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0985052510
GII TON HA HC
V NGH THUT M THC
I.
t vn
Sau khi bi vit Bi ton kinh in ca Ha hc: bi ton 9 cch gii ca ti ph bin
tr li trn cc din n mng (trc tng c post ln forum ca CLB Gia s H Ni
nm 2006), ti nhn c kh nhiu thng tin th v, rt nhiu Topic, Entry v c Email
phn hi (a s l ca cc gio vin) vi nhng tiu rt hp dn nh: Bi ton kinh in
li vo lch s, Bi ton kinh in khng cn l 9 cch gii, Cch th 10 cho bi ton
ca Sao bng, Qu tht l rt vui khi thy bi vit ca mnh n c vi s ng bn c
v to ra mt s thch nho nh cho nhng ai mun pht trin bi ton ny, nhng cng phi
bt ci cho ci s hiu thng ca tui tr. Cm hng lm ti mun vit bi ny, nh mt
cu chuyn vui v cho tt c mi ngi.
Gii mt bi ton Ha hc bng nhiu phng php l mt trong nhng ni dung quan
trng trong ging dy Ha hc trng ph thng nhm kch thch kh nng sng to v t duy
ca hc sinh. Nh ti tng cp trn mt din n:
Phng php Gio dc ta hin nay cn rt g b v hn ch tm suy ngh, sng to ca
hc sinh. Bn thn cc em hc sinh, khi i mt vi mt bi ton cng thng c tm l t hi
lng sau khi gii quyt c n bng mt cch no , m cha ngh n chuyn ti u ha
bi ton, gii quyt n bng cch nhanh nht. Gii quyt mt bi ton Ha hc bng nhiu cch
khc nhau l mt cch rt hay pht trin t duy v rn luyn k nng hc Ha ca mi ngi,
gip ta c kh nng nhn nhn vn theo nhiu hng khc nhau, pht trin t duy logic, s
dng thnh tho v vn dng ti a cc kin thc hc. i vi gio vin, suy ngh v bi ton
v gii quyt n bng nhiu cch cn l mt hng i c hiu qu tng qut ha hoc c
bit ha, lin h vi nhng bi ton cng dng, iu ny gp phn h tr, pht trin cc bi tp
hay v mi cho hc sinh.
Tuy nhin, vic rn luyn vic gii ton Ha hc bng nhiu phng php nhm hng
n mc tiu rn luyn k nng v t duy, khng c ngha rng chng ta phi gii bi ton bng
cng nhiu cch cng tt. y, cn phn bit r khi nim phng php v cch. Vic
lm dng, i khi l ph din mt bi ton cho c nhiu cch lm l khng cn thit v t hiu
qu trong hc tp.
i vi mt bi ton, nhng phng php t duy gii quyt l th nguyn liu khng
nhiu nhng nhng cch lm nhng mn n c xo xo, ch bin t l rt nhiu. Tuy
nhin, i t mt s t nguyn liu m iu ch ra c nhiu mn n ngon l mt cng vic
khng h n gin. Nu khng kho ch bin th sn phm thu c s khng u tay, cc mn
vukhacngoc@gmail.com
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0985052510
V d v phn tch
bt bo ha k
Khi t chy:
vukhacngoc@gmail.com
http://my.opera.com/saobanglanhgia
0985052510
5
O2 2CO2 + H 2O
2
7
O2 2CO2 + 3H 2O
+
2
9
+
O2 3CO2 + 3H 2O
2
C2 H 2 +
C2 H 6
C3 H 6
-
C2 H 2 + 2 Br2 C2 H 2 Br4
C3 H 6 + Br2 C3 H 6 Br2
nH 2 O =
28,8
= 1, 6mol
18
nBr2 =
500 20%
= 0, 625mol
160
26 x + 30 y + 42 z = 24,8 g
x = 0, 4mol
x + 3 y + 3 z = 1, 6mol
y = z = 0, 2mol
kx + ky + kz = 0,5mol
k = 1, 6
2kx + kz = 0, 625mol
%VC2 H 2 = 50%
%VC2 H6 = %VC2 H6 = 25%
( )
x + y + z = 1mol
x = 0,5mol
0, 625
= 1, 25
2 x + z =
0,5
y = z = 0, 25mol
24,8( x + 3 y + 3 z )
M = 26 x + 30 y + 42 z =
1, 6
vukhacngoc@gmail.com
%VC2 H2 = 50%
%VC2 H6 = %VC2 H6 = 25%
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0985052510
Cch 3: Phng php trung bnh +Phng php bo ton nguyn t v khi lng +
Phng php i s
Gi CTPT trung bnh ca c hn hp X l Cx H y
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t v khi lng, ta c:
mC = mX mH = 24,8 1, 6 2 = 21, 6 g
nC = 1,8mol
y 1, 6 2 16
=
=
1,8
9
x
Do phn ng cng Brom bin Hydrocacbon cho thnh hp cht no, nn CTPT ca sn
2
0, 625 2
9
= 2,5 x =
phm l: Cx H16 x Br2 x + 2 vi x + 2 =
9
9
9
0,5
4
Vy CTPT trung bnh ca hn hp X l C9 H 4
4
x + y + z = 0,8mol
x + 3 y + 3 z = 1, 6mol
2 x + 3 y + 3 z = 1,8mol
x = 0, 4mol
y = z = 0, 2mol
%VC2 H 2 = 50%
%VC2 H6 = %VC2 H6 = 25%
Cch 4: Phng php trung bnh +Phng php bo ton nguyn t v khi lng +
Phng php ng cho.
Gi CTPT trung bnh ca c hn hp X l Cx H y
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t v khi lng, ta c:
mC = mX mH = 24,8 1, 6 2 = 21, 6 g
nC = 1,8mol
y 1, 6 2 16
=
=
1,8
9
x
Do phn ng cng Brom bin Hydrocacbon cho thnh hp cht no, nn CTPT ca sn
2
0, 625 2
9
= 2,5 x =
phm l: Cx H16 x Br2 x + 2 vi x + 2 =
9
9
9
0,5
4
Vy CTPT trung bnh ca hn hp X l C9 H 4
4
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0985052510
(C2H2, C2H6) (C = 2)
C=
C3H6 (C = 3)
75%
25%
(C2H6, C3H6) (H = 6)
50%
50%
H=4
C2H2 (H = 2)
nBr2
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
(
(
a 14 x 0,5 = 24,8
a x 0, 25 = 1, 6
ax = 1,8
a = 0,8
x =
4
a = 0,8mol
x + y + z = 0,8mol
x + 3 y + 3 z = 1, 6mol
2 x + 3 y + 3 z = 1,8mol
x = 0, 4mol
y = z = 0, 2mol
%VC2 H 2 = 50%
%VC2 H6 = %VC2 H6 = 25%
http://my.opera.com/saobanglanhgia
0985052510
nBr2
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
(
(
a 14 x 0,5 = 24,8
a x 0, 25 = 1, 6
ax = 1,8
a = 0,8
x =
4
a = 0,8mol
(C2H2, C2H6) (C = 2)
C=
C3H6 (C = 3)
1
4
75%
25%
(C2H6, C3H6) (H = 6)
50%
50%
H=4
C2H2 (H = 2)
nBr2
mC = mX mH = 24,8 1, 6 2 = 21, 6 g
vukhacngoc@gmail.com
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
nC = 1,8mol = nCO2
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0985052510
Trong bi ging Phng php phn tch h s v ng dng trong vic gii nhanh bi
ton Ha hc ti c nu mt kt qu rt quan trng l: nX =
nH 2O nCO2
1 k
x + y + z = 0,8mol
x + 3 y + 3 z = 1, 6mol
2 x + 3 y + 3 z = 1,8mol
x = 0, 4mol
y = z = 0, 2mol
%VC2 H 2 = 50%
%VC2 H6 = %VC2 H6 = 25%
nBr2
mC = mX mH = 24,8 1, 6 2 = 21, 6 g
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
nC = 1,8mol = nCO2
Trong bi ging Phng php phn tch h s v ng dng trong vic gii nhanh bi
ton Ha hc ti c nu mt kt qu rt quan trng l: nX =
nH 2O nCO2
1 k
nCO2
nX
1,8 9
= v CTPT trung bnh ca X s l C9 H 4
4
0,8 4
(C2H2, C2H6) (C = 2)
C3H6 (C = 3)
C=
1
4
75%
25%
(C2H6, C3H6) (H = 6)
C2H2 (H = 2)
vukhacngoc@gmail.com
50%
50%
H=4
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0985052510
nBr2
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
(1)
mC = mX mH = 24,8 1, 6 2 = 21, 6 g
y 1, 6 2 16
=
=
1,8
9
x
nC = 1,8mol
16
x
9
(2)
x=
9
4
x + y + z = 0,8mol
x + 3 y + 3 z = 1, 6mol
2 x + 3 y + 3 z = 1,8mol
x = 0, 4mol
y = z = 0, 2mol
%VC2 H 2 = 50%
%VC2 H6 = %VC2 H6 = 25%
Cch 10: Phng php trung bnh + bt bo ha k +Phng php bo ton nguyn
t v khi lng + Phng php ng cho
Gi CTPT trung bnh ca c hn hp X l Cx H 2 x + 22k trong k l s lin kt trung
bnh ca hn hp X v a l s mol ca 24,8 gam hn hp X.
T phn ng ca X vi Br2, ta c: k =
nBr2
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
(1)
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0985052510
mC = mX mH = 24,8 1, 6 2 = 21, 6 g
y 1, 6 2 16
=
=
1,8
9
x
nC = 1,8mol
16
x
9
(2)
x=
9
4
(C2H2, C2H6) (C = 2)
C=
C3H6 (C = 3)
1
4
75%
25%
(C2H6, C3H6) (H = 6)
50%
50%
H=4
C2H2 (H = 2)
Cch 11: Phng php trung bnh + bt bo ha k +Phng php bo ton nguyn
t v khi lng + Phng php phn tch h s v ng dng
Gi CTPT trung bnh ca c hn hp X l Cx H 2 x + 22k trong k l s lin kt trung
bnh ca hn hp X.
T phn ng ca X vi Br2, ta c: k =
nBr2
mC = mX mH = 24,8 1, 6 2 = 21, 6 g
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
nC = 1,8mol = nCO2
Trong bi ging Phng php phn tch h s v ng dng trong vic gii nhanh bi
ton Ha hc ti c nu mt kt qu rt quan trng l: nX =
nH 2O nCO2
1 k
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0985052510
nC2 H 2 =
3nX nH 2O
2
= 0, 4mol
nBr2
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
(
(
a 14 x 0,5 = 24,8
a x 0, 25 = 1, 6
ax = 1,8
a = 0,8
x =
4
a = 0,8mol
nC2 H 2 =
3nX nH 2O
2
= 0, 4mol
Mt bi tp tng t
t chy hon ton 11g hn hp A cha axetilen, propilen v metan thu c 12,6 gam
nc. Mt khc, 5,6 lt hn hp trn phn ng va vi dung dch cha 50 gam Brom. Xc
nh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca hn hp ban u. Bit cc th tch kh c o iu
kin tiu chun.
( Bi tp 16, trang 211, sch Gii ton Ha hc 11, L Trng Th (ch bin))
vukhacngoc@gmail.com
http://my.opera.com/saobanglanhgia
0985052510
Tng kt
0985052510
vukhacngoc@gmail.com
http://my.opera.com/saobanglanhgia