cp.
c bit, nu k = 1, ta ni f (x ) v g(x ) l cc VCL

tng ng. K hiu f (x ) g(x ) .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
VD 8.
1
khi x 0 v:
2x 3 + x
3
1
2x 3 + x
x
lim :
= 3 lim
= 3 lim
= .
3
3
3
x 0
x
0
x
0
x 2x + x
x
x3
x3
l VCL khc cp vi
2 x 3 + x 1 2 x 3 khi x + .
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
4. HM S LIN TC
4.1. nh ngha
S x 0 Df c gi l im c lp ca f (x ) nu
> 0 : x (x 0 ; x 0 + ) \ {x 0 } th x D f .
Hm s f (x ) lin tc ti x 0 nu lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ).
x x 0
Hm s f (x ) lin tc trn tp X nu f (x ) lin tc ti

mi im x 0 X .
Ch . Hm f (x ) lin tc trn on [a; b ] th c th l

mt ng lin nt (khng t khc) trn on .
Quy c. Hm f (x ) lin tc ti mi im c lp ca n.
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
3 tan2 x + sin2 x
, x >0
VD 1. Cho hm s f (x ) =
.
2x
,
x
Gi tr ca hm s lin tc ti x = 0 l:
1
3
A. = 0 ;
B. = ;
C. = 1 ;
D. = .
2
2
ln(cos
x
)
,x 0
VD 2. Cho hm s f (x ) = arctan2 x + 2x 2
.
3,
x
=
0
Gi tr ca hm s lin tc ti x = 0 l:
17
17
3
3
A. = ; B. = ; C. = ; D. = .
12
12
2
2
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Quy tc ngt b VCL cp thp

Cho f(x) v g(x) l tng cc VCL khc cp khi x x 0
f (x )
th lim
bng gii hn t s hai VCL cp cao nht
x x 0 g(x )
ca t v mu.
VD 9. Tnh cc gii hn:

x 3 cos x + 1
x 3 2x 2 + 1
A = lim
; B = lim
.
x
x +
3x 3 + 2x
2 x 7 sin2 x
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
4.2. nh l
Tng, hiu, tch v thng ca cc hm s lin tc ti
x0 l hm s lin tc ti x0.
Hm s s cp xc nh u th lin tc .
Hm s lin tc trn mt on th t gi tr ln nht v
nh nht trn on .
4.3. Hm s lin tc mt pha

nh ngha
Hm s f(x) c gi l lin tc tri (phi) ti x0 nu
lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ) ( lim f (x ) = f (x 0 )).
x x 0
x x 0+
nh l
Hm s f(x) lin tc ti x0 nu
lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ).
x x 0
x x 0+
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
4.4. Phn loi im gin on
Nu hm f (x ) khng lin tc
ti x 0 th x 0 c gi l
im gin on ca f (x ).
y
(C )
O x0
Nu tn ti cc gii hn:
lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ), lim f (x ) = f (x 0+ )
x x 0
x x 0+
nhng f (x 0 ), f (x 0+ ) v f (x 0 ) khng ng thi bng

nhau th ta ni x 0 l im gin on loi mt.
Ngc li, x 0 l im gin on loi hai.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
Php tnh vi phn hm mt bi
bin s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
o hm
Vi phn
Cc nh l c bn v hm kh vi Cc tr
Cng thc Taylor
Quy tc LHospital
Kho st hm s
1. O HM
1.1. Cc nh ngha
a) nh ngha o hm
Cho hm s y = f (x ) xc nh trong ln cn (a ; b) ca
x 0 (a ; b ). Gii hn:
f (x 0 + x ) f (x 0 )
y
lim
= lim
x 0 x
x 0
x
(nu c) c gi l o hm ca y = f (x ) ti x 0 .
K hiu l f (x 0 ) hay y (x 0 ).
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Nhn xt. Do x = x x 0 nn:

f (x 0 ) = lim
b) o hm mt pha
Cho hm s y = f (x ) xc nh trong ln cn phi
f (x ) f (x 0 )
(x 0 ; b ) ca x 0 . Gii hn lim
(nu c)
+
x x0
x x 0
c gi l o hm bn phi ca y = f (x ) ti x 0 .
K hiu l f (x 0+ ). Tng t, f (x 0 ).
Nhn xt. Hm s f (x ) c o hm ti x0 khi v ch khi
f (x 0 ) = f (x 0 ) = f (x 0+ ).
1.2. Cc quy tc tnh o hm
1) o hm tng, hiu, tch v thng ca hai hm s:

(u v ) = u v ;
(uv ) = u v + uv ;
k kv
u u v uv
=
=
,
k
;
.
v
v
v2
v2
2) o hm ca hm s hp f (x ) = y[u(x )]:
VD 1. Cho f (x ) = 3 x f (0) = ,
f (x ) = x f (0+ ) = + .
Ch
f (x ) = y (u ).u (x ) hay y (x ) = y (u ).u (x ).
Nu f (x ) lin tc v c o hm v cng ti x 0 th tip

tuyn ti x 0 ca th y = f (x ) song song vi trc Oy .
3) o hm hm s ngc ca y = y(x ):
1
x (y ) =
.
y (x )
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
( ) = e ;
o hm ca mt s hm s s cp
1
3) (sin x ) = cos x ;
5) (tan x ) =
1
2
cos x
= 1 + tan2 x ;
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
2)
( x ) = 2 1x ;
7) e x
) = x1 ;
9) ln x
4) (cos x ) = sin x ;
6) (cot x ) =
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Tng t, ta cng c cc khi nim o hm v cng

mt pha.
( ) = .x
x x0
x x 0
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
c) o hm v cng
y
Nu t s
khi x 0 th ta ni y = f (x ) c
x
o hm v cng ti x 0 .
1) x
f (x ) f (x 0 )
1
sin2 x
11) (arcsin x ) =
( ) = a .ln a ;
8) a x
10) loga x
1
1x
) = x .ln1 a ;
12)(arccos x ) =
14) (arc cot x ) =
1
1 x2
13) (arctan x ) =
1
1+x
1
1 + x2
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
1.3. o hm hm s cho bi phng trnh tham s

Cho hm s y = f (x ) c phng trnh dng tham s
x = x (t ), y = y(t ). Gi s x = x (t ) c hm s ngc
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
1.4. o hm cp cao
Gi s f (x ) c o hm f (x ) v f (x ) c o hm th
( f (x )) = f (x ) l o hm cp hai ca f (x ).
v hm s ngc ny c o hm th:
y
y (t )
y (x ) =
hay yx = t .
x (t )
x t
x = 2t 2 1
VD 2. Tnh y (x ) ca hm s cho bi
, t 0.
y = 4t 3
x = et
VD 3. Tnh yx (1) ca hm s cho bi

.
2
y = t 2t
VD 4. Cho hm s f (x ) = sin 2 x . Tnh o hm f (6)(0).
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 5. Tnh f (n )(x ) ca hm s f (x ) = (1 x )n +1.
VD 6. Tnh y(n ) ca hm s y =
1
2
x 3x 4
Tng t ta c:
f (n )(x ) = f (n 1)(x ) l o hm cp n ca f (x ).
A. f (6)(0) = 32 ;
B. f (6)(0) = 32 ;
C. f (6)(0) = 16 ;
D. f (6)(0) = 0 .
1.5. o hm ca hm s n
Cho phng trnh F (x , y ) = 0 (*).
Nu y = y(x ) l hm s xc nh trong 1 khong no
sao cho khi th y(x ) vo (*) ta c ng nht thc th
y(x ) c gi l hm s n xc nh bi (*).
o hm hai v (*) theo x , ta c Fx + Fy.yx = 0 .
Vy yx =
VD 7. Tnh o hm f (n )(x ) ca hm s f (x ) = sin x .
Fx
, F 0.
Fy y
y (x ) = yx c gi l o hm ca hm s n y(x ).
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 8. Cho hm n y(x ) xc nh bi xy e x + e y = 0 .
Tnh y (x ).
VD 9. Cho hm n y(x ) xc nh bi:
xy e x + ln y = 0 (*). Tnh y (0).
y
ln x 2 + y 2 = arctan . Tnh y (x ).
x
Ch
Ta c th xem hm n y(x ) nh hm hp u(x ) v thc
hin o hm nh hm s hp.

y 3 (x 2 2)y 2x 4 = 0 (*). Tnh y (1).
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 12. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca

x 2 y2
(E ) :
+
= 1 ti im M (x 0 ; y 0 ) (E ).
a 2 b2
Gii
x 2 y2
+
1
Vi y0 0 , ta c: F =
a 2 b2
F = 2x 0
2
x
a 2 y (x ) = b x 0 .

0
2y0
a 2y0
Fy = 2
b
10
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti im M (x 0 ; y0 ) (E ) l:
y = y (x 0 )(x x 0 ) + y 0 y =
b x0
a 2y0
b 2x 0x + a 2y 0y = b 2x 02 + a 2y02
x 0x
a2
(x x 0 ) + y0
+
y 0y
b2
= 1 (*).
x 0x
a
y0y
b
f (x 0 ) = A.x + 0(x )
dng:
vi A l hng s v 0(x ) l VCB khi x 0 .
Nhn xt
= 1.
f (x 0 ) = A.x + 0(x )
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
f (x 0 )
x
=A+
0(x )
x
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
f (x 0 )
2.2. Vi phn cp cao

Gi s y = f (x ) c o hm n cp n th
x 0
A f (x 0 ) = A .
x
df (x 0 ) = f (x 0 ).x hay df (x ) = f (x ).x .
Chn f (x ) = x df (x ) = x dx = x .
f (x 0 ) = f (x 0 + x ) f (x 0 ) c th biu din di
Khi , i lng A.x c gi l vi phn ca hm s

y = f (x ) ti x0. K hiu df (x 0 ) hay dy(x 0 ).
Vi y0 = 0 , ta c x 0 = a .
Khi , phng trnh tip tuyn l x = a tha (*).
Vy phng trnh tip tuyn l
2. VI PHN
2.1. Vi phn cp mt
Hm s y = f (x ) c gi l kh vi ti x 0 D f nu
d n y = d (d n 1y ) = y (n )dx n
c gi l vi phn cp n ca hm y = f (x ).
Vy df (x ) = f (x )dx hay dy = y dx .
VD 1. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca f (x ) = x 2e 3x ti x 0 = 1.
VD 5. Tnh vi phn cp n ca hm s y = e 2x .
VD 2. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca y = arctan(x 2 + 1) .
VD 6. Tnh vi phn cp 3 ca f (x ) = tan x ti x 0 =
VD 3. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca hm s y = 2ln(arcsin x ) .
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
d n y = y (n )dx n khng cn ng na.
3.1. Cc nh l
3.1.1. B Fermat
Cho hm s f (x ) xc nh trong (a;b ) v c o hm ti
x 0 (a ;b ). Nu f (x ) t gi tr ln nht (hoc b nht)
ti x 0 trong (a ;b) th f (x 0 ) = 0 .
Quy tc tnh vi phn cp n
2) d n (uv ) =
d n (u + v ) = d nu + d nv ;
C nkd nk u.d kv vi d 0u = u, d 0v = v .
3.1.2. nh l Rolle
k =0
VD 7. Tnh vi phn cp 10 ca hm s y = (x x )e .
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
.
4
3. CC NH L C BN V HM KH VI
CC TR CA HM S
Ch
Khi x l mt hm s c lp vi y th cng thc
1) d n (k .u ) = k .d nu ;
VD 4. Tnh vi phn cp 2 ca hm s y = ln(sin x ).
Cho hm s f (x ) lin tc trong [a ;b ] v kh vi trong

(a;b ). Nu f (a ) = f (b ) th c (a;b ) sao cho f (c ) = 0 .
11
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
3.1.3. nh l Cauchy
Cho hai hm s f (x ), g(x ) lin tc trong [a ;b ], kh vi
trong (a ;b) v g (x ) 0, x (a;b ).
Khi , c (a;b ) sao cho:
f (b ) f (a ) f (c )
=
.
g (b ) g (a ) g (c )
3.1.4. nh l Lagrange
Cho hm s f (x ) lin tc trong [a;b ], kh vi trong
(a;b ). Khi , c (a;b ) sao cho:
f (b ) f (a )
= f (c ).
b a
3.2. Cc tr ca hm s
3.2.1. Hm s n iu
a) nh ngha
Cho hm s f (x ) lin tc trong trong (a;b ).
Khi :
f (x ) c gi l tng ngt trong (a;b) nu
f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
> 0 , x1, x 2 (a ;b) v x1 x 2 .
x1 x 2
f (x ) c gi l gim ngt trong (a;b ) nu
f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
< 0 , x1, x 2 (a;b) v x1 x 2 .
x1 x 2
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
f (x ) c gi l tng hay gim khng ngt trong (a;b)

f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
nu
0 hay
0,
x1 x 2
x1 x 2
x1, x 2 (a;b ) v x1 x 2 .
b) nh l 1
Cho hm s f (x ) kh vi trong trong (a ;b ). Khi :
Nu f (x ) > 0, x (a ;b ) th f (x ) tng ngt trong (a ;b ).
Nu f (x ) < 0, x (a;b ) th f (x ) gim ngt trong (a ;b).
Nu f (x ) 0, x (a ;b ) hay f (x ) 0, x (a;b ) th
f (x ) tng khng ngt hay gim khng ngt trong (a ;b ).
f (x ) c gi l n iu trong (a;b ) nu
f (x ) tng ngt hay gim ngt trong (a;b ).
f (x ) n iu trong (a;b ) v lin tc trong (a;b ] th
f (x ) n iu trong (a;b ] (trng hp khc tng t).
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 1. Tm cc khong n iu ca y = ln(x + 1).
VD 3. Tm cc khong n iu ca y =
VD 4. Tm cc khong n iu ca y = e
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
x2 + 1
(x 1)2
1
x 2x
x 3 4
Nu f (x ) gim ngt trong (a;b ) th f (x ) 0 trong

(a ;b ) v khng tn ti (; ) (a ;b ) sao cho f (x ) 0 .
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 2. Tm cc khong n iu ca f (x ) =
c) nh l 2
Nu f (x ) tng ngt trong (a ;b ) th f (x ) 0 trong (a ;b)
v khng tn ti (; ) (a;b ) sao cho f (x ) 0 .
3.2.2. Cc tr
a) nh ngha
Nu f (x ) lin tc trong (a;b) cha x 0 v f (x 0 ) < f (x ),
x (a ;b ) \ {x 0 } th f (x ) t cc tiu ti x 0 .
Nu f (x ) lin tc trong (a;b) cha x 0 v f (x 0 ) > f (x ),
x (a ;b ) \ {x 0 } th f (x ) t cc i ti x 0 .
b) nh l
Cho f (x ) c o hm n cp 2n trong (a ;b) cha x 0
tha f (x 0 ) = ... = f (2n 1)(x 0 ) = 0 v f (2n )(x 0 ) 0 .
Nu f (2n )(x 0 ) > 0 th f (x ) t cc tiu ti x 0 .
Nu f (2n )(x 0 ) < 0 th f (x ) t cc i ti x 0 .
12
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 5. Tm cc tr ca hm s f (x ) = x 6 2x 3 + 3 .
3.2.3. Gi tr ln nht gi tr nh nht
a) nh ngha
Cho hm s y = f (x ) c MX D v X D .
S M c gi l gi tr ln nht ca f (x ) trn X nu:
x 0 X : f (x 0 ) = M v f (x ) M , x X .
K hiu l: M = max f (x ).
x X
S m c gi l gi tr nh nht ca f (x ) trn X nu:

x 0 X : f (x 0 ) = m v f (x ) m, x X .
K hiu l: m = min f (x ).
x X
Ch
Hm s c th khng t max hoc min trn X D .
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Nu M = max f (x ) v m = min f (x ) th:

x X
x X
m f (x ) M , x X .
b) Phng php tm max min

Hm s lin tc trn on [a; b]
Cho hm s y = f (x ) lin tc trn on [a; b ].
tm max f (x ) v min f (x ), ta thc hin cc bc sau:
x [a ;b ]
x [a ;b ]
Bc 1. Gii phng trnh f (x ) = 0 . Gi s c n

nghim x 1,..., x n [a; b ] (loi cc nghim ngoi [a; b ]).
Bc 2. Tnh f (a ), f (x 1 ),..., f (x n ), f (b).
Bc 3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht trong cc gi tr
tnh trn l cc gi tr max, min tng ng cn tm.
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 6. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
3
f (x ) = x 4 x 2 x + 3 trn on [0; 2].
2
Ch
Nu bi cha cho on [a; b ] th ta phi tm MX
ca hm s trc khi lm bc 1.
C th i bin s t = t (x ) v vit y = f (x ) = g(t (x )).
Gi T l min gi tr ca hm t (x ) th:
max f (x ) = max g(t ), min f (x ) = min g(t ).
Hm s lin tc trn khong (a; b)

Cho hm y = f (x ) lin tc trn (a; b) (a, b c th l ).
x X
t T
x X
t T
VD 7. Tm max, min ca f (x ) = x 2 + 5x + 6 .
sin x + 1
VD 8. Tm max, min ca y =
.
sin2 x + sin x + 1
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
2) Nu min{f (x 1 ),..., f (x n )} < min{L1, L2 } th

min f = min{f (x 1 ),..., f (x n )} .
x (a ;b )
3) Nu khng tha 1) (hoc 2)) th hm s khng t

max (hoc min).
VD 9. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
x3
f (x ) = 2
trn khong (1; +).
x 1
Ch
Ta c th lp bng bin thin ca f (x ) thay cho bc 3.
VD 10. Tm iu kin ca tham s m phng trnh
sau c nghim: m
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
x 2 + 2 1 x = 0.
tm max f (x ) v min f (x ), ta thc hin cc bc:

x (a ;b )
x (a ;b )
Bc 1. Gii phng trnh f (x ) = 0 . Gi s c n

nghim x 1,..., x n [a; b ] (loi cc nghim ngoi [a; b ]).
Bc 2. Tnh f (x 1 ),..., f (x n ) v hai gii hn
L1 = lim+ f (x ), L2 = lim f (x ).
x a
x b
Bc 3. Kt lun:
1) Nu max{f (x 1 ),..., f (x n )} > max{L1, L2 } th
max f = max{f (x 1 ),..., f (x n )}.
x (a ;b )
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
3.3. Khong li, lm ca th im un

a) nh ngha
Hm s f (x ) c gi l hm li trong (a; b ) nu f (x )
tng trong (a; b). Khi , th y = f (x ) c gi l
th lm trong (a; b ).
Hm s f (x ) c gi l hm lm trong (a; b) nu
f (x ) gim trong (a; b). Khi , th y = f (x ) c
gi l th li trong (a; b).
im M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ) trn th nm gia phn lm v li
c gi l im un ca th hm s y = f (x ).
13
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 11. Hm s y = x 3 3x 2 + 1
lm v c th li trong (; 1);
3
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 12. Xc nh tnh li, lm ca hm s:
y = x 2 8 ln x .
hm y = x 3x + 1 li v c
th lm trong (1; +).
M (1; 1) l im un ca th.
b) nh l
Nu f (x ) > 0 (hay f (x ) < 0 ) vi mi x (a; b) th
VD 13. Tm cc khong li, lm ca th hm s:

y = arccos x .
th hm s y = f (x ) lm (hay li) trong (a; b).
Nu f (x 0 ) = 0 v f (x ) i du khi x chuyn t tri

sang phi qua im x 0 th M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ) l im un ca
VD 14. Xc nh tnh li, lm ca hm s y = arctan 2x

v th ca hm s y = arctan 2x .
th hm s y = f (x ).
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
3.4. Tim cn ca th
Tim cn ng
ng cong y = f (x ) c tim cn ng x = x 0 nu
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 15. Tm tt c cc tim cn ca th hm s:
y=
lim f (x ) = .
x x 0
Tim cn xin
ng cong y = f (x ) c tim cn xin y = ax + b nu
f (x )
lim
= a, lim f (x ) ax = b.
x x
x
ln(1 x 2 )
x3
VD 16. Tm tim cn xin ca th hm s:

y = 3 x 2(x 1) .
VD 17. Tm tim cn xin (ngang) ca th hm s:

y = x + x 2 4x + 5 .
Ch
Khi a = 0 th th c tim cn ngang y = b .
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
4. CNG THC TAYLOR

4.1. Cng thc khai trin Taylor
Cho hm s f (x ) lin tc trn [a; b ] c o hm n cp
Khai trin Maclaurin

Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Peano ti x 0 = 0 c
gi l khai trin Maclaurin.
n + 1 trn (a; b) vi x , x 0 (a ; b ) ta c cc khai trin:

Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Lagrange
n f (k )(x )
f (n +1)(c)
0
f (x ) =
(x x 0 )k +
(x x 0 )n +1
k
!
(
n
+
1)!
k =0
vi c (a; b ).
Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Peano

n f (k )(x )
0
f (x ) =
(x x 0 )k + O((x x 0 )n ).
k
!
k =0
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
f (k )(0) k
x + O(x n ).
k!
k =0
n
Vy:
f (x ) =
Khai trin Maclaurin c vit li:
f (x ) = f (0) +
f / (0)
f // (0) 2
x+
x + ...
1!
2!
f (n )(0) n
... +
x + O(x n ).
n!
VD 1. Khai trin Maclaurin ca f (x ) = tan x n x 3 .
14
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
m(m 1) 2
x + ...
2!
m(m 1)...(m n + 1) n
... +
x + 0(x n ).
n!
1
VD 2. Khai trin Maclaurin ca f (x ) =
n x 3 .
x +1
Ch
Nu u(x ) l VCB khi x 0 th ta thay x trong cc
cng thc trn bi u(x ).
1
VD 3. Khai trin Maclaurin hm y =
n x 6 .
2
1 + 3x
VD 4. Khai trin Maclaurin ca y = ln(1 2x 2 ) n x 6 .
4.2. Cc khai trin Maclaurin cn nh

1
1)
= 1 + x + x 2 + ... + x n + 0(x n ).
1x
x x2
xn
+ 0(x n ).
2) e x = 1 + + + ... +
1! 2!
n!
x x2 x3 x4
3) ln(1 + x ) = +
+ ... + 0(x n ).
1 2
3
4
x2 x4 x6
4) cos x = 1 +
+ ... + 0(x n ).
2! 4! 6!
x x3 x5 x7
5) sin x = + + ... + 0(x n ).
1! 3! 5! 7!
6) (1 + x )m = 1 + mx +
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
4
VD 5. Khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s y = 2 n x .

x
VD 6. Khai trin Maclaurin ca y = e sin x n x 3 .
VD 7. Khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s:

f (x ) =
1+x +x
1x + x
B. f (7)(0) = 560 ;
C. f (7)(0) = 3360 ;
D. f (7)(0) = 6720 .
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 9. Tnh s e chnh xc n = 103 .

x
x2
xn
Gii. Ta c: e x = 1 + +
+ ... +
+ 0(x n )
1! 2!
n!
1
1
e 1 + 1 + + ... + .
2!
n!
Vy e 2 +
ec
, c (0; 1)
(n + 1)!
f (k )(x 0 )
k =0
k!
f (x )
vi sai s Rn (x ) =
A. f (7)(0) = 480 ;
<
T cng thc khai trin Taylor, ta c:
n x 4 v tnh f (4)(0).
VD 8. Cho hm f (x ) = x 3 cos 2x . Gi tr ca f (7)(0) l:
vi sai s = Rn (x ) =
4.3. ng dng ca cng thc Taylor

4.3.1. Tnh gi tr gn ng ca hm s (tham kho)
(x x 0 )k
(n +1)
f
(c )
(x x 0 )n +1 , c (a; b).
(n + 1)!
Nu f (n +1)(x ) M , x [a; b ] th ta c nh gi
sai s: Rn (x )
n +1
M
.
x x0
(n + 1)!
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
4.3.2. Tm gii hn t s ca hai VCB
a) Phn chnh ca VCB (x) khi x 0 (tham kho)

Nu (x ) l VCB khi x 0 tha (k1)(0) = 0 v
(k )(0) k
x c
k!
(k )(0) k
gi l phn chnh ca (x ). Khi , (x )
x .
k!
(k )(0) 0 (k = 1, 2,...) th i lng
3
n = 6.
(n + 1)!
VD 10. Xt (x ) = e tan x 1. Khi x 0 , ta c:

(0) = 0 , (0) = 1 0 phn chnh ca (x ) l x .
1
1
1
1
1
+ + + + .
2! 3! 4 ! 5! 6!
Nhn xt. Khi x 0 th e tan x 1 x .
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
15
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
b) Cc v d tm gii hn
e x ex 2x
.
x 0
x sin x
x
x2 x3
Gii. Ta c: e x = 1 + +
+
+ 0(x 3 ),
1! 2! 3!
ex = 1
VD 12. Tnh L = lim
ln(1 + x ) + e x sin 2x 1
x 0
x3 + 1 1
1 3
x ,
6
x2 x3
ln(1 + x ) = x
+
+ 0(x 3 ),
2
3
Gii. Ta c: 6 x 3 + 1 1
x
x2 x3
+
+ 0(x 3 ),
1! 2! 3!
x3
sin x = x
+ 0(x 3 ).
3!
1 3
x + 0(x 3 )
e x ex 2x
3
Vy L = lim
= lim
= 2.
x 0
x 0 1 3
x sin x
x + 0(x 3 )
6
x2 x3
+
+ 0(x 3 ),
2
6
4
sin 2x = 2x + x 3 + 0(x 3 )
3
11
x
ln(1 + x ) + e sin 2x 1 x 3 L = 11 .
6
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
4.3.3. Tm tim cn cong (hay xin) ca th hm s

Nu f (x ) = g(x ) + (x ) vi g(x ) l a thc v (x ) l
VCB khi x th th (C ) : y = f (x ) c ng
tim cn cong y = g(x ).
VD 13. Tm tim cn xin ca (C ): y = 3 x 2 (x 1) .
Gii. Khi x , ta c:
ex = 1 + x +
VD 14. Tm tim cn xin ca (C ) : y =

1
x3
.
x 1
1
1 3
1
1
+ 0
y = x 1 = x 1
x
3x 9x 2
x 2
1
1
1
=x
+ 0 .
x
3 9x
1
Vy y = x l tim cn xin ca th (C ).
3
1 2
Gii. Ta c: y = x 1 +
. Khi x th:
x 1
1
x
x
.
y= x +
+ O
2
2(x 1) 8(x 1)2
(
x
1)
x
1
Khi x + th: y x +
x + .
2(x 1)
2
x
1
Khi x th: y x
x .
2(x 1)
2
1
1
Vy y = x + , y = x l 2 tim cn xin ca (C ).
2
2
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 15. Tm tim cn cong ca (C ) : y =

1
Gii. Ta c: y = x 2 .
2
x3
+
1
x 4 2x + 3
3
x4 .
x
1
x
t t =
0 , ta suy ra:
x
1
y = x 2 (1 2t 3 + 3t 4 ).
1 t2
= x 2 (1 2t 3 + 3t 4 )(1 + t 2 + 0(t 2 ))
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
x 1
= x 2 (1 + t 2 2t 3 + O(t 3 ))
1
1
2
= x 2 1 +
+ O
x 3
x2 x3
= x2 + 1
1
2
+ O x 2 + 1.
x
x
Vy th c tim cn cong l y = x 2 + 1.
Cch khc
y = x2 +1 +
4 2x
x 2 + 1 khi x .
x2 1
16
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
5. QUY TC LHOSPITAL
nh l (quy tc LHospital)
Cho hai hm s f (x ), g(x ) kh vi trong ln cn ca im
x 0 v g (x ) 0 trong ln cn ca x 0 (c th g (x 0 ) = 0 ).
Nu lim f (x ) = lim g(x ) = 0 (hoc ) v
x x 0
x x 0
f (x )
f (x )
= k th lim
= k.
x x 0 g (x )
x x 0 g (x )
lim
Ch
Chiu ngc li trong nh l l khng ng.
Ta c th p dng quy tc LHospital nhiu ln.
e x + e x 2
.
x 0
x2
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
6. KHO ST HM S
(Tham kho)
6.1. Kho st hm s theo tham s
Cho ng cong (C ) xc nh bi phng trnh tham s:
x = x(t )
, t D (D l MX).
y = y(t )
6.1.1. Khong bin thin ca bin t

a) Nu x (t + T ) = x (t ), y(t + T ) = y(t ), t D th ta
ch cn kho st x (t ), y(t ) trong [; + T ].
b) Gi s vi mi t D , tn ti t * sao cho:
x (t *) = x (t ), y(t *) = y(t ). Khi , (C ) nhn Ox lm
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
x 0
A. L = 0 ;
B. L = ;
x 2 sin2 x
x 2 .arctan2 x
1
C. L = ;
2
.
1
D. L = .
3
VD 3. Tm gii hn L = lim x 3 ln x (dng 0 ).

x 0+
1
VD 4. Tnh L = lim cot x (dng ).
x 0
x
VD 5. Tm gii hn L =
1
x
lim x 1
x 1
(dng 1 ).
VD 6. Tm gii hn L = lim (x +
1
x x
3 )
x +
(dng 0 ).
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
x (t *) = x (t ), y(t *) = y(t ). Khi , (C ) nhn Oy lm

trc i xng.
x (t *) = x (t ), y(t *) = y(t ). Khi , (C ) nhn gc ta
O(0; 0) lm tm i xng.
c) Tng qut, gi s vi mi t D , tn ti t * sao cho:

x (t *) = x (t ), y(t *) + y(t ) = 2b . Khi , (C ) nhn
ng thng y = b lm trc i xng.
x (t *) + x (t ) = 2a, y(t *) = y(t ). Khi , (C ) nhn
ng thng x = a lm trc i xng.
x (t *) + x (t ) = 2a, y(t *) + y(t ) = 2b . Khi , (C ) nhn

im I (a ; b ) lm tm i xng.
trc i xng.
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
6.1.2. S bin thin ca x(t), y(t)

Lp bng bin thin ca x (t ), y(t ) nh hm mt bin
Nu lim x (t ) = v lim y(t ) = y 0 th y = y 0 l tim
quen thuc.
Ch
y (t )
Dng yx =
tnh h s gc ca tip tuyn.
x (t )
x (t )y (t ) x (t )y (t )
tm khong li,
Dng y 2 =
x
[x (t )]3
lm ca th.
6.1.3. Tim cn
Nu lim x (t ) = x 0 v lim y(t ) = th x = x 0 l tim
t
cn ng ca (C ).
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
cn ngang ca (C ).
Nu lim x (t ) = , lim y(t ) = v:
t
y(t )
lim
= a, lim[y(t ) x (t )] = b
t x (t )
t
th y = ax + b l tim cn xin ca (C ).
Ch
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C ) ti im M (x , y ) ng
vi t trong h ta Oxy (Descartes) c dng:
y (t )
x (t )y(t ) x (t )y (t )
Y =
X+
(*).
x (t )
x (t )
17
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Gi s khi t t 0 th im M (x , y ) tin ra v cng trn

mt nhnh v tn ca (C ). Khi , gii hn (nu c)
ca (*) l phng trnh tim cn ng vi t = t0 .
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Bng bin thin:
VD 1. Kho st v v th ca ng cong:
t +2
t
x=
,y=
.
2
t(t 1)
1 t2
Gii. MX D = \ {1; 0; 1}. th khng c tnh
i xng, tun hon.
t 3 + 3t 2 1
t2 + 1
Ta c: x (t ) = 2
, y (t ) =
> 0.
t 2 (t 2 1)2
(1 t 2 )2
x (t ) = 0 t = t1 < 1, t = t2 (1; 0), t = t3 > 0 .
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Cho t 1, t 0, t 1 ln lt ta c 3 tim cn
3
1
5
l: Y = X + , Y = 0 v Y = X .
2
3
6
th
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C ) ti im M (x , y ) ng

vi t trong h ta Oxy c dng:
Y =
t 2 (t 2 + 1)
3
2(t + 3t 1)
t(t + 4)
3
2(t + 3t 2 1)
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 2. Kho st v v th ca ng cong:
x = R(t sin t ), y = R(1 cos t ).
Gii. MX D = . V:
x (2k t ) + x (t ) = 2k R, y(2k t ) = y(t )
nn th i xng qua cc ng x = k R .
Ta ch cn kho st ng cong trong khong:

x [0; R ] t [0; ].
Ta c:
x (t ) = R(1 cos t ), y (t ) = R sin t
y 2 =
x
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Bng bin thin
1
R(1 cos t )2
< 0.
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
th
Khi , cp (r , ) c gi
l ta cc ca im M .
Mi lin h gia ta cc
v ta Descartes l:
x = r cos , y = r sin .
6.2. Kho st hm s theo ta cc
6.2.1. H ta cc
Trong mt phng chn im O c nh gi l cc v tia
Ox gi l tia cc. V tr im M ty trong mt phng

hon ton xc nh bi r = OM , = Ox , OM .
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
6.2.2. Phng trnh ng cong

trong ta cc
Phng trnh ng cong trong ta cc c dng:
r = f ().
18
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Cho ng cong (C ) trong ta Descartes c phng

trnh F (x , y ) = 0 . Thay x = r cos , y = r sin vo ta
6.2.3. Kho st v v th hm s r = r()

Ta xem x = r () cos , y = r ()sin v kho st nh
c F (r cos , r sin ) = 0 , nu gii c r theo

th ta thu c phng trnh ca (C ) trong ta cc.
VD 3. Trong mpOxy , xt phng trnh ng trn i qua

gc ta O(0; 0):
(C ) : x 2 + y 2 2ax 2by = 0 .
Ta c:
r 2 cos2 + r 2 sin2 2a(r cos ) 2b(r sin ) = 0 .
Vy phng trnh ca (C ) trong ta cc l:
r = 2(a cos + b sin ).
trng hp theo tham s .

Trong nhiu trng hp khi bin tng dn, ta theo di
chiu bin thin ca r v th.
Gc to bi bn knh cc
v tip tuyn c xc nh
r ()
.
bi cng thc: tg =
r ()
VD 4. Kho st v v th (C ) : r 2 = a 2 cos 2 .
Gii. MX: cos 2 0 + k + k .

4
4
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Hm cos 2 tun hon vi chu k nn ta ch kho st
trong khong v r = a cos 2 .

4
4
a sin 2
Ta c: r () =
= 0 = 0.
cos 2
Bng bin thin
th
Chng 3. Ph
Php tnh tch phn hm mt bi
bin s
1. Tch phn bt nh
2. Tch phn xc nh
3. ng dng ca tch phn xc nh
4. Tch phn suy rng
1. TCH PHN BT NH
1.1. nh ngha
Hm s F (x ) c gi l mt nguyn hm ca f (x ) trn
khong (a; b ) nu F (x ) = f (x ), x (a ; b ).
K hiu
f (x )dx (c l tch phn).
...
Nhn xt
Nu F (x ) l nguyn hm ca f (x ) th F (x ) + C cng l
nguyn hm ca f (x ).
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Tnh cht
1) k .f (x )dx = k f (x )dx , k
2)
f (x )dx = f (x ) + C
d
f (x )dx = f (x )
dx
4) [ f (x ) + g(x )]dx = f (x )dx + g(x )dx .
3)
3)
dx
= ln x + C ;
x
4)
e dx = e + C ;
7) cos xdx = sin x + C ;
x
5)
9)
cos x
dx
MT S NGUYN HM CN NH
a.dx = ax + C , a
11)
x 2 + a 2 = a arctan a + C
2)
x +1
+ C , 1
+1
12)
dx =
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
dx
2
a x
= arcsin
ax
dx
sin2 x
= cot x + C
1)
= 2 x +C
x
x
6)
= tan x + C ; 10)
dx
a dx = ln a + C
8) sin xdx = cos x + C
dx
x
+C, a > 0
a
19
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
13)
dx
x 2 a2
1
x a
ln
+C
2a x + a
dx
x
= ln tan + C
sin x
2
15)
x
dx
= ln tan + + C
2 4
cos x
16)
14)
dx
2
x +a
= ln x + x 2 + a + C
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 1. Tnh I =
4 x2
1 2+x
A. I = ln
+C ;
4
2x
1 x 2
C. I = ln
+C ;
2 x +2
VD 2. Tnh I =
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
1.2. Phng php i bin

a) nh l
Nu f (x )dx = F (x ) + C vi (t ) kh vi th:
f ((t ))(t )dt = F ((t )) + C .

VD 3. Tnh I =
dx
x 3 ln 2 x
dx
.
x (x 3 + 3)
VD 5. Tnh I =
2 sin 4 x + 3 dx .
cot x
2
1
1
+C .
+
dx = ln 2x + 1
2x + 1
2
2(2
x
+ 1)
(2x + 1)
Dng 2: I =
x +
ax 2 + bx + c dx, a 0, > 0.
p
q
dx ,
+
x x1 x x 2
(x 1, x 2 l nghim ca mu thc).
1
Cch gii. Bin i I =
a
VD 8.
3x + 2
1
dx =
2
2
2x + 3x 5
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
dx
x x 6
3x + 2
dx
5
(x 1) x +
B. I =
1
2x
ln
+C ;
4 2+x
D. I =
1 x +2
ln
+C .
2 x 2
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 6. Tnh I =

dx , x 0; .
2
cos x cos2 x + 1
tan x
b) Mt s dng tch phn hu t (tham kho)

x +
dx, a 0.
Dng 1: I =
(ax + b )2
VD 7.
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Cch gii. Bin i I =
VD 4. Tnh I =
dx
4x + 3
2
4x + 4x + 1
dx =
+
dx .
ax + b
(ax + b )2
2(2x + 1) + 1
(2x + 1)2
dx
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
3x + 2
(x 1)(2x + 5) dx = 7 . x 1 +
5
11
ln x 1 + ln 2x + 5 + C .
7
14
Dng 3: I =
x +
ax 2 + bx + c dx, a 0, < 0.
Cch gii. Bin i I =

VD 9. I =
11
1
.
dx
7 2x + 5
2x + 1
2
4x 4x + 5
X
p
+
dx .
2
2
X + X +
dx =
(2x 1) + 2
(2x 1)2 + 4 dx
20
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
2x 1
I1
I2
(2x 1)2 + 4 dx + (2x 1)2 + 4 dx .

2
1 d[(2x 1) + 4] 1
= ln[(2x 1)2 + 4] + C .
4 (2x 1)2 + 4
4
2x 1
d
2x 1
1
2
1
+ C .
I2 =
= arctan
2
2
2
2
2x 1
1 +
I1 =
Vy I =
2x 1
1
1
+ C .
ln 4x 2 4x + 5 + arctan
4
2
2
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Vy I =
1 1 + 1 dx = 1 + ln x 1 + C .
2
x
x x 1
x
x
VD 11. Tnh I =
x 2 + 4x + 4
dx .
x (x 1)2
x 2 + 4x + 4 A
B
C
= +
+
Gii. Ta c:
.
2
x
x 1 (x 1)2
x (x 1)
ng nht cc h s, ta c: A = 4, B = 3, C = 9 .
dx
dx
dx
3
+ 9
x
x 1
(x 1)2
9
= 4 ln x 3 ln x 1
+C .
x 1
Vy I = 4
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
c) Tch phn hm lng gic

I = R(sin x , cos x )dx .
Cch gii
Nu R( sin x , cos x ) = R(sin x , cos x ) (ngha l bc
ca sin l) th ta t t = cos x .
Nu R(sin x , cos x ) = R(sin x , cos x ) (ngha l bc
ca cosin l) th ta t t = sin x .
Nu R( sin x , cos x ) = R(sin x , cos x ) (ngha l bc
ca sin v cosin chn) th ta t t = tan x hoc h bc.
1
Nu R(sin x , cos x ) =
th ta t:
a sin x + b cos x + c
x
2t
1 t2
t = tan sin x =
, cos x =
.
2
1 + t2
1 + t2
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Dng 4. Tch phn hm hu t bc cao

Cch gii. Bin i hm di du tch phn v cc
phn thc ti gin.
dx
VD 10. Tnh I = 2
.
x (x 1)
Gii. Ta c:
1
A B
C
=
+ +
x
x 1
x 2 (x 1) x 2
(B + C )x 2 + (A B )x A
.
x 2 (x 1)
ng nht cc h s, ta c:
A = 1, B = 1, C = 1.
=
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
x2 3
x 3 7x + 6 dx .
x2 3
x2 3
Gii. Ta c: 3
=
x 7x + 6 (x 1)(x 2)(x + 3)
A
B
C
=
+
+
.
x 1 x 2 x + 3
1
1
3
ng nht cc h s, ta c: A = , B = , C = .
2
5
10
1
dx
1
dx
3
dx
+
+
Vy I =
2 x 1 5 x 2 10 x + 3
1
1
3
= ln x 1 + ln x 2 + ln x + 3 + C .
2
5
10
VD 12. Tnh I =
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 13. Tnh I =
sin
VD 14. Tnh I =
VD 15. Tnh I =
2x cos2 x dx .
dx
2
sin x + sin 2x cos2 x

dx
.
4 sin x + 3 cos x + 5
1.3. Phng php tch phn tng phn

a) Cng thc
u(x )v (x )dx = u(x )v(x ) u (x )v(x )dx
hay
udv = uv vdu.
21
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 16. Tnh I =
x ln x dx .
VD 17. Tnh I =
x
2x
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
b) Cc dng tch phn tng phn thng gp
dx .
i vi dng tch phn
Ch
i vi nhiu tch phn kh th ta phi i bin trc
khi ly tng phn.
VD 18. Tnh I =
cos
VD 19. Tnh I =
cos
P(x )ln
x dx ,
u = ln x , dv = P (x )dx .
x dx .
Ta chia on [a; b ] thnh n on nh bi cc im chia

x 0 = a < x1 < ... < xn 1 < xn = b .
Ly im k [x k 1; x k ] ty (k = 1, n ).
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Tnh cht
b
1)
k =1
Gii hn hu hn (nu c) I =
lim
max(x k x k 1 ) 0
2)
f (x )dx .
a
b
[ f (x ) g (x )]dx
a
a
3)
4)
f (x )dx
f (x )dx =
g (x )dx
f (x )dx = f (x )dx
b
f (x )dx = 0;
a
b
c gi
l tch phn xc nh ca f (x ) trn on [a ; b ].
k .f (x )dx = k f (x )dx , k
a
b
Lp tng tch phn: = f (k )(x k x k 1 ).
f (x )dx +
f (x )dx , c [a ; b ]
c
b
5) f (x ) 0, x [a ; b ]
f (x )dx 0
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
b
6) f (x ) g(x ), x [a ; b ]
b
8) m f (x ) M , x [a; b ]
b
m(b a ) f (x )dx M (b a )
a
9) Nu f (x ) lin tc trn on [a; b ] th

b
c [a; b ] : f (x )dx = f (c )(b a ).

a
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
Khi , i lng f (c ) =
f (x )dx f (x ) dx
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
f (x )dx g(x )dx

a
dx , P (x ) l a thc,
P (x ) l a thc, th ta t:
2. TCH PHN XC NH
2.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s f (x ) xc nh trn [a; b ].
7) a < b
u = P (x ), dv = e x dx .
i vi dng tch phn
x e sin x dx .
P(x )e
th ta t:
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
K hiu l I =
cos(ln x )dx .
VD 20. Tnh I =
1
b a
f (x )dx
c gi l
gi tr trung bnh ca f (x ) trn on [a; b].

1
VD 1. Tch phn
dx
b chn (hu hn) v

x + cos2 x
1
hm s f (x ) =
lin tc trn on [0; 1].
2
x + cos 2 x
1
VD 2. Gi tr trung bnh ca hm s f (x ) = trn [1; e ]
x
e
1
dx
1
l
=
.
e 1 1 x
e 1
0
22
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
2.2. Cng thc Newton Leibnitz

2.2.1. Tch phn vi cn trn thay i
sin x
Cho hm f (x ) kh tch trn [a; b ], vi mi x [a; b ] th
x 0+
hm s (x ) =
2t dt
0
tan x
f (t )dt lin tc ti mi x 0 [a; b ]
.
sin t dt
v (x ) = f (x ).
x
2
VD 3. Xt (x ) = e dt, x > 0 .
0
t2
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
2.2.2. Cng thc Newton Leibnitz

Nu f (x ) lin tc trn [a ; b ] v F (x ) l mt nguyn hm
f (x )dx = 2 f (x )dx .
0
l nguyn hm ca f (x ) trn [a; b ].
4) tnh
f (x )dx = F (x ) a = F (b) F (a ).
a
Nhn xt
1) C hai phng php tnh tch phn nh 1.
f (x )dx = 0 .
f (x ) dx ta dng bng xt du ca f (x )
2) f (x ) lin tc v l trn [; ] th
x2 + 1
3) f (x ) lin tc v chn trn [; ] th:
f (t )dt v F (x ) = (x )+C
dt
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
ty ca f (x ) th (x ) =
x +
Ta c: f (t ) = e v (x ) = f (x ) = e x .
Vy ta c:
(arctan t )
t2
tch f (x ) thnh tng ca cc hm trn mi on nh.

c bit
b
f (x ) dx =
f (x )dx
nu f (x ) 0, x (a ;b ).
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
3
VD 6. Tnh tch phn I =
dx
x 2 2x + 5 .
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 10*. Lp cng thc quy np (truy hi) tnh:
(x 2 + 1) ln x
dx .
x
In =
tan
x dx , n 2 .
x 2 + 1.sin 3 x dx .
VD 11*. Lp cng thc quy np (truy hi) tnh:
1
3
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
x 4 x dx .
In =
sin
x dx , n 2 .
23
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
1
xn
x + 1 dx = 0 .
n
Nhn xt. t t = x , ta c: I n = cosn x dx .

2
0
VD 12*. Chng minh rng: lim
S dng cng thc truy hi, ta c cng thc Walliss:

(n 1)!!
, n le
2
2
n !!
n
n
=
=
sin
xd
x
cos
x
dx
. (n 1)!! , n chan
0
0
2
n !!
Trong :
0!! = 1!! = 1; 2!! = 2; 3!! = 3; 4 !! = 2.4 ;
5!! = 1.3.5; 6!! = 2.4.6; 7 !! = 1.3.5.7;...
VD 13*. S dng nh ngha tch phn, tnh gii hn:

1
1
2
n
L = lim 1 + + 1 + + ... + 1 + .
n n
n
n
n

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
3. NG DNG CA TCH PHN XC NH

3.1. Tnh din tch S ca hnh phng
3.1.1. Bin hnh phng cho trong ta Descartes
a) Bin hnh phng cho bi phng trnh tng qut
S=
VD 14*. S dng nh ngha tch phn, tnh gii hn:

1
1
1
1
L = lim +
+
+ ... +
.
n n + 1 n + 2
n
2n 1
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 1. Tnh din tch hnh phng S gii hn bi

cc ng y = x 2 v y = x 4 .
1
2
A. S = ; B. S =
15
15
4
8
C. S = ; D. S = .
15
15
f (x ) f (x ) dx
2
S = g 2 (y ) g1 (y ) dy
Chng 3. Ph
bin s

y = x 2 4 x + 3 v trc honh.

cc ng y = e x 1 , y = e 2x 3 v x = 0 .
1
ln 4 1
1 ln 2
1
A. ln 4 ; B.
; C.
; D. ln 2
2
2
2
2
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 5. Tnh din tch S gii hn

bi ng cong:
x (t ) = t 2 1, y(t ) = 4t t 3 .
b) Bin hnh phng cho bi phng trnh tham s

Hnh phng gii hn bi ng cong c phng trnh
x = x (t ), y = y(t ) vi t [; ] th:
S = y(t ).x (t ) dt .
VD 4. Tnh din tch hnh elip S :
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
x2
a2
y2
b2
3.1.2. Din tch hnh qut cong trong ta cc

Din tch hnh qut cong S c
bin c cho trong ta cc
(xem 6. Chng 2) gii hn
bi r = r (), [; ] l:
1.
S=
1
r 2 ()d .
2
24
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 6. Tnh din tch hnh qut cong S gii hn bi:

r = 2 cos 4, 0; .
8
VD 7. Tnh din tch hnh

qut cong S gii hn bi:
y = 0, y = 3 x ,
2
2
x + y 2x = 0.
VD 8. Tnh din tch hnh qut cong S gii hn bi:

x = 0, y = x v x 2 + y 2 + 2y = 0 .
A. S =
1
3 1
3
+ ; B. S =
+ ; C. S =
; D. S = .
4 2
2
2
4
2
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
b) ng cong c phng trnh tham s

c phng trnh tham s
Cho cung AB
x = x (t )
, t [; ] th:
y = y(t )
l = [x (t )] + [y (t )] dt .
2
AB
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
3.2. Tnh di l ca ng cong

a) ng cong c phng trnh tng qut

Cho cung AB c phng trnh y = f (x ), x [a ; b ] th:
b
l =
AB
1 + [ f (x )]2 dx .

VD 9. Tnh di l ca cung y = ln(cos x ), x 0; .
4
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
c) ng cong c phng trnh trong ta cc

c phng trnh trong ta cc l
Cho cung AB
r = r (), [; ] th:
l =
AB
r 2 () + [r ()]2 d .
VD 10. Tnh di l ca cung C c phng trnh:
x = t 2 + 1
, t 0; 1 .
2
y = ln t + t + 1
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
3.3. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay

a) Vt th quay quanh Ox
Th tch V ca vt th do min phng S gii hn bi
y = f (x ), y = 0 , x = a , x = b quay quanh Ox l:
b
V = [ f (x )] dx .
2
VD 12. Tnh th tch V do hnh phng S gii hn bi

y = ln x , y = 0, x = 1, x = e quay xung quanh Ox .
VD 13. Tnh V do (E ) :
x2
a2
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
y2
b2
= 1 quay quanh Ox .
VD 11. Tnh di l ca cung:

r = a(1 + cos ), [0; ].
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
b) Vt th quay quanh Oy
Th tch V ca vt th do min phng S gii hn bi
x = g(y ), x = 0 , y = c v y = d quay quanh Oy l:
d
V = [g(y )]2 dy.

c
VD 14. Tnh th tch V do hnh phng

S gii hn bi y = 2x x 2 , y = 0
quay xung quanh Oy .
Gii. Ta c:
x = 1 + 1 y , x 1
y = 2x x 2
.
x = 1 1 y , x < 1
25
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
1
Vy V =
0
1 + 1y
) (1
2
= 4
1 y dy =
1 y dy
1
8
8
(1 y )3 =
.
3
3
0
Ch . Th tch V ca vt th do min phng S gii

hn bi y = f (x ), y = 0 , x = a v x = b quay quanh
Oy cn c tnh theo cng thc:
b
V = 2 xf (x )dx (*).
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
3.4. Tnh din tch mt trn xoay

a) Din tch mt trn xoay S do ng cong y = f (x ),
a x b , quay xung quanh trc Ox l:
b
S = 2 f (x ) 1 + [ f (x )]2 dx .
a
VD 16. Tnh din tch mt cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 .

b) Din tch mt trn xoay S do ng cong x = g(x ),
c y d , quay xung quanh trc Oy l:
d
S = 2 g(y ) 1 + [g (y )]2 dy.
VD 15. Dng cng thc (*) gii li VD 14.
VD 17. Tnh S do y = x 2 , 0 x 1 xoay quanh Oy .
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
4. TCH PHN SUY RNG

4.1. Tch phn suy rng loi 1
4.1.1. nh ngha
Cho hm s f (x ) xc nh trn [a ; +), kh tch trn
mi on [a ; b ] (a < b ).
b
Gii hn (nu c) ca
f (x )dx khi b + c gi
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
nh ngha tng t:
b
f (x )dx = lim
f (x )dx = lim
f (x )dx ;
a
b
f (x )dx.
b +
a a
l tch phn suy rng loi 1 ca f (x ) trn [a ; +).

K hiu:
+
f (x )dx = lim
b +
Nghin cu v tch phn suy rng (ni chung) l kho

st s hi t v tnh gi tr hi t (thng l kh).
f (x )dx .
a
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
+
VD 1. Kho st s hi t ca tch phn I =

b
I = lim
b +
Gii Trng hp = 1:
Nu cc gii hn trn tn ti hu hn th ta ni tch phn

hi t, ngc li l tch phn phn k.
dx
x
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
1
(hi t).
1
Vi 1: I = + (phn k).
Vy: Vi > 1 : I =
dx
= lim ln x = + (phn k).
1
b +
x
Trng hp khc 1:
b
dx
1
=
I = lim
lim x 1
b +
1
1 b +
1 x
1
1
, >1
=
lim b1 1 = 1
+ , < 1.
1 b +
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
2
(1 x )
+
dx
dx
2
1 + x
26
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Ch
Nu tn ti lim F (x ) = F (+), ta dng cng thc:
x +
+
f (x )dx = F (x )
+
a
4.1.2. Cc tiu chun hi t

a) Tiu chun 1. Nu 0 f (x ) g(x ), x [a; +)
+
f (x )dx = F (x )
VD 4. Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =
f (x )dx = F (x )
c) Tiu chun 3
Cho f (x ), g(x ) lin tc, lun dng trn [a ; +)
f (x ) dx hi t th
f (x )dx hi t (ngc li
v lim
x +
khng ng).
Cc trng hp khc tng t.
f (x )
= k . Khi :
g(x )
Nu 0 < k < + th:

+
f (x )dx v
e x cos 3x dx .
g(x )dx cng hi t hoc phn k.
a
+
Nu k = 0 v
g(x )dx hi t th
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
k = +
Nu +
th
g(x )dx phan ky
a
f (x )dx phn k.
1 + x 2 + 2x 3
Ch
Nu f (x ) g(x ) (x +) th
f (x )dx v
VD 8. iu kin ca I =
dx
g(x )dx c cng tnh cht.
f (x )dx hi t.
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
10
e x dx .
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
b) Tiu chun 2
+
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Tng t:
Nu
f (x )dx hi t.
Nu tn ti lim F (x ) = F ( ) , ta dng cng thc:

x
b
g(x )dx hi t th
A. > 3 ;
3
B. > ;
2
dx
x . ln x + 1
3
C. > 2 ;
+
VD 9. iu kin ca I =
dx
.
1 + sin x + x
hi t l:
1
D. > .
2
(x 2 + 1)dx
2x + x 4 3
hi t?
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
27
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
4.2. Tch phn suy rng loi 2

4.2.1. nh ngha
Cho hm s f (x ) xc nh trn [a ; b ) v khng xc nh
ti b , kh tch trn mi on [a ; b ] ( > 0).
b
Gii hn (nu c) ca
f (x )dx khi 0 c gi l
tch phn suy rng loi 2 ca f (x ) trn [a ; b ).
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
nh ngha tng t:
b
f (x )dx = lim
f (x )dx (suy rng ti a );
a+
b
f (x )dx = lim
f (x )dx (suy rng ti a , b ).
a+
Nu cc gii hn trn tn ti hu hn th ta ni tch phn

hi t, ngc li l tch phn phn k.
b
VD 10. Kho st s hi t ca I =
K hiu:
b
f (x )dx = lim
I = lim
0+
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
dx
= lim ln x = ln b lim ln = + .
x
0+
0+
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
1
3
Trng hp khc 1:
b
I = lim
0
dx
x
= lim x dx =
0
1
lim x 1
1 0
b1
1
, <1
1
1
=
= 1
lim b
0
1
+ , > 1.
1
6
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
4.1.2. Cc tiu chun hi t

Cc tiu chun hi t nh tch phn suy rng loi 1.
x . ln 2 x
dx
2
x x
VD 15. Tch phn suy rng I =
f (x )dx v
g(x )dx
c cng tnh cht (vi b l cn suy rng).

1
VD 14. Tch phn suy rng I =
x dx
x (x + 1)(2 x )
hi t khi v ch khi:
1
1
A. < 1; B. < ; C. > ;
2
2
D. .
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Ch
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
dx
3
Vi 1 : I = + (phn k).
1 9x 2
b
(hi t).
1
Nu f (x ) g(x ) (x b ) th
3dx
A. I = ; B. I = ; C. I = ; D. I = + .
3
3
6
Vy
Vi < 1: I =
Gii. Trng hp = 1:
f (x )dx .
dx
x , b > 0.
x + 1
(x 2 + 1)sin x
phn k khi v ch khi:

1
1
A. 1; B. ; C. ;
2
2
dx
D. .
Ch
Cho I = I 1 + I 2 vi I , I 1 , I 2 l cc tch phn suy rng
ta c:
1) I 1 v I 2 hi t I hi t.
28
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
I ( phan ky )
I
2) 1
hoc 1
I 2 0
I 2
th I phn k.
I ( phan ky )
I
3) 1
hoc 1
I 2 > 0
I 2
th cha th kt lun I phn k.

1
VD 16. I =
x + 1
x 2 sin x
+ ( phan ky )
0
+ ( phan ky )
<0
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
1. KHI NIM C BN V CHUI S

1.1. nh ngha
Cho dy s c v hn cc s hng u1, u2 ,..., un ,...
Biu thc
u1 + u2 + ... + un + ... = un
n =1
c gi l chui s.
dx phn k khi v ch khi:
1
1
1
A. ; B. ; C. ; D. .
4
4
2
Cc s u1, u2 ,..., un ,... l cc s hng v un c gi l

s hng tng qut ca chui s.
Tng n s hng u tin Sn = u1 + u2 + ... + un c

gi l tng ring th n ca chui s.
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Nu dy {Sn }
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
hi t n s S hu hn th ta ni
chui s hi t v c tng l S , ta ghi l
un = S .
Vy
n =1
Ngc li, ta ni chui s phn k.
VD 1. Xt s hi t ca chui nhn
Vi q > 1 th Sn chui phn k.
aq n
aq n1 hi t q
vi a 0 .
VD 2. Xt s hi t ca chui s
Nu
n =1
n =1
un , vn
n4
n =1 3n
+n +2
hi t th:
(un + vn ) = un + vn .
n =1
1.3. Tnh cht
un phn k.
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
u = 0,
un hi t th nlim
n
n =1
ln 1 + n .
n =1
1.2. iu kin cn chui s hi t
ngc li nu lim un 0 th
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
n =1
n(n + 1) .
n =1
n =1
Gii
q = 1: Sn = na chui phn k.
1 qn
1 qn
q 1: Sn = u1.
= aq.
1q
1q
aq
chui hi t.
Vi q < 1 th Sn
1 q
Nu chui
< 1.
n =1
Nu
n =1
n =1
n =1
un hi t th: un = un .
n =1
n =1
n =1
Tnh cht hi t hay phn k ca chui s khng i

nu ta thm hoc bt i hu hn s hng.
n5
n4 + 1.
n =1
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
29
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Nu
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
2. CHUI S DNG
2.1. nh ngha
un c gi l chui s dng nu un 0,
n .
n =1
vn
un hi t.
hi t th
n =1
Nu
n =1
un phn k th vn
n =1
Khi un > 0, n th chui s l dng thc s.
phn k.
n =1
2.2. Cc nh l so snh
n.2n .
n =1
nh l 1
un , vn tha:
Cho hai chui s dng
n =1
n =1
0 un vn , n n0 .
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Cho hai chui s
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
n =1
tha:
n =1
un > 0 v vn > 0 vi n ln v lim
Nu k = 0 th
Nu k = + th
un
n =1
Nu 0 < k < + th
un ,
n =1
phn k.
n =1
n.3n +1
bng cch
Ch
hi t khi > 1 v phn k khi 1.
vn cng tnh cht.
n =1
n =1
n +1
2n 5 + 3
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
2.3.2. Tiu chun Cauchy
un v lim
un +1
Nu D < 1 th chui hi t.
Nu D > 1 th chui phn k.
Nu D = 1 th cha th kt lun.
un
Cho chui s dng
= D.
nu
un v nlim
n
Nu C < 1 th chui hi t.
Nu C > 1 th chui phn k.
Nu C = 1 th cha th kt lun.
5n (n !)2
(2n )! .
n =1
n2
1
VD 7. Xt s hi t ca chui s .

n =1 2
=C .
n =1
3n 1 + n
n =1
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
n =1
n =1
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
n =1
n =1
2n (n + 1)
n =1
Chui
2.3. Cc tiu chun hi t

2.3.1. Tiu chun DAlembert
Cho chui s dng
so snh vi
= k.
vn
hi t vn hi t.
2 n
un
un phn k vn
n =1
un , vn
bng cch
n =1
n =1
nh l 2
VD 2. Xt s hi t ca chui iu ha
1
so snh vi ln 1 + .
nn
3n .
n =1
30
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
2.3.3. Tiu chun Tch phn Maclaurin Cauchy

Cho hm s f (x ) lin tc, khng m v gim trn na
khong [k ; +), k . Khi :
n =k
f (n ) hoi tu
3. CHUI S C DU TY
3.1. Chui an du
a) nh ngha. Chui s
n =1
1
n2
chui s an du nu un > 0, n .
(1)n
2n + 1
VD 1.
, (1)n +1
l cc chui an du.
2n +1
n =1 n
n =1
b) nh l Leibnitz
Nu dy {un }n gim nghim ngt v un 0 th chui
n ln3 n .
(1)n un
n =2
hi t. Khi , ta gi l chui Leibnitz.
n =1
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
3.2. Chui c du ty
a) nh ngha
(1)n
.
n
n =1
c gi l
n =1
f (x )dx hoi tu.
(1)n un
Chui
un , un c gi l chui c du ty .
n =1
(1)
n =1
2n + 1
2n +1
n =1
n =1
un c gi l hi t tuyt i nu un hi t.
(1)n
n =2
n + (1)
un c gi l bn hi t nu un hi t v
n =1
n =1
un phn k.
n =1
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
(1)n
VD 5. Chui s
l bn hi t.
n =1 n
4. CHUI HM
4.1. Khi nim chung v chui hm

4.1.1. Cc nh ngha
b) nh l
Nu
un
hi t th chui c du ty
n =1
n =1
cos(n n )
n =1
n2
n =1
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
un hi t.
n =1
c gi l chui hm s hay chui hm trn D .

n +1
(1) + (2)
3n
trn D . Tng hnh thc:
u1(x ) + u2(x ) + ... + un (x ) + ... = un (x ) (1)
Cho dy hm u1(x ), u2(x ),..., un (x ),... cng xc nh
Nu ti x 0 D , chui s
un (x 0 ) hi t (phn k)
n =1
th x 0 c gi l im hi t (phn k) ca chui (1).
31
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Tp hp cc im hi t x 0 ca chui (1) c gi l
min hi t ca chui (1).
Chui (1) c gi l hi t tuyt i ti x 0 D nu
chui
un (x 0 ) hi t.
Ta vit l:
un (x ) = f (x ).
n =1
Khi , Rn (x ) = f (x ) S n (x ) c gi l phn d ca
(1) v ti mi x thuc min hi t th lim Rn (x ) = 0 .
n
n =1
Tng Sn (x ) = u1(x ) + u2 (x ) + ... + un (x ) c gi l

tng ring th n ca chui (1).
Trong min hi t ca chui (1), tng Sn (x ) hi t v
mt hm s f (x ) no .
Hm f (x ) = lim Sn (x ) xc nh trong min hi t ca
n
chui (1) c gi l tng ca chui (1).
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
x 2n
VD 2. Tm min hi t ca chui hm
.
Gii
n =1 n !
Vi x = 0 : Chui hi t.
Vi x 0 , ta c:
2
x 2(n +1) x 2n
= lim x = 0 chui hi t.
lim
:
n (n + 1)!
n ! n n + 1
Vy min hi t ca chui hm l .
4.1.2. Chui hm hi t u
a) nh ngha
Chui (1) c gi l hi t u trong min D nu
Rn (x ) = un +1(x ) + un +2 (x ) + ... + un +m (x ) + ...
hi t u v 0 trong min D .
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
VD 1. Tm min hi t ca chui hm nenx .

n =1
Gii
Vi x > 0 : lim
ne nx = e x < 1 chui hi t.
Vi x 0 : nenx
/ 0 chui phn k.
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Ngha l:
> 0, N = N () : n > N , x D | Rn (x ) | < .
b) Tiu chun hi t u Weierstrass

Nu chui (1) tha mn:
un (x ) C n , x D, C n v
n =0
hi t
sin nx
hi t u trn v:
n2
n =1
sin nx
1
1
v
hi t.
2
2
2
n
n
n =1 n
an x n hi t ti x = 0 th chui
n =0
an x n .
n =0
anx n cha x = 0 nn khc rng.
hi t tuyt i ti mi im x ; .
Nhn xt
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
n =1
anx n
n =0
n =0
VD 3. Chui hm
H qu
Nu chui hm
c gi l chui ly tha.
th chui (1) hi t u trong min D .
Nu chui hm
Nu t x = x x 0 th chui ly tha c dng
Vy min hi t ca chui hm l 0;+ .
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
an (x x 0 )n vi an , x 0 l cc hng s
Min hi t ca
4.2.2. B Abel
4.2. Chui ly tha

4.2.1. nh ngha
Chui hm
phn k ti x = th phn k
ti mi x tha x > .
4.2.3. Bn knh hi t
a) nh ngha
S R > 0
an x n hi t tuyt i trn (R; R) v
n =0
phn k ti x : x > R c gi l bn knh hi t.
32
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Khong (R; R ) c gi l khong hi t.

Nhn xt
Tm min hi t ca chui ly tha
Bc 1. Tm bn knh hi t R , suy ra khong hi t ca

chui ly tha l: (R; R) .
Nu chui hi t x th R = + .
Nu chui phn k x 0 th R = 0 .
Bc 2. Xt s hi t ca cc chui s ti x = R .
b) Phng php tm bn knh hi t

a
Nu tn ti lim n +1 = r hoc lim n an = r th:
n a
n
n
Bc 3
Nu cc chui s phn k ti x = R th kt lun:
min hi t ca chui hm l (R; R).
0, r = +
1
R =
, 0 < r < + .
r
+, r = 0
Nu chui s phn k ti x = R v hi t ti x = R
th kt lun: min hi t ca chui hm l [R; R).
Tng t: min hi t l (R; R ], [R; R ].
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
4.3. S lc v chui Fourier

a) Chui lng gic
a
Chui hm dng: 0 + (an cos nx + bn sin nx ) (*)
2
n =1
c gi l chui lng gic.
n =1
(x 1)n
n =1
n.2n
n2
1
VD 6. Tm min hi t ca chui hm 1 + x n .
n
n =1
3n (x + 2)n
n =0
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
b) nh ngha chui Fourier

Chui lng gic (*) c cc h s c tnh theo cng
thc (2), (3) c gi l chui Fourier ca hm f (x ).
Cc h s an , bn c gi l h s Fourier ca f (x ).
Mi hm f (x ) kh tch trn [; ] tng ng vi chui
Fourier ca n v thng thng ta vit:
a
f (x ) 0 + (an cos nx + bn sin nx ).
2
n =1
VD 8. Tm chui Fourier ca hm s:
1, x < 0
f (x ) =
1, 0 x .
Ton cao cp A1 i hc
Nu chui (*) hi t u trn [; ] n hm s f (x )

th cc h s an , bn c tnh theo cng thc:
an =
bn =
f (x ) cos nx dx , n = 0, 1, 2,... (2);
f (x )sin nx dx , n = 1, 2,...
(3).
Chng 4. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
VD 9. Tm chui Fourier ca f (x ) = x trn [; ].

c) Khai trin Fourier ca hm s
nh l Dirichlet
Nu hm s f (x ) tun hon vi chu k 2 , n iu
tng khc v b chn trn [; ] th chui Fourier ca
n hi t ti mi im trn [; ] n tng l:
f (x ) + f (x + )
.
2
VD 10. Khai trin thnh chui Fourier ca hm s:
0, x < 0
f (x ) =
x , 0 x .
.Ht..
33

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H Cng nghip Tp.

Sunday, October 31, 2010

2. Nguyn nh Tr Ton cao cp (Tp 2)

VD 1. Dy s {x n } c cho di dng lit k:

Mt dy s tng (hay gim) c gi l dy n iu.

> 0, N : n > N x n a < .

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Sunday, October 31, 2010

K hiu: lim x n = a hay x n a .

1.2. Cc tnh cht ca dy s hi t

lim (kx n ) = ka, k ; lim (x n + yn ) = a + b

Cho ba dy s {x n }, {yn }, {z n } tha x n yn z n vi

lim x n = a , lim yn = b . Khi :

nh l 2. Cho hai dy s hi t {x n }, {yn } v

vi cc ch s nk + tha n1 < n2 < ... < nk < ...

nh l 6 (Tiu chun hi t Cauchy)

VD 6. Cho dy s b chn {x n }, x n = sin n .

nh ngha. Dy s {x n } c gi l dy Cauchy (hay

T dy {x n }, ta c th trch ra hai dy con nh sau:

x 2k 0 (hi t) v x 4k +1 1 (hi t).

dy c bn) nu > 0 cho trc, ta tm c N +

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Sunday, October 31, 2010

VD 16. Tm gii hn L = lim

VD 15. Tm gii hn L = lim n 2 n n 2 + 3 ?

VD 17*. Chng minh rng: lim

VD 18*. Xt s hi t v tm gii hn (nu c) ca dy:

Nu f va n nh va ton nh th f l song nh.

Cho hai tp khc rng X , Y .

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Sunday, October 31, 2010

f 1(x ) = log2 x , x > 0 .

2.1.4. Hm s lng gic ngc

Hm s y = cot x c hm ngc trn (0; ) l

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Sunday, October 31, 2010

> 0 sao cho khi 0 < x x 0 < th f (x ) L < .

nh ngha 2 (nh ngha theo dy)

nh ngha 3 (gii hn ti v cng)

Ta ni f (x ) c gii hn l L (hu hn) khi x

nh ngha 5 (gii hn 1 pha)

nh ngha 4 (gii hn v cng)

2.2.2. Tnh cht

3) Nu lim u(x ) = a > 0, lim v(x ) = b th:

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Sunday, October 31, 2010

3.1. i lng v cng b

b) Tnh cht ca VCB

VD 1. (x ) = tan3 sin 1 x l VCB khi x 1 ;

3. I LNG V CNG B V CNG LN

Tnh f (1), lim f (x ) v lim+ f (x ).

Cho (x ), (x ) l cc VCB khi x x 0 , lim

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Sunday, October 31, 2010

VD 2 1 cos x l VCB cng cp vi x 2 khi x 0 v:

Quy tc ngt b VCB cp cao

Tnh cht ca VCB tng ng khi x x0

Cc VCB tng ng cn nh khi x 0

3.2. i lng v cng ln

Nhn xt. Hm s f (x ) l VCL khi x x 0 th

Cho f (x ), g(x ) l cc VCL khi x x 0 , lim

Nu k = , ta ni f (x ) l VCL cp cao hn g(x ).

c bit, nu k = 1, ta ni f (x ) v g(x ) l cc VCL