Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BO CO MN K THUT NHN
GING V TNH CY TRNG
TI: CHANH DY
1218451
1218453
Nguyn Anh T
1218447
II.
1.
2.
Phn b a l: ............................................................................................................ 4
3.
2.
2.
Bnh do ng vt gy hi ......................................................................................... 27
3.
Bnh do nm ............................................................................................................. 34
4.
5.
V.
1.
2.
Lm gin: .................................................................................................................. 43
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sn lng .................................................................................................................. 50
7.
Bo qun: .................................................................................................................. 52
2.
3.
4.
Lm thuc: ................................................................................................................ 69
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Phn b a l:
2.1. Trn th gii:
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c im sinh hc:
3.1. Hnh thi:
3.1.1.
Thn:
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3.1.2.
Hoa:
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Hoa chanh dy n
3.1.3.
Qu:
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III. MC CH TI:
1.
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C s khoa hc
- C s khoa hc ca phng php gim cnh l tnh ton nng v tnh phn phn
ho phn ho ca t bo thc vt. Cnh gim sau khi gim s c hin tng
bt mm trc. Ti cc b phn non mi hnh thnh ny din ra qu trnh tng
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Dng c gim
Ko hoc dao sc
Dung dch kch thch ra r nh IBA (Indol Butyric Acid), NAA (Naphthalene
Acetic Acid) v IAA (Indol Acetic Acid).
Bao nilong sm mu
V xp
Bu t
Vn gim hom
Phn bn
2.1.3.
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- Trc ht phi chn c nhng cy u dng lm ging theo tiu chun ging
cy trng quc gia hoc nhng cy khe mnh sch su bnh v cho nng xut
cao. Trn cy u dng, chn nhng cnh bnh t(khng gi qu v khng non
qu) ngoi mt tn, va mi n nh sinh trng, v cnh ang chuyn mu nu,
khng b su bnh ct thnh cc hom ging.
2.1.5.
Ct v cm hom
- Ct cnh ging vo nhng ngy rm, mt, ma nh hoc sng sm, chiu mt.
Ct xong, phun nc l v t ng vo cc x chu c nc cao 5cm, che y.
em ngay v vn m, ct thnh cc hom di 5-7cm c 2-4 l, i vi ch th
mi hom di 3-4cm c 1 l v mm nch l. C th ct bt mt phn phin l
trnh bc hi nc. Ct hom xong phi cm gim ngay. Hin nay, trc khi
gim, cc hom c x l bng mt trong cc cht kch thch ra r n nhng 1
u hom vo dung dch trong 5-10 giy, nu hom cn xanh, dung dch pha
2000ppm, hom ha g 1/3-3000-4000 ppm v hom ha g hon ton - 400600ppm. Lu i vi vic nhng cht kch thch khng nn qu su vo thn
cy nu khng d gy h hi cnh gim.
2.1.6.
Gim hom vo v xp
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hoai.
- Cch trng: Chun b sn bu t sau nh cy con t v xp (ch khng
c lm t r ) v trng ngay vo bu t, dng ngn tay nn cht xung
quanh gc gi cy c ng vng trnh cy b ng khi ti nc. Cy
sau khi trng vo bu c chuyn vo nh li c che li en 60% v ti
bng vi nh (phi k bu t ln trn gch trnh bu t b ng nc), sau
ti 02 ln/ngy m bo bu t lun m cy nhanh hi phc v pht
trin.
Giai on ny ko di trong khong 30 40 ngy cy c th xut vn i trng
c.
2.1.7.
u im
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2.2.1.
C s khoa hc
- C s khoa hc ca phng php l khi ghp, bng nhng phng php nht
nh lm cho tng tng ca gc ghp v thn ghp tip xc vi nhau, nh s
hot ng v kh nng ti sinh ca tng tng lm cho mt ghp v gc ghp
gn lin vi nhau.
2.2.2.
Yu cu v gc ghp
Nhng yu cu k thut
- Chm sc cy con trc khi ghp: sau khi ra ngi cn p dng y cc quy
trnh khc ca k thut chm sc cy gc ghp sm t tiu chun ghp.
Trc khi ghp 1 - 2 tun cn tin hnh v sinh vn cy gc ghp v tng
cng chm sc cy c nhiu nha, tng tng hot ng tt
- Chn cnh, mt ghp tt: cnh ghp c ly t vn chuyn ly cnh ghp
hoc trn vn sn xut vi nhng cy mang y cc c tnh ca ging
mun nhn. Cnh ghp c chn gia tng tn, khng c cc i tng su
bnh nguy him gy hi. Tui cnh ghp chn ph hp tu thuc vo thi v
ghp khc nhau. Trong iu kin cn vn chuyn i xa, cn bo qun trong iu
kin m, trnh nhit cao.
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u im
- Cy ghp sinh trng pht trin tt nh s pht trin, hot ng tt ca b
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C s khoa hc
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Bc 1: Chn lc v chun b cy m
- Trc khi tin hnh nhn ging in vitro cn chn lc cn thn cc cy m (cy
cho ngun mu nui cy). Cc cy ny cn sch bnh, c bit l bnh virus v
giai on sinh trng mnh. Vic trng cc cy m trong iu kin mi trng
thch hp vi ch chm sc v phng tr su bnh hiu qu truc khi ly
mu s lm gim t l mu nhim, tng kh nng sng v sinh trng ca mu
cy in vitro.
Bc 2: To vt liu khi u
- L giai on kh trng mu vo nui cy in vitro. Giai on ny cn m bo
cc yu cu: t l nhim thp, t l sng cao, m tn ti v sinh trng tt.
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Mui khong: theo White (1943), Heller (1953), Murashige v Skoog (1962)
Cht hu c: ng sarcaroza
Vitamin: B, B6, inositol, nicotin axit
Hoocmon: auxin (IAA, IBA, NAA), Xytokinin (BA, Kin, 2P),
Gibberelin (GA3)
Bc 3: nhn nhanh
- Mc ch ca giai on ny l kch thch s pht trin hnh thi v tng nhanh s
lng chi trn mt n v mu cy trong mt thi gian nht nh thng qua cc
con ng: hot ho chi nch, to chi bt nh v to phi v tnh.
- Vt liu khi u in vitro c chuyn sang mi trng nhn nhanh c b sung
cht iu tit sinh trngnhm xytokinin ti sinh t mt chi thnh nhiu
chi. H s nhn ph thuc vo s lng chi to ra trong mt ng nghim. Vn
l phi xc nh c mi trng v iu kin ngoi cnh thch hp c
hiu qu cao nht. Ch nui cy thng l 25-270C v 16 gi chiu
sng/ngy, cng nh sng 2000-4000 lux, nh sng tm l thnh phn quan
trng kch thch phn ho chi (Weiss v Jaffe, 1969).
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2.3.4.3. Th nghim
iu kin th nghim: Cc th nghim c tin hnh iu kin nhit
2520C, cng nh sang 2000-3000 lux v thi gian chiu sng l
16h/ngy.
nh hng ca BA ln kh nng to cm chi invitro t on thn mang
chi nch: on thn mang chi nch (khong 1cm) tch t cc chi in vitro
c cy ln mi trng c bn MS (Murashige, Skoog, 1962) c 2%
sucrose, 0.8% agar v b sung N6-Benzyl adenine (BA) vi cc nng 04.0 mg/L tham d kh nng to chi ca mu. S liu nghin cu c
thu sau 6 tun nui cy. Mi th nghim nui cy 20 mu. Th nghim c
lp li 3 ln.
nh hng ca nc da phi hp vi BA ln kh nng to cm chi in
vitro t on thn mang chi nch: on thn mang chi nch (khong 1cm)
tch t cc chi in vitro c cy ln mi trng c bn MS c 2% sucrose,
0.8% agar v b sung nc a vi cc nng 0-20% phi hp vi 0.5mg/l
BA thm d kh nng to chi ca mu. S liu nghin cu c thu sau
6 tun nui cy. Mi mi trng nui cy 20 mu. Th nghim c lp li 3
ln.
Nghin cu kh nng to r ca chi in vitro: Cc chi (khong 1cm) tch t
cm chi in vitro c cy ln mi trng c bn MS c 2% sucrose, 0.8%
agar v b sung -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) vi cc nng 0-2.0mg/L
thm d kh nng to r. S liu nghin cu c thu sau 6 tun nui cy.
Mi mi trng nui cy 20 mu. Th nghim c lp li 3 ln.
Chuyn cy con in vitro ra trng ngoi t: Cc cy con in vitro pht trin
r c ly ra khi bnh nui cy. Ra sch r v trng trn t c
trn phn chung hoai (t l 3 t:1 phn). Ti m v che nng cho cy
trong tun u.
2.3.4.4. Kt qu s nh hng ca BA
- Nghin cu nh hng ca BA ln kh nng to cm chi in vitro t on thn
mang chi nch:
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to
S chi/ mu
cy
1.00e
1.58d
3.95a
2.88b
2.13c
Cm nh chi
Cm nh chi
Chiu cao
2.62ab
3.06a
2.24b
2.19b
0.93c
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Bnh sinh l
- L bnh do qua trnh chm sc hoc iu kin mi trng gy ra, nhng bnh
ny thng khng gy hi nhiu cho thc vt do d pht hin triu chng v cy
c kh nng hi phc cao khi mc bnh.
2.
Bnh do ng vt gy hi
kenya
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Tuyn trng:
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Bnh do nm
3.1.
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Bnh thi r:
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Bnh do vi khun
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Bnh do virus
5.1. S lan truyn bnh.
- u tin virus lan truyn bi qu trnh ghp, qua cc dng c ghp t cy bnh
vo trong cy khe. Ngoi ra qu trnh ct ta cnh bng dao, ko cng lm cho
virus ly lan. Khng c s lan truyn qua ht ging, m c th ly lan trong qu
trnh vn chuyn.
- Cc loi rp: (Rp mui) Aphis gossypii, v rp o Myzus Persicae l cc mi
gii truyn bnh virus gy hi trn chanh dy.
5.2. Nguyn nhn:
- C 2 loi virus gy hi trn chanh dy:
- Virus PWV (Passion fruit woodiness virus)
- Virus CMV: y l loi virus gy hi trn nhiu loi cy trng nh chanh
dy, da chut, c chua..).
- Ngoi Virt PWV nu trn cc loi Virt khc cng c bo co nh Virt
khm trn u a (CMV), Virt tim n chanh dy (PLV), Virt khm vng
l chanh dy (PaYMV) Virt gy hi gn l, Virt m xanh chanh dy
(PGSV) .
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K THUT TRNG:
Chun b t trng:
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Lm gin:
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K thut trng:
- Phn bn lt nh phn chung hoai mc, phn vi sinh, phn m, ln, NPK
... theo liu lng thch hp trn vi lp t mt vo trong h.
- Dng dao sc ct bu nilon, t cy con xung gia h, lp t nh xung
quanh gc, ph mt lp c kh duy tr m trong t v gi mt gc vo
ma nng (trnh p t thnh / m xung quanh gc. Sau trng cn ti
nc nh gi m (nu khng c ma).
- Cy mi trng: khi cy cao khong hn 1m phi ngt t cho nhy thm
nhiu nhnh mi, c th ngt t thm 1 ln th nh nu gin ln rng.
3.1. Ti nc:
- Chanh dy l loi cy cn m cao, lng nc nhiu v thng xuyn v vy
thng ti 2 ngy 1 ln, nht l vo ma kh cn ti lng nc nhiu hn s
gp cho cy ra chi, ra hoa v u qu lin tc, yu cu nc nhiu giai on
lm tri v pht trin tri nu thiu nc s lm rng hoa, tri hoc teo tri li.
3.2. Bn phn:
- Chanh dy l loi pht trin mnh v cn bn phn thng xuyn. Phn NPK
(m - Ln - Kali) l mt la chn tt vi t l thch hp nht s cho nng
sut cao, s la chn ny cn ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng, ging...
Qu nhiu nit s lm l pht trin qu mc ln t s ra hoa. Cy d h hi v
sng gi, nn cn lng phn bn ln sau khi thi tit m p li.
- Chanh dy c mt h thng r d b tn thng cho nn t trng tt c
nhiu vi sinh vt v nhiu cht hu c l ni gieo tt nht. Nu t ngho,
cy c th bnh, r thi i v b giun trn tn cng. t st nng cng gy
bnh thi hng.
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Ct ta:
- vic thu hach d dng hn v gi nng sut cao bi gip cy pht trin khe
mnh. Bn cnh cn nhm gi cy khng mc ln ra ngoi din tch nh
vn mong mun v gip khng kh c th lun chuyn gia cc m l,
cy sinh ra nhng cnh mi v khe.
- Ct ta, to tn: Vic ct ta to tn nn lm thng xuyn to ra cc cnh th
cp mi phn b du trn mt gin gip cho cy ra hoa u tri c tt hn.
Ta bt l vo thi k ma ma va hn ch nm bnh pht trin gy hi
ng thi nhm c ch sinh trng, gip cy ra nhiu n, u nhiu tri.
- Sau thu hoch ct ht tt c cc cnh trn mt gin cho tri. li thn v
cc cnh t mt t ti gin. Sau cy s ra chi mi, phn cnh cp 2,3 v
cc cnh qu. Nu chanh dy khng c n ta hon ton vo cui nm,
sang nm s nh hng rt ln n sinh trng v pht trin c bit lm hn
ch n nng sut.
4.
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S th phn to qu:
5.1. iu kin cn cho s th phn:
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Gi:
Cn trng:
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Sn lng
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Bo qun:
7.1. Phng php:
S bay hi nc
S bay hi nc ty thuc vo mc ho nc ca h keo trong t bo, cu
to v trng thi ca m bao che, c im v mc b gip c hc, m v
nhit ca mi trng xung quanh, vn tc chuyn ng ca khng kh,
chn ca chanh dy, cch bao gi, thi hn v phng php tn tr v cc yu t
khc nh cng h hp v s sinh ra hi nc.
Thng tt do su, chut, va p c hc v nm bnh cng lm tng s mt
nc.
S mt nc thay i trong qu trnh tn tr:
Giai on u: mt nc mnh.
Giai on gia: mt nc gim i.
Cui cng: khi chn hay khi bt u h hng mt nc li tng ln.
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S sinh nhit
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bnh mch vnh ung nc chanh leo c th ci thin tnh trng bnh nh axit
citric kt hp vi canxi, ngn s ng mu do tch t tiu cu.
Hng v ngt ngo ca chanh dy tm l do hm lng ng v t l
ng/acid cao. Trong chanh dy vng, acid citric chim u th, tip theo l axit
malic, ging mu tm c thp hn axt citric, tip theo l acid lactic.
T l ng : acid trong chanh dy tm l 5:1.
T l ng : acid trong chanh dy vng l 3:8.
Cc loi chanh dy tm thng ngt hn chanh dy vng.
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2.
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4.
Lm thuc:
4.1. Trong ng y:
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- Ht c th p du lm du n hoc ch du sn.
- Hoa lm cnh. Hoa c coi l quc hoa ca Paraguay.
VII. KT LUN:
- Nhn chung li, tt c cc b phn ca chanh dy u c s dng vi
nhng mc ch khc nhau. Tuy cn hn ch v cha th hin ht tt c cc
kha cnh cng nh cc sn phm trn th trng trong v ngoi nc,
nhng qua y mong l chng ta c th phn no hiu hn v thnh phn,
c im ca chanh dy trong tng lai chng ta s pht trin cc sn
phm trn c s chanh dy, chn sn phm thch hp vi c tnh hay chn
nhng c tnh ni bt ca chanh dy a ra th trng cc sn phm
ngy cng phong ph v a dng. chanh dy tht s ng nh trn gi
qu ca cha.
- Tuy phn trnh bi cha tht s th hin ton b v chanh dy, mong c
s ng gp ca cc bn c. chng ta c mt c s cho vic nghim
cu cc sn phm trong tng lai, mang li cho th trng thc phm cc
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