Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH)

Nguyen Doan Vuong

Advanced Mathematics 1
Periods: 30
Chapter 1. Functions and Limits
Chapter 2. Derivatives
Chapter 3. Integrals
Chapter 4. Series and Power Series
Editor: Nguyen Doan Vuong

References
1. James Stewart, Calculus Early Transcendentals,
Sixth Edition Copyright 2008, 2003 Thomson Brooks
2. Robert Wrede, Murray. R. Spiegel, Theory and Problems of Advanced Calculus,
Second Edition Copyright 2002, 1963 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

Chapter 1. Functions and Limits

Lesson 1. Limits of functions
Lesson 2. Continuity
Lesson 3. Infinitesimal
..

Lesson 1. Limits of functions

2.1. Complementarity function
2.1.1. Definition
We consider the sets D and Y are sets of ( D , Y
are not empty set).
A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x
in a set D exactly one element, called f (x ) , in a set
Y.
f : D Y
x y = f (x )
The D set is called the domain of the function f .
The range of f is the set of all possible values of f (x ) as x varies throughout the
domain.
If f is a function with domain D , then its graph is the set of ordered pairs

{(x, f (x )) x D } .

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Nguyen Doan Vuong

If a function f satisfies f (x ) = f (x ) for every number x in its domain, then f is called

an even function.
If a function f satisfies f (x ) = f (x ) for every number x in its domain, then f is
called an odd function.

A f function is called increasing on an interval (a;b) if f (x 1 ) < f (x 2 ) whenever x 1 < x 2

in (a;b) .
It is called decreasing on (a;b) if f (x 1 ) > f (x 2 ) whenever x 1 < x 2 in (a;b) .
2.1.2. Composition of function
Suppose that f and g satisfies Gg D f . Then, the function h(x ) = ( f

g )(x ) = f (g(x ))

is called composition of f and g .

Example. Consider f (x ) = 3x 2 and g(x ) = x 1 , we have:
Composition of f and g is f (g(x )) = 3(g(x ))2 = 3x 2 6x + 3 .
Composition of g and f is g( f (x )) = f (x ) 1 = 3x 2 1 .
2.1.3. Inverse function
A function is called a one-to-one function if it never takes on the same value twice; that
is, f (x 1 ) f (x 2 ) whenever x 1 x 2 .
Let f be a one-to-one function with domain D and range G . Then its inverse function
f 1 has domain G and range D and is defined by
f 1(y ) = x f (x ) = y for any y in G .

Example. If f (x ) = 2x then f 1(x ) = log2 x (x > 0) .

Note
domain of f 1 = range of f
range of f 1 = domain of f .
The graph of y = f 1(x ) symmetric graph of
y = f (x ) through line y = x .

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Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH)

Nguyen Doan Vuong

2.1.4. Inverse trigonometric functions

a) y = arcsin x

arcsin x = y sin y = x , y ;
2 2

1
Example. Find arcsin and cot arcsin .
2

4
Solution.
1

1

We have arcsin = , because sin = and ; .
2
6
6
2
6 2 2

1
1
Let arcsin = , so sin = and ; .
2 2
4
4

1
15
1
cos

= 15 .
Then, we have cos = 1
=
, and cot arcsin = cot =
16
4
4
sin

b) y = arccos x
arccos x = y cos y = x , y 0;

Example. arccos 0 =

;
2

arccos(1) = ; arccos

= ;
2
6

c) y = arctan x

arctan x = y tan y = x , y ;
2 2
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1 2
arccos =
.
3
2

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Notation

arctan(+) =

Nguyen Doan Vuong

, arctan() =
2
2

Example. arctan(1) = ; arctan 3 = .

4
3

d) y = arccot x

( )

arccot x = y cot y = x , y 0;

Notation
Example. arccot(1) =

arccot(+) = 0, arccot() =
3

; arccot 3 = .
4
6

2.2. The limit of a function

2.2.1. General limits
We write
lim f (x ) = L
x a

and say the limit of f (x ) , as x approaches a , equals L if we can make the values of
f (x ) arbitrarily close to L by taking x to be sufficiently close to a (on either side of a )
but not equal to a .
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Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH)

Nguyen Doan Vuong

Definition
Let f be a function defined on some open interval that contains the number a , except
possibly at a itself. Then we say that the limit of f (x ) as x approaches a is L , and we
write
lim f (x ) = L
x a

if for every number > 0 there is a number > 0 such that

if 0 < | x a | < then | f (x ) L | < .

2.2.2. One side limits

We write lim f (x ) = L and say the left-hand limit of f (x ) as x approaches a is equal
x a

to L if we can make the values of f (x ) arbitrarily close to L by taking x to be sufficiently

close to a and x less than a .
Similarly, if we require that x be greater than a , we get the right-hand limit of f (x ) as

x approaches a is equal to L and we write lim+ f (x ) = L

x a

Note
The symbol x a means that we consider only x < a , and x a + means x > a .
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Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH)

Nguyen Doan Vuong

Definition
lim f (x ) = L if for every number > 0 there is a number > 0 such that
x a

if a < x < a then | f (x ) L | < .

lim+ f (x ) = L if for every number > 0 there is a number > 0 such that
x a

if a < x < a + then | f (x ) L | < .

Theorem
lim f (x ) = L if and only if lim f (x ) = L = lim+ f (x )
x a

x a

x a

2.2.3. Infinite limits

Let f (x ) be a function defined on both sides of a , except possibly at a itself. Then
lim f (x ) = or lim f (x ) = +
x a

x a

means that the values of f (x ) can be made arbitrarily large by taking x sufficiently close
to a , but not equal to a . There are four form

Definition
Let f be a function defined on some open interval that contains the number a , except
possibly at a itself. Then lim f (x ) = + means that for every positive number M
x a

there is a positive number such that

if 0 < | x a | < then f (x ) > M .
Let f be a function defined on some open interval that contains the number a , except
possibly at a itself. Then lim f (x ) = means that for every negative number N
x a

there is a positive number such that

if 0 < | x a | < then f (x ) < N .
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Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH)

Nguyen Doan Vuong

2.2.4. Limit Laws

Suppose that k is a constant and the limits lim f (x ) and lim g(x ) exist. Then
x a

x a

1) lim[k .f (x )] = k .lim f (x )

2) lim[ f (x ) g(x )] = lim f (x ) lim g(x )

3) lim[ f (x )g(x )] = lim f (x ).lim g(x )

4) lim

x a

x a

x a

x a

x a

x a

x a

x a

x a

f (x )
f (x ) lim
= x a
if lim g(x ) 0
g(x ) lim g(x ) x a
x a

Theorem
If f (x ) g(x ) when x is near a (except possibly at a ) and the limits of f and g both
exist as x approaches a , then lim f (x ) lim g(x ) .
x a

x a

The Squeeze theorem

If f (x ) h(x ) g(x ) when x is near a (except possibly at a )
and lim f (x ) = lim g(x ) = L then lim h(x ) = L .
x a

x a

x a

1
1
1
=
+
,
=

,
=0

0+
0

Note

Remark. Some limit results to remember

sin (x )
tan (x )
1) lim
= lim
=1
(x ) 0
(x ) 0
(x )
(x )
x

x
2) lim 1 + = lim (1 + x ) = e
x
x 0
x

3) lim[ f (x )]n = lim f (x ) where n +

x a
x a

lim g (x )
x a
g (x )

= lim f (x )
if lim f (x ) > 0
4) lim [ f (x )]
x a
x a
x a

5) lim n f (x ) = n lim f (x ) where n + (If n is even, we assume that lim f (x ) > 0 )

x a

x a

x a

ln x
x
=
lim
= 0 if 1, > 1 .
x + x
x + x

6) lim

2.2.5. Examples
4 2x if x < 2

Example 1. If f (x ) =
, determine whether lim f (x ) exists.
x 2
x 2 if x > 2

2x + 12
does not exist.
x 6 | x + 6 |

Example 2. Prove that lim

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Example 3. Show that lim x 2 sin

x 0

Nguyen Doan Vuong

1
= 0.
x

Example 4. Find L = lim 2x x 2 3x .

x

x 4x + 1 + 1
.
x 2
x 2

Example 5. Evaluate L = lim

(
Example 7. Find L = lim (
Example 6. Find L = lim

x +

2x 2 x x 2 .

3x 2 2 + x .

5x 1 3 8x
Example 8. Evaluate L = lim
.
x 1
x 1
2x

3x 1
4x 2 + 3

Example 9. Find L = lim

.

3 3
x

x 2

Example 10. Evaluate L = lim(cos 2x )

cot x
sin x

x 0

Lesson 2. Continuity and Asymptote of the graph

2.1. Continuous function
2.1.1. Definition
A function f is a continuous at a number a if
lim f (x ) = f (a ) .
x a

Notice that Definition implicitly requires three things

if f is continuous at a :
1) f (a ) is defined (that is, a is in the domain of f );
2) lim f (x ) exists;
x a

3) lim f (x ) = f (a ) .
x a

Example 1. Show that the following function is continuous at 2 :

2
x x 2 if x 2
f (x ) = x 2
3
if x = 2

Example 2. Show that the function f (x ) =

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x
is discontinuous at 1 .
x 1

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Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH)

Nguyen Doan Vuong

2.1.2. One side Continuity

Definition
A function f is continuous from the right at a number a if lim+ f (x ) = f (a ) , and is
x a

continuous from the left at a if lim f (x ) = f (a ) .

x a

Example 3. Show that the following function

continuous from the left at 0 :
cos x

f (x ) = 1

sin x

is not continuous from the right at 0 , but

if x < 0
if x = 0
if x > 0

2.1.3. Continuity on an interval

Definition
A function f is continuous on an interval if it is continuous at every number in the
interval. (If f is defined only on one side of an endpoint of the interval, we understand
continuous at the endpoint to mean continuous from the right or continuous from the left.)
Example 4. Show that f (x ) = 1 1 x 2 is continuous on the interval [1; 1] .
2.1.4. Theorems
Theorem 1
If f and g are continuous at a and k is a constant, then the functions k .f , f g , f .g ,

f
g

( g(a ) 0 ) are also continuous at a .

Theorem 2
Any polynomial is continuous everywhere; that is, it is continuous on = (; +) .
Any rational function is continuous wherever it is defined; that is, it is continuous on its
domain.
Theorem 3
If f is continuous at b and lim g(x ) = b , then lim f (g(x )) = f (b) . In other words,
x a

x a

lim f (g(x )) = f (lim g(x )) .

x a

x a

x 1

.
Example 5. Evaluate lim arcsin
x 1
x 1
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Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH)

Nguyen Doan Vuong

2.2. Asymptote of the graph

2.2.1. Vertical asymptotes
Definition
The line x = a is called a vertical asymptote of the curve y = f (x ) if at least one of the
following statements is true:
lim f (x ) = or lim f (x ) =
x a

x a

3x + 1
3x + 1
= , and lim+
= + , so
x 2 x 2
x 2 x 2
3x + 1
x = 2 is a vertical asymptote of the curve y =
.
x 2

Example. Because lim

4 x2
Example 6. Show all the vertical asymptotes of the curve f (x ) = 2
.
x + 2x 3

2.2.2. Horizontal asymptotes

Definition
The line y = L is called a horizontal asymptote of the curve y = f (x ) if either
lim f (x ) = L

lim f (x ) = L

or

x +

Note. The curve y = f (x ) have the domain blocked, so it has no horizontal asymptote.
ln(1 x 2 )
For instance, the curve y =
.
x +2

x2 + 1
Example 7. Find the horizontal asymptotes of the graph of the function f (x ) =
x 1

2.2.3. Oblique asymptotes

Definition
The line y = ax + b is called a oblique asymptotes of the curve y = f (x ) if it satisfies
f (x )
= a and
x x
lim

lim

f (x ) ax = b .

Example 8. Find the oblique asymptotes of the graph of the function f (x ) =

3x 2 2x + 4
x 1

3x 2 2x + 4
5
5
x
Remark. We write f (x ) =
= 3x + 1 +
, and

0.
x 1
x 1
x 1
Therefor, the oblique asymptote is y = 3x + 1 .
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Example 9. Find the oblique asymptotes of the graph of the function y = 3 x 2 (x 1) .

Example 10. Find the oblique or horizontal asymptotes of the graph of the function
y = x + x 2 4x + 5 .
.

Lesson 3. Infinitesimal
3.1. Definitions
3.1.1. Definition 1
A expression (x ) is called an infinitesimal (shorthand is inf) as x approaches a if
lim (x ) = 0 .
x a

Example

(x ) = tan 3 sin 1 x is infinitesimal as x 1 .

(x ) =

1
is infinitesimal as x + .
ln2 x

3.1.2. Definition 2
Suppose that (x ) , (x ) are infinitesimals as x approaches a . We have:
(x ) is an inf higher order than (x ) , notation is (x ) = O((x )) , if lim
x a

(x ) is an infinitesimal the same order with (x ) if 0 lim

x a

(x )
= 0.
(x )

(x )
.
(x )

(x ) is an infinitesimal equivalent with (x ) , notation is (x ) (x ) , if lim

x a

(x )
= 1.
(x )

Example
1 cos x
1
= .
2
x 0
2
x

1 cos x is an inf the same order with x 2 as x 0 because lim

sin2 3(x 1) 9(x 1)2 as x 1 .
3.2. Property

Suppose that i (x ) (i = 1,2, 3, 4) are infinitesimals as x approaches a . We have:

1) 1(x ) 2 (x ) 1(x ) 2 (x ) = O(1(x )) = O(2 (x ))
2) If 1(x ) 2 (x ) , and 2 (x ) 3 (x ) then 1(x ) 3 (x )
3) If 1(x ) 3 (x ) , and 2 (x ) 4 (x ) then 1(x )2 (x ) 3 (x )4 (x )
4) If 1(x ) = O(2 (x )) then 1(x ) + 2 (x ) 2 (x ) .
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3.3. Rule removing the higher order infinitesimal

(x )
x x 0 (x )

If (x ) and (x ) are the sum of many infinitesimals differ order as x a then lim
equal limit of rational of 2 infinitesimals lowest order of (x ) and (x ) .
x 3 cos x + 1
Exmaple 1. Find L = lim
.
x 0
x4 + x2

Remark. As x approaches 0 , we have:

1) sin x x
5) 1 cos x

x2
2

2) tan x x

3) arcsin x x

4) arctan x x

6) e x 1 x

7) ln(1 + x ) x

8) n 1 + x 1

x
n

Note
1) If u(x ) is an infinitesimal as x 0 then we can replace x by u(x ) in 8 formulas over.
2) We can not apply 8 formulas over if they make numerator or denominator equal by zero.
e x + e x 2
(e x 1) + (e x 1)
x + (x )
Example. lim
=
lim
=
lim
= 0 (false!).
x 0
x 0
x 0
x2
x2
x2
e x + e x 2
The correct answer is lim
= 1 (See the LHospitals rule in chapter 2).
x 0
x2
ln(1 2x sin2 x )
Example 2. Find L = lim
.
x 0
sin x 2 . tan x
3
x + 1 + arctan2 x 1
Example 3. Find L = lim
.
x 0
cos3 x cos x + 2x

Example 4. For the function y = f (x ) is defined x = 2t t 2 , y = t 2 + 3t 4 .

x2
As x 0 , prove that f (x ) .
4

Example 5. Find the so that the following function is continuous at 0 :

3 tan2 x + sin2 x

if x > 0
f (x ) =
2
x

if x 0

Example 6. Find the so that the following function is continuous at 0 :

ln(cos x )

if x 0
2
2
f (x ) = arctan x + 2x

if x = 0
2 3

.
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