TM HIU V LN

&
TNH TON LN CHO MNG CC

Settlement of piles and pile groups

I.

05th Nov 2012

MC TIU KHA HC

Trnh by khi nim, nguyn nhn gy ln;

Trnh by s lm vic ca cc trong nn t v cch d tnh ln cho mng cc;

Cc bin php khc phc.

II.

CU TRC KHA HC

Cu trc kha hc c thc hin trong thi lng 01 bui; thi lng 2h;

Phng php o to: Ging dy theo phng php trnh chiu, cng tho lun.

III.
-

I TNG O TO

i tng tham d bt buc: K s T Xy dng v Kt cu

IV.

NI DUNG KHA HC

V.

TNG KT CUI KHA

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 2

Settlement of piles and pile groups

I.

05th Nov 2012

PH LC
KHI NIM .....................5
1. Mt s khi nim.............5
2. Nguyn nhn gy ln...............7

II.

TNH LN................................................10
1. L thuyt tnh ln.........................10
2. Tiu chun v yu cu v ln........10
3. Tnh ln cho mng cc...13

III.

3.1.

ln ca cc n...........13

3.2.

ln ca nhm cc.......16

GII PHP KHC PHC...24

1. Cc bin php x l v kt cu cng trnh......24
2. Cc bin php x l v mng..........25
3. Cc bin php x l nn t yu.............26

IV.

THO LUN .......................................................... 26

V.

PH LC ........................................................................................................ 27
PH LC I....................................................................................................... 27
PH LC II..................................................................................................... 28
PH LC III.................................................................................................... 31

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 3

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

I. KHI NIM
1. Mt s khi nim

Figure 1.1. Leaning Tower of Pisa

Ln l s chuyn ng ca mt b mt (thng b mt tri t) nh n thay i i
xung so vi mt mc nh mc nc bin.
Ln cng trnh l cng trnh v t nn b chuyn v thng ng t trn xung di,
ko theo mng v c bn thn cng trnh, thng c o bng milimt. Ln xy ra do s
nn cht ca t nn di tc dng ca trng lng ton b cng trnh.
Ln lch hay cn gi ln tng i l chuyn v thng ng khng u a n
chuyn v ngang gy nghing cng trnh. Tt c cc cng trnh xy dng u b ln, min
trong gii hn cho php, khng gy nh hng n vic s dng v cc cng trnh ln
cn.
Qu trnh ln ca nn mng cng trnh xy ra rt phc tp v ph thuc vo nhiu
yu t (ch yu ph thuc vo iu kin ti trng tc dng v iu kin t nn)

Figure 1.2. Curve showing relationship between settlement and time.

i vi nn t ri: ln nh, xy ra nhanh v h s thm ca t ri ln.
i vi nn t dnh: ln ln, xy ra chm v h s thm ca t dnh nh.
Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 4

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

ln ca nn gm 3 phn:
Ln tc thi (S0);
Ln c kt thm (Sc);
Ln t bin (St).
S = S0 + Sc + St

ln tc thi l khi nc cha kp thot i, t bin dng nh vt th n hi.

ln c kt (thm) l do s gim th tch l rng, do nc thot dn ra ngoi.
ln t bin do bin dng ca bn thn khung ct ca t (ca bn thn ht).

Vi t st, ba ln trn l r rng v c th tch bit c. Nhng nghin cu

mi nht cho thy:
ln tc thi nh, tuy nhin c khi khng phi l nh qu c th b qua. Trong
mt s trng hp chng c th chim ti 10% ln tng. ln tc thi c
tnh qua mun n hi khng thot nc, hay cn gi l mun n hi tc thi,
k hiu l Eu.
ln t bin khng nh, nht l i vi cc lp t st yu/ rt yu. i khi,
chng c th chim ti 40 - 50% ln tng.
ln c kt (thm) l phn ch yu, thng chim trn 90% ln tng. Tuy
nhin, trong mt s trng hp n ch chim khong 50% ln tng. ln c
kt c tnh qua:
Hoc qua mun bin dng thot nc (E' - thng ch k hiu l E), hoc mun
bin dng khng n hng M (cng c k hiu l Es);
Hoc qua Cc, Cr (cc ch s nn);
Hoc qua ng cong nn p e-p.

Vi t ct, tnh thm qu nhanh, do khng th tch ri ln tc thi v ln c

kt c.
V vy:
S = So+c + St

So+c l ln tc thi v c kt (thng vit l S, v cng thng hiu l ln c

kt, v ln tc thi ca cc qu nh), c tnh qua mun bin dng Eo+c, thng cng
ch k hiu l E. Vi ct, thng ta khng th tnh ln So+c qua cc ch s nn Cc, Cr v
ng cong nn p e-p nh trn c, v ta khng th ly mu t nguyn dng tin
hnh th nghim trong phng xc nh Cc, Cr hay e. Khi , tr s E s c xc nh qua
th nghim hin trng.

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 5

Settlement of piles and pile groups

2.

05th Nov 2012

Nguyn nhn gy ln:

Figure 1.3. A graphic illustrating the different types of ground subsidence

C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ln, trt, c 2 nguyn nhn chnh thng thng nht:
Do Cng trnh c t trn nn t c s chnh lch v a tng => kh nng
chu lc ca 2 min ny khc nhau => ln khc nhau dn n c th gy nt
hoc x tng.
Do Cng trnh c 2 khi khc nhau r rt v trng lng, trng hp ny cng gy
ln lch. gii quyt vn ny ngi ta ct khe ln gim bt nh hng ln
ca phn ny n phn kia. Do s phn bit kh r rng trn nn vi khe nhit
ngi ta c th thit k chung 1 mng cho 2 n nguyn (v mng di t nn
t nh hng bi chnh lch nhit )
Sau y l nhng trng hp gy ln nt cng trnh:
Thit k
Khi thit k kt cu khng lng ht c cc yu t gy ln, chung nht l tnh
sai lc ln, thit k tit din mng qu nh v khng m bo su cn thit truyn
u ng sut xung nn t.
Cha tnh n s dch chuyn khng u ca cng trnh trn cc tng a cht
khc nhau trong qu trnh thit k dn n cng trnh b ln lch, trt...gy nt hay ph
hy cng trnh.
Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 6

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

Kho st
Khng kho st k a cht ti khu vc xy dng cng trnh hoc s dng vt liu
khng ng chun v thi cng khng ng quy trnh.
Thi cng
Thi cng "qua loa", khng ng k thut hay lm gian di cng l nhng nguyn
nhn gy ln.
Qu trnh th cng lm thay i dung lng v chiu nc chy, hn na cn lm
qu ti cho vng nn t ln cn.
S thay i m trong t
Hn hn ko di lm mt i m trong t nn do s bc hi, t nn tr nn
kh ro. i khi iu ny dn n s co gim th tch, t bit trong t st. Mc co
gim khng bao gi ng nht v s khc bit gia cc khi v cc lp t nn; hoc v
kt cu kin trc cn tr sc nng mt tri, lm nh hng n t nn mt cch khng
ng u.
iu ny lm thay i trng thi cn bng trong kt cu kin trc ri cui cng
gy ra s ln v nt cc mc trm trng khc nhau.
t nn cng c th tr nn kh ro do cy ln vi h thng r chng cht gn kt
cu kin trc hp th nhiu nc t bn di t nn; cng nh s thay i cao ca
mc nc ngm.
Trong nhiu trng hp, hu qu h hng xy ra sau mt thi gian rt di, lm cho
vic xc nh chnh xc nguyn nhn rt kh khn.
R r t ng ng dn nc, mng v cng
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ln thng thng nht l nn mng b xi l do
s r r t ng nc ngm.
Dng nc chy ngm trong khu vc thm ch khng k cn vi kt cu kin trc
cng gy nh hng bi tc-ng thm-thu bo-ho n nn mng, lm gim tnh cht
c l ca vt liu, mt i kh nng phn b ng lc cho khi ti trng bn trn, dn n
s ln vi sai. Tng t nh vy, s thm thu t dng nc r bn trn nn t, d rng
ch mt lng nh, cng c th gia tng mm do ca vt liu trong t nn, gim kh
nng chu ti ca t v gy ln.
V d, khi t st c kt th c kh nng chu ti, nhng sau mt thi gian b tc
ng ca nc r r t cc ng ng dn nc. t st s t trng thi bo ha v
khng cn kh nng chu lc, dn n st ln cho cng trnh bn trn.
Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 7

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

H o
H o k cn kt cu kin trc, c bit vng t ri (ct v si), c th gy l
v ln nu khng cn thn.
Phi c cc bin php gia c thch hp trc khi thc hin hn ch hoc ngn
chn l v ln cho cng trnh
Nn mng khng tng xng
Trng hp ti trng ca cng trnh vt qu kh nng chu lc ca t nn,
ln gn nh l khng th trnh khi. S bt tng xng gia ti trng tc ng ln nn
mng v sc chu ti ca t nn thng l nguyn do gy ra ln nn. Mt nguyn do
khc l do tnh chm c kt ca cc loi t nn c lin kt cao. Loi t ny phn ng
li ti trng bn trn rt chm, ko di thi gian trc khi t c trng thi cn bng.
Khi xc nh nguyn nhn ln nn, cn ch trnh vic xem thng t nn c cng
c chm, cng nh trnh vic qu quan trng ho nhng tc nhn ngn hn.
S h thp mc nc ngm
Cc hm m, ng hm...khai thc m b b hoang thng vi cc mch nc
ngm c th dn n vic h thp mc nc ngm, lm gim p sut l rng gy nn ln.
t bi
Khi t nn b di hay xo trn trong qu trnh xy dng, nn t c th mt i kh
nng chu ti. S ln vi sai do tnh d bit trong t nn dn n cc vt nt m c th
nhiu nm mi thy r.
Khi nn t ln cn cng trnh chu thm ti trng ca t p c th dn n ma
st m lm gim sc chu ti ca cc v tng ln.
Chn ng gy ra bi cc phung tin vn ti hoc do my mc xy dng
Rung ng do my mc hoc do cc phng tin giao thng gy ra lm cho nn
t m nn cht li, gim th tch l rng trong t.
Cht hu c trong t
Phn hy cht hu c (rc, than bn, r cy c th,...) cui cng c th dn n l
rng v ln

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 8

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

II. TNH LN:

1.

L thuyt tnh ln:

Figure 2.1. Settlement of building

Khi tnh ln ca nn trc ht cn phi xem nn thuc loi t g.
Nu l ct th dng l thuyt n hi.
Nu l st th c 2 trng hp:
(1) Khng thot nc th dng l thuyt n hi;
(2) Thot nc th dng l thuyt c kt.
Phn b ti trng theo su dng trong cng thc tnh ln c th s dng m
hnh ca Buissinesq hay ca Westergaard (tham kho ph lc I).
2.

Tiu chun v yu cu v ln

Tiu chun v quy phm xy dng nh sn ln ti a cho php tng loi nh

v cng trnh (phn ln t 8 n 30 cm). Ngoi tr s ln tuyt i, cn quy nh
lng chnh lch ti a cho php v ln tng i ca cc im trong nn,
nghing, v.v...
Trong Tiu chun thit k Mng cc - TCXD 205:1998 c nu ra cc quy nh v
bin dng gii hn ca nn v kt cu do ln gy ra bng H.2 v H.3
Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 9

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

Tiu chun AASHTO LRFD (2007) gii thch trong mc C10.5.2.2. Theo
AASHTO th iu kin gc xoay cho php ca dm (0.004 vi dm lin tc v 0.008 vi
dm n gin) khng nn dng gii hn ln lch trong thit k mng cu. Kinh
nghim ch ra rng mng cu thng c kh nng chu c ln lch ln hn so vi
ln lch tiu chun dng trong tnh ton kt cu do tc dng tng hp ca nhiu hin
tng nh mi (creep), tt ng sut (relaxation), hoc phn b li ng sut trong cu kin
(stress re-distribution).
M tiu chun gii hn ln lch ca mng cu thng khng thng nht v ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t nh iu kin s dng v m quan ca cng trnh, qui m v tm
quan trong ca cng trnh, cng nh theo tiu chun ca chnh nh u t (owner) hoc
cc c quan thit k ti a phng (B Giao thng ca cc tiu bang chng hn). Gii
hn ln lch trong AASHTO a ra ch c tnh cht tham kho. V d tiu bang
Washington th tiu chun ln lch ca mng cu c qui nh nh sau:
1) Nu tng ln (total settlement) < 1 inch v ln lch/100 ft (differential
settlement) < 0.75 inch: c quyn thi cng.
2) Nu 1 inch < tng ln < 4 inch v 0.75 inch < ln lch < 3 inch: K s thit k
phi a ra tnh ton c th ch ra rng ln lch ny ko nh hng n cc cu kin
bn trn.
3) Nu tng ln > 4 inch v ln lch > 3 inch: Thit k cn phi c kim nh v
ph duyt bi k s trng ca B.
D n Nh my nhit in Long Ph 1 ln gii hn cho kt cu nh, mng
v thit b c quy nh ti V2G1 trong h s EPC RFP ca Ch u t nh sau:
"The following are the permissible limit of total settlement and differential
settlement values which will be considered for design of equipment and building
foundations.
The settlement of the building and foundation shall also meet the requirement of
Vietnamese code TCXD 205:1998 "Pile foundation-Specification for Design" and
Vendor requirement."

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 10

Settlement of piles and pile groups

Civil Team - Engineering Department

05th Nov 2012

Page | 11

Settlement of piles and pile groups

3.

05th Nov 2012

Tnh ln cho mng cc:

S lm vic ca cc n khc vi s lm vic ca nhm cc. Khi khong cch

gia cc cc kh ln (v d ln hn 6d) th cc lm vic nh cc n.
Khng cn tin hnh d tnh ln ca mng cc trong cc trng hp sau y:
Cc chng, cc n chu nh v nhm cc chu lc nh v khi tnh ton chng theo sc
chu ti hin nhin m bo c v bin dng.
ln ca mng cc chng ch yu l do bin dng n hi ca vt liu thn cc
di tc dng ca ti trng cng trnh, ln ny c th xc nh bng ln ca cc
n ly t kt qu nn tnh ng vi ti trng u cc hoc cng c th tnh ton.
3.1. ln ca cc n:
Phng php d bo ln ca cc n da trn quan h ng sut bin dng.
Cch tnh ny khng nhng p dng cho cc ch sn m cn p dng c cho cc nhi.
ln ca cc n gm 3 thnh phn nh sau:
Trong :

S = L + s m + sb

L - bin dng n hi ca bn thn cc; (Elastic Compression of Piles)

sm - ln ca cc do ti trng truyn ln t di mi cc (qp thc);
sb - ln ca cc do ti trng truyn ln t dc thn cc (fi thc).

Bin dng n hi ca bn thn cc (tnh ton nh thanh chu nn) c xc

nh nh sau:

=
.
.
Trong :
Ap

- din tch tit din cc; (Pile cross sectional area)

Ep
- mun n hi ca bn thn cc; (Modulus of elasticity of pile material)
L
- chiu di cc; (length of pile)
Qtb
- lc nn trung bnh tc dng ln cc; (Design axial load in pile)
y:
Qtb = Qp thc + .(N - Qp thc) = Qp thc + .Qf thc
Trong :

- ti trng lm vic truyn t cng trnh xung cc;

Qp thc - tng sc khng mi ti trng lm vic;

Qf thc - tng sc khng bn ti trng lm vic;

- h s ph thuc vo phn b ma st bn (sc khng bn fi thc);

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 12

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

Nu fi thc phn b u (hnh 2.2a) th = 0,5; Nu fi thc phn b tam gic (hnh
2.2b - cng xung su th sc khng bn cng ln) th = 0,67; Trong thc t, phn b
ma st bn c dng trung gian, do = 0,5 0,67.

Figure 2.2. Tnh ton bin dng nn n hi ca cc

ln ca cc do ti trng truyn ln t di mi cc: c xc nh tng t

nh cch xc nh ln ca mng nng t trn nn n hi:
. (1 2 )
=

Trong :
qp thc - sc khng mi n v ti trng lm vic; qp thc x Ap = Qp thc;
B
- ng knh cc hay cnh cc;

- h s n hng (Poisson) ca t di mi cc;

E
- mun bin dng ca t di mi cc;

- h s ph thuc hnh dng cc; nu cc trn th = 0,79 cn cc

vung th = 0,88. Ni chung, c th lun lun ly = 0,85 m sai s khng ng k.
Ngoi ra, Vesic (1977) cn kin ngh cng thc sau:

=
,
.
Trong :
qp
- sc khng mi n v cc hn;
Cp
- h s theo cc th nghim ca Vesic, ly theo bng 2.32. T cc gi tr ny ta
thy, nu cng loi t v cng kch thc th cc nhi ln nhiu hn 2 n 4 ln.
Bng 2.1. Bng cc gi tr Cp
Loi t
Cc ch sn
Cc nhi
Ct (cht n ri rc)
0,02 0,04
0,09 0,18
St (cng n mm)
0,02 0,03
0,03 0,06
Bi (cht n ri rc)
0,03 0,05
0,09 0,12
Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 13

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

ln ca cc do ti trng truyn ln t dc thn cc c xc nh nh sau:

. (1 2 )
=

Trong :
qf thc - sc khng bn n v ti trng lm vic, tnh trung bnh cho ton b cc;
qf thc x u x L = Qf thc;
y: L - chiu di cc;
u - chu vi cc;
b - h s ph thuc mnh ca cc,

= 2 + 0,35
Ngoi ra, Vesic (1977) cn kin ngh cng thc sau:
=

Trong : Cs - h s theo cc th nghim ca Vesic, c tnh ton nh sau:

= 0,93 + 0,16

Tuy nhin, kh khn nht ca cch d bo ln ny l vic xc nh qp thc v fi thc. Vi

cc ch sn, mun tm cc i lng ny ta c th tnh lp nh sau:
Gi s fi thc = i.fi vi fi l sc khng bn n v cc hn, cn i ban u ly
khong 0,5 0,8;
Tnh ln ca cc Sd theo cc phng trnh trn;
Ti gia cc, chuyn v tng i gia cc v t xp x l

Vi t ct, sc khng bn t cc hn (fi) chuyn v ti hn l zcr 2,5mm, cn

vi t st th zcr 0,01B. Nh vy ta c th ly:
=

So snh i ny vi gi tr chn ban u, nu khc xa nhau th chn li i.

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 14

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

3.2. ln ca nhm cc:

S lng v khong cch ca cc cc trong mt nhm (number and spacing of
piles in a group)
Rt t khi kt cu xy dng trn mt cc n. Thng thng, s c t nht 3 cc
di mt ct hoc mt nguyn khi mng bi v n ph thuc vo vn lin kt v
lch tm ca mng. Khong cch ca cc cc trong nhm c quyt nh bi nhiu
thng s nh l:
1. S chng ln ng sut ca nhng cc gn k, (overlapping of stresses of adjacent
piles)
2. Gi thnh ca mng, (cost of foundation)
3. Hiu qu ca nhm cc. (efficiency of the pile group)

Figure 2. 3. Pressure isobars of (a) single pile, (b) group of piles, closely spaced, and (c)
group of piles with piles far apart.
Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 15

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

ng ng ng sut ca cc n vi ti trng Q tc dng trn nh c th hin

hnh Fig. 2.3 (a). Khi cc c t trong nhm, c mt kh nng l s chng ln ng
sut ln nhau cc khu vc xung quanh cc nh hnh Fig. 2.3 (b). t trong khu vc
ny s c ng sut rt ln, n c th lm ph hoi nn t hoc gy ln cho nhm cc. Ta
c th trnh s chng ln ny bng cch b tr cc cc trong nhm ra xa nhau nh trong
hnh Fig. 2.3 (c). i khi khong cch qu ln khng nn khuyn dng, v iu ny dn
n vic tng kch thc ca b cc, tng chi ph ca mng.
Khong cch ca cc ph thuc vo phng php thi cng v loi nn t. Cc c
th c thi cng ng hoc ti ch. Khi cc c ng xung th t xung quanh cc
s cht hn do s dch chuyn ca t. Nu s dch chuyn ny lm cho t gia cc cc
c t chc hn nh trong trng hp t ct pha th khong cch gia cc cc c th
gn hn.
Nhng nu nh cc c ng vo t st bo ha hay t bn, th t gia cc
cc s khng t chc li m tri ln, y nh cc ln trn. Trong trng hp t loi ny
th khong cch cc cc c th b tr xa hn. i vi cc cc ti ch, t xung quanh
cc khng b p cht, do khong cch gia cc cc cho php gn hn.
Trong nhm cc, khong cch ti thiu cho php ca cc cc c quy nh trong
tiu chun xy dng, thng thng khong cch gia cc cc thng b tr l 3d 4d cho
cc ch sn, v 2,5d 3d cho cc nhi.

Figure 2.4. Three dimensional pile group configuration (after Tomlinson, 1994).
ln ca nhm cc trong t ri (settlement of pile groups in cohesionless soils)
i vi nhm cc trong t ri, ln gn nh xy ra ngay lp tc khi nhm cc
chu ti. Nguyn nhn l do tnh thm cao ca t.
ln ca nhm cc trong t ri c th c c tnh bng cch s dng kt qu
th nghim ngoi hin trng v v tr mng tng ng cho trong Figure 2.5 (theo tiu
chun AASHTO LRFD 4th, 2007)
Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 16

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

ln ca nhm cc trong t ri c th c tnh nh sau:

S dng SPT:
=

30
160

S dng SPT:
=

24

Trong :
= 1 0,125

0,5

y:
q
= p lc mng tnh tc dng ti 2Db/3 cho trong Figure 2.5 p lc ny bng vi ti
trng tc dng ti nh ca nhm c chia bi din tch mng tng ng v khng
bao gm trng lng ca cc cc hoc ca t gia cc cc (MPa).
B
= chiu rng hay chiu nh nht ca nhm cc (mm),

= ln ca nhm cc (mm)
I
= h s nh hng ca chiu su chn hu hiu ca nhm
D'
= su hu hiu ly bng 2Db/3 (mm)
Db
= su chn cc trong lp chu lc nh trong Figure 2.5 (mm)
N160 = s m SPT hiu chnh cho c tng ph trn v hiu qu tc dng ca ba
(Ba/300mm)
qc
= sc khng xuyn hnh nn tnh trung bnh trn su B di mng di mng
tng ng (MPa)
Cn c cc phng php d tnh ln trong t ri, nh phng php Hough
(Ph lc 2), Phng php Meyerhof (Ph lc 3)
Ngoi ra, trong nhng nm gn y, vi s ra i ca my vi tnh, cc phng
php phn tch phc tp hn c pht trin d on ln v s phn b ng sut
ca cc trong nhm. Ba phng php sau thng c s dng:
1. Phng php 'Load transfer' cn gi l phng php 't-z'
2. Phng php n hi da vo phng trnh ca Mindlin (1936) cho nhng hiu ng/
tc ng ca ti trng di mt t trong mt khi bn v hn
3. Phng php phn t hu hn.
ln ca nhm cc trong t dnh (settlement of pile groups in cohesive soils)
Tng ln ca nhm cc c th c tnh ton bng cch s dng phng trnh
ln c kt. Vn lin quan l nh gi s gia tng ng sut p bn di nhm cc
khi phi chu tc dng ca ti trng thng ng Qg (vertical load). Cc tnh ton ng sut
ph thuc vo iu kin a cht m cc xuyn qua. Nhng trng hp tnh ton ng
sut c trnh by nh sau:
Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 17

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

Figure 2.5. Settlement of pile groups in clay soils

Figure 2.6. Location of Equivalent Footing (after Duncan and Buchignani, 1976).

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 18

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

Figure 2.7. Stress distribution below equivalent footing for pile group (FHWA, 2006a)
Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 19

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

Cng thc tnh ln c kt ca nhm cc trong t dnh c vit nh sau:

ln c tnh ton t ng cong e-log p:
t c kt thng (Normally consoilidated clays):

0 +
=

1 + 0
0
t qu c kt (Overconsoilidated clays):
for
p0 + p < pc

0 +
=

1 + 0
0
for
p0 < pc < p0 + p

0 +
=
+
. 2.1
1 + 0
0

Trong :
H
- Chiu dy ca lp t tnh ln;
Cc
- Ch s nn;
Cs
- Ch s trng n ca t;
e0
- H s rng;
p0
- ng sut c hiu ca lp t trc thi im gia ti; (the effective overburden
pressure at the middle of each layer)
pc
- p lc tin gia c
p
- Ti trng tng thm ti gia lp t do ti trng gia ti gy ra. (the increase in
pressure at the middle of each layer)
y, nu chiu dy cc lp t st ln hn 3m th phi c chia thnh cc lp
c chiu dy nh hn 3m.
ln c tnh ton t ng cong e-p:
Cng thc (Eq.2.1) c th c biu din trong mt hnh thc khc nh sau:
Sc = Hmvp
y:
mv = h s nn ln (coefficient of volume compressibility)

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 20

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

Example
It is required to construct a pile foundation comprised of 20 piles arranged in 5
columns at distances of 90 cm center to center. The diameter and lengths of the piles are
30 cm and 9 m respectively. The bottom of the pile cap is located at a depth of 2.0 m
from the ground surface. The details of the soil properties etc. are as given below with
reference to ground level as the datum. The water table was found at a depth of 4 m from
ground level.
Depth (m)
Soil properties
From
To
0
2
Silt, saturated, = 16 kN/m3
2
4
Clay, saturated, = 19.2 kN/m3
4
12
Clay, saturated, = 19.2 kN/m3, qu = 120 kN/m2, e0 = 0.80, Cc = 0.23
12
14
Clay, = 18.24 kN/m3, qu = 90 kN/m2, e0 = 1.08, Cc = 0.34
14
17
Clay, = 20 kN/m3, qu = 180 kN/m2, e0 = 0.70, Cc = 0.2
17
Rocky stratum
Compute the consolidation settlement of the pile foundation if the total load
imposed on the foundation is 2500 kN.
Solution
N = 2500 kN
2m

2m

2m

2m
MNN

4m

30 cm
8m
1
2

2m

3m

p1

Layer 1 4 m

p2

p3

Layer 2

2m

Layer 3

3m

Assume that the total load 2500 kN acts at a depth (2/3)L = (2/3) x 9 = 6 m from
the bottom of the pile cap on a fictitious footing as shown in Fig.2.5 (a). This fictitious
footing is now at a depth of 8 m below ground level. The size of the footing is 3.9 x 3.0m.
Now three layers are assumed to contribute to the settlement of the foundation. They are:
Layer 1 from 8m to 12m (= 4m thick) below ground level; Layer 2 from 12m to
Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 21

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

l4m = 2m thick; Layer 3 from 14 m to 17 m = 3 m thick. The increase in pressure due

to the load on the fictitious footing at the centers of each layer is computed on the
assumption that the load is spread at an angle of 2 vertical to 1 horizontal [Fig. 2.5(a)]
starting from the edges of the fictitious footing. The settlement is computed by making
use of the equation:

0 +
=

1 + 0
0
Computation of p0
- For Layer 1:
p0 = 2 x 16 + 2 x 19.2 + (10 - 4)(19.2 - 9.81) = 126.74 kN/m2
- For Layer 2:
p0 = 126.74 + 2 x (19.2 - 9.81) + 1 x (18.24 - 9.81) = 153.95 kN/m2
- For Layer 3:
p0 = 153.95 + 1 x (18.24 - 9.81) + 1.5 x (20.0 - 9.81) = 177.67 kN/m2
Computation of p
- For Layer 1:
Area at 2 m depth below fictitious footing = (3.9 + 2) x (3 + 2) = 29.5 m2
2500
=
= 84.75 /2
29.5
- For Layer 2:
Area at 5 m depth below fictitious footing = (3.9 + 5) x (3 + 5) = 71.2 m2
2500
=
= 35.1 /2
71.2
- For Layer 3:
Area at 7.5 m below fictitious footing = (3.9 + 7.5) x (3 + 7.5) = 119.7 m2
2500
=
= 20.9 /2
119.7
Settlement computation
- Layer 1:
4 0.23
126.74 + 84.75
1 =

= 0.113 ()
1 + 0.80
126.74
- Layer 2:
2 0.34
153.95 + 35.1
2 =

= 0.029 ()
1 + 1.08
153.95
- Layer 3:
3 0.2
177.67 + 20.9
3 =

= 0.017 ()
1 + 0.7
177.67
Total = 0.159m 16cm.

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 22

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

III. GII PHP KHC PHC

Mun chng hoc khc phc ln, phi bit r nguyn nhn mi c bin php khc
phc hiu qu. Trong mt vi trng hp "c bit" phi ch n vi nm sau cho ln tt
dn, n lc n nh" khng cn b ln na. Cn li, t c mng xy dng cng
trnh trn nn t yu c nguy c ln cao phi c cc bin php k thut ci to tnh
nng xy dng ca n. Nn t sau khi x l gi l nn nhn to.
Vic x l khi xy dng cng trnh trn nn t yu gy ln ph thuc vo nhiu
iu kin nh: c im cng trnh, c im ca nn t.v.v. Vi tng iu kin c th
m ngi thit k a ra bin php x l hp l nh:
Cc bin php x l v kt cu cng trnh;
Cc bin php x l v mng;
Cc bin php x l nn.

Figure 3.1. Khc phc ln ti mt ta thp Trung Quc

1.

Cc bin php x l v kt cu cng trnh:

Kt cu cng trnh c th b ph hng cc b hoc ton b do cc iu kin bin

dng khng tha mn: Ln hoc ln lch qu ln lm cho cng trnh b nghing, lch,

Cc bin php v Kt cu cng trnh nhm lm gim p lc tc dng ln mt nn

hoc lm tng kh nng chu lc ca kt cu cng trnh. Ngi ta thng dng cc bin
php sau:
Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 23

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

Dng vt liu nh v kt cu nh:

- Mc ch: Lm gim trng lng bn thn cng trnh, gim c tnh ti tc dng
ln mng.
- Bin php: C th s dng cc loi vt liu nh, kt cu thanh mnh, nhng phi
m bo cng cng trnh.
Lm tng mm ca kt cu cng trnh:
- Mc ch: Lm tng mm ca kt cu cng trnh k c mng kh c ng
sut ph thm pht sinh trong kt cu khi xy ra ln lch hoc ln khng u.
- Bin php: Dng kt cu tnh nh hoc phn ct cc b phn ca cng trnh bng
cc khe ln.
Lm tng cng cho kt cu cng trnh:
- Mc ch: Lm tng cng cho kt cu cng trnh sc chu cc ng lc
sinh ra do ln lch v ln khng u.
- Bin php: Ngi ta dng cc ai b tng ct thp tng kh nng chu ng sut
ko khi chu un, ng thi c th gia c ti cc v tr d on xut hin ng sut
cc b ln.
2.

Cc bin php x l v mng:

Khi xy dng cng trnh trn nn t yu, ta c th s dng mt s phng php

x l v mng thng dng nh sau:
Thay i chiu su chn mng:
- Dng bin php thay i chiu su chn mng c th gii quyt v mt ln v kh
nng chu ti ca nn.
- Khi tng chiu su chn mng s lm tng tr s sc chu ti ca nn v s gim
c ng sut gy ln cho mng nn gim c ln ca mng;
- ng thi tng su chn mng c th t mng xung cc tng t pha di
cht hn, n nh hn. Tuy nhin vic tng chiu su chn mng phi cn nhc
gia hai yu t kinh t v k thut.
- Mt s trng hp gim bt chnh lch ln gia cao trnh t mng thit k
vi cao trnh y mng sau khi ln n nh, thng phi nng cao trnh t mng
ln mt tr s d phng.
- Trng hp nn t yu c chiu dy thay i nhiu, gim chnh lch ln c
th t mng nhiu cao trnh khc nhau.
Thay i kch thc mng:
- Thay i kch thc mng v hnh dng mng s c tc dng thay i trc tip p
lc tc dng ln mt nn, v do cng ci thin c iu kin chu ti cng nh
iu kin bin dng ca nn.
- Khi tng din tch y mng thng lm gim c p lc tc dng ln mt nn
v lm gim ln ca cng trnh. Tuy nhin vi t c tnh nn ln tng dn theo
chiu su th bin php ny khng tt
Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 24

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

Nu tng t yu chu nn c chiu dy khc nhau, c th dng bin php thay i

chiu rng mng cn bng ng sut cho ton b cng trnh.
Thay i loi mng v cng ca mng:
- Khi thit k, ty s phn b ti trng tc dng ln mng v iu kin a cht m
chn kt cu cho ph hp.
- Vi nn t yu, khi dng mng n, ln chnh lch s ln, do vy gim
nh hng ca ln lch ta c th thay th bng mng bng, mng bng giao thoa,
mng b, mng hp hoc mng cc.
- Trng hp s dng mng bng m bin dng vn ln th cn tng thm cng
cho mng. cng ca mng bn, mng bng cng ln th bin dng b v ln
lch s b. Ta c th s dng cc bin php nh: Tng chiu dy mng, tng ct
thp dc chu lc, tng cng kt cu bn trn, b tr cc sn tng cng khi
mng bn c kch thc ln.
-

3.

Cc bin php x l nn t yu:

X l nn t yu nhm mc ch lm tng sc chu ti ca nn t, ci thin mt

s tnh cht c l ca nn t yu nh: Gim h s rng, gim tnh nn ln, tng cht,
tng tr s mun bin dng, tng cng chng ct ca t .v.v...
i vi cng trnh thy li, vic x l nn t yu cn lm gim tnh thm ca t,
m bo n nh cho khi t p.
Cc bin php x l nn thng thng:
Cc bin php c hc: Bao gm cc phng php:
- Phng php lm cht bng m, m chn ng

Hnh 3.2. Cc bc ca qu trnh m b mt

Hnh 3.3. My m rung v kt qu m trong thc t

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 25

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

Hnh 3.4. My m rung

-

Phng php lm cht bng cc loi cc (cc ct, cc t, cc balat, cc vi)

Hnh 3.5. Thi cng cc tre

Hnh 3.6. Trnh t thi cng cc vt liu ri bao gm mt my khoan dn, mt my vt

liu v mt my m.
Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 26

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

Phng php thay t, phng php nn trc ...

Hnh 3.7. Thay th lp t yu bng lp t tt hn

Cc bin php vt l: Gm cc phng php h mc nc ngm, phng php
dng ging ct, bc thm, in thm, bc thm kt hp vi vacuum v gia ti
trc

Hnh 3.8. Cng ngh vi a k thut v bt thm

Cc bin php ha hc: Gm cc phng php keo kt t bng xi mng, va xi
mng phng php silicat ha, phng php in ha
IV. THO LUN

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 27

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

V. PH LC
PH LC I
BI TON BOUSSINESQ
-

Gi thit tnh ton: Nn t l mt bn khng gian n hi

p dng cng thc tnh chuyn

v ca mt im trong nn t ca
Boussinesq tnh ln ca nn di
tc dng ca ti trng tp trung P.
ln ca mt im no
cch v tr t lc tp trung P mt
khong r:
=

0
1 2

- Hng s bin dng ca t.

- M un bin dng ca t

- H s Poisson ca t

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 28

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

PH LC II
LN CA MNG TRONG T RI
THEO PHNG PHP CA HOUGH
The settlement of spread footings bearing on cohesionless soil deposits shall be
estimated as a function of effective footing width and shall consider the effects of footing
geometry and soil and rock layering with depth.
Settlements of footings on cohesionless soils shall be estimated using elastic
theory or empirical procedures.
The elastic half-space method assumes the footing is flexible and is supported on a
homogeneous soil of infinite depth. The elastic settlement of spread footings, in mm, by
the elastic half-space method shall be estimated as:
0 1 2
=

(. 2.1)

where:
qo
= applied vertical stress (MPa)
'
A
= effective area of footing (mm2)
Es
= Young's modulus of soil taken as specified in Table PL.2.1 if direct
measurements of Es are not available from the results of in situ or laboratory tests (MPa)
z
= shape factor taken as specified in Table PL.2.2 (dim.)

= Poisson's Ratio, taken as specified in Table PL.2.1 if direct measurements of are

not available from the results of in situ or laboratory tests (dim.)
Unless Es varies significantly with depth, Es should be determined at a depth of
about 1/2 to 2/3 of B below the footing, where B is the footing width. If the soil modulus
varies significantly with depth, a weighted average value of Es should be used.
Estimation of spread footing settlement on cohesionless soils by the empirical
Hough method shall be determined using Eqs. PL.2.2 and PL.2.3. SPT blow counts shall
be corrected as specified in Article 10.4.6.2.4 (AASHTO LRFD 2007) for depth, i.e.
overburden stress, before correlating the SPT blow counts to the bearing capacity index,
C.

(. 2.2)

=1

in which:
1
0 +
=

(. 2.3)

where:
n
Hi

= number of soil layers within zone of stress influence of the footing

= elastic settlement of layer i (mm)

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 29

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

HC
C'

= initial height of layer i (mm)

= bearing capacity index from Figure PL.2.1 (dim.)
In Figure PL.2.1, N shall be taken as N160, Standard Penetration Resistance, N
(blows/300 mm), corrected for overburden pressure as specified in Article 10.4.6.2.4
(AASHTO LRFD 2007).
o
= initial vertical effective stress at the midpoint of layer i (MPa)
v
= increase in vertical stress at the midpoint of layer i (MPa)
Table PL.2.1. Elastic Constants of Various Soils
(Modified after U.S. Department of the Navy, 1982, and Bowles, 1988)

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 30

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

Table PL.2.2. Elastic Shape and Rigidity Factors, EPRI (1983).

Figure PL.2.1. Bearing Capacity Index versus Corrected SPT

(modified from Cheney and Chassie, 2000, after Hough, 1959).

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 31

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

PH LC III
LN CA NHM CC TRONG T RI
THEO PHNG PHP CA MEYERHOF (1976)
Meyerhof (1976) recommended the settlement of a pile group in a homogeneous sand
deposit not underlain by a compressible soil be conversatively estimated by the following
expressions in U.S. units:
4
=

For silty sand, use:

8
=

where:
s = estimated total settlement in inches
pf = design foundation pressure in ksf = group design load divided by group area
B = width of pile group in ft
N' = average corrected SPT N160 value within a depth B below pile toe
If = influence factor for group embedment = 1 - [ D / 8B ] 0.5
D = pile embedment depth in ft
PH LC IV
GII THCH THM
1. S ha tan vi:
Cacbonat canxi s phn ng vi nc c ha tan ixt cacbon to thnh
bicacbonat canxi tan trong nc.
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
Phn ng ny quan trng trong s n mn ni vi v to ra cc hang ng, gy
ra nc cng. Hay din t qu trnh xm thc ni vi. Chiu phn ng phn ng
ngc li din t qu trnh hnh thnh thch nh trong cc hang ng.
2. Khe ln, khe nhit, khe co dn c gi chung l Khe bin dng.
Khe bin dng (deformation gap, expansion joint, strain joint): l khong h hp
nhm tch mt cng trnh thnh nhng phn ring bit hn ch nh hng do s bin
dng ca cng trnh gy ra nt n. Khe bin dng c 3 loi : khe nhit, khe ln v khe
khng chn.
Khe nhit: Hay cn gi l khe co gin, c cu to cho cc cng trnh c chiu
di tng i ln, mc ch khc phc hin tng co gin ca kt cu di tc ng
ca nhit mi trng. Khe co gin c s dng khi nh c kch thc kh ln (50 Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 32

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

60m).
Khe ln: Khe ln c cu to trong cng trnh c s chnh lch ln gia cc
khi nh, v d nh trong mt cng trnh va c c khi thp tng, va c c khi cao
tng. Khe ln cn c s dng khi cng trnh xy trn nn t c sc chu ti khc nhau.
V mt cu to:
Khe nhit v khe khng chn ch cn ct qua thn (khng ct qua hm v mng )
Khe ln: ct qua thn hm v mng. Khong cch khe ln quy phm l > 24 (m).
Phn chia cng trnh bng khe co gin, khe chng ng t v khe ln khi thit k
nh cao tng c gng iu chnh hnh dng v kch thc mt bng bi cc gii php kt
cu v thi cng hn ch vic chia ct ny s dn n s bt li cho kt cu cng trnh;
th nht: v ti trng cng trnh ln nn ti hai bn khe ln cu to mng gp kh khn;
th hai: khi dao ng di nh hng ca a chn d gy ra x y lm h hng cng
trnh.
Vic chia ct cng trnh cn phi c hn ch, song trong nhng trng hp sau
y th vic chia ct cn c tin hnh.
i vi khe co gin: khe co gin cn phi b tr khi kch thc mt bng cng
trnh qu ln (vt gi tr cho php theo tiu chun) m khng c cc bin php kt cu
v thi cng m bo tnh an ton cho cng trnh. i vi nh cao tng khong cch cho
php gia hai khe co gin ph thuc vo h kt cu chu lc cng trnh v kt cu tng
ngoi ca cng trnh. Vi h kt cu khung vch BTCT ton khi nu tng ngoi lp
ghp th khon cch cho php gia hai khe co gin l 65m, nu tng ngoi lin khi th
khong cch cho php l 45m.
i vi khe ln: khe ln ca cc b phn cng trnh chnh lch nhau c th lm
cho cng trnh b h hng. Nhng trng hp sau y th khng nn b tr khe ln:
Cng trnh ta trn nn cc, nn hoc trn cc nn c gia c m bo ln
ca cng trnh l khng ng k.
Vi vic tnh ln c tin cy cao th bin chnh ln gia cc b phn nm
trong gii hn cho php.
i vi khe phng chng ng t: khe phng chng ng t c b tr ti cc
cng trnh c thit k chng ng t trong cc trng hp sau :
Kch thc mt bng vt gii hn cho php theo tiu chun.
Nh c tng lch tng i ln.
cng v ti trng ca cc b phn nh chnh lch nhau.
Vic to khe co gin, khe phng chng ng t v khe ln cn tun theo cc
nguyn tc sau:
Cc khe co gin, khe phng chng ng t v khe ln nn b tr trng nhau.
Khe phng chng ng t nn c b tr sut chiu cao ca nh, nu trong
trng hp khng cn c khe ln th khng nn ct qua mng m nn dng gii
php gia c thm mng ti v tr khe phng chng ng t.

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 33

Settlement of piles and pile groups

05th Nov 2012

Khi cng trnh c thit k chng ng t th cc khe co gin v khe ln phi

tun theo yu cu ca khe phng chng ng t.
rng ca khe ln v khe phng chng ng t cn c xem xt cn c vo
chuyn v ca nh cng trnh do chuyn dch mng sinh ra. Chiu rng ti thiu ca khe
ln v khe phng chng ng t c tnh theo cng thc:
min= V1 + V2 + 20mm
Trong : V1 v V2 l chuyn dch ngang cc i theo phng vung gc vi khe
ca hai b phn cng trnh hai bn khe, ti nh ca khi k khe c chiu cao nh hn hai
khi.
V d: Nh 100m di th bin dng do gin n nhit c 2,5cm (TCXDVN: 3562005)

Civil Team - Engineering Department

Page | 34