ThS.

on Vng Nguyn

Slide bi ging Ton A2H

TON CAO CP A2 I HC
Ti liu tham kho
1. Gio trnh Ton cao cp A2 Nguyn Ph Vinh HCN TP. HCM.
2. Ngn hng cu hi Ton cao cp HCN TP.HCM.
3. Ton cao cp A2 Cng Khanh NXBHQG TP. HCM.
4. Ton cao cp A2 Nguyn nh Tr NXB Gio dc.
5. Ton cao cp A2 Nguyn Vit ng NXB Gio dc.
6. Ton cao cp i s Tuyn tnh L S ng NXB Gio dc.
7. Bi tp Ton cao cp i s Tuyn tnh Hong Xun Snh NXB Gio dc.
8. i s tuyn tnh Bi Xun Hi (ch bin) HKHTN TP. HCM.

Chng 1. MA TRN NH THC H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH

1. MA TRN
1.1. nh ngha
a) Ma trn A cp m n trn l 1 h thng gm m.n s

Khi m = 1, A = (a11 a12 a1n) l ma trn dng; n = 1,

a11
A = ... l ma trn ct; m = n = 1, A = (a11) (1 phn t).
a
m1
Tp hp cc ma trn A l M m ,n ( ) , cho gn ta vit

aij i = 1, m; j = 1, n v c sp xp thnh bng:

a11 a12 ... a1n
a
a22 ... a2 n
21

A=
(gm m dng v n ct).
...
... ... ...

am1 am 2 ... amn

aij l cc phn t ca A dng th i v ct th j.
Cp s (m, n) l kch thc ca A.

VD 1.
1 x
z 2

A = ( aij )mn .
b) Hai ma trn A v B bng nhau, k hiu A = B khi v ch
khi chng cng kch thc v aij = bij.

Cc ma trn vung c bit:

ng cho cha a11, a22, , ann l ng cho chnh ca
A, ng cho cn li l ng cho ph.
Ma trn vung c tt c cc phn t nm ngoi ng
cho chnh u bng 0 l ma trn cho.
Ma trn cho cp n gm tt c cc phn t trn ng
cho chnh u bng 1 l ma trn n v cp n, k hiu In.
1 0 0
1 0

VD 2. I 2 =
, I3 = 0 1 0 .
0 1
0 0 1

y 1 0 1
=
x = 0; y = 1; z = 2; u = 2; t = 3 .
t 2 u 3

c) Ma trn = (0ij )mn gm tt c cc phn t u bng 0 l

ma trn khng.
d) Khi m = n: A l ma trn vung cp n, k hiu A = ( aij ) n .

Ma trn tam gic trn (di) cp n l ma trn c cc phn

t nm pha di (trn) ng cho chnh u bng 0.
1 0 2
VD 3. A = 0 1 1 l ma trn tam gic trn;
0 0 0

3
0
0

B = 4 1 0 l ma trn tam gic di.

1 5 2

Ma trn i xng cp n l ma trn c cc phn t i xng

qua ng cho chnh bng nhau (aij = aji).

Ma trn phn i xng cp n l ma trn c cc phn t i

xng qua ng cho chnh i nhau (aij = aji) v tt c cc
phn t trn ng cho chnh u bng 0.

1.2. Cc php ton trn ma trn

a) Php cng v tr
Cho A = ( aij )mn , B = (bij ) mn ta c:

b) Nhn v hng
Cho A = ( aij )mn , ta c:

3
VD 4. A = 4
1

0
B = 4
1

A = ( aij ) mn .

A B = ( aij bij )mn .

1
VD 5.
2
1
2

2 2 0 2 1
+
=
3 4 5 3 1 7
0 2 2 0 2 3

=
3 4 5 3 1 3

4 1
1 0 l ma trn i xng;
0 2
4 1
0 0 l ma trn phn i xng.
0 0

1 1 0 3 3 0
VD 6. 3
=
;
2 0 4 6 0 12
2 6 4
1 3 2
4 0 8 = 2 2 0 4 .

Php nhn v hng c tnh phn phi i vi php cng

ma trn.
Ma trn A l ma trn i ca A.

4
;
0 3

0
.
6 5

Php cng ma trn c tnh giao hon v kt hp.

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ThS. on Vng Nguyn

Slide bi ging Ton A2H

c) Nhn hai ma trn

Cho A = ( aij )mn , B = (b jk )n p ta c:
n

Php nhn ma trn c cc tnh cht:

1) (AB)C = A(BC);
2) A(B + C) = AB + AC;
3) (A + B)C = AC + BC;
4) (AB) = (A)B = A(B);
5) AI n = A = I m A , vi A M m ,n ( ) .

AB = ( cik )m p , cik = aij b jk i = 1, m; k = 1, p .

j =1

1
1 0 0 0
VD 7. Tnh a) (1 2 3) 2 ; b)

;
4 0 3 2
5

2 0 1
1 1 1

c)
1 1 2 .

2
0
3

1 3 2

VD 8. Tnh
3 2 1 2 1
1 1 2 0 1

a) 2 3 0 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 ;
1 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 0 2

1 1
2009
VD 9. a) Cho A =
, tnh A ;
0
1

2 0
2009
b) Cho B =
, tnh (I2 B) .
1
2

VD 10. Cho A = (aij) l ma trn vung cp 100 c cc phn

t dng th i l (1)i. Tm phn t a36 ca A2.

1 0 1 1 2 1
b) 2 2 0 0 3 1 v
3 0 3 2 1 0

1 2 1 1 0 1
0 3 1 2 2 0 .

2 1 0 3 0 3

d) Php chuyn v
Cho A = ( aij )mn , ma trn chuyn v ca A l:

Php nhn ma trn khng c tnh giao hon.

c bit, khi A = ( aij ) n v p * ta c:

AT = (a ji )n m (chuyn tt c dng thnh ct).

A0 = In; Ap = Ap1A (ly tha ma trn).

di d k
(e1): Hon v hai dng cho nhau A
A .
di di
(e2): Nhn 1 dng vi s 0 , A A .
(e3): Thay 1 dng bi tng ca dng vi tch dng
di di + d k
khc A
A .

Tnh cht:
1) (A + B)T = AT + BT;
2) (A)T = AT;
3) (AT)T = A;
4) (AB)T = BTAT;
5) AT = A A i xng;
6) AT = A A phn xng.

Ch
di d i + d k
1) Trong thc hnh ta thng lm A
B .
2) Sau 1 s hu hn cc PBSC dng ta c ma trn
B tng ng vi A, k hiu B A .
3) Tng t, ta cng c cc php bin i s cp trn
ct ca ma trn.

1.3. Php bin i s cp trn dng ca ma trn

a) nh ngha
Cho A = ( aij )mn (m 2) . Cc php bin i s cp dng
e trn A l:

3
1 2 3
1 2

VD 11. Cho A = 2 1 1 v B = 0 1 7 / 5 .
3 1 2
0 0
0

Chng t A B .

1.4. Ma trn bc thang v ma trn bc thang rt gn

a) Ma trn bc thang
Hng c tt c cc phn t u bng 0 c gi l hng
bng 0.
Phn t khc 0 u tin tnh t tri sang ca 1 hng c
gi l phn t c s ca hng .

b) Ma trn s cp
Ma trn thu c t In bi ng 1 php bin i s cp
dng (ct) l ma trn s cp.
0 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0

VD 12. 0 1 0 , 0 5 0 v 2 1 0 l cc ma
1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1

trn s cp.

Ma trn bc thang l ma trn khc 0 cp m n (m, n 2)

tha:
1) Cc hng bng 0 di cc hng khc 0;
2) Phn t c s ca 1 hng bt k nm bn phi
phn t c s ca hng trn n.

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ThS. on Vng Nguyn

VD 13.
1 0 2 0 1
+ 0 0 3 , 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 2 7
2

+ 0 3 4 v 0
0 0 5
0

Slide bi ging Ton A2H

b) Ma trn bc thang rt gn

2 3
4 5 v In l cc ma trn bc thang;
0 1
3 5
0 0 khng l ma trn bc thang.
1 3

Ma trn bc thang rt gn l ma trn bc thang c phn t

c s ca mt dng bt k u bng 1 v l phn t khc 0
duy nht ca ct cha n.
VD 14.
1 3 0 0
0 1 0 3

In, 0 0 1 0 v 0 0 1 2 l cc ma trn bc
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0

thang rt gn.

nh l
Mi ma trn u c th a v bc thang bng hu hn
php bin i s cp trn dng.

1.5. Ma trn kh nghch

VD 15.
2 5
3 5
A=
v B =

l nghch o ca nhau v
1 3
1 2
AB = BA = I2.

a) nh ngha
Ma trn A M n ( ) c gi l kh nghch nu tn ti

B M n ( ) sao cho AB = BA = In.

Ma trn B l duy nht v c gi l ma trn nghch o
ca A, k hiu A1. Khi :
A1A = AA1 = In;
(A1)1 = A.

Nhn xt
1) Nu ma trn vung A c 1 dng (hoc 1 ct)
bng 0 th khng kh nghch.
2) Mi ma trn s cp u kh nghch v ma trn
nghch o cng l ma trn s cp.
3) (AB)1 = B1A1.

Nu B l ma trn nghch o ca A th A cng l ma trn

nghch o ca B.

b) Tm ma trn nghch o bng php bin i s cp

dng

1) Nu A c 1 dng (ct) bng 0 hoc A I n th A

khng kh nghch.

Cho A M n ( ) , ta tm A1 nh sau:
Bc 1.
Lp ma trn ( A I n ) (ma trn chia khi) bng cch ghp In

2) Nu A = I n th A kh nghch v A1 = B.
VD 16. Tm ma trn nghch o (nu c) ca:
1 1 0 1
1 1 1
0 1 1 0
v B = 1 0 1 .
A=

0 0 1 1
2 1 0

0 0 0 1

vo bn phi A.
Bc 2.
Dng php bin i s cp dng a ( A I n ) v dng

( A B )

( A l ma trn bc thang dng rt gn).

2. NH THC
2.1. nh ngha

b) nh thc

a) Ma trn con cp k

nh thc cp n ca ma trn vung A = ( aij ) M n ( ) ,

Cho ma trn vung A = ( aij ) M n ( ) . Ma trn vung

k hiu detA hay A , l 1 s thc c nh ngha:

cp k c lp t cc phn t nm trn giao k dng v k ct

ca A c gi l ma trn con cp k ca A.

1) A cp 1: A = ( a11 ) det A = a11 ;

a12
a
2) A cp 2: A = 11
det A = a11a22 a12 a21 ;
a21 a22
3) A cp n: det A = a11A11 + a12A12 + + a1nA1n, trong
Aij = (1)i+jdet(Mij) l phn b i s ca phn t aij.

Ma trn Mij cp n1 thu c t A bng cch b i dng

th i v ct th j l ma trn con ca A ng vi phn t aij.

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ThS. on Vng Nguyn

Ch
a11 a12
a21 a22

a31

a32

Slide bi ging Ton A2H

2.2. Cc tnh cht c bn ca nh thc

Cho ma trn vung A = ( aij ) M n ( ) , ta c cc tnh

a13
a23 = a11a22 a33 + a12 a23a31 + a21a32 a13
a33

cht c bn sau:
Tnh cht 1

a31a22 a13 a12 a21a33 a23a32 a11 (quy tc 6 ng cho).

c bit.
det In = 1, det 0n = 0.
VD 1. Tnh cc nh thc ca:
1 0 2 0
1 2 1

3 2
3 2 1 v C = 4 1 2 1 .
A=
,
B
=

3 1 0 2
1 4
2 1 1

2 3 3 5

2 1 = 2

2 1 = 2

1 .

2 2 1 =0; 1

y =0; 1 y

y2

1 1 7

y5

1 y2

x 1 z

y3 = x

y3 + 1

z3

z3

1 z

3 1
1 x
( x + 1) 1 y
1 z

y =0.
y5

3 1

x +1 x

7
x3

y3 = x +1 y
z3

Php bin i

y3 .

x +1 z

z3

1 5 d1 d 2 2 d1 0 7
=
l sai do dng 1
2 3
1 3

nhn vi s 2.
2.3. nh l Laplace
Cho ma trn vung A = ( aij ) M n ( ) , ta c cc khai

z3

trin det A sau:

a) Khai trin theo dng th i
det A = ai1 Ai1 + ai 2 Ai 2 + ... + ain Ain

x 1 .

= aij Aij , Aij = ( 1)i + j det( M ij )

j =1

VD 9. p dng tnh cht v nh l Laplace, tnh nh thc:

1 1 1 2
2 1 1 3
.
1 2 1 2

i =1

VD 8. Tnh nh thc

Ch

y3 .

= aij Aij , Aij = ( 1)i + j det( M ij )

H qu
1) nh thc c t nht 1 dng (ct) bng 0 th bng 0.
2) nh thc c 2 dng (ct) t l vi nhau th nh thc
bng 0.

b) Khai trin theo ct th j

det A = a1 j A1 j + a2 j A2 j + ... + anj Anj
n

1 ;

VD 5. 2 1 2 = 3 2 1 2 ;

1 1

Tnh cht 3. Nhn 1 dng (ct) vi s thc th nh thc

tng ln ln.
3 0 3
1 0 1

Tnh cht 5
nh thc s khng i nu ta cng vo 1 dng (ct) vi
ln dng (ct) khc.
1 2 3
x 1 1
VD 7. Tnh cc nh thc: 1 2 1 ; 1

2 1 = 3 2

Tnh cht 4
Nu nh thc c 1 dng (ct) m mi phn t l tng ca
2 s hng th c th tch thnh tng 2 nh thc.
x + 1 x x3
x x x3
1 x x3
VD 6. x + 1 y

0 2 1 = 3 2 0 .

H qu
nh thc c t nht 2 dng (ct) ging nhau th bng 0.
VD 4.
3 3 1
x x2 x3
1 y2 y5
2

VD 2. 2

Tnh cht 2. Hon v hai dng (ct) cho nhau th nh thc

i du.
VD 3.
1 3 2
1 1 1
1 1 1

det ( AT ) = det A .

1 0 0 2
2 1 1 2

Cc kt qu c bit:

a11

1 2 2 3

3 0 2 1
bng cch khai trin theo dng 1; ct 2.

1)

Trang 4

a12

... a1n

a22 ... a2 n

...

...

...

... ann

...

a11

...

a21

a22

...

...

...

...

...

an1 an 2 ... ann

(dng tam gic).

= a11a22 ...ann

ThS. on Vng Nguyn

Slide bi ging Ton A2H

2) det(AB) = detA.detB (nh thc ca tch hai ma trn).

A B
3)
= det A.det C , vi A, B, C M n ( )
0n C
(nh thc chia khi).
1 2 3 4
0 2 7 19 1 2 3 0
VD 10. a)
=
;
0 0 3 0
0 2 0 1

1 1 1 2 1 4 3 1 4
c) 2 0 3 2 1 3 0 1 2 =
1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1

1 1 1 2 1 4 3 1 4
=2 0 3 2 1 3 0 1 2 .
1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1

0 1

2.4. ng dng nh thc tm ma trn nghch o

a) nh l
Ma trn vung A kh nghch khi v ch khi det A khc 0.

1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 4
b) 2 0 3 2 1 3 = 2 0 3 2 1 3 ;
1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 1

b) Thut ton tm A1
Bc 1
Tnh det A. Nu det A = 0 th kt lun A khng kh nghch,
ngc li lm tip bc 2.

VD 11. Tm ma trn nghch o (nu c) ca:

1 2 1
1 2 1

A = 1 1 2 v B = 0 1 1 .
3 5 4
1 2 3

Bc 2

Nhn xt

Lp ma trn ( Aij ) A = ( Aij ) (ma trn ph hp ca A).

T

Nu ac bd 0 th:

a b
1
d c =
ac bd

Bc 3. Ma trn nghch o l:

A1 =

2.5. Hng ca ma trn

a) nh thc con cp k
Cho ma trn A = ( aij )

mn

c
d

b
.
a

T
1
.A .
det A

c) Phng php tm hng ca ma trn

nh l
Hng ca ma trn bc thang (dng) bng s dng khc 0
ca ma trn .
Cho A l ma vung cp n, r ( A) = n det A 0 .
Phng php
Bc 1. Dng PBSC dng a ma trn A v bc thang.
Bc 2. S dng khc 0 ca A sau bin i l r(A).
2 1 1 3
0 1 0 0
.
VD 12. Tm hng ca ma trn A =
0 1 2 0

0 1 1 4

. nh thc ca ma trn con cp

k ca A c gi l nh thc con cp k ca A.
nh l
Nu trong ma trn A tt c cc nh thc con cp k u
bng 0 th cc nh thc con cp k + 1 cng bng 0.
b) Hng ca ma trn
Hng ca ma trn A l cp cao nht ca nh thc con
khc 0 ca A, k hiu r(A). Ta c:
1 r ( A) min{m, n} .
Nu A l ma trn khng th ta quy c r(A) = 0.

VD 13. Tm hng ca ma trn

1 3 4 2
A = 2 5 1 4 .
3 8 5 6

VD 14. Ty theo gi tr m, tm hng ca ma trn

1 2 1 1 1
m 1 1 1 1
.
A=
1 m 0 1 1

1 2 2 1 1

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ThS. on Vng Nguyn

Slide bi ging Ton A2H

3. H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH

3.1. nh ngha
H phng trnh tuyn tnh gm n n v m phng trnh
c dng:
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn = b1
a x + a x + ... + a x = b
21 1 22 2
2n n
2
(1).

.................................................
am1 x1 + am 2 x2 + ... + amn xn = bm

b1
T
B = ... = ( b1 ... bm ) (ma trn ct t do)
b
m
x1
T
v X = ... = ( x1 ... xn ) l ma trn ct n.
x
n
Khi , h (1) tr thnh AX = B .

a11 ... a1n

t A = ... ... ... = ( aij )
(ma trn h s),
mn
a

m1 ... amn

B s = (1 ... n ) c gi l nghim ca (1) nu

T

A = B .

x1 x2 + 2 x3 + 4 x4 = 4

VD 1. Cho h phng trnh: 2 x1 + x2 + 4 x3 = 3

2 x 7 x = 5
2
3
a h v dng ma trn:
x1
1 1 2 4 4
2 1 4 0 x2 = 3 .

0 2 7 0 x3 5

x
4
Khi , (1; 1; 1; 1) l 1 nghim ca h.

3.2. nh l Crocneker Capelli

Cho h phng trnh tuyn tnh AX = B. Xt ma trn m
a11 a12 ... a1n b1

rng A = ( A B ) = ...
... ... ... ... .
a

m1 am 2 ... amn bm

( )

H c nghim khi v ch khi r A = r ( A) = r .

Khi :
1) r = n: H phng trnh tuyn tnh c nghim duy nht;
2) r < n: H phng trnh tuyn tnh c v s nghim ph
thuc vo n r tham s.

3.3. Phng php gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh

a) Phng php ma trn nghch o
Cho h pttt AX = B, A l ma trn vung cp n kh nghch.
Ta c AX = B X = A1 B .
2 x + y z = 1

VD 2. Gii h phng trnh y + 3z = 3 .

2 x + y + z = 1

a11 ... b j
j = ...

an1 ... b j

...

...

an1 ... anj

...

... , j = 1, n (thay ct j trong A bi

... ann

ct t do).
Khi , ta c cc trng hp:
1) Nu 0 th h c nghim duy nht x j =

, j = 1, n .

2) Nu = j = 0, j = 1, n th h c v s nghim (thay

b) Phng php nh thc (Cramer)

Cho h pttt AX = B, A l ma trn vung cp n.
a11 ... a1 j ... a1n
t = det A = ...

... a1n

... ... ...

tham s vo h v tnh trc tip).

3) Nu = 0 v j 0, j = 1, n th h v nghim.

... ,

... ann

c) Phng php Gauss

Bc 1. a ma trn m rng ( A B ) v dng bc thang

VD 3. Gii h phng trnh sau bng nh thc:

2 x + y z = 1

y + 3z = 3 .
2 x + y + z = 1

bi PBSC trn dng.

Bc 2. Gii ngc t dng cui cng ln trn.
Ch
Trong qu trnh thc hin bc 1, nu:
1) C 2 dng t l th xa i 1 dng;
2) C dng no bng 0 th xa dng ;
3) C 1 dng dng ( 0 ... 0 b ) , b 0 th kt lun h v

VD 4. Ty theo tham s m, gii v bin lun h phng

trnh:
mx + y + z = 1

x + my + z = m .
x + y + mz = m 2

nghim.
4) Gp h gii ngay c th khng cn phi a ( A B ) v
bc thang.

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ThS. on Vng Nguyn

Slide bi ging Ton A2H

3.4. H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht

a) nh ngha
H pttt thun nht l h pttt c dng:
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn = 0
a x + a x + ... + a x = 0
21 1 22 2
2n n
AX = (2).

.............................................
am1 x1 + am 2 x2 + ... + amn xn = 0
Nhn xt

VD 5. Gii h phng trnh:

x1 + 6 x2 + 2 x3 5 x4 2 x5 = 4

2 x1 + 12 x2 + 6 x3 18 x4 5 x5 = 5 .
3x + 18 x + 8 x 23x 6 x = 2
1
2
3
4
5
VD 6. Gii h phng trnh:
5x1 2 x2 + 5 x3 3x4 = 3

4 x1 + x2 + 3x3 2 x4 = 1 .
2 x + 7 x x
= 1
1
2
3

( )

Do r A = r ( A) nn h pttt thun nht lun c nghim.

Nghim (0; 0;; 0) c gi l nghim tm thng.

b) nh l
H (2) ch c nghim tm thng
r ( A) = n det A 0 .
c) Lin h vi h pttt tng qut
nh l
Xt h pttt tng qut AX = B (1) v h pttt thun nht
AX = (2).
Khi :
1) Hiu hai nghim bt k ca (1) l nghim ca (2);
2) Tng 1 nghim bt k ca (1) v 1 nghim bt k ca (2)
l nghim ca (1).

Chng 2. KHNG GIAN VECTOR

1. KHI NIM KHNG GIAN VECTOR
VD 1. Tp nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun
nht l khng gian vector.
Tp V = { A M n ( )} cc ma trn vung cp n l kgvt.

1.1. nh ngha
Khng gian vector V trn l cp (V, ) trang b hai
php ton
V V V
V V
tha 8 tnh cht sau:
( x, y ) x + y
( , y ) x
1) x + y = y + x;
2) (x + y) + z = x + (y + z);
3) ! V : x + = + x = x ;
4) ( x ) V : ( x ) + x = x + ( x ) = ;

V = u = ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) xi , i 1, n l kgvt Euclide n .

1.2. Khng gian con ca kgvt
Cho kgvt V, tp W V l kgvt con ca V nu (W, )
cng l mt kgvt.
Cho kgvt V, tp W V l kgvt con ca V nu:
( x + y ) W , x , y W , .
VD 2. Tp W = { } l kgvt con ca mi kgvt V.

5) (12 ) x = 1 (2 x ) ;

6) ( x + y ) = x + y ;
7) (1 + 2 )x = 1 x + 2 x ; 8) 1.x = x.

Trong n , tp W = {u = ( x1 ,0,...,0) x1 } l kgvt con.

2. S C LP TUYN TNH V PH THUC TUYN TNH

2.1. nh ngha
Trong kgvt V, cho n vector ui (i = 1, 2,, n).

nh l
H n vector ph thuc tuyn tnh 1 vector l t hp
tuyn tnh ca n 1 vector cn li.
VD 2. Nu x1 = 2x2 3x3 th h {x1, x2, x3} l ph thuc
tuyn tnh.
H qu
H c 1 vector khng th ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Nu c 1 b phn ca h ph thuc tuyn tnh th h ph
thuc tuyn tnh.

Tng

u ,
i =1

i i

c gi l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca

n vector ui.
H n vector {u1, u2,, un} c gi l c lp tuyn tnh
n

nu c

u
i =1

i i

= th i = 0, i = 1, n .

H n vector {u1, u2,, un} khng l c lp tuyn tnh th

c gi l ph thuc tuyn tnh.
VD 1. Trong 2 , h {u1 = (1;1), u2 = (2; 3)} l ltt.
Trong n , h {ui = (0; 0;; 1; 0;; 0)} (v tr th i l 1)
l ltt.
Trong 3 , h {u1=(1;3;2), u2=(2;0;1), u3=(0;6;5)} l pttt.

2.2. H vector trong n

nh ngha
Trong n cho m vector ui = ( ai1 , ai 2 ,..., ain ), i = 1, m .

Ta gi A = ( aij )
Trang 7

mn

l ma trn dng ca m vector ui.

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3. C S S CHIU TA
3.1. C s ca kgvt

nh l
Trong n , h {u1 , u2 ,..., um } c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch

nh ngha
Trong kgvt V, h B = {u1, u2,, un} c gi l mt c s
ca V nu h B ltt v mi vector ca V u biu din tuyn
tnh qua B.

khi r(A) = m (bng s phn t ca h).

Trong n , h {u1 , u2 ,..., um } ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v
ch khi r(A) < m.
VD 3. Xt s ltt hay pttt ca cc h:
B1 = {(1;2;0), (1;5;3), (2;3;3)}, B2 = {(1; 2; 0), (2; 1; 1)}.

VD 1.
Trong n , h
E = {e1 = (1; 0;; 0), e2 = (0; 1;; 0), , en = (0;; 0; 1)}
l c s chnh tc.
Trong 2 , h B = {u1 = (1;1), u2 = (2; 3)} l c s.

H qu
Trong n , h c nhiu hn n vector th ph thuc tuyn
tnh.
Trong n , h n vector c lp tuyn tnh det A 0 .

H qu
Trong n , mi h gm n vector ltt u l c s.

3.3. Ta
a) nh ngha
Trong kgvt V cho c s B = {u1, u2,, un}. Khi , mi
x V c biu din tuyn tnh duy nht x = x1u1++xnun.
Ta ni x c ta i vi B l (x1,, xn).
x1
K hiu [ x ]B = ... .
x
n
c bit, ta ca vector x i vi c s chnh tc E l
[x]E = [x] (ta ct thng thng ca x).
VD 2. Trong 2 cho c s B = {u1 = (2;1), u2 = (1; 1)} v
x = (3;5). Tm [x]B.

b) i c s
Ma trn chuyn c s
Trong kgvt V cho 2 c s
B1 = {u1, u2,, un} v B2 = {v1, v2,, vn}.

VD 3. Trong 2 cho 2 c s B1 = {u1 = (1; 0), u2 = (0;1)},

1
B2 = {v1 = (2;1), v2 = (1; 1)} v [ x ]B = .
2
2

3.2. S chiu ca kgvt

nh ngha
Kgvt V c gi l c n chiu, k hiu dimV = n, nu
trong V c t nht 1 h gm n vector ltt v mi h gm n+1
vector u pttt.
nh l
dimV = n khi v ch khi trong V tn ti 1 c s gm n
vector.

Ma trn

([ v ]

1 B1

[v2 ]B ... [vn ]B )

1

a) Tm PB1 B2 ;

c gi l ma trn chuyn

c bit, nu E l c s chnh tc th:

PE B1 = ([u1 ][u2 ] ... [un ]) .

2) PB1 B3 = PB1 B2 .PB2 B3 ;

3) PB1 B2 = PB2 B1

Cng thc i ta
[ x ]B1 = PB1 B2 [ x ]B2 .

PB1 B2 = PB1 E PE B2 = PE B1

nh l
Trong kgvt n cho 3 c s B1, B2 v B3. Khi :
1) PBi Bi = I n (i = 1, 2, 3);

c s t B1 sang B2. K hiu PB1 B2 .

H qu

b) Tm [ x ]B .

Trong kgvt n , ta c:
u1 , u2 ,..., um = {x n : x = 1u1 + 2 u2 + ... + m um , i } .

PE B2 .

Khi :
1) dim<S> = r(S) (hng ma trn dng m vector ca S);
2) Nu dim<S> = r th mi h con gm r vector ltt ca S
u l c s ca spanS.

VD 4. Gii li VD 3.
3.4. Khng gian con sinh bi 1 h vector
Trong kgvt V cho h m vector S = {u1,, um}. Tp tt c
cc t hp tuyn tnh ca S c gi l khng gian con sinh
bi S trn . K hiu spanS hoc <S>.

VD 5.
Trong 4 cho h vector
S = {u1 =(2; 4;2;4), u2 = (2;5;3; 1), u3 = (1; 3; 4; 1)}.
Tm 1 c s v dimspanS.

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4. NH X TUYN TNH
4.1. nh ngha
nh x f : n m tha

f(x1; x2) = (x1 x2; 2 + 3x2) khng l PBTT t 2 2 .

f ( x + y) = f ( x) + f ( y)
x , y n ,

f ( x ) = f ( x )
c gi l nh x tuyn tnh.
nh x f : n n tha

Ch

f ( x + y) = f ( x) + f ( y)
iu kin
f ( x ) = f ( x )
f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) x , y n , .
VD 2. Cc PBTT thng gp trong mt phng:
1) Php chiu vung gc xung trc Ox, Oy:
f(x; y) = (x; 0), f(x; y) = (0; y).
2) Php i xng qua Ox, Oy:
f(x; y) = (x;y), f(x; y) = (x; y).
3) Php quay gc quanh gc ta O:
f(x; y) = (xcos ysin; xsin + ycos).

f ( x + y) = f ( x) + f ( y)
x , y n ,

f ( x ) = f ( x )
c gi l php bin i tuyn tnh.
VD 1.
f(x1; x2; x3) = (x1x2 +x3; 2x1 +3x2) l AXTT t 3 2 .
f(x1; x2) = (x1 x2; 2x1 + 3x2) l PBTT t 2 2 .

4.2. Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh

a) nh ngha
Cho AXTT f : n m v hai c s ln lt l
B1 = {u1, u2,, un} v B2 = {v1, v2,, vm}.
Ma trn cp m n

([ f (u ) ]
1

B2

[ f (u2 )]B ... [ f (un )]B

2

a11
a
[ f ]BB12 = 21
...

a m1
n
Cho PBTT f : n

) c

gi l ma trn ca AXTT f trong cp c s B1, B2.

K hiu [ f ]BB12 hoc A.

Ma trn vung cp n

an 1
a22 ... an 2
.
... ... ...

am 2 ... amn
v c s B = {u1, u2,, un}.
a12

...

([ f (u )] [ f (u )] ... [ f (u )] )
1

f ( u1 ) = a11v1 + a21v2 + a31v3 + ... + am1vm

f ( u2 ) = a12 v1 + a22 v2 + a32 v3 + ... + am 2 vm

C th, nu
th
....................................................................
f ( u ) = a v + a v + a v + ... + a v
n
1n 1
2n 2
3n 3
mn m

gi l ma trn ca PBTT f trong c s B.

K hiu [ f ]B hoc [f] hoc A.

VD 3. a) Cho AXTT
f(x, y, z, t) = (3x + y z; x 2y + t; y + 3z 2t).
Tm [ f ]EE34 .

b) Ma trn ng dng

Ch
Nu A l ma trn ca AXTT f trong cp c s B1, B2 th
f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) = A( x1 x2 ... xn )T .

nh ngha
Hai ma trn vung A, B cp n c gi l ng dng vi
nhau nu tn ti ma trn kh nghch P tha B = P1AP.

E3
E2

b) Cho AXTT f(x, y) = (3x; x 2y; 5y). Tm [ f ] .

c) Cho PBTT f(x, y, z) = (3x + y z; x 2y; y + 3z).
Tm [ f ]E3 .

nh l
Nu AXTT f : n m c ma trn trong cc cp c s

VD 4. Cho AXTT f : 2 3 c ma trn ca f trong hai

(B , B ) , (B , B )

1 3
c s chnh tc E2 v E3 l A = 0 2 .
4 3

Tm ma trn f trong hai c s B1 = {u1 = (1; 1), u2 = (1; 2)}

v B2 = {v1 = (1; 0; 1), v2 = (1; 1; 1), v3 = (1; 0; 0)}.

/
1

/
2

tng ng l A1, A2 v P = PB1 B2 ,

P = PB / B / th A2 = ( P ) A1 P .
1

c bit, nu PBTT f : n n c ma trn trong hai

c s B1, B2 ln lt l A, B v P = PB1 B2 th B = P1AP.

c) Thut ton tm ma trn ca AXTT

Cho AXTT f : n m v hai c s ln lt l
B1 = {u1, u2,, un} v B2 = {v1, v2,, vm}.

VD 5.
Cho PBTT f(x, y) = (x + y; x 2y). Tm ma trn ca f
trong c s chnh tc E v trong B={u1=(2;1),u2=(1;1)}.

K hiu:
S = ([ v1 ][ v2 ] ... [vm ]) (ma trn ct cc vector ca B2),

VD 6.
Cho AXTT f(x, y, z) = (x + y z; x y + z). Tm ma trn
ca f trong cp c s:
B = {u1 = (1;1;0), u2 = (0;1;1), u3 = (1;0;1)}

Q = ([ f (u1 ) ][ f (u2 ) ] ... [ f (un )]) .

v B = {u1/ = (2;1), u2/ = (1;1)} .

Dng PBSC dng a ma trn ( S Q ) I [ f ]B2 .

VD 7. Tm li cc ma trn f trong VD 4 v VD 6.

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5. CHO HA MA TRN
5.1. Gi tr ring, vector ring ca PBTT
a) nh ngha
Cho PBTT f : n n c ma trn trong c s
B = {u1, u2,, un} l A.

Cch tm gi tr ring v vector ring:

Bc 1. Gii phng trnh c trng A I = 0 tm
gi tr ring .

S c gi l gi tr ring ca A (hay f) nu:

x n , x : Ax = x .

Bc 2. Gii h phng trnh ( A I ) x = , nghim

khng tm thng l vector ring.
0 0 1
VD 1. Cho A = 0 1 0 .
1 0 0

Tm gi tr ring v vector ring ca A.

Vector x c gi l vector ring ca A (hay f) ng vi

gi tr ring .
a thc PA() = det(A I) c gi l a thc c trng
ca A (hay f) v l nghim ca pt c trng PA() = 0.

5.2. Cho ha ma trn

1 3 3
VD 2. Cho B = 3 5 3 .
3 3 1

Tm gi tr ring v vector ring ca B.

a) nh ngha
Cho PBTT f : n n , nu c mt c s sao cho ma
trn ca f l ma trn ng cho th ta ni f cho ha c.

b) Tnh cht
Cc vector ring ng vi gi tr ring cng vi vector
khng to thnh 1 khng gian vector con ring E() ca
n .
Cc vector ring ng vi gi tr ring khc nhau th c
lp tuyn tnh.

Ma trn vung A l cho ha c nu n ng dng vi

ma trn ng cho D, ngha l P1AP = D.
Khi , ta ni P lm cho ha A.

b) iu kin cho ha c
nh l
Nu A c n gi tr ring i phn bit th A cho ha c.
A cho ha c khi v ch khi A c n gi tr ring k c
bi v s chiu ca tt c khng gian con ring bng s bi
ca gi tr ring tng ng.

0 0 0
VD 3. Cho A = 0 1 0 , xt ma trn:
1 0 1

1 0 0
1 0 0

1
P = 0 1 0 P = 0 1 0 .
1 0 1

1 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
Khi : P 1 AP = 0 1 0 A = P 0 1 0 P 1 .
0 0 1
0 0 1

c) Thut ton cho ha ma trn

Bc 1. Gii phng trnh c trng tm cc gi tr
ring ca A.
1) Nu A khng c gi tr ring no th A khng cho
ha c.

Bc 3. Lp ma trn P c cc ct l cc vector c s ca
E(i). Khi , P1AP = D vi D l ma trn ng cho c
cc phn t trn ng cho chnh ln lt l i (xut hin
lin tip ni ln).
VD 4. Cho ha cc ma trn:
3 0
1 0
A=
, B = 6 1 .
8

VD 5. Cho ha cc ma trn :
0 0 0
1 3 3

A = 0 1 0 , B = 3 5 3 .
1 0 1
3 3 1

2) Gi s A c k gi tr ring phn bit 1, 2,, k vi s

bi tng ng n1, n2,, nk. Khi :
a) n1 + n2 ++ nk < n th A khng cho ha c.
b) n1 + n2 ++ nk = n th ta lm tip bc 2.
Bc 2. Vi mi i tnh r(A iI) = ri.
Khi dimE(i) = n ri.
1) Nu c mt i m dimE(i) < ni th A khng cho ha
c.
2) Nu dimE(i) = ni vi mi i th kt lun A cho ha
c. Ta lm tip bc 3.

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Chng 3. DNG TON PHNG

1. KHI NIM DNG TON PHNG
1.1. Dng ton phng tng qut
VD 1. Tm dng ton phng Q(x) hai bin x1, x2.
1 1
Bit ma trn ca Q(x) l A =
.
1 2

nh ngha
Hm s n bin s x = (x1, x2,, xn)
Q : n cho bi biu thc
n

Q ( x ) = [ x ] A [ x ] = aij xi x j (A l ma trn i xng)

T

VD 2. Cho dng ton phng 3 bin

Q ( x ) = 2 x12 + 3x22 x32 x1 x2 + 6 x2 x3 .
Tm ma trn A.

i =1 j =1

c gi l dng ton phng trong .

Ma trn A v r(A) c gi l ma trn v hng ca dng
ton phng Q.

1.3. Dng ton phng xc nh du

1.2. Dng chnh tc ca dng ton phng

nh ngha
Dng chnh tc l dng ton phng trong n ch cha

VD 4. Cho dng chnh tc 3 bin Q ( x ) = x12 5 x22 3x32 .

Tm ma trn A.

a) nh ngha
Dng ton phng Q(x) l xc nh dng nu:
Q ( x ) > 0, x n ( x ) .
Dng ton phng Q(x) l xc nh m nu:
Q ( x ) < 0, x n ( x ) .
Dng ton phng Q(x) l na xc nh dng (m) nu:
Q ( x ) 0, x n (Q ( x ) 0, x n ) .
Dng ton phng Q(x) l khng xc nh nu n nhn c
gi tr dng ln m.

b) cc tiu chun xc nh du

nh l 2 (Sylvester)

nh l 1

Cho ma trn vung cp n A = ( aij ) . nh thc:

bnh phng ca cc bin Q ( x ) = aii xi2 .

i =1

Ma trn A ca dng chnh tc l ma trn ng cho.

VD 3. Tm dng chnh tc Q(x) hai bin x1, x2.
1 0
Bit ma trn ca Q(x) l A =
.
0 2

a11 ... a1k

Dk = ... ... ... (1 k n ) c gi l nh thc con
ak 1 ... akk
chnh ca A (A c n nh thc con chnh).
Dng ton phng Q(x) ca n xc nh dng khi v
ch khi tt c cc nh thc con chnh Dk > 0.
Dng ton phng Q(x) ca n xc nh m khi v ch
khi cc nh thc con chnh cp chn dng, cp l m.

Dng ton phng Q(x) ca xc nh dng khi v

ch khi tt c cc h s dng chnh tc ca n u dng.
Dng ton phng Q(x) ca n xc nh m khi v ch
khi tt c cc h s dng chnh tc ca n u m.

2. A DNG TON PHNG V DNG CHNH TC

Phng php chung
i bin x n bng bin
y n : [ x ] = P [ y ] [ y ] = P 1 [ x ]
(P l ma trn vung khng suy bin, det P 0 ) sao cho
D = PTAP c dng cho. Khi :

a) Trng hp 1 (c 1 h s aii 0)
Bc 1. Gi s a11 0 , ta tch tt c cc s hng cha x1
trong Q(x) v thm (bt) c dng:
1
2
Q( x) =
( a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn ) + Q1 ( x2 , x3 ,..., xn ) ,
a11

Q ( x ) = [ x ] A [ x ] = [ y ] D [ y ] (dng chnh tc theo bin y).

Q1 ( x2 , x3 ,..., xn ) c n 1 bin.

i bin y1 = a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn , yi = xi i = 2, n .

2.1. Thut ton Lagrange
Cho dng ton phng
n

i bin ngc x1 =

Q ( x ) = aij xi x j = aii xi2 + 2

i =1 j =1

i =1

1 i < j n

1
( y1 a12 y2 ... a1n yn ) ,
a11

aij xi x j (aij = aji).

xi = yi i = 2, n .
Vi bin mi th Q ( y ) =

Trang 11

1 2
y1 + Q1 ( y2 ,..., yn ) .
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Bc 2. Tip tc lm nh bc 1 cho Q1(y2,, yn), sau 1

s hu hn bc th Q(x) c dng chnh tc.
b) Trng hp 2 (cc h s aii = 0)
x1 = y1 + y2

. Khi ,
Gi s a12 0 , ta i bin x2 = y1 y2
x = y (i = 3,..., n )
i
i
2
2
Q = 2a12 y1 2a12 y2 + ... c h s ca y12 l a12 0 .
Tr li trng hp 1.
VD 1. a dng ton phng
Q = x22 + 4 x32 + 2 x1 x2 + 4 x1 x3 v dng chnh tc. Tm P.

2.2. Thut ton Jacobi

Cho dng ton phng Q ( x ) c ma trn A = ( aij ) tha
n

Dk 0, k 1, n . Vi j > i, ta t Dj1,i l nh thc ca ma

trn c cc phn t nm trn giao ca cc dng 1, 2,, j1
v cc ct 1, 2, , i1, i+1,, j (b ct i) ca A.
i bin theo cng thc:
x1 = y1 + b21 y2 + b31 y3 + b41 y4 + ... + bn1 yn
x =
y2 + b32 y3 + b42 y4 + ... + bn 2 yn
2
,

............................................................
xn =
yn

VD 2. a dng ton phng Q = 2 x1 x2 + 2 x1 x3 6 x2 x3 v

dng chnh tc. Tm P.

vi b ji = ( 1)i + j

D j 1,i
D j 1

Khi , Q = D1 y12 +

2.3. Thut ton cho ha trc giao

a) nh ngha
Ma trn vung P c gi l ma trn trc giao nu:
PT = P1 hay PTP = In.
Nu c ma trn trc giao P lm cho ha ma trn A th ta
gi P cho ha trc giao ma trn A.

D
D2 2 D3 2
y2 +
y3 + ... + n yn2 .
D1
D2
Dn 1

VD 3. a dng ton phng

Q = 2 x12 + x22 + x32 + 3x1 x2 + 4 x1 x3 v dng chnh tc. Tm P.

Ch
Nu P = ( aij ) l ma trn trc giao th :
n

a
i =1

b) nh l
Mi dng ton phng Q(x) ca n u a c v
dng chnh tc Q = 1 y12 + 2 y22 + ... + n yn2 bng php i
bin [x] = P[y], vi P l ma trn lm cho ha trc giao A
v cc i l cc gi tr ring ca A.

2
ij

v3 = u3

= 1 (tng bnh phng ct).

u3 v1
v1 v1

v1

u3 v2
v2 v2

v2 ,

(k hiu u v l tch v hng ca u v v).

2) Chun ha wi =

c) Thut ton
Bc 1.
Tm cc gi tr ring i v vector ring ui (i = 1,,n).
Bc 2. Trc chun ha ui nh sau:
1) t
u2 v1
v1 = u1 , v2 = u2
v1 ,
v1 v1

vi
, vi vi l di vector vi.
vi

Bc 3.
Ma trn P = ([w1] [w2] [wn]).

VD 4. a dng ton phng

Q = 6 x12 + 6 x22 + 5 x32 4 x1 x2 2 x1 x3 2 x2 x3 v dng chnh
tc. Tm P. Cho bit A c 1 = 3, u1 = (1;1;1);

2 = 6, u2 = ( 1; 1; 2); 3 = 8, u3 = ( 1;1;0) .
3. RT GN QUADRIC
3.1. ng bc hai trn mt phng ta Oxy
a) nh ngha
Trn mpOxy, ng bc hai l tp hp tt c cc im
M(x; y) c ta tha phng trnh:
Ax2 + 2Bxy + Cy2 + 2Dx + 2Ey + F = 0 (1).
Trong , A2 + B2 + C2 > 0.
Cc dng chnh tc ca ng bc hai:
x2 y2
1) 2 + 2 = 1 (ng elip);
a
b
x2 y2
2) 2 2 = 1 (ng hyperbol);
a
b
3) y 2 = 2 px (parabol);

2.4. Thut ton bin i s cp ma trn i xng

Bc 1. Bin i s cp dng ( A I ) v ng thi lp li
cc bin i cng kiu trn cc ct ca ( A I ) a A v
dng cho. Khi , I s tr thnh PT v
1 0 ... 0
0 ... 0
2
T
.
P AP =
... ... ... ...

0 0 0 n
Bc 2. i bin [x] = P[y] ta c
Q = 1 y12 + 2 y22 + ... + n yn2 .

VD 5. a dng ton phng Q = 2 x1 x2 4 x1 x3 + 6 x2 x3 v

dng chnh tc. Tm P.

4) x 2 y 2 = 0 (cp ng thng ct nhau);

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5) y 2 = a , a > 0 (cp ng thng song song);

Cho (C) l ng bc hai khng suy bin (Conic) c

phng trnh (1).
A B
t Q =
, khi :
B C
1) (C) l ng elip det Q > 0 ;
2) (C) l ng hyperbol det Q < 0 ;
3) (C) l ng parabol det Q = 0 ;
4) (C) l ng trn A = C 0, B = 0 .
c) Phng php lp phng trnh chnh tc ca ng
bc hai
Gi s ng bc hai (C) c phng trnh (1) trong Oxy.
Xt dng ton phng: Q(x, y) = Ax2 + 2Bxy + Cy2
xc nh bi phn ng cp trong (1).

6) y = 0 (cp ng thng trng nhau).

Cc ng bc hai c phng trnh dng 1), 2) v 3) c
gi l khng suy bin.
2

b) Nhn bit cc ng Conic

Cho (C) l ng bc hai c phng trnh (1).
A B D
t Q = B C E , khi :
D E F

( )

(C) khng suy bin det Q 0 r Q = 3 .

Bc 1. Chnh tc ha trc giao Q(x, y) nh php quay

thch hp trong h ta ang xt.
Bc 2. Tnh tin h ta mt cch thch hp phng
trnh (C) c dng chnh tc.
VD 1. Xc nh dng ca ng bc hai
(C): x2 4xy + 4y2 + 4x 3y 7 = 0.
2
2
1
Ta c Q = 2
4 3 / 2 r Q = 3
3 / 2 E
7

(C) khng suy bin.

1 2
Q=
det Q = 0 (C) l ng parabol.
2 4

VD 2. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca

(C): 5x2 + 4xy + 8y2 32x 56y + 80 = 0 trong Oxy.
Gii. Xt dng ton phng Q(x, y) = 5x2 + 4xy + 8y2.
5 2
Ta c Q =

2 8

P=

2
5
l ma trn trc giao cho ha Q.
1

5
cos sin
Quay quanh O mt gc sao cho P =
,
sin cos

( )

x = 5 x
ngha l ta i ta :
y = 2 x +

5
Khi , (C) c phng trnh:
144
8
9 x 2 + 4 y 2
x +
y + 80 = 0
5
5
2

2
y
5
.
1
y
5

1
5
2
5

8
1

x
y +

5
5

+
=1.
4
9

X = x
Dng php tnh tin h ta :
Y = y +

8
1

9 x
+ 4 y +
= 36
5
5

(C ) :

3.2. Mt bc hai trong khng gian ta Oxyz

a) nh ngha
Trong khng gian Oxyz, mt bc hai l tp hp tt c cc
im M(x; y; z) c ta tha phng trnh:
Ax2 + 2Bxy + 2Cxz + Dy2 + 2Eyz + Fz2 + 2Gx + 2Hy +
2Kz + L = 0(2).
Trong A, B, C, D, E, F khng ng thi bng 0.
Cc dng chnh tc ca mt bc hai:
x2 y2 z2
1) 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 (mt elipxoit);
a
b
c
2
2
x
y
z2
2) 2 + 2 2 = 1 (hyperboloit 1 tng);
a
b
c
2
2
x
y
z2
3) 2 + 2 2 = 1 (hyperboloit 2 tng);
a
b
c

4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

Trang 13

8
5
th
1
5

X
Y
+
= 1 (elip).
4
9

x2
a2
x2
a2
x2
a2
x2
a2
x2
a2
y2

y 2 z2
= 0 (nn eliptic);
b2 c 2
y2
+ 2 = 2 z (parabolit eliptic);
b
y2
2 = 2 z (parabolit hyperbolic yn nga);
b
y2
+ 2 = 1 (mt tr eliptic);
b
y2
2 = 1 (mt tr hyperbolic);
b
= 2 px (mt tr parabolic).
+

ThS. on Vng Nguyn

Slide bi ging Ton A2H

22x2 + 8xy + 28y2 + 15z2 112x 184y 30z + 343 = 0.

Gii.
Ta c
4
0 56
22
22 4 0
4
28
0 92
Q = 4 28 0 v Q =
.
0
0
15 15
0 0 15

56 92 15 343

b) Nhn bit cc mt bc hai

Cho (S) l mt bc hai c phng trnh (2).
A B C G
A B C
B D E H
, ta c:
t Q = B D E v Q =
C E F K
C E F

G H K L

( )

(S) khng suy bin det Q 0 r Q = 4 . Khi :

( )

Do r Q = 4 nn (S) khng suy bin.

1) (S) l mt elipxoit Q xc nh dng hoc xc nh

m.
2) (S) l mt parabolic det Q = 0 .
VD 3. Xc nh dng ca mt bc hai sau y ri lp
phng trnh chnh tc (S):

22 4 0

Ta c: Q = 4 28 0 P =
0 0 15

trn trc giao cho ha Q.

1
2

x = 5 x 5 y

2
1

i ta : y =
x +
y .
5
5

z = z

Khi , (S) c phng trnh:

1
5
2
5
0

2
5
1
5
0

Theo nh l Sylvester, Q c
D1 = 22 > 0; D2 = 600 > 0; D3 = 9000 > 0 nn Q xc nh
dng. Vy (S) l mt elipxoit.

0 l ma

30 x 2 + 20 y 2 + 15z 2

480
40
x
y 30 z + 343 = 0
5
5

8
1

2
x
y

5
5 ( z 1)

+
+
=1.
2
3
4
8

X = x 5

Dng php tnh tin h ta : Y = y

5

Z = z 1

th ( S ) :

X 2 Y 2 Z2
+
+
= 1 (mt elipxoit).
2
3
4

Ht.

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