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Phng php 1
P DNG NH LUT BO TON KHI LNG
Nguyn tc ca phng php ny kh n gin, da vo nh lut bo ton khi lng: Tng
khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng cc cht to thnh trong phn ng.
Cn lu l: khng tnh khi lng ca phn khng tham gia phn ng cng nh phn cht c sn, v
d nc c sn trong dung dch.
Khi c cn dung dch th khi lng mui thu c bng tng khi lng cc cation kim loi v
anion gc axit.
V d 1: Hn hp X gm Fe, FeO v Fe2O3. Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng m gam hn hp
X nung nng. Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c 64 gam cht rn A trong ng s v 11,2
lt kh B (ktc) c t khi so vi H2 l 20,4. Tnh gi tr m.
A. 105,6 gam. B. 35,2 gam.
Hng dn gii
Cc phn ng kh st oxit c th c:
o
t
3Fe2O3 + CO
2Fe3O4 + CO2
o
t
Fe3O4 + CO
3FeO + CO2
o
t
FeO + CO
Fe + CO2
(1)
(2)
(3)
Nh vy cht rn A c th gm 3 cht Fe, FeO, Fe3O4 hoc t hn, iu khng quan trng v
vic cn bng cc phng trnh trn cng khng cn thit, quan trng l s mol CO phn ng bao gi
cng bng s mol CO2 to thnh.
nB
11,2
0,5 mol.
22,5
B. 0,15 mol.
C. 0,4 mol.
D. 0,2 mol.
n H2 O
21,6
1,2 mol.
18
B. 27,19% v 21,12%.
C. 27,19% v 72,81%.
D. 78,88% v 21,12%.
Hng dn gii
Fe + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
n NO2 0,5 mol n HNO 3 2n NO2 1 mol.
12
1 63 100
46 0,5 89 gam.
63
3x 2y 0,5
y 0,1
%m Fe( NO3 )3
%m Cu ( NO3 )2
V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 23,8 gam hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi ho tr (I) v mui
cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr (II) trong dung dch HCl. Sau phn ng thu c 4,48 lt kh
(ktc). em c cn dung dch thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 13 gam.
B. 15 gam.
C. 26 gam.
D. 30 gam.
n CO2
4,88
0,2 mol
22,4
mmui = 26 gam. (p n C)
V d 5: Hn hp A gm KClO3, Ca(ClO2)2, Ca(ClO3)2, CaCl2 v KCl nng 83,68 gam. Nhit phn
hon ton A ta thu c cht rn B gm CaCl2, KCl v 17,472 lt kh ( ktc). Cho cht rn
B tc dng vi 360 ml dung dch K2CO3 0,5M (va ) thu c kt ta C v dung dch D.
Lng KCl trong dung dch D nhiu gp 22/3 ln lng KCl c trong A. % khi lng
KClO3 c trong A l
A. 47,83%.
B. 56,72%.
C. 54,67%.
D. 58,55%.
Hng dn gii
to
KClO3
to
Ca(ClO3 )2
to
83,68 gam A Ca(ClO2 )2
CaCl
2
KCl (A )
KCl
3
O2
2
(1)
CaCl2 3O 2
(2)
CaCl 2 2O2
CaCl2
KCl ( A )
(3)
h2 B
n O2 0,78 mol.
Hn hp B 0,18 0,18
0,36 mol hn hp D
KCl
KCl ( B)
( B)
m KCl ( B) m B m CaCl2 ( B)
58,72 0,18 111 38,74 gam
m KCl ( D ) m KCl ( B) m KCl ( pt 4)
38,74 0,36 74,5 65,56 gam
m KCl ( A )
m KCl pt (1) = m KCl (B) m KCl (A) 38,74 8,94 29,8 gam.
m KClO3
29,8
122,5 49 gam.
74,5
%m KClO3 (A )
49 100
58,55%. (p n D)
83,68
V d 6: t chy hon ton 1,88 gam cht hu c A (cha C, H, O) cn 1,904 lt O2 (ktc) thu c
CO2 v hi nc theo t l th tch 4:3. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca A. Bit t khi
ca A so vi khng kh nh hn 7.
A. C8H12O5. B. C4H8O2.
C. C8H12O3.
D. C6H12O6.
Hng dn gii
1,88 gam A + 0,085 mol O2 4a mol CO2 + 3a mol H2O.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
m CO2 m H2O 1,88 0,085 32 46 gam
Ta c:
Trong cht A c:
nC = 4a = 0,08 mol
nH = 3a2 = 0,12 mol
nO = 4a2 + 3a 0,0852 = 0,05 mol
M R OH
0,2
0,1
6,4
32 Ru CH3OH.
0,2
0,2 mol
meste =
13,56
meste
100
1,6 100
11,8 gam Meste = 118 vC
13,56
11,08
5,56 gam
n NaOH
M RCOONa
M R OH
M RCOOR
11,08
85,23 R 18,23
0,13
5,56
42,77 R 25,77
0,13
11,44
88
0,13
C2H5COOCH3 v CH3COOC2H5. (p n D)
B. 1,443 lt.
C. 1,344 lt.
D. 0,672 lt.
Hng dn gii
Phn 1: V anehit no n chc nn n CO2 n H 2O = 0,06 mol.
B. 16,04%.
C. 13,04%.
D.6,01%.
Hng dn gii
0,04 mol hn hp A (FeO v Fe2O3) + CO 4,784 gam hn hp B + CO2.
CO2 + Ba(OH)2 d BaCO3 + H2O
n CO2 n BaCO3 0,046 mol
0,01 72 101
13,04%
5,52
%mFeO =
%Fe2O3 = 86,96%. (p n A)
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP S DNG NH
LUT BO TON KHI LNG
01. Ha tan 9,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung dch HCl thu c 7,84 lt
kh X (ktc) v 2,54 gam cht rn Y v dung dch Z. Lc b cht rn Y, c cn cn thn dung dch
Z thu c lng mui khan l
A. 31,45 gam. B. 33,99 gam. C. 19,025 gam. D. 56,3 gam.
B. 0,08 lt.
C. 0,4 lt.
D. 0,04 lt.
03. Trn 8,1 gam bt Al vi 48 gam bt Fe2O3 ri cho tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm trong iu kin
khng c khng kh, kt thc th nghim lng cht rn thu c l
A. 61,5 gam.
B. 56,1 gam.
C. 65,1 gam.
D. 51,6 gam.
04. Ha tan hon ton 10,0 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi (ng trc H trong dy in ha) bng
dung dch HCl d thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c lng
mui khan l
A. 1,71 gam.
B. 17,1 gam.
C. 13,55 gam.
D. 34,2 gam.
05. Nhit phn hon ton m gam hn hp X gm CaCO3 v Na2CO3 thu c 11,6 gam cht rn v
2,24 lt kh (ktc). Hm lng % CaCO3 trong X l
A. 6,25%.
B. 8,62%.
C. 50,2%.
D. 62,5%.
06. Cho 4,4 gam hn hp hai kim loi nhm IA hai chu k lin tip tc dng vi dung dch HCl d
thu c 4,48 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui tan. Tn hai kim loi v khi lng m
l
A. 11 gam; Li v Na.
C. 18,6 gam; Na v K.
D. 12,7 gam; Na v K.
07. t chy hon ton 18 gam FeS2 v cho ton b lng SO2 vo 2 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,125M.
Khi lng mui to thnh l
A. 57,40 gam. B. 56,35 gam. C. 59,17 gam.
D.58,35 gam.
08. Ha tan 33,75 gam mt kim loi M trong dung dch HNO3 long, d thu c 16,8 lt kh X (ktc)
gm hai kh khng mu ha nu trong khng kh c t khi hi so vi hiro bng 17,8.
a) Kim loi l
A. Cu.
B. Zn.
C. Fe.
D. Al.
B. 3,00 lt.
C. 3,35 lt.
D. 3,45 lt.
09. Ho tan hon ton 15,9 gam hn hp gm 3 kim loi Al, Mg v Cu bng dung dch HNO3 thu
c 6,72 lt kh NO v dung dch X. em c cn dung dch X thu c bao nhiu gam mui
khan?
A. 77,1 gam.
B. 71,7 gam.
C. 17,7 gam.
D. 53,1 gam.
10. Ha tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe2O3, MgO, ZnO trong 500 ml axit H2SO4 0,1M (va
). Sau phn ng, hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c khi c cn dung dch c khi lng l
A. 6,81 gam.
B. 4,81 gam.
C. 3,81 gam.
D. 5,81 gam.
p n cc bi tp vn dng:
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. D
6. B
7. D
8. aD, bB
9. B
10. A
Phng php 2
BO TON MOL NGUYN T
B. 224 ml.
C. 336 ml.
D. 112 ml.
Hng dn gii
Thc cht phn ng kh cc oxit trn l
H2
O H2O
0,05
0,05 mol
(1)
3,04 0,05 16
0,04 mol
56
n Fe
x + 3y + 2z = 0,04 mol
(2)
x/2
y/2
x y 0,2
0,01 mol
2
2
Hng dn gii
Thc cht phn ng kh cc oxit trn l
CO + O CO2
H2 + O H2O.
nO
0,32
0,02 mol
16
n H2 0,02 mol .
CO
16,8 = m + 0,32
m = 16,48 gam.
C. 20,8 gam.
D. 16,8 gam.
Hng dn gii
n hh (CO H2 )
2,24
0,1 mol
22,4
n O n CO n H2 0,1 mol .
mO = 1,6 gam.
C. 0,64 gam.
D. 0,46 gam.
Hng dn gii
o
t
CnH2n+1CH2OH + CuO
CnH2n+1CHO + Cu + H2O
Khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim chnh l s gam nguyn t O trong CuO phn ng. Do
nhn c:
mO = 0,32 gam n O
0,32
0,02 mol
16
: 0,02 mol.
H 2O
C. 0,12 lt.
B. 0,7 lt.
D. 1 lt.
Hng dn gii
mO = moxit mkl = 5,96 4,04 = 1,92 gam.
nO
1,92
0,12 mol .
16
O2 H2O
VHCl
0,24
0,12 lt. (p n C)
2
V d 6: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacbonxylic n chc cn va V lt O2 ( ktc), thu
c 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,2 mol H2O. Gi tr ca V l
A. 8,96 lt.
B. 11,2 lt.
C. 6,72 lt.
D. 4,48 lt.
Hng dn gii
Axit cacbonxylic n chc c 2 nguyn t Oxi nn c th t l RO2. Vy:
n O ( RO2 ) n O (CO2 ) n O (CO2 ) n O ( H 2O)
n O2 0,3 mol
B. Fe2O3; 75%.
D. Fe3O4; 65%.
Hng dn gii
FexOy + yCO
xFe + yCO2
Kh thu c c M 40 gm 2 kh CO2 v CO d
n CO2
44
12
40
n CO
n CO2
Mt khc:
28
n CO
n CO ( p. ) n CO2
%VCO2 75% .
75
0,2 0,15 mol nCO d = 0,05 mol.
100
n Fe
x 0,1 2
n CO2 y 0,15 3
Fe2O3. (p n B)
V d 8: Cho hn hp A gm Al, Zn, Mg. em oxi ho hon ton 28,6 gam A bng oxi d thu c
44,6 gam hn hp oxit B. Ho tan ht B trong dung dch HCl thu c dung dch D. C cn
dung dch D c hn hp mui khan l
A. 99,6 gam.
B. 49,8 gam.
C. 74,7 gam.
D. 100,8 gam.
Hng dn gii
Gi M l kim loi i din cho ba kim loi trn vi ho tr l n.
M +
n
O2 M2On
2
(1)
(2)
n O2 0,5 mol
n Cl 2 mol
V d 9: Cho mt lung kh CO i qua ng ng 0,01 mol FeO v 0,03 mol Fe2O3 (hn hp A) t
nng. Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c 4,784 gam cht rn B gm 4 cht. Ho tan cht
B. 0,008.
C. 0,01.
D. 0,012.
Hng dn gii
FeO : 0,01 mol
+ CO 4,784 gam B (Fe, Fe2O3, FeO, Fe3O4) tng ng vi
Hn hp A
Fe2O3 : 0,03 mol
s mol l: a, b, c, d (mol).
a = 0,028 mol.
(1)
1
n FeO n Fe2 O3
3
1
b c
3
(2)
(3)
a + 2b + c + 3d = 0,07
T (1, 2, 3, 4)
(4)
b = 0,006 mol
c = 0,012 mol
d = 0,006 mol. (p n A)
V d 10: Kh hon ton 24 gam hn hp CuO v FexOy bng H2 d nhit cao thu c 17,6 gam
hn hp 2 kim loi. Khi lng H2O to thnh l
A. 1,8 gam.
B. 5,4 gam.
C. 7,2 gam.
D. 3,6 gam.
Hng dn gii
C. 11,2 gam.
Hng dn gii
Fe3O4
(FeO, Fe)
3Fe2+
n mol
D. 16,04 gam.
3n = 0,3 n = 0,1
B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.
D. CH3OH v C3H5OH.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc tng qut ca mt trong ba ete l CxHyO, ta c:
mC
0,72
0,72
12 0,48 gam ; m H
2 0,08 gam
44
18
B. 32,0 gam.
C. 16,0 gam.
D. 48,0 gam.
02. Cho kh CO i qua ng s cha 16 gam Fe2O3 un nng, sau phn ng thu c hn hp rn X
gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3. Ha tan hon ton X bng H2SO4 c, nng thu c dung dch Y.
C cn dung dch Y, lng mui khan thu c l
A. 20 gam.
B. 32 gam.
C. 40 gam.
D. 48 gam.
03. Kh hon ton 17,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 cn 2,24 lt CO ( ktc). Khi lng st
thu c l
A. 5,6 gam.
B. 6,72 gam.
C. 16,0 gam.
D. 11,2 gam.
04. t chy hn hp hirocacbon X thu c 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2,7 gam H2O. Th tch O2
tham gia phn ng chy (ktc) l
A. 5,6 lt.
B. 2,8 lt.
C. 4,48 lt.
D. 3,92 lt.
B. 17,6 gam.
C. 21,6 gam.
D. 29,6 gam.
06. Hn hp X gm Mg v Al2 O3. Cho 3 gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d gii phng V lt kh
(ktc). Dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch NH3 d, lc v nung kt ta c 4,12
gam bt oxit. V c gi tr l:
A. 1,12 lt.
B. 1,344 lt.
C. 1,568 lt.
D. 2,016 lt.
07. Hn hp A gm Mg, Al, Fe, Zn. Cho 2 gam A tc dng vi dung dch HCl d gii phng 0,1 gam
kh. Cho 2 gam A tc dng vi kh clo d thu c 5,763 gam hn hp mui. Phn trm khi
lng ca Fe trong A l
A. 8,4%.
B. 16,8%.
C. 19,2%.
D. 22,4%.
B. 78,4 lt.
C. 84,0 lt.
D. 56,0 lt.
09. Ho tan hon ton 5 gam hn hp 2 kim loi X v Y bng dung dch HCl thu c dung dch A v kh
H2. C cn dung dch A thu c 5,71 gam mui khan. Hy tnh th tch kh H2 thu c ktc.
A. 0,56 lt.
B. 0,112 lt.
C. 0,224 lt
D. 0,448 lt
10. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp Y gm C2H6, C3H4 v C4H8 th thu c 12,98 gam CO2 v
5,76 gam H2O. Vy m c gi tr l
A. 1,48 gam.
B. 8,14 gam.
C. 4,18 gam.
D. 16,04 gam.
p n cc bi tp vn dng:
1. D
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. C
10. C
Phng php 3
BO TON MOL ELECTRON
A. 2,24 ml.
C. 33,6 ml.
D. 44,8 ml.
2. Cng hn hp A trn trn vi 5,4 gam bt Al ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm (hiu sut
100%). Ha tan hn hp thu c sau phn ng bng dung dch HCl d. Tnh th tch bay ra (
ktc).
A. 6,608 lt.
D. 33,04. lt
Hng dn gii
1. Cc phn ng c th c:
o
t
2Fe + O2
2FeO
(1)
t
2Fe + 1,5O2
Fe2O3
(2)
t
3Fe + 2O2
Fe3O4
(3)
Cc phn ng ha tan c th c:
3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O
(4)
(5)
+3
+5
(6)
0,728
3 0,039 mol.
56
t
2Al + 3FeO
3Fe + Al2O3
(7)
t
2Al + Fe2O3
2Fe + Al2O3
(8)
t
8Al + 3Fe3O4
9Fe + 4Al2O3
(9)
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
(10)
(11)
Xt cc phn ng (1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) ta thy Fe0 cui cng thnh Fe+2, Al0 thnh Al+3, O20
thnh 2O2 v 2H+ thnh H2 nn ta c phng trnh bo ton electron nh sau:
0,013 2
5,4 3
0,009 4 n 2
27
Fe0 Fe+2
Al0 Al+3
O20 2O2
n = 0,295 mol
2H+ H2
Nhn xt: Trong bi ton trn cc bn khng cn phi bn khon l to thnh hai oxit st (hn
hp A) gm nhng oxit no v cng khng cn phi cn bng 11 phng trnh nh trn m ch cn
quan tm ti trng thi u v trng thi cui ca cc cht oxi ha v cht kh ri p dng lut bo
ton electron tnh lc bt c cc giai on trung gian ta s tnh nhm nhanh c bi ton.
V d 2: Trn 0,81 gam bt nhm vi bt Fe2O3 v CuO ri t nng tin hnh phn ng nhit
nhm thu c hn hp A. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch HNO3 un nng thu c
V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) ktc. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,224 lt.
D. 6,72 lt.
Hng dn gii
Tm tt theo s :
Fe2 O3 to
ha tan hon ton
0,81 gam Al
hn hp A
VNO ?
dung dch HNO3
CuO
N+5 + 3e
0,09 mol
N+2
Nhn xt: Phn ng nhit nhm cha bit l hon ton hay khng hon ton do hn hp A
khng xc nh c chnh xc gm nhng cht no nn vic vit phng trnh ha hc v cn bng
phng trnh phc tp. Khi ha tan hon ton hn hp A trong axit HNO3 th Al0 to thnh Al+3,
nguyn t Fe v Cu c bo ton ha tr.
C bn s thc mc lng kh NO cn c to bi kim loi Fe v Cu trong hn hp A. Thc
cht lng Al phn ng b li lng Fe v Cu to thnh.
B. 1M v 2M.
C. 0,2M v 0,1M.
D. kt qu khc.
Tm tt s :
Al
8,3 gam hn hp X
+ 100 ml dung dch Y
Fe
(n Al = n Fe )
: x mol
AgNO3
Cu(NO3 )2 :y mol
1,12 lt H 2
HCl d
Cht rn A
(3 kim loi)
Hng dn gii
Ta c:
nAl = nFe =
8,3
0,1 mol.
83
Fe Fe2+ + 2e
0,1
0,1
0,3
0,2
Cu2+ + 2e Cu
2y
2H+ + 2e H2
0,1
(1)
108x + 64y = 28
(2)
C M AgNO3
0,2
0,1
= 2M; C M Cu( NO3 )2
= 1M. (p n B)
0,1
0,1
0,05
B. 36% v 64%.
C. 50% v 50%.
D. 46% v 54%.
Hng dn gii
t nMg = x mol ; nAl = y mol. Ta c:
24x + 27y = 15. (1)
Qu trnh oxi ha:
Mg Mg2+ + 2e
Al Al3+ + 3e
2x
3y
2N+5 + 2 4e 2N+1
0,1
0,8
N+5 + 1e N+4
0,1
0,2
S+6 + 2e S+4
0,1
0,2
0,1
%Al
27 0,2
100% 36%.
15
B. 21 lt.
C. 33 lt.
D. 49 lt.
Hng dn gii
V n Fe n S
30
nn Fe d v S ht.
32
Fe
Fe2+ + 2e
60
mol
56
60
mol
56
4e
30
mol
32
30
mol
32
+ 4e 2O2
x mol 4x
Ta c: 4x
60
30
2 4 gii ra x = 1,4732 mol.
56
32
VO2 22,4 1,4732 33 lt. (p n C)
D. 0,672 lt.
Hng dn gii
Trong bi ton ny c 2 th nghim:
5
TN1: R1 v R2 nhng e cho Cu2+ chuyn thnh Cu sau Cu li nhng e cho N thnh
2
N + 3e
1,12
0,05
22,4
0,15
TN2: R1 v R2 trc tip nhng e cho N to ra N2. Gi x l s mol N2, th s mol e thu vo l
5
2 N + 10e N 02
10x x mol
Ta c:
V d 7: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO3 thu c hn hp
kh gm 0,01 mol NO v 0,04 mol NO2. Tnh khi lng mui to ra trong dung dch.
A. 10,08 gam. B. 6,59 gam.
Hng dn gii
Cch 1: t x, y, z ln lt l s mol Cu, Mg, Al.
2
Nhng e:
Cu = Cu + 2e
Mg = Mg + 2e
Al = Al + 3e
x x 2x
y y 2y
z z 3z
Thu e:
Ta c:
N + 3e = N (NO)
N + 1e = N (NO2)
0,03 0,01
0,04 0,04
n H2 O 0,06 mol
B. 4,48 lt.
C. 5,60 lt.
D. 3,36 lt.
Hng dn gii
t nFe = nCu = a mol 56a + 64a = 12 a = 0,1 mol.
Cho e:
Nhn e:
Fe Fe3+ + 3e
Cu Cu2+ + 2e
0,1
0,1
+5
0,3
+ 3e N
+2
3x x
+5
0,2
+ 1e N+4
y
Mt khc:
3x + y = 0,5
30x + 46y = 192(x + y).
x = 0,125 ; y = 0,125.
Vhh kh (ktc) = 0,125222,4 = 5,6 lt. (p n C)
C. 2,62 gam.
D. 2,32 gam.
Hng dn gii
HNO3 d
0,56 lt NO.
m gam Fe + O2 3 gam hn hp cht rn X
Fe Fe3+ + 3e
m
56
Nhn e:
O2
3m
mol e
56
4e
2O2
N+5 +
3 m
4(3 m)
mol e
32
32
3e
N+2
3m
4(3 m)
=
+ 0,075
56
32
m = 2,52 gam. (p n A)
B. 3,36 lt.
C. 4,48 lt.
D. 6,72 lt.
Hng dn gii
t hai kim loi A, B l M.
Phn 1: M + nH+ Mn+ +
n
H2
2
(1)
(2)
N+5 + 3e
0,3
N+2
0,1 mol
S ng cho:
NO2 : 46
42 30 12
42
NO : 30
46 42 4
n NO2 : n NO 12 : 4 3
n NO 0,1 mol
Fe 3e Fe3+
%VNO 25%
%VNO2 75%
N+5 + 3e N+2
3x x
N+5 + 1e N+4
0,3 0,1
0,3 0,3
V d 12: Cho 3 kim loi Al, Fe, Cu vo 2 lt dung dch HNO3 phn ng va thu c 1,792 lt kh
X (ktc) gm N2 v NO2 c t khi hi so vi He bng 9,25. Nng mol/lt HNO3 trong
dung dch u l
A. 0,28M.
B. 1,4M.
C. 1,7M.
D. 1,2M.
Hng dn gii
Ta c:
M X 9,25 4 37
N2
M NO2
nX
0,04 mol
2
NO3 + 10e N2
M M
NO3 + 1e NO2
0,04 0,04 0,04 mol
+ n.e
0,04 mol
Nhn nh mi: Kim loi nhng bao nhiu electron th cng nhn by nhiu gc NO3 to
mui.
Do :
n HNO3 ( to mui ) n.e ( nhng ) n.e ( nhn ) 0,04 0,4 0,44 mol.
n HNO3 ( phn ng ) 0,44 0,12 0,56 mol
HNO3
0,56
0,28M. (p n A)
2
V d 13: Khi cho 9,6 gam Mg tc dng ht vi dung dch H2SO4 m c, thy c 49 gam H2SO4
tham gia phn ng, to mui MgSO4, H2O v sn phm kh X. X l
A. SO2
C. H2S
B. S
D. SO2, H2S
Hng dn gii
Dung dch H2SO4 m c va l cht oxi ha va l mi trng.
Gi a l s oxi ha ca S trong X.
Mg Mg2+ + 2e
0,4 mol
S+6 + (6a)e S a
0,8 mol
49
0,5 (mol)
98
C. 22,4 gam.
D. 25,3 gam.
Hng dn gii
S mol Fe ban u trong a gam: n Fe
S mol O2 tham gia phn ng: n O2
75,2 a
mol.
32
Fe Fe3 3e
a
3a
mol
mol
56
56
S mol e nhng: n e
a
mol.
56
3a
mol
56
Qu trnh kh:
O2 + 4e 2O2
(2)
(3)
(1)
75,2 a
3a
2 0,3
32
56
a = 56 gam. (p n A)
B. 7,28 gam
C. 4,24 gam
D. 5,69 gam
Hng dn gii
Da vo s ng cho tnh c s mol NO v NO2 ln lt l 0,01 v 0,04 mol. Ta c cc
bn phn ng:
NO3 + 4H+ + 3e NO + 2H2O
NO3 + 2H+ + 1e NO2 + H2O
Nh vy, tng electron nhn l 0,07 mol.
Gi x, y, z ln lt l s mol Cu, Mg, Al c trong 1,35 gam hn hp kim loi. Ta c cc bn
phn ng:
Cu Cu2+ + 2e
Mg Mg2+ + 2e
Al Al3+ + 3e
2x + 2y + 3z = 0,07.
B. 1,35 gam.
C. 0,81 gam.
D. 8,1 gam.
02. Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng 0,04 mol hn hp A gm FeO v Fe2O3 t nng. Sau khi
kt thc th nghim thu c cht rn B gm 4 cht nng 4,784 gam. Kh i ra khi ng s hp th
vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, th thu c 4,6 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi lng FeO trong hn
hp A l
A. 68,03%.
B. 13,03%.
C. 31,03%.
D. 68,97%.
03. Mt hn hp gm hai bt kim loi Mg v Al c chia thnh hai phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: cho tc dng vi HCl d thu c 3,36 lt H2.
Phn 2: ho tan ht trong HNO3 long d thu c V lt mt kh khng mu, ho nu trong
khng kh (cc th tch kh u o ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt.
B. 3,36 lt.
C. 4,48 lt.
D. 5,6 lt.
04. Dung dch X gm AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 c cng nng . Ly mt lng hn hp gm 0,03 mol Al;
0,05 mol Fe cho vo 100 ml dung dch X cho ti kh phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn Y cha 3
kim loi.Cho Y vo HCl d gii phng 0,07 gam kh. Nng ca hai mui l
A. 0,3M.
B. 0,4M.
C. 0,42M.
D. 0,45M.
C. 5,07 gam.
D. 8,15 gam.
06. Ha tan ht 4,43 gam hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO3 long thu c dung dch A v 1,568 lt
(ktc) hn hp hai kh (u khng mu) c khi lng 2,59 gam trong c mt kh b ha thnh
mu nu trong khng kh. Tnh s mol HNO3 phn ng.
A. 0,51 mol.
07. Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp gm ba kim loi bng dung dch HNO3 thu c 1,12 lt hn hp
kh D (ktc) gm NO2 v NO. T khi hi ca D so vi hiro bng 18,2. Tnh th tch ti thiu dung
dch HNO3 37,8% (d = 1,242g/ml) cn dng.
A. 20,18 ml.
B. 11,12 ml.
C. 21,47 ml.
D. 36,7 ml.
08. Ha tan 6,25 gam hn hp Zn v Al vo 275 ml dung dch HNO3 thu c dung dch A, cht rn B
gm cc kim loi cha tan ht cn nng 2,516 gam v 1,12 lt hn hp kh D ( ktc) gm NO v
NO2. T khi ca hn hp D so vi H2 l 16,75. Tnh nng mol/l ca HNO3 v tnh khi lng
mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch sau phn ng.
A. 0,65M v 11,794 gam.
09. t chy 5,6 gam bt Fe trong bnh ng O2 thu c 7,36 gam hn hp A gm Fe2O3, Fe3O4 v
Fe. Ha tan hon ton lng hn hp A bng dung dch HNO3 thu c V lt hn hp kh B gm
NO v NO2. T khi ca B so vi H2 bng 19. Th tch V ktc l
A. 672 ml.
B. 336 ml.
C. 448 ml.
D. 896 ml.
10. Cho a gam hn hp A gm oxit FeO, CuO, Fe2O3 c s mol bng nhau tc dng hon ton vi lng
va l 250 ml dung dch HNO3 khi un nng nh, thu c dung dch B v 3,136 lt (ktc) hn hp
kh C gm NO2 v NO c t khi so vi hiro l 20,143. Tnh a.
A. 74,88 gam. B. 52,35 gam. C. 61,79 gam.
D. 72,35 gam.
p n cc bi tp vn dng
1. B
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. C
6. D
7. C
8. A
9. D
10. A
Phng php 4
S DNG PHNG TRNH ION - ELETRON
lm tt cc bi ton bng phng php ion iu u tin cc bn phi nm chc phng trnh
phn ng di dng cc phn t t suy ra cc phng trnh ion, i khi c mt s bi tp khng
th gii theo cc phng trnh phn t c m phi gii da theo phng trnh ion. Vic gii bi
ton ha hc bng phng php ion gip chng ta hiu k hn v bn cht ca cc phng trnh ha
hc. T mt phng trnh ion c th ng vi rt nhiu phng trnh phn t. V d phn ng gia
hn hp dung dch axit vi dung dch baz u c chung mt phng trnh ion l
H+ + OH H2O
hoc phn ng ca Cu kim loi vi hn hp dung dch NaNO3 v dung dch H2SO4 l
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O...
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp 0,1 mol Fe2O3 v 0,1 mol FeO thnh 0,1 mol Fe3O4.
Hn hp X gm: (Fe3O4 0,2 mol; Fe 0,1 mol) tc dng vi dung dch Y
Fe3O4 + 8H+ Fe2+
0,2
2Fe3+ + 4H2O
0,2
0,4 mol
Fe + 2H+ Fe2+ + H2
0,1
0,1 mol
0,1
0,1 mol
1
n 0,05 mol
2 NO3
0,05
0,05 lt (hay 50 ml). (p n C)
1
V d 2: Ha tan 0,1 mol Cu kim loi trong 120 ml dung dch X gm HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M. Sau
khi phn ng kt thc thu c V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc).
Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,344 lt. B. 1,49 lt.
C. 0,672 lt.
D. 1,12 lt.
Hng dn gii
n HNO 3 0,12 mol ;
n NO 0,12 mol.
3
3Cu
Ban u:
0,1
Phn ng:
0,09
0,24 0,06
(ht)
0,06 (d)
0,06 mol
B. 5 gam.
C. 10 gam.
D. 0 gam.
Hng dn gii
n CO2 = 0,35 mol ; nNaOH = 0,2 mol; n Ca (OH )2 = 0,1 mol.
0,4
0,4
0,2 mol
0,2
Phn ng:
0,15 mol
D. 2,34 gam.
Hng dn gii
Phn ng ca kim loi kim v kim loi kim th vi H2O:
M + nH2O M(OH)n +
T phng trnh ta c:
n OH 2n H 2 = 0,1mol.
0,03
Phn ng:
0,03 0,09
0,1 mol
0,03 mol
n OH ( d ) = 0,01mol
n
H2
2
Vy:
V d 5: Dung dch A cha 0,01 mol Fe(NO3)3 v 0,15 mol HCl c kh nng ha tan ti a bao nhiu
gam Cu kim loi? (Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht)
A. 2,88 gam.
B. 3,92 gam.
C. 3,2 gam.
D. 5,12 gam.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh ion:
Cu + 2Fe3+ 2Fe2+ + Cu2+
0,005 0,01 mol
3Cu
Ban u:
0,15
Phn ng:
0,045
0,03 mol
H+ d
A. 23,3%
C. 43,23%.
D. 31,3%.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh ion:
Ag+ + Cl AgCl
Ag+ + Br AgBr
t:
m Cl m Br m NO
3
x : y = 36 : 53
Chn x = 36, y = 53
%m NaCl
58,5 36 100
= 27,84%. (p n B)
58,5 36 103 53
V d 7: Trn 100 ml dung dch A (gm KHCO3 1M v K2CO3 1M) vo 100 ml dung dch B (gm
NaHCO3 1M v Na2CO3 1M) thu c dung dch C.
Nh t t 100 ml dung dch D (gm H2SO4 1M v HCl 1M) vo dung dch C thu c V lt
CO2 (ktc) v dung dch E. Cho dung dch Ba(OH)2 ti d vo dung dch E th thu c m
gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l
A. 82,4 gam v 2,24 lt.
Hng dn gii
Dung dch C cha:
n H = 0,3 mol.
HCO3 + H
Ban u:
0,4
Phn ng:
D:
0,2 mol
H2O + CO2
0,1 mol
0,1 0,1
0,3 mol
0,1 mol
Ba2+ + SO42
0,1
0,3 mol
BaSO4
0,1 mol
B. 38,95 gam.
C. 38,97 gam.
D. 38,91 gam.
b) Th tch V l
A. 0,39 lt.
B. 0,4 lt.
C. 0,41 lt.
D. 0,42 lt.
c) Lng kt ta l
A. 54,02 gam.
B. 53,98 gam.
n H = 0,28 mol.
Vy tng
n H = 0,5 mol
n Cl = 0,5 mol.
(1)
3
H2
2
(2)
Al + 3H+ Al3+ +
Ta thy
n H ( p) 2n H 2
H+ ht.
n NaOH
n Ba(OH)2
1V mol
0,5V mol
0,5V mol
2+
Mg
3+
Al
SO42 BaSO4
(3)
0,14 mol
2OH
3OH
Mg(OH)2
(4)
Al(OH)3
(5)
2V = 0,78
V = 0,39 lt. (p n A)
c) Xc nh lng kt ta:
n Ba 2 = 0,5V = 0,50,39 = 0,195 mol > 0,14 mol Ba2+ d.
Vy
B. 6.
C. 7.
D. 2.
Hng dn gii
nHCl = 0,25 mol ; n H2SO4 = 0,125.
Tng: n H = 0,5 mol ;
n H 2 ( to thnh ) = 0,2375 mol.
0,025
H
= 0,1 = 101M pH = 1. (p n A)
0,25
Hng dn gii
TN1:
3,84
0,06 mol
n Cu
64
n H 0,08 mol
0,06
0,08
0,08 mol
Phn ng:
H+ phn ng ht
0,02 mol
TN2:
n NO = 0,08 mol.
3
0,06
Phn ng:
0,16
0,08 mol
Cu v H+ phn ng ht
0,04 mol
A. 7.
C. 1.
D. 6.
Hng dn gii
n Ba (OH )2 0,01 mol
Tng n OH = 0,03 mol.
n NaOH 0,01 mol
n H 2SO4 0,015 mol
Tng n H = 0,035 mol.
n HCl 0,005 mol
Khi trn hn hp dung dch baz vi hn hp dung dch axit ta c phng trnh ion rt gn:
H+ +
OH H2O
Bt u
0,035
0,03 mol
Phn ng:
0,03 0,03
0,005
H
= 0,01 = 102 pH = 2. (p n B)
0,5
V d 12: (Cu 18 - M 231 - TS Cao ng - Khi A 2007)
Cho mt mu hp kim NaBa tc dng vi nc (d), thu c dung dch X v 3,36 lt H2
( ktc). Th tch dung dch axit H2SO4 2M cn dng trung ho dung dch X l
A. 150 ml.
B. 75 ml.
C. 60 ml.
D. 30 ml.
Hng dn gii
Na + H2O NaOH +
1
H2
2
Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2
n H2 = 0,15 mol, theo phng trnh tng s n OH (d2X ) 2n H 2 = 0,3 mol.
n H = n OH = 0,3 mol
VH2SO4
0,15
= 0,075 lt (75 ml). (p n B)
2
V d 13: Ha tan hn hp X gm hai kim loi A v B trong dung dch HNO3 long. Kt thc phn
ng thu c hn hp kh Y (gm 0,1 mol NO, 0,15 mol NO2 v 0,05 mol N2O). Bit rng
khng c phn ng to mui NH4NO3. S mol HNO3 phn ng l:
B. 0,9 mol.
C. 1,05 mol.
D. 1,2 mol.
Hng dn gii
Ta c bn phn ng:
NO3 + 2H+ + 1e NO2 + H2O
2 0,15
NO3 + 4H+ + 3e
4 0,1
0,15
NO + 2H2O
(2)
0,1
(1)
(3)
0,05
B. 37,7 gam.
Hng dn gii
Ta c bn phn ng:
2NO3 + 2H+ + 1e NO2 + H2O + NO3
0,1
(1)
0,1
0,1
2SO4
3 0,1
(3)
0,1
T (1), (2), (3) s mol NO3 to mui bng 0,1 + 3 0,1 = 0,4 mol;
s mol SO42 to mui bng 0,1 mol.
Hng dn gii
n N 2O n N 2
1,792
0,04 mol.
2 22,4
0,48
0,04
0,4
0,04
0,88
0,22 M.
4
B. N2
D. NH4+
C. NO
Hng dn gii
Ta c:
Gi a l s mol ca NxOy, ta c:
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
Al Al3+ + 3e
0,05
0,1
0,1
0,3
0,04
Vy X l N2. (p n B)
V d 17: Cho hn hp gm 0,15 mol CuFeS2 v 0,09 mol Cu2FeS2 tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 d
thu c dung dch X v hn hp kh Y gm NO v NO2. Thm BaCl2 d vo dung dch X
thu c m gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu thm Ba(OH)2 d vo dung dch X, ly kt ta
nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c a gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m v
a l:
A. 111,84g v 157,44g
B. 111,84g v 167,44g
C. 112,84g v 157,44g
A. 112,84g v 167,44g
Hng dn gii
Ta c bn phn ng:
CuFeS2 + 8H2O 17e Cu2+ + Fe3+ + 2SO42 + 16+
0,15
0,15
0,15
0,3
0,18 0,09
0,18
0,48
Cu CuO
2Fe Fe2O3
0,33
0,24
0,33
0,12
V d 18: Ha tan 4,76 gam hn hp Zn, Al c t l mol 1:2 trong 400ml dung dch HNO3 1M va
, dc dung dch X cha m gam mui khan v thy c kh thot ra. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 25.8 gam.
B. 26,9 gam.
Hng dn gii
nZn = 0,04 mol; nAl = 0,08 mol.
Do phn ng khng to kh nn trong dung dch to NH4NO3. Trong dung dch c:
0,04 mol Zn(NO3)2 v 0,08 mol Al(NO3)3
Vy s mol NO3 cn li to NH4NO3 l:
0,4 0,04 2 0,08 3 = 0,08 mol
Do trong dung dch to 0,04 mol NH4NO3
m = 0,04 189 + 0,08 213 + 0,04 80 = 27,8 gam. (p n C)
Phng php 5
S DNG CC GI TR TRUNG BNH
y l mt trong mt s phng php hin i nht cho php gii nhanh chng v n gin nhiu
bi ton ha hc v hn hp cc cht rn, lng cng nh kh.
Nguyn tc ca phng php nh sau: Khi lng phn t trung bnh (KLPTTB) (k hiu M )
cng nh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh (KLNTTB) chnh l khi lng ca mt mol hn hp, nn
n c tnh theo cng thc:
M1 n1 M 2 n 2 M 3 n 3 ...
n1 n 2 n 3 ...
M n
n
i
(1)
trong M1, M2,... l KLPT (hoc KLNT) ca cc cht trong hn hp; n1, n2,... l s mol tng ng
ca cc cht.
Cng thc (1) c th vit thnh:
M M1 .
n1
n
n
M 2 . 2 M 3 . 3 ...
ni
ni
ni
(2)
M M1x1 M 2 x 2 M 3 x 3 ...
trong x1, x2,... l % s mol tng ng (cng chnh l % khi lng) ca cc cht. c bit i vi
cht kh th x1, x2, ... cng chnh l % th tch nn cng thc (2) c th vit thnh:
M
V1 V2 V3 ...
M V
V
i
(3)
trong V1, V2,... l th tch ca cc cht kh. Nu hn hp ch c 2 cht th cc cng thc (1), (2), (3)
tng ng tr thnh (1), (2), (3) nh sau:
M
M1 n1 M 2 (n n1 )
n
(1)
(2)
M1V1 M 2 (V V1 )
V
(3)
ta c:
Nguyn t cacbon trung bnh:
x1n1 x 2 n 2 ...
n1 n 2 ...
y1n1 y 2 n 2 ...
n1 n 2 ...
v i khi tnh c c s lin kt , s nhm chc trung bnh theo cng thc trn.
A. Be, Mg.
C. Ca, Ba.
D. Ca, Sr.
B. 2,54 gam.
Hng dn gii
1. Gi A, B l cc kim loi cn tm. Cc phng trnh phn ng l
ACO3 + 2HCl ACl2 + H2O + CO2
(1)
(2)
n CO2
0,672
0,03 mol.
22,4
2,84
94,67
0,03
A. 65Cu: 27,5% ;
65
B. Cu: 70% ;
63
63
Cu: 72,5%.
Cu: 30%.
65
C. Cu: 72,5% ;
63
D. 65Cu: 30% ;
Cu: 70%.
63
Cu: 27,5%.
Hng dn gii
Gi x l % ca ng v
65
29
Cu ta c phng trnh:
x = 0,275
B. 20 lt.
C. 30 lt.
D. 40 lt.
Hng dn gii
Cch 1: Gi x l % th tch ca SO2 trong hn hp ban u, ta c:
x = 0,5
64 10 32(10 V)
.
20 V
Gii ra c V = 20 lt. (p n B)
Cch 2:
Ghi ch: C th coi hn hp kh nh mt kh c KLPT chnh bng KLPT trung bnh ca hn
hp, v d, c th xem khng kh nh mt kh vi KLPT l 29.
Hn hp kh ban u coi nh kh th nht (20 lt c M = 163 = 48), cn O2 thm vo coi nh
kh th hai, ta c phng trnh:
M 2,5 16 40
48 20 32V
,
20 V
Rt ra V = 20 lt. (p n B)
V d 4: C 100 gam dung dch 23% ca mt axit n chc (dung dch A). Thm 30 gam mt axit
ng ng lin tip vo dung dch ta c dung dch B. Trung ha 1/10 dung dch B bng
500 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M (va ) ta c dung dch C.
1. Hy xc nh CTPT ca cc axit.
A. HCOOH v CH3COOH.
B. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH.
C. C2H5COOH v C3H7COOH.
D. C3H7COOH v C4H9COOH.
2. C cn dung dch C th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 5,7 gam.
B. 7,5 gam.
Hng dn gii
1. Theo phng php KLPTTB:
1
23
m RCOOH
2,3 gam,
10
10
1
30
m RCH2 COOH
3 gam.
10
10
C. 5,75 gam.
D. 7,55 gam.
2,3 3
53 .
0,1
Axit duy nht c KLPT < 53 l HCOOH (M = 46) v axit ng ng lin tip phi l CH3COOH
(M = 60). (p n A)
2. Theo phng php KLPTTB:
V Maxit = 53 nn M mui = 53+ 23 1 75 . V s mol mui bng s mol axit bng 0,1 nn tng
khi lng mui bng 750,1 = 7,5 gam. (p n B)
V d 5: C V lt kh A gm H2 v hai olefin l ng ng lin tip, trong H2 chim 60% v th
tch. Dn hn hp A qua bt Ni nung nng c hn hp kh B. t chy hon ton kh B
c 19,8 gam CO2 v 13,5 gam H2O. Cng thc ca hai olefin l
A. C2H4 v C3H6.
B. C3H6 v C4H8.
C. C4H8 v C5H10.
D. C5H10 v C6H12.
Hng dn gii
t CTTB ca hai olefin l C n H 2n .
cng iu kin nhit v p sut th th tch t l vi s mol kh.
Hn hp kh A c:
n Cn H 2 n
n H2
0,4 2
.
0,6 3
C n H 2n +
3n
O2 n CO2 + n H2O
2
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Theo phng trnh (1) ta c:
n CO2 n H 2O = 0,45 mol.
0,45
mol.
n
n Cn H 2 n
Tng:
n H 2O
n H2 = 0,3 mol.
Ta c:
n Cn H 2 n
n = 2,25
n H2
13,5
= 0,75 mol
18
0,45
2
0,3 n 3
(1)
(2)
CnH2n+1OH +
n CO2 n.x
3,584
0,16 mol
22,4
n H 2O (n 1)x
(1)
3,96
0,22 mol
18
(2)
C 2 H 5OH
C3 H 7 OH
(p n D)
B. C2H5OH.
C. C3H7OH. D. C4H9OH.
Hng dn gii
Gi M l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ba ru A, B, C. Ta c:
3,38
42,2
0,08
nA
0,08 5
0,05 ;
53
0,08 3
0,03 mol ;
53
M BC
1,78
59,33 .
0.03
hay
12x + y + 17 = 59,33
12x + y = 42,33
Bin lun:
x
30,33
18,33
6,33
<0
v C3H7OH (p n C)
C. 0,448 lt.
D. 0,336 lt.
Hng dn gii
t R l gc hirocacbon trung bnh v x l tng s mol ca 2 ru.
ROH + Na RONa +
1
H2
2
x mol x
x
.
2
Ta c:
R 17 x 2,84
Gii ra c x = 0,08.
39
x
4,6
Vy :
VH 2
0,08
22,4 0,896 lt. (p n A)
2
B. C2H2 v C4H8.
C. C3H4 v C4H8.
D. C2H2 v C3H8.
Hng dn gii
n hh X
4,48
0,2 mol
22,4
0,7
= 0,35 mol.
2
Khi lng bnh Br2 tng 6,7 gam l s gam ca hirocabon khng no. t CTTB ca hai
hirocacbon mch h l C n H 2n 2 2a ( a l s lin kt trung bnh).
Phng trnh phn ng:
C n H 2 n 2 2 a + aBr2 C n H 2 n 2 2 a Br2 a
0,35
= 1,75
0,2
14n 2 2a
6,7
0,2
n = 2,5.
Do hai hirocacbon mch h phn ng hon ton vi dung dch Br2 nn chng u l
hirocacbon khng no. Vy hai hirocacbon l C2H2 v C4H8. (p n B)
V d 10: Tch nc hon ton t hn hp X gm 2 ancol A v B ta c hn hp Y gm cc olefin.
Nu t chy hon ton X th thu c 1,76 gam CO2. Khi t chy hon ton Y th tng
khi lng H2O v CO2 to ra l
B. 2,48 gam. C. 1,76 gam.
A. 2,94 gam.
D. 2,76 gam.
Hng dn gii
Hn hp X gm hai ancol A v B tch nc c olefin (Y) hai ancol l ru no, n chc.
t CTTB ca hai ancol A, B l C n H 2n 1OH ta c cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
C n H 2n 1OH +
3n
O2 nCO2 + (n 1)H 2O
2
H SO
2
4
C n H 2n + H2O
C n H 2n 1OH
170o C
(Y)
C n H 2n +
3n
O2 nCO2 + n H 2O
2
Nhn xt:
Khi t chy X v t chy Y cng cho s mol CO2 nh nhau.
t chy Y cho n CO2 n H 2O .
Vy t chy Y cho tng
CO2
02. C 3 ancol bn khng phi l ng phn ca nhau. t chy mi cht u c s mol CO2 bng
0,75 ln s mol H2O. 3 ancol l
A. C2H6O; C3H8O; C4H10O.
03. Cho axit oxalic HOOCCOOH tc dng vi hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, ng ng lin tip
thu c 5,28 gam hn hp 3 este trung tnh. Thy phn lng este trn bng dung dch NaOH
thu c 5,36 gam mui. Hai ru c cng thc
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.
C. C3H7OH v C4H9OH.
D. C4H9OH v C5H11OH.
04. Nitro ha benzen c 14,1 gam hn hp hai cht nitro c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 45
vC. t chy hon ton hn hp hai cht nitro ny c 0,07 mol N2. Hai cht nitro l
A. C6 H5NO2 v C6H4(NO2)2.
B. C6 H4(NO2)2 v C6H3(NO2)3.
C. C6 H3(NO2)3 v C6H2(NO2)4.
D. C6 H2(NO2)4 v C6H(NO2)5.
05. Mt hn hp X gm 2 ancol thuc cng dy ng ng c khi lng 30,4 gam. Chia X thnh hai
phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: cho tc dng vi Na d, kt thc phn ng thu c 3,36 lt H2 (ktc).
Phn 2: tch nc hon ton 180oC, xc tc H2SO4 c thu c mt anken cho hp th vo
bnh ng dung dch Brom d thy c 32 gam Br2 b mt mu. CTPT hai ancol trn l
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.
C. CH3OH v C3H7OH.
D. C2H5OH v C4H9OH.
B. 1,443 lt.
C. 1,344 lt.
D. 1,444 lt.
C. 0,94 gam.
D. 0,93 gam.
08. Cho 9,85 gam hn hp 2 amin n chc no bc 1 tc dng va vi dung dch HCl th thu c
18,975 gam mui. Vy khi lng HCl phi dng l
A. 9,521 gam. B. 9,125 gam. C. 9,215 gam.
D. 0,704 gam.
09. Cho 4,2 gam hn hp gm ru etylic, phenol, axit fomic tc dng va vi Na thy thot ra
0,672 lt kh (ktc) v mt dung dch. C cn dung dch thu c hn hp X. Khi lng ca X l
A. 2,55 gam.
B. 5,52 gam.
C. 5,25 gam.
D. 5,05 gam.
B. C3H6O2.
C. C4H8O2.
D. C5H10O2.
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. D
8. B
9. B
10. C
Phng php 6
TNG GIM KHI LNG
Nguyn tc ca phng php l xem khi chuyn t cht A thnh cht B (khng nht thit trc
tip, c th b qua nhiu giai on trung gian) khi lng tng hay gim bao nhiu gam thng tnh
theo 1 mol) v da vo khi lng thay i ta d dng tnh c s mol cht tham gia phn ng
hoc ngc li. V d trong phn ng:
MCO3 + 2HCl MCl2 + H2O + CO2
Ta thy rng khi chuyn 1 mol MCO3 thnh MCl2 th khi lng tng
(M + 235,5) (M + 60) = 11 gam
v c 1 mol CO2 bay ra. Nh vy khi bit lng mui tng, ta c th tnh lng CO2 bay ra.
Trong phn ng este ha:
CH3COOH + ROH CH3COOR + H2O
th t 1 mol ROH chuyn thnh 1 mol este khi lng tng
(R + 59) (R + 17) = 42 gam.
Nh vy nu bit khi lng ca ru v khi lng ca este ta d dng tnh c s mol ru
hoc ngc li.
Vi bi tp cho kim loi A y kim loi B ra khi dung dch mui di dng t do:
Khi lng kim loi tng bng
mB (bm) mA (tan).
Khi lng kim loi gim bng
mA (tan) mB (bm).
Sau y l cc v d in hnh:
(1)
(2)
Theo (1) v (2) c 1 mol BaCl2, hoc CaCl2 bin thnh BaCO3 hoc CaCO3 th khi lng mui
gim (71 60) = 11 gam. Do tng s mol hai mui BaCO3 v CaCO3 bng:
43 39,7
= 0,3 mol
11
Thnh phn ca A:
%m BaCO3
0,1 197
100 = 49,62%;
39,7
V d 2: Ho tan hon ton 23,8 gam hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr (I) v mt
mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr (II) bng dung dch HCl thy thot ra 4,48 lt kh CO2
(ktc). C cn dung dch thu c sau phn ng th khi lng mui khan thu c l bao
nhiu?
A. 26,0 gam. B. 28,0 gam.
C. 26,8 gam.
D. 28,6 gam.
Suy ra khi lng mui khan tng sau phn ng l 0,211 = 2,2 gam.
Vy tng khi lng mui khan thu c l 23,8 + 2,2 = 26 gam. (p n A)
V d 3: Cho 3,0 gam mt axit no, n chc A tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH. C cn dung
dch sau phn ng thu c 4,1 gam mui khan. CTPT ca A l
A. HCOOH
B. C3H7COOH
C. CH3COOH
D. C2H5COOH.
Hng dn gii
C 1 mol axit n chc to thnh 1 mol mui th khi lng tng (23 1) = 22 gam, m theo
u bi khi lng mui tng (4,1 3) = 1,1 gam nn s mol axit l
naxit =
1,1
3
= 0,05 mol. Maxit =
= 60 gam.
0,05
22
n = 1.
Vy CTPT ca A l CH3COOH. (p n C)
V d 4: Cho dung dch AgNO3 d tc dng vi dung dch hn hp c ha tan 6,25 gam hai mui
KCl v KBr thu c 10,39 gam hn hp AgCl v AgBr. Hy xc nh s mol hn hp u.
A. 0,08 mol.
D. 0,055 mol.
Hng dn gii
C 1 mol mui halogen to thnh 1 mol kt ta
khi lng tng: 108 39 = 69 gam;
0,06 mol khi lng tng: 10,39 6,25 = 4,14 gam.
Vy tng s mol hn hp u l 0,06 mol. (p n B)
V d 5: Nhng mt thanh graphit c ph mt lp kim loi ha tr (II) vo dung dch CuSO4 d.
Sau phn ng khi lng ca thanh graphit gim i 0,24 gam. Cng thanh graphit ny nu
c nhng vo dung dch AgNO3 th khi phn ng xong thy khi lng thanh graphit tng
ln 0,52 gam. Kim loi ha tr (II) l kim loi no sau y?
A. Pb.
B. Cd.
C. Al.
D. Sn.
Hng dn gii
t kim loi ha tr (II) l M vi s gam l x (gam).
M + CuSO4 d MSO4 + Cu
C M gam kim loi tan ra th s c 64 gam Cu bm vo. Vy khi lng kim loi gim (M 64)
gam;
Vy:
x (gam) =
Mt khc:
C M gam kim loi tan ra th s c 216 gam Ag bm vo. Vy khi lng kim loi tng (216
M) gam;
0,52.M
khi lng kim loi tng 0,52 gam.
216 M
Vy:
x (gam) =
Ta c:
0,24.M
0,52.M
=
M 64
216 M
B. 58,5 gam.
C. 17,55 gam.
D. 23,4 gam.
Hng dn gii
Kh Cl2 d ch kh c mui NaI theo phng trnh
2NaI + Cl2 2NaCl + I2
C 1 mol NaI to thnh 1 mol NaCl
Khi lng mui gim 127 35,5 = 91,5 gam.
Vy: 0,5 mol Khi lng mui gim 104,25 58,5 = 45,75 gam.
V d 7: Ngm mt vt bng ng c khi lng 15 gam trong 340 gam dung dch AgNO3 6%. Sau
mt thi gian ly vt ra thy khi lng AgNO3 trong dung dch gim 25%. Khi lng ca
vt sau phn ng l
A. 3,24 gam.
B. 2,28 gam.
Hng dn gii
n AgNO3 ( ban u ) =
340 6
= 0,12 mol;
170 100
25
= 0,03 mol.
100
0,03 mol
Hng dn gii
V trong cng dung dch cn li (cng th tch) nn:
[ZnSO4] = 2,5 [FeSO4]
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
(1)
x x
(2)
x mol
x = 0,4 mol.
Vy:
B. CH3COOH.
C. HCCCOOH.
D. CH3CH2COOH.
Hng dn gii
t CTTQ ca axit hu c X n chc l RCOOH.
2RCOOH + CaCO3 (RCOO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O
C 2 mol axit phn ng to mui th khi lng tng (40 2) = 38 gam.
x mol axit (7,28 5,76) = 1,52 gam.
5,76
72 R = 27
0,08
Axit X: CH2=CHCOOH. (p n A)
V d 10: Nhng thanh km vo dung dch cha 8,32 gam CdSO4. Sau khi kh hon ton ion Cd2+
khi lng thanh km tng 2,35% so vi ban u. Hi khi lng thanh km ban u.
A. 60 gam.
B. 70 gam.
C. 80 gam.
D. 90 gam.
2,35a
gam.
100
Zn + CdSO4
ZnSO4 + Cd
65 1 mol
8,32
2,35a
(=0,04 mol)
gam
208
100
Ta c t l:
1
47
0,04 2,35a
100
a = 80 gam. (p n C)
V d 11: Nhng thanh kim loi M ho tr 2 vo dung dch CuSO4, sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim
loi ra thy khi lng gim 0,05%. Mt khc nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dung dch
Pb(NO3)2, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng tng 7,1%. Xc nh M, bit rng s mol
CuSO4 v Pb(NO3)2 tham gia 2 trng hp nh nhau.
B. Zn.
A. Al.
C. Mg.
D. Fe.
Hng dn gii
Gi m l khi lng thanh kim loi, M l nguyn t khi ca kim loi, x l s mol mui phn
ng.
M
CuSO4
MSO4 + Cu
0,05.m
x = 100
M 64
M
gim
0,05.m
gam.
100
(1)
Pb(NO3)2 M(NO3)2 + Pb
T (1) v (2) ta c:
tng
7,1.m
x = 100
207 M
7,1.m
gam
100
(2)
0,05.m
7,1.m
100 = 100
M 64
207 M
(3)
B. AlCl3.
C. CrCl3.
D. Khng xc nh.
Hng dn gii
Gi A l nguyn t khi ca kim loi X.
Al
XCl3 AlCl3 + X
3,78
= (0,14 mol) 0,14
27
Ta c :
0,14 mol.
B. 22,4% v 77,6%.
C. 16% v 84%.
D. 24% v 76%.
Hng dn gii
Ch c NaHCO3 b phn hy. t x l s gam NaHCO3.
o
t
2NaHCO3
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
C nung
Ta c:
168 62
x = 84 gam.
x
31
D. 0,48 gam.
Hng dn gii
Ta c:
mtng = mCu mMg phn ng = m Cu2 m Mg2 3,28 m gc axit m Mg2 0,8
V d 15: Ha tan 3,28 gam hn hp mui MgCl2 v Cu(NO3)2 vo nc c dung dch A. Nhng
vo dung dch A mt thanh st. Sau mt khong thi gian ly thanh st ra cn li thy tng
thm 0,8 gam. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr m l
A. 4,24 gam.
D. 1,49 gam.
Hng dn gii
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng: Sau mt khong thi gian tng khi lng ca thanh
Fe bng gim khi lng ca dung dch mui. Do :
B. 126 gam.
C. 141 gam.
D. 132 gam.
02. Ngm mt l st trong dung dch CuSO4. Nu bit khi lng ng bm trn l st l 9,6 gam th
khi lng l st sau ngm tng thm bao nhiu gam so vi ban u?
A. 5,6 gam.
B. 2,8 gam.
C. 2,4 gam.
D. 1,2 gam.
B. 0,24 lt.
C. 0,237 lt.
D.0,336 lt.
05. Cho lung kh CO i qua 16 gam oxit st nguyn cht c nung nng trong mt ci ng. Khi
phn ng thc hin hon ton v kt thc, thy khi lng ng gim 4,8 gam.
Xc nh cng thc v tn oxit st em dng.
06. Dng CO kh 40 gam oxit Fe2O3 thu c 33,92 gam cht rn B gm Fe2O3, FeO v Fe. Cho
1
B tc dng vi H2SO4 long d, thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc).
2
Xc nh thnh phn theo s mol cht rn B, th tch kh CO (ktc) ti thiu c c kt qu
ny.
07. Nhng mt thanh st nng 12,2 gam vo 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 0,5M. Sau mt thi gian ly thanh
kim loi ra, c cn dung dch c 15,52 gam cht rn khan.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra, tm khi lng tng cht c trong 15,52 gam cht rn khan.
b) Tnh khi lng thanh kim loi sau phn ng. Ha tan hon ton thanh kim loi ny trong
dung dch HNO3 c nng, d thu c kh NO2 duy nht, th tch V lt (o 27,3 oC, 0,55
atm). Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. Tnh V.
p n cc bi tp vn dng:
01. B
02. D.
03. B.
04. A.
Phng php 7
QUI I HN HP NHIU CHT V S LNG CHT T HN
Mt s bi ton ha hc c th gii nhanh bng cc phng php bo ton electron, bo ton
nguyn t, bo ton khi lng song phng php quy i cng tm ra p s rt nhanh v l
phng php tng i u vit, c th vn dng vo cc bi tp trc nghim phn loi hc sinh.
Cc ch khi p dng phng php quy i:
1. Khi quy i hn hp nhiu cht (hn hp X) (t ba cht tr ln) thnh hn hp hai cht hay
ch cn mt cht ta phi bo ton s mol nguyn t v bo ton khi lng hn hp.
2. C th quy i hn hp X v bt k cp cht no, thm ch quy i v mt cht. Tuy nhin ta nn
chn cp cht no n gin c t phn ng oxi ha kh nht n gin vic tnh ton.
C. 7,2 gam.
D. 6,9 gam.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hai cht Fe v Fe2O3:
Ha tan hn hp X vo dung dch HNO3 d ta c
Fe + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O
0,1
0,1 mol
Vy:
56
3
3
n Fe2O3
0,35
32
m X m Fe m Fe2O3
mX
0,1
0,35
56
160 = 11,2 gam.
3
3
ta c:
0,1 mol
2Fe O2
2FeO
0,1 mol
0,1
0,15 mol
2Fe2 O3
4Fe 3O2
0,05
0,025 mol
0,1
mol 0,1 mol.
3x 2y
n Fe
8,4
0,1.x
x 6
mol.
56 3x 2y
y 7
0,1
= 0,025 mol.
36 2 7
Nhn xt: Quy i hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 , Fe3O4 v hn hp hai cht l FeO, Fe2O3 l
n gin nht.
V d 2: Ha tan ht m gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 bng HNO3 c nng thu c 4,48
lt kh NO2 (ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 145,2 gam mui khan gi tr ca
m l
A. 35,7 gam.
D. 77,7 gam.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hn hp hai cht FeO v Fe2O3 ta c
FeO + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O
0,2 mol 0,2 mol 0,2 mol
Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O
0,2 mol 0,4 mol
n Fe( NO3 )3
145,2
= 0,6 mol.
242
V d 3: Ha tan hon ton 49,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 bng H2SO4 c nng
thu c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt kh SO2 (ktc).
a) Tnh phn trm khi lng oxi trong hn hp X.
A. 40,24%.
B. 30,7%.
C. 20,97%.
D. 37,5%.
B.140 gam.
C. 120 gam.
D. 100 gam.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hai cht FeO, Fe2O3, ta c:
2FeO 4H 2SO4
Fe2 (SO4 )3 SO 2 4H 2O
0,05 mol
Vy:
0,65 16 100
= 20,97%. (p n C)
49,9
a)
%m O
b)
V d 4: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 th cn 0,05 mol H2. Mt
khc ha tan hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng th thu c
th tch kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht ktc) l.
A. 224 ml.
B. 448 ml.
C. 336 ml.
D. 112 ml.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hn hp hai cht FeO v Fe2O3 vi s mol l x, y, ta c:
o
t
FeO + H2
Fe + H2O
y
o
t
Fe2O3 + 3H2
2Fe + 3H2O
3y
x 3y 0,05
x 0,02 mol
C. 2,62 gam.
D. 2,32 gam.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp cht rn X v hai cht Fe, Fe2O3:
Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
0,025
0,025
0,025 mol
m Fe ( trong Fe2O3 )
1,6
2 = 0,02 mol
160
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp 0,1 mol Fe2O3 v 0,1 mol FeO thnh 0,1 mol Fe3O4.
Hn hp X gm: Fe3O4 0,2 mol; Fe 0,1 mol + dung dch Y
Fe3O4 + 8H+ Fe2+ + 2Fe3+ + 4H2O
0,2
0,2
0,4 mol
Fe + 2H+ Fe2+ + H2
0,1
0,1 mol
0,1
0,1 mol
1
n = 0,05 mol.
2 NO3
Vd 2 Cu( NO
3 )2
0,05
= 0,05 lt (hay 50 ml). (p n C)
1
B. 0,04.
D. 0,02.
C. 0,03.
Hng dn gii
n Fe
8, 96
0,16 mol
56
y/2
x/3
3y
x y 0,16
x 0,06 mol
10x
y 0,1 mol
3 3y 0,5
n NO
0,06
0,02 mol. (p n D)
3
Phng php 8
S NG CHO
Bi ton trn ln cc cht vi nhau l mt dng bi tp hay gp trong chng trnh ha hc ph
thng cng nh trong cc thi kim tra v thi tuyn sinh i hc, cao ng. Ta c th gii bi tp
dng ny theo nhiu cch khc nhau, song vic gii loi dng bi tp ny theo phng php s
ng cho theo tc gi l tt nht.
Nguyn tc: Trn ln hai dung dch:
Dung dch 1: c khi lng m1, th tch V1, nng C1 (nng phn trm hoc nng mol),
khi lng ring d1.
Dung dch 2: c khi lng m2, th tch V2, nng C2 (C2 > C1 ), khi lng ring d2.
Dung dch thu c: c khi lng m = m1 + m2, th tch V = V1 + V2, nng C (C1 < C < C2)
v khi lng ring d.
S ng cho v cng thc tng ng vi mi trng hp l:
a. i vi nng % v khi lng:
C1
| C2 C |
C
C2
| C1 C |
m1 C 2 C
m 2 C1 C
(1)
b. i vi nng mol/lt:
CM1
` | C2 C |
C
CM2
| C1 C |
V1 C2 C
V2 C1 C
(2)
d1
| d2 d |
d
d2
| d1 d |
V1 C2 C
V2 C1 C
(3)
C. 2:1.
B. 1:3.
D. 3:1.
Hng dn gii
p dng cng thc (1):
m1 45 25 20 2
. (p n C)
m 2 15 25 10 1
V d 2: pha c 500 ml dung dch nc mui sinh l (C = 0,9%) cn ly V ml dung dch NaCl
3% pha vi nc ct. Gi tr ca V l
A. 150 ml.
B. 214,3 ml.
C. 285,7 ml.
D. 350 ml.
Hng dn gii
Ta c s :
V1 (NaCl) 3
V2 (H2O) 0
V1 =
| 0,9 0 |
0,9
| 3 0,9 |
0,9
500 = 150 ml. (p n A)
2,1 0,9
V d 3: Ha tan 200 gam SO3 vo m2 gam dung dch H2SO4 49% ta c dung dch H2SO4 78,4%.
Gi tr ca m2 l
A. 133,3 gam. B. 146,9 gam. C. 272,2 gam.
D. 300 gam.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng:
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
100 gam SO3
98 100
= 122,5 gam H2SO4.
80
m2
44,1
200 = 300 gam. (p n D)
29,4
B. 81,02.
81
35
79
35
Br v
81
35
Br .
Br l
D. 15,95.
C. 18,98.
Hng dn gii
Ta c s ng cho:
81
35
Br (M 81)
79,319 79 0,319
A 79, 319
79
35
Br (M 79)
81
% 35
Br 0,319
79
% 35 Br 1,681
81
% 35
Br
0,319
100% = 15,95%. (p n D)
1,681 0,319
A. 15%.
C. 35%.
D. 45%.
Hng dn gii
p dng s ng cho:
VO3
M 48
32 36
M 18 2 36
VO2
VO3
%VO3
VO2
M 32
48 36
4 1
12 3
1
100% = 25%. (p n B)
3 1
B. C4H10.
C. C5H12.
D. C6H14.
Hng dn gii
p dng s ng cho:
VCH4 M 16
M 2 30
M 15 2 30
VM2 M M2
16 30
VCH 4
M2 = 58
VM2
M 2 30 2
14
1
M2 30 = 28
14n + 2 = 58
n = 4.
Vy: X l C4H10. (p n B)
V d 7: Thm 250 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200 ml dung dch H3PO4 1,5M. Mui to thnh v
khi lng tng ng l
A. 14,2 gam Na2HPO4 ; 32,8 gam Na3PO4.
B. 28,4 gam Na2HPO4 ; 16,4 gam Na3PO4.
C. 12 gam NaH2PO4 ; 28,4 gam Na2HPO4.
D. 24 gam NaH2PO4
Hng dn gii
C:
n NaOH 0,25 2 5
2
n H3PO4 0,2 1,5 3
n1 2
n
N aH 2 PO 4
M:
n Na 2HPO4
n NaH 2 PO4
2
1
5
2
3
3
5
1
3
3
5
3
n2 1
(p n C)
V d 8: Ha tan 3,164 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO3 v BaCO3 bng dung dch HCl d, thu c 448
ml kh CO2 (ktc). Thnh phn % s mol ca BaCO3 trong hn hp l
A. 50%.
B. 55%.
C. 60%.
D. 65%.
Hng dn gii
n CO2
0,488
3,164
= 0,02 mol M
= 158,2.
22,4
0,02
p dng s ng cho:
V d 9: Cn ly bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O v bao nhiu gam dung dch CuSO4 8% pha
thnh 280 gam dung dch CuSO4 16%?
A. 180 gam v 100 gam.
Hng dn gii
CuSO4 .5H 2O Ta coi CuSO4.5H2O nh l dung dch CuSO4 c:
160
250
C% =
160 100
64%.
250
8 16
16
(m 2 ) 8
Mt khc
64 16 48
m1 8 1
.
m 2 48 6
m1 + m2 = 280 gam.
280
1 = 40 gam
1 6
B. 3 lt v 6 lt.
C. 4 lt v 5 lt.
D. 6 lt v 3 lt.
Hng dn gii
Ta c s ng cho:
H2O:
H2SO4 : 1,84
|1,28 1| 0,28
VH2O
VH2SO4
Cn phi ly
0,56 2
.
0,28 1
1
9 3 lt H2SO4 (d = 1,84 g/ml) v 6 lt H2O. (p n B)
1 2
B. 20,0.
C. 31,8.
D. 40,0.
02. Th tch nc nguyn cht cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch H2SO4 98% (d = 1,84 g/ml) c dung
dch mi c nng 10% l
A. 14,192 ml. B. 15,192 ml. C. 16,192 ml.
D. 17,192 ml.
65
29
63
29
Cu v
65
29
Cu Thnh phn
Cu l
A. 73,0%.
B. 34,2%.
C.32,3%.
D. 27,0%.
B. 4.
C. 6.
D. 8.
05. Thm 150 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo 120 ml dung dch H3PO4 1M. Khi lng cc mui thu
c trong dung dch l
A. 10,44 gam KH2PO4 ; 8,5 gam K3PO4.
B. 10,44 gam K2HPO4 ; 12,72 gam K3PO4.
C. 10,44 gam K2HPO4 ; 13,5 gam KH2PO4.
D. 13,5 gam KH2PO4 ; 14,2 gam K3PO4.
06. Ha tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO3 v MgCO3 bng dung dch HCl (d) thu c 0,672 lt
kh iu kin tiu chun. Thnh phn % s mol ca MgCO3 trong hn hp l
A. 33,33%.
B. 45,55%.
C. 54,45%.
D. 66,67%.
07. Lng SO3 cn thm vo dung dch H2SO4 10% c 100 gam dung dch H2SO4 20% l
A. 2,5 gam.
B. 8,88 gam.
C. 6,66 gam.
D. 24,5 gam.
08. Dung dch ru etylic 13,8o c d (g/ml) =?. Bit d C 2 H5OH(ng.cht) = 0,8 g/ml ; d H 2O 1 g ml .
A. 0,805.
B. 0,8 55.
C. 0,972.
D. 0,915.
09. Ha tan m gam Al bng dung dch HNO3 long thu c hn hp kh NO v N2O c t khi so
vi H2 bng 16,75. T l th tch kh trong hn hp l
A. 2 : 3.
B. 1 : 2.
C. 1 : 3.
D. 3 : 1.
B. 2 : 5.
C. 2 : 3.
D. 1 : 1.
p n cc s bi tp vn dng:
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. B
Phng php 9
CC I LNG DNG KHI QUT
Trong cc kim tra v thi tuyn sinh theo phng php trc nghim chng ta thy rng s
lng cu hi v bi tp kh nhiu v a dng bao trm ton b chng trnh ha hc ph thng. Rt
nhiu cc phng php, cc dng bi c bn c bit n. Sau y l mt s v d v dng bi
tm mi lin h khi qut gia cc i lng thng xut hin trong trong cc thi tuyn sinh i
hc.
V d 1: (Cu 11 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol Na2CO3 ng thi khuy
u, thu c V lt kh ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi cho d nc vi trong vo dung dch X
thy c xut hin kt ta. Biu thc lin h gia V vi a, b l
A. V = 22,4(a b).
B. V = 11,2(a b).
D. V = 22,4(a + b).
Hng dn gii
Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch Na2CO3 ta c phng trnh:
HCl + Na2CO3 NaHCO3 + NaCl
b b
(1)
b mol
(2)
(a b) mol
Vy:
B. 6.
C. 4.
D. 5.
Hng dn gii
Mt phn t Clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC theo phng trnh:
CH CH 2
xt
|
+ kCl2
to
Cl
Do:
%mCl = 63,96%
%mC,H cn li = 36,04%.
CH CH 2 CH CH
|
|
|
Cl
Cl Cl
n k
k
35,5 (n k) 35,5 2 k
63,96
=
27 (n k) 26 k
36,04
Vy
n
= 3. (p n A).
k
B. a : b < 1 : 4.
C. a : b = 1 : 5.
D. a : b > 1 : 4.
Hng dn gii
Trn a mol AlCl3 vi b mol NaOH thu c kt ta th
AlO2 2H 2O
Al(OH)3 OH
Al3 4OH
AlO2 2H 2O
a
4 mol
b
4.
a
Vy c kt ta th
b
<4
a
a : b > 1 : 4. (p n D)
B. C2H5COOH.
C. CH3COOH.
D. HOOCCOOH.
Hng dn gii
t a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO2 axit hu c Y c hai nguyn t C trong phn t.
Trung ha a mol axit hu c Y cn dng 2a mol NaOH axit hu c Y c 2 nhm chc
cacboxyl (COOH).
Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l HOOCCOOH. (p n D)
V d 5: (Cu 39 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Dung dch HCl v dung dch CH3COOH c cng nng mol/l, pH ca hai dung dch
tng ng l x v y. Quan h gia x v y l (gi thit, c 100 phn t CH3COOH th c 1
phn t in li)
A. y = 100x.
B. y = 2x.
C. y = x 2.
Hng dn gii
[H+]HCl = 10x
pHHCl = x
[H ]CH3COOH 10 y
pH CH3COOH y
Ta c:
HCl H+ + Cl
10x
10x (M)
H+ + CH3COO
CH3COOH
100.10y
Mt khc:
10y (M).
[HCl] = [CH3COOH]
10x = 100.10y
y = x + 2. (p n D)
D. y = x + 2.
B. c mol bt Cu vo Y.
C. 2c mol bt Al vo Y.
D. 2c mol bt Cu vo Y.
Hng dn gii
Ha tan hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3
Al2O3 + 6HNO3 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O
a
6a
2a mol
2b
b mol
2c
2c mol
Dung dch HNO3 va . Dung dch Y gm 2a mol Al(NO3)3, b mol Cu(NO3)2, 2c mol AgNO3.
thu Ag tinh khit cn cho thm kim loi Cu vo phng trnh
Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
c mol 2c
Vy cn c mol bt Cu vo dung dch Y. (p n B)
V d 7: (Cu 32 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO4 v b mol NaCl (vi in cc tr, c mng ngn
xp). dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin
ca a v b l (bit ion SO42 khng b in phn trong dung dch)
A. b > 2a.
B. b = 2a.
C. b < 2a.
D. 2b = a.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh in phn dung dch
pdd
Cu + Cl2 + Na2SO4
CuSO4 + 2NaCl
(1)
2a mol
Dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng sau phn ng (1) th
dung dch NaCl cn d v tip tc b in phn theo phng trnh
pdd
2NaOH + H2 + Cl2
2NaCl + 2H2O
mng ngn
Vy:
(2)
b > 2a. (p n A)
B. b = 2a.
C. b < 2a.
D. a = 2b.
B. b < 2a.
C. b 2a.
D. b 2a.
RCHO RCOONH 4
trong : C+1 2e C+3.
t cng thc phn t ca anehit n chc X l CxHyO ta c phng trnh
y
y 1
a.x
(b mol)
Ta c:
b = a + c ax = a +
a.y
2
a.y
mol
2
(c mol)
y = 2x 2.
Cng thc tng qut ca anehit n chc X l CxH2x2O c dng Cx1H2(x1)1CHO l anehit
khng no c mt lin kt i, n chc. (p n C)
V d 9: Cng thc phn t ca mt ancol A l CnHmOx. cho A l ancol no th m phi c gi tr
A. m = 2n.
B. m = 2n + 2.
C. m = 2n 1.
D. m = 2n + 1.
Hng dn gii
Theo phng php ng nht h s: Cng thc tng qut ca ancol no l CnH2n+2x(OH) x hay
CnH2n+2Ox. Vy m = 2n+2. (p n B)
V d 10: Hi t l th tch CO2 v hi nc (T) bin i trong khong no khi t chy hon ton
cc ankin.
A. 1 < T 2.
B. 1 T < 1,5.
C. 0,5 < T 1.
Hng dn gii
CnH2n2 nCO2 + (n 1)H2O
iu kin: n 2 v n N.
n CO2
n H 2O
n
1
.
n 1 1 1
n
n=2
T = 2 l gi tr ln nht.
Vy: 1 < T 2. (p n A)
V d 11: t chy 1 mol aminoaxit NH2(CH2)nCOOH phi cn s mol O2 l
A.
2n 3
.
2
B.
6n 3
.
2
C.
6n 3
.
4
D.
2n 3
.
4
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh t chy amino axit l
H2N(CH2)nCOOH +
6n 3
2n 3
(n + 1)CO2 +
O2
H2O
4
2
(p n C)
V d 12: Mt dung dch hn hp cha a mol NaAlO2 v a mol NaOH tc dng vi mt dung dch
cha b mol HCl. iu kin thu c kt ta sau phn ng l
A. a = b.
B. a = 2b.
C. b = 5a.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng:
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
(1)
a mol a mol
NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl
(2)
(3)
(4)
a mol 4a mol
iu kin khng c kt ta khi nHCl 4n NaAlO2 + nNaOH = 5a. Vy suy ra iu kin c kt
ta:
nNaOH < nHCl < 4n NaAlO2 + nNaOH
V d 13: Dung dch cha a mol NaOH tc dng vi dung dch cha b mol H3PO4 sinh ra hn hp
a
Na2HPO4 + Na3PO4. T s
l
b
A. 1 <
a
< 2.
b
C. 2 <
a
< 3.
b
B.
a
3.
b
D.
a
1.
b
Ta c:
(1)
(2)
(3)
a
n NaOH
< 3, tc l 2 <
< 3. (p n C)
b
n H3PO4
V d 14: Hn hp X gm Na v Al.
Th nghim 1: Nu cho m gam X tc dng vi H2O d th thu c V1 lt H2.
Th nghim 2: nu cho m gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d th thu c V2 lt H2.
Cc kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V1 v V2 l
A. V1 = V2.
B. V1 > V2.
C. V1 < V2.
D. V1 V2.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng khi ha tan hn hp Na v Al vi H2O v vi dung dch NaOH d:
Na + H2O NaOH +
1
H2
2
(1)
(2)
V1 = V2.
TN2: x < y trong TN1 (1) Al d, TN2 (2) Al tan ht n H2 (TN 2) n H2 (TN 2) .
V2 > V1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
xt
4NH3 + 5O2
4NO + 6H2O
to
D. 4.
2NO2
2NO + O2
V V/2
4NO2
O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3
5V V
V V
4
2
V
5V V
V = 4 V
= 2. (p n B)
4
2
V
V d 16: Cht X c khi lng phn t l M. Mt dung dch cht X c nng a mol/l, khi lng
ring d gam/ml. Nng C% ca dung dch X l
A.
a.M
.
10d
B.
d.M
.
10a
C.
10a
.
M.d
D.
a.M
.
1000d
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 lt dung dch cht X:
nX = a mol mX = a.M
mdd X =
C% =
a.M.100
= 1000d
C%
a.M
. (p n A)
10d
B. a = b 0,02.
C. a = b 0,05.
D. a = b 0,07.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc tng qut ca 1 s ankan l C x H 2x 2
C x H 2x 2 +
3x 1
O2 x CO2 + (x 1) H2O
2
0,05(x 1) b
V d 18: (Cu 40 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
Thc hin hai th nghim:
1) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO3 1M thot ra V1 lt NO.
2) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,5 M thot
ra V2 lt NO.
Hng dn gii
TN1:
3,84
0,06 mol
n Cu
64
n H 0,08 mol
0,06
0,08
0,08
Phn ng:
H+ phn ng ht
0,02 mol
0,06
0,16
0,08
Phn ng:
Cu v H+ phn ng ht
0,04 mol
B. a + 2b = 2c + d.
C. a + b = 2c + d.
D. a + b = c+ d.
02. Cho a mol Fe vo dung dch cha b mol dung dch AgNO3. a v b c quan h nh th no thu
c dung dch Fe(NO3)3 duy nht sau phn ng?
A. b =2a.
B. b a.
C. b=3a.
D. b a.
03. Dung dch A cha cc ion Na+: a mol; HCO3: b mol; CO32: c mol; SO42: d mol. to ra kt
ta ln nht ngi ta dng 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 nng x mol/l. Lp biu thc tnh x theo a
v b.
A. x = a + b.
B. x = a b.
C. x =
ab
.
0,2
D. x =
ab
.
0,1
04. Dung dch X cha a mol NaAlO2. Khi thm vo dung dch X b mol hoc 2b mol dung dch HCl th
a
lng kt ta sinh ra u nh nhau. T s
c gi tr bng
b
A. 1.
B. 1,25.
C. 1,5.
D. 1,75.
B. 1.
C. 1,25.
D. 1,5.
06. C mt lng anehit HCHO c chia lm 2 phn bng nhau, mi phn cha a mol HCHO.
Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 /NH3 thu c m gam Ag.
Phn 2: Oxi ha bng Oxi thnh HCOOH vi hiu sut 40% thu c dung dch A. Cho A tc
m
dng vi dung dch AgNO3 /NH3 thu c m gam Ag. T s
c gi tr bng
m
A. 0,2.
B. 0,4.
C. 0,6.
D. 0,8.
07. A l axit cha ba nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. Cho 0,015 mol A tc dng vi dung dch cha
a mol Ba(OH)2 thu c dung dch B. Ngi ta nhn thy:
Nu a = 0,01 mol th dung dch B lm qu tm.
Nu a = 0,02 mol th dung dch B lm xanh qu tm. B c cng thc cu to:
A. CH3CH2COOH.
B. CH2=CHCOOH.
C. CHCCOOH.
D. HOOCCH2COOH.
08. C 2 axit hu c no: (A) l axit n chc v (B) l axit a chc. Hn hp (X) cha x mol (A) v y
mol (B). t chy hon ton (X) th thu c 11,2 lt CO2 (ktc). Cho x + y = 0,3 v MA < MB.
Vy cng thc phn t ca (A) l:
A. CH3COOH.
B. C2H5COOH.
C. HCOOH.
D. C3H7COOH.
09. Hn hp A gm Al v Fe2O3 c khi lng trung bnh l M A . Tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm,
sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp B c khi lng phn t trung bnh l M B . Quan h gia
M A v M B l
A. M A = M B .
B. M A > M B .
C. M A < M B .
D. M A M B .
10. Kh hon ton mt lng oxit st cn V lt H2. ha tan hon ton lng st sinh ra trn trong
dung dch HCl thy to ra V lt H2. Bit V > V (cc kh o cng iu kin). Cng thc oxit st
l
A. Fe2O3.
B. FeO.
C. Fe3O4.
D. Fe2O3 v Fe3O4.
p n cc bi tp vn dng:
1. B
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. D
7. D
8. C
9. A
10. D
Phng php 10
T CHN LNG CHT
Trong mt s cu hi v bi tp trc nghim chng ta c th gp mt s trng hp c bit sau:
C mt s bi ton tng nh thiu d kin gy b tc cho vic tnh ton.
C mt s bi ton ngi ta cho di dng gi tr tng qut nh a gam, V lt, n mol hoc cho
t l th tch hoc t l s mol cc cht...
Nh vy kt qu gii bi ton khng ph thuc vo cht cho. Trong cc trng hp trn tt
nht ta t chn mt gi tr nh th no cho vic gii bi ton tr thnh n gin nht.
Cch 1: Chn mt mol nguyn t, phn t hoc mt mol hn hp cc cht phn ng.
Cch 2: Chn ng t l lng cht trong u bi cho.
Cch 3: Chn cho thng s mt gi tr ph hp chuyn phn s phc tp v s n gin
tnh ton.
Sau y l mt s v d in hnh:
Cch 1: CHN 1 MOL CHT HOC HN HP CHT PHN NG
V d 1: Ho tan mt mui cacbonat kim loi M ha tr n bng mt lng va dung dch H2SO4
9,8% ta thu c dung dch mui sunfat 14,18%. M l kim loi g?
B. Fe.
A. Cu.
C. Al.
D. Zn.
Hng dn gii
Chn 1 mol mui M2(CO3)n.
M2(CO3)n
nH2SO4
98n 100
1000n gam
9,8
m dd H2SO4
C%dd mui
2M 96 100 14,18
M = 28.n
n = 2 ; M = 56 l ph hp vy M l Fe. (p n B)
2M 1016n
V d 2: Cho dung dch axit axetic c nng x% tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH 10% th thu
c dung dch mui c nng 10,25%. Vy x c gi tr no sau y?
A. 20%.
B. 16%.
C. 15%.
D.13%.
82 gam
60 100
gam
x
m ddNaOH
40 100
400 gam
10
m dd mui
60 100
82 100
400
gam.
x
10,25
x = 15%. (p n C).
B. Zn.
C. Fe.
D. Mg.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol M(OH)2 tham gia phn ng
M(OH)2 + H2SO4
MSO4 + 2H2O
m dd H2SO4
m dd MSO4 M 34 490
M = 64 M l Cu. (p n A)
M 96 100
27,21
B. 15%.
C. 20%.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol hn hp X, ta c:
mx = M X = 7,2 gam.
t n N2 a mol , ta c:
28a + 2(1 a) = 7,2
a = 0,2
N2
xt, t
2NH3
3H2
D. 25%.
0,2
0,8
Phn ng:
3x
2x
2x
nY = (1 2x) mol
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c mX = mY
mY
MY
nY
1 2x
7,2
8
x = 0,05.
0,05 100
25% . (p n D)
0,2
C. C4H8.
B. C3H6.
D. C5H10.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol hn hp A gm (a mol CnH2n v (1a) mol H2)
Ta c:
(1)
Ni , t
CnH2n + H2
CnH2n+2
Ban u:
Phn ng:
a mol
nB
mB
MB
1 2a
12,8
16
a = 0,2 mol.
n = 4 anken l C4H8. (p n C)
V d 6: Oxi ha C2H5OH bng CuO nung nng, thu c hn hp cht lng gm CH3CHO,
C2H5OH d v H2O c M = 40 vC. Hiu sut phn ng oxi ha l
A. 25%.
B. 35%.
C. 45%.
D. 55%.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol C2H5OH. t a mol C2H5OH b oxi ha. Vy a l hiu sut ca phn ng oxi ha
ru.
o
t
C2H5OH + CuO
CH3CHO + H2O + Cu
Ban u:
1 mol
a mol a mol
C. 14,76.
B. 18,23.
D. 13,48.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol hn hp X mX = 12,4 gam gm a mol N2 v (1 a) mol H2.
28a + 2(1 a) = 12,4 a = 0,4 mol
n H 2 0,6 mol
N2
xt, t
Ban u:
0,4
0,6
Phn ng:
0,36
0,16 mol
MY
12,4
14,76 gam . (p n C)
0,84
A. 7,09%.
C. 11,09%.
Hng dn gii
TL
2O3
3O2
15
mol O2
16
15 1
mol
16 16
n O3 1
n O2 b oxi ho
1 3 3
mol
16 2 32
3
100
32
9,09% . (p n B)
3 15
32 16
D.13,09%.
B. Ba.
D. Mg.
C. Zn.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol kim loi ng vi R (gam) tham gia phn ng.
2R + nH2SO4 R2(SO4)n + nH2
C R (gam)
2R 96n
gam mui
2
2R 96n 5R
R = 12n tha mn vi n = 2.
Vy: R = 24 (Mg). (p n D)
Cch 2: CHN NG T L LNG CHT TRONG U BI CHO
V d 10: (Cu 48 - M 182 - khi A - TSH 2007)
Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mol tng ng l 1:10. t chy hon ton
hn hp trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H2SO4 c, thu c hn hp
kh Z c t khi i vi hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C3H8.
C. C4H8.
B. C3H6.
D. C3H4.
Hng dn gii
t hn hp gm hirocacbon X gm CxHy (1 mol) v O2 (10 mol ).
y
y
y
mol
2
M Z 19 2 38
( n C O 2 ) 44
38
( n O 2 ) 32
Vy:
x 10 x
y
4
n co2
n o2
1
1
8x = 40 y.
x = 4, y = 8 tho mn p n C.
47
p.
48
B. p1 = p.
16
p.
17
3
D. p1 p.
5
Hng dn gii
t A:
y
y
CxHy + x O2 xCO2 + H 2 O
4
2
n N2 4n O2 12 mol
x 3
4
x : y 2 7 : 4
x=
y 15
3 mol.
4 5
7
8
; y=
3
3
p. (p n A)
p1
p
1 15
48
48
132.a
gam CO2 v
41
45a
gam H 2O . Nu thm vo hn hp X mt na lng A c trong hn hp X ri t
41
165a
60,75a
gam CO2 v
gam H 2O . Bit A, B khng lm
chy hon ton th thu c
41
41
mt mu nc Br2.
B. C2H6.
C. C6H12.
D. C6H14.
C. C4H4.
D. C8H8.
B. C6H6.
B. 25%; 75%.
C. 50%; 50%.
D. 30%; 70%.
n CO2
132
45
3 mol v n H 2O
2,5 mol .
44
18
t X A
2
n CO2
165
60,75
3,75 mol v n H 2O
3,375 mol .
44
18
t X
1
A thu c (3,75 3) = 0,75 mol CO2 v (3,375 2,5) = 0,875 mol H2O.
2
n CO2
n H 2O
3n 1
O2
nCO2 n 1 H 2 O
2
n
1,5
n = 6 A l C6H14. (p n D)
n 1 1,75
b) t B thu c (3 1,5) = 1,5 mol CO2 v (2,5 1,75) = 0,75 mol H2O
Nh vy
nC
1,5
1
n H 0,75 2 1
V d 13: Trn a gam hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon C6H14 v C6H6 theo t l s mol (1:1) vi m gam
275a
94,5a
gam CO2 v
mt hirocacbon D ri t chy hon ton th thu c
gam
82
82
H2O.
a) D thuc loi hirocacbon no
A. CnH2n+2.
B. CmH2m2.
C. CnH2n.
D. CnHn.
b) Gi tr m l
A. 2,75 gam.
B. 3,75 gam.
Hng dn gii
a) Chn a = 82 gam
t X v m gam D (CxHy) ta c:
275
C. 5 gam.
D. 3,5 gam.
t D:
C6H14 +
19
O2 6CO2 + 7H2O
2
C6H6
15
O2 6CO2 + 3H2O
2
y
y
C x H y x O2
xCO2 H 2O
4
2
t n C6 H14 n C6 H6 b mol ta c:
86b + 78b = 82
b = 0,5 mol.
t 82 gam hn hp X thu c:
n CO2 0,5 6 6 6 mol
n H 2O 0,5 7 3 5 mol
V d 14: X l hp kim gm (Fe, C, Fe3C), trong hm lng tng cng ca Fe l 96%, hm lng
C n cht l 3,1%, hm lng Fe3C l a%. Gi tr a l
B. 13,5.
A. 10,5.
C. 14,5.
D. 16.
Hng dn gii
Xt 100 gam hn hp X ta c mC = 3,1 gam, m Fe3C = a gam v s gam Fe tng cng l 96 gam.
a = 13,5. (p n B)
12a
180
V d 15: Nung m gam X cha 80% khi lng gam CaCO3 (phn cn li l tp cht tr) mt thi
gian thu c cht rn Y cha 45,65 % CaO. Tnh hiu sut phn hy CaCO3.
B. 75%.
A. 50%.
C. 80%.
D. 70%.
Hng dn gii
Chn mX = 100 gam m CaCO3 80 gam v khi lng tp cht bng 20 gam.
o
t
CaCO3
CaO
CO2
44 gam
56.80
.h
100
44.80
.h
100
Phn ng:
80 gam
(hiu sut = h)
44.80.h
.
100
56 80
45,65
44 80 h
h
100
100
100
100