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    6 Cn m5081) taansnen Net (Sum 50) Avg. 1086 198eaes H Journal CSIMM SHEAR PROPERTIES OF FRAGMENTED ROCK MASSES—Test and Theories Pon Changliang (Central South Univ. of Technology) and Bo Forsman* (Lulea University) Associate Prof. Pan Changliang Abstract . Shear tests were performed on three types of fragmented rock mass samples to investi fate the following parameters of the material: particle size and distribution, moisture content and compactness. From the standpoint of deformation energs,a shear strength envelop equation has been deducted for loose rock material. A comparison was made between the results calculated with this equation and Coulomb’ equation. ‘The results obtained for each inves ted parameter include the relationship between shear force and shear displacement duricg constant normal force, the volume change,the deformation ‘energy change, and the internal friction angle and the external friction angle between loose rock material and a solid material. Key words:Fragented rock mass, Shear strength, Porosity, Shear property, Coulomt’s equation, Internal friction ange. INTRODUCTION Shear strength is defined as the resistance to deformation by continuous shear displacement of the material particles by action of a tangential stress. ‘When a loose material is exposed to a shear force it will not fail (flow) until the froce exceeds the shear strength for the material (yield point). Thus the shear strength is one of the most important physical properties of loose matrial in the area of material handling, loading and gravity flow. The purpose of this work has been to measure the shear strength of fragmen ted rock mass, to consider the most significant factor influencing the shear strength, to check up the reliability of Coulomb’s equation applied to loose material, and to find a simple, improved expression of the shear strength of loose material based on the analysis of shear test data. 1, TEST PROGRAM AND PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS The shear tests were performed on three types of specimens in the shear rig at the Division of Rock Mechanics of the Lulea University. + Pb. Dr. No, 4 SHEAR PROPERTIES OF FRAGMENTED ROCK MASSES 25 Shear tests on the first type, (L-type) of specimens were performed to deter - mine shear properties and internal friction angles for six different particle size distributions of air dried, loose material (L,, Ly, Ly, Ly, and L,,) and for one size distribution of granite (Las)- Shear tests on the second type, (/-type) of specimens were performed to determine the effects of moisture on the shear strength and the internal friction angle. The test materials were three different particle size distributions (W,, W, and J/",) with a water content of 5%. Shear tests on the third type, (P-type)of specimens were performed to deter- mine the effects of compactness on shear strength and internal friction angle. Four different particle size distributions of magnetite (P,, P,, P, and Pyr) were tested. To prepare the P-type specimens, 25 kg of air dried magnetite at a time was put into the steel box and was vibrated for 30 seconds. The full steel box was vibra- ted for 2 miputes. The P,1, specimen was vibrated for one minute. Data for the test material are given in Table 1-1. Table 1-1 Rock material data Ref. Rock Mechanical propertes Particles. Water. Total <2 2-4 4-8 8-16 16-32 32-64 >64 Gsoildy costent, weight Symbol 0 00 or Status kg/m MPa MPa Shape Texture eee eh oc eee Ly magnetite 4990 178 8,74 mixed smooth air dry 425 28,6 11,5 281 20,1115 0 0 loose state ace eee ” 280 18,4 10,8 14,8 2241 25,3 14,10 scene cane ee ac ” 306 11.2 10,7 17.3 19.7 266 14.3 0 lp ow nn nn ” WL 4,8 7.0 12,1 234 347 18,5 0 Br ee a ee a 215 5,7 7.8 108.0 38,0800 0 0 Tie 2 288 10,0 7.0 7,0-28,0 25.0 23.0 5.0 Pp atin day 362 2848 11,5 28,1 20,111.50 O dense state S11 13,4 10,8 14,8 22,1 25,3 14,1 9 Stree aoe ee eee cc @ S22 13.4 10,3 14,8 22,1 25,3 110 Bo ” 383° 4,3 7,0 12,1 2804 34,7 18,5 0 We gig dey 836 288115 ALL AIS 0 0 3% Woo no nnn ” 280 13,4 103-1448 22,1 25,3 1410 ee eee aad @ 206 4,3 7.01241 2544 34,7 18,50 Legea granite 2645 188 10,68 irregular rough air dey 168 140 4 loose state 15.1 25,0 30.0 11,3 0 TYPICAL RESULTS ANALYSIS OF SPECIMEN L, Before the comprehensive analysis and comparison of the results from all -the tests, the test results of specimen L, can be analysed as a typical example. A total, of twelve shear test cycle were performed on this specimen. The results are given in Figures 2-1,2, and 3. 26 Journal CSIMM Aug,1986 3 s Shear force Fp kN 0 we * Ey cy 0 % Shear displecement Uy, mm Fig, 2-1 Results of shear test on specimen L, (F5-Us curve 0, (2) Fa = 108, (3) F.=110, (4) Fi=153, 0, «6 (6) Fa=255, (7) Fa=108, (8) Fu=a0, 35, 10) Fe=ist, 1) Feels, 2) Fa=t5e Normal force Fa, kN 15 2 Normal displacement Va, mum Fig, 2-2 Results of shear test on specimen 1, (F,-V, curve) Previous investigators—‘? have adopted Coulomb's expression (r= +o tang or r=0 tang) to handle the test data and to determine the shear strength envelope and internal fric- tion angle. To check the reliability of the application of Coulomb’s equation to this test condition, it can be assum- ed that a specific number of shear test cycles were perfomed, i. e., the first four eyeles, the first five cycles and so on. The calculated results are given in Table 2-1. According to statistical theory, ‘Shar daplaceneat i, a Neratl dilacenes! 7s, an the value of R-square normally increases with the number of obser- Fig, 2-3 Results of shear test on vation. However, using Coulomb's specimen £,(V’,-U, curve) Noa SHEAR PROPERTIES OF FRAGMENTED ROCK MASSES or Table 2-1 Checking of Coulomb's equation Gyele of test data Coulomb’s equation Resquared ‘St. dev. of = calculated with +9 tan $) about regression Coulomb's equation line The Ist four eyele T= 92,18+0,58150 99,72 816 ‘The Ist five excle 68,45 +0.49900 88,69 4273 The Ist six eycle + £121,724 0,55060 92,39 42,29 ‘The Ist seven eyele 48,05 +0,55470 86,08, 52,87 ‘The Ist eight eycle 98,08 + 0.50240 79,88 =179,08 + 0,53819 8445, 5.68 + 0.58670 86,67 ‘The Ist 1849+ 0.82090 86.45 ‘The Ist twelve cycle £= 96,78 +0,86430 86.93 ‘The Ist nine eyele ‘The Ist tex en cycle equation on the test results of specimen L, we can sec that with increasing the number of observations (tests) the R-square first decreases and then remains rela- tively steady. The standard deviation of r also increases with increasing the number of observation. Our conclusion is that Coulomb's equation does not fully express the relations at shear testing of loose material. From our point of view there must be some other factors considered. This can also be indicated by dividing the twelve cycles into three groups depending on normal force (see Fig.2-4). For every group the shear strength for a later cycle is always higher than the strength for a former cycle and this systematical difference must be caused by something unknown to us. Thus we have a good reason to say that the history of the loading process on the specimen will influence the calculated results of shear strength and the internal friction angle,if Coulomb’s equation is adopted. ‘Shear displacement U,, om Fig.2-4 Shear force-shear displacement for different porosity values 28 Jouraal CSIMM Aug,1986 2.1 Deduction of a New Equation on Shear Strength Envelope for Loose Material. As was pointed out above, it is neccessary to find a more accurate mathema- tical model applicable to loose material. Based on the test data of specimen L,, an analysis and deduction of a mathematical model will be given below. 2.1.1 Shear Displacement and Shear Force During Shear It can be seen from Figure 2-1 that the F’s-Us curves are approximately stra ight lines in their initial portions indicating quasi-elastic behavior of the material. After the shear force rises to a certain value and becomes stable the shear dis placement still increases, which indicates failure occurance. After calculation with the method of least squares and analysis of variance for the test data of all the specimens of this group, the relationship between shear force and shear displacement can mathematically be expressed as P= Fenux(1 ~€7" @-1 where Fsas. and 4 are experimental coefficients, and are given in Table 2-2. The physical meaning of Fs q,, is that the shear force during a given constant normal force can reach a value (the yield point) at which failure occurs, The product of Fs asx depends on changed degree of shear stiffness. / is independent of normal force but is closely related to the porosity of the material and increases with de creasing porosity. 2.1.2 Shear Deformation Energy at Failure The shear deformaton energy of a material, i/’s, at failure can be calculated from We~ | Feeds (2-2) The shear displacement before failure is always very large and based on equation (2-1),the failure would trend to be infinite, therefore it is difficult to tell exactly when the failure occures. For this reason,we adopted the rule of regarding a shear force of 0.95 + F's mu, a8 the failure point, Based on this rule the equation (2-1)wiil give maximum shear displacement, Us ase before failure Foe=80.95 + Penarttl’s aax( 1-6 US 8) (2-3) Us wax= — In 0,05/4 (2-4) ‘The value of Ls a4, in the upper limit of equation (2-2) will give Usox 3/2 - wen FMR AU. = FO Fsans(t-0° 8) = 2.05 -F sue (2-5) The deformation energy I’, calculated from the equation is also given in Table 2-2, 2.1.3 Normal Displacement, /’,, at Failure During Shear It can be seen from #,-V, curves and the U,-I’, curves (Fig,2-2 and 3) that the shear displacement which increases with increasing shear force before failure, is followed by a normal displacement V7,,. The normal displacement V’,, versus the shear displacement curve is approximately a straight line. The occurance of a normal displacement during a constant external normal force shows that the inter nal nomal force in the material gives a corresponding change during the shearing. SHEAR PROPERTIES OF FRAGMENTED ROCK MASSES No, Zero vor exto- sero ez'z- sm ER EBD H40'O- Pr- z"O- zee obs") TE 66S SUT Ez" SHOT PET S*9Z BES OE zy eT Wo ee't- sto G80 oETZ- IY Tez 9¢9 o4o'O- IP se"O- zee OBTO TE THE PET 9E'Z GOT Yor "eC ses oe OZF TT Gi0 G6TO- ge0- 80° CATT- OS oO 489 ofOTO- Br TOTO- BIE ORO GE zsB TeT ETE BOT HST BTOe 889 ONE OEY Or e2"0 t6L- IS'0- 60" SI"Z- Ger BOE OTL TOTO 1'z $00 TOE ORL*D Ory ORL BIT Butz FLOT VOT oT/2 OFS OEE BEY 6 eso So"L- ze0- Sto SUT1- 19 SPL 68S Soz"0- ¥9- CB'O- OIZ oLz"O OTF TST GL GYTT 689 08 I've EPS OLE SEP 80 or'r— ceto- COO FeTT~ toe GEL 929 yrTO- 08 8SO- BP oBL*D OTF se9 ze SOT YZ Bor I's BPS oF Bey A 901 Sst stu2 HS Of EHF 8 qst0 go°Z- GSO ERE IN'Z- Vey Zee cH ezOO ZZT TT'O SOB Fata -I'y sz OT OTE ze" EE zer0- goo S6I- u6z BHT E29 Zz1"0- 9S- oz*0~ OL Orso IF oO StEZ TTT OPS OF Sty EPS OBE OFF SF 4970 ou'z— ss0- z5"L S9'Z— PEP GOP zor 9ET*O gor _Oz*0 GSE SRS*O I'S G9 LOL SEE BOI FOL OTe BP OEE ISF ese 1209 eT T1"0 ez RSG ZS GUE OTL EZ OL OIT eTeZ BPS ORE SBF zut0 CBT go%0- FETT vetZ~ cE TEE sto 2o'1~ 10%9— Or UTE GE cP GaPT OTT" Z"1e out s0Eser'o 60 gos S'82 eOrz cog OT THE HSS OnE HOP gto Ts"r- s8"O- Fer zi'z- 292 Tet 020s f22"0 999 So"Z SOFT $60" BIE Zee S*09 SEIT 90S o8 LOE 99S Os OsF T s| gz gz| selgs| 2 ig) = | evlezlevlelesi¢| gles gizlz|= Flee ao) 3282) )/ 2S) = | as | 218s | 2 (28) € | 188g 3) 82 eel e' lee) =| 8g] © | SP (Se ie |e le) 2 | SFE EU E |g le T| ee g-l a By 3 ele-| Elsie )4) g]8) a]/.}3 afejS le] Eel) a] & | ah efeye le] FUE] gle |= E ° x ise] w : < le ]é 3 a F | = pe] SRR S| 8] FE | 3| #15 f\E S{ ole * req del clele].] = Plate Pls | z EE | la 2] 2/§& a | FL a | # Ee lae| 2 ELE 5 x | | | | a] | } | il | . 3 oo | Jt E cai Faas = = nee || cossuomg | | ates | etl amon ®7 uowyoads Uo ys99 Bays Jo SIMS Z-Z GUL 30 Journs! CSIMM Avg,1986 The slope R of this straight line, in the U,-V, curve, calculated by the test data is given in Table 2-2. The curve is related to the normal force level and the material porosity, and it will be negative at low normal forces and low material porosity. Based on the test data, the ratio of I’,, to U, is a function of the normal forces and material porosity, and we have found the best fitting model to be Reant+b-F, +e (2-6) where a, 6, and c are constant, is material porosity. The test results and analy- sis show that a significant correlation exists among #, n and F, and the equation is R=V42/Us= 0.1280 + 2.99910, — 3,942 2.1.4 Normal Deformation Energy at Failure Normal deformation energy, H’,, during shearing can be calculated W,=VieF = RUF, (2-7) 2.1.5 Total Deformation Energy at Failure ‘The total deformation energy at failure, IV’, should be the sum of shear defor mation energy, J¥, and normal deformation energy, IV”, Douay : W=W,+I¥, = f OR dU, + RUF, (2-8) To obtain the total deformation energy at failure, the shear displacement, U’, should be Us nar W = (2.05+F s mag) /A+ (8+RF)/2 (+9) 2.1.6 Volume Deformation During Shearing ‘The volume deformation, AV during shearing, can be calculated AV = Ly Vent HU, - Uy V aa) (2-10) where Z,, L, and H are width, length and total height of specimen respectively. Compared with the product of H and Us and the product of L, and V’,., the pro- duct of V4, and Us has a very small magnitude and can be ignored, and substitute Us axx from equation (2-4) and i”,, from equation (2-7) into equation (2-10); then the volume deformation at failure is AV = Ly(H +U aac + Ly+ReU sasy) = 3L,(H + Ly+R) /2 @ap 2.1.7 Total Volume Deformation Unit Energy at Failure Based on equation (2-9) and equation (2-11), we can get the total volume deformation unit energy, A/V at failure AW = AW/AV =[(2,05F sax +3R+F,) /A]/[SLre*(H + L,+R)/2] = 0.68 sone + Rely) /Lge (H + Ly+R) (2-12) As mentioned above and seen from Fig.2-4, for a given normal force the shear strength (F'sq,,)for a later cycle is always higher than the shear strength for a former cycle, this systematical difference must be caused by some unknown factors. It can be assumed to be x. Thus shear strengh, Fsa4, in equation (2-12) would be the function of variable F, of x i. € Fsexe =f(F Based on the test data,we have found that the relationship between volume defor mation unit energy, 1” and normal force, F’, significantly exists, AW=K-F, (2-18) where K is an experimental constant depending on the physical properties of tested material. It is interesting to note that this volume deformation unit energy at fail- No.4 SUIEAR PROPERTIES OF FRAGMENTED ROCK MASSES st ure only depends on normal force and is independent of the history of the applied load. As is shown before a different route of applied load quite different test re- sults for the same specimen will be given. By using the deformation energy these difficulties could be avoided. 2.1.8 Shear Strength Equation From equation (2-12), we get Frsann = 147 AMV + LH + Ly Lye Re AW - RF, Sudstitute ® from equation (2-6) and Ali’ from equation (2-13) Fsoax= LAT (Dy Fy + DyeneF, or it can be written in a stress form 2+ Dye F*) r= D/.0 + Dyfomo + Dy/s0* where D,= (Lys H+K +Ly+ D/=1.47Dy Dy = K-c-c); D, Ly+L,+K+a-a);D, = (L. (2-14) (2-15) (2-16) Ly+K +b ~b) 47,3 Dy’ LAT Lye Lys This is the shear strength equation, where D,’,D,’ and D,’ are constants rela ted to physical factors of loose material. Up to this point, we can say that the unknown factor x mentioned above is the porosity of material, n. 2.2 Results Calculated with the New Equation, and Discussion To check up the reliability of the new equation to the test conditions, based on the same assumption as befoer,a calculation was made and the results are given in Table 2-3, As can be scen, the value of R-squared increases and the value of the standard deviation of + diminishes with increasing the number of tests, Statisti cally the new equation is a better applicable mathematical model for this purpose than Coulomb’s equation, Table 2-3 Checking of a new equation Cycle of test data New expression of shear = St. dev. caleulation strengtit squared of above with new eq. The Ist five T= 2,5950+0~ ,0528 «m0 - 9,87 +10-08 94,99 34,81 ‘The Ist six 2,6838-0~ ,0588 +neo~2,518610"4-02 96,58 32,74 The Ist seven 2,0934°0~ .06676+m—0— 3,789+10° S02 96.5 29,44 ‘The Ist eight TH3,246 *0~ 076 eme0~4,238¢10-e08 95.5 29,93 ‘The Ist aise TH B.25 +8- O77 me 4,282010"40% 96.79 27,32 ‘The Ist ten 5=3,442 *0- 084 +04, 308+10-S02 96.98 29,44 The Ist leven 60 +0 .0896 emo 4,008+10"4-02 97.2 30.39 The Ist twelve T=3,717 +0~ 094 +o 8,984e10-402 9746 30,20 When a solid body slides over a solid surface, the shear resistance is given by the friction coefficient of solid to solid. However, when shearing loose material such as broken iron ore is not one defined shear-plane, but many. In order to have a shear failure in the rock mass, it is therefore neccessary, not only to overcome the particles to particles friction resistance, but also to make the particles move up and over one another. Hence the shear failure consists of two components, one’s magnitude is depending on particles to particles friction angle and other’s magni- tude is related to the degree of interlocking. The degree of interlocking is also re- lated to porosity of the material, The lower the porosity, the greater the degree of interlocking and the greater the overall shear resistance will be. 32 Jounal CSIMM Ag. 1986 RESULT ANALYSIS OF ALL SPECIMENS According to the test data of all the specimens and the theory found in the analysis of specimen L,, the calculated results and analysis for all specimens ate ignored in the paper, the relations established for specimen Z,, such as equations (2-1), (2-6), and (2-13), exist also for the other specimens. The shear strength envelopes calculated with equation (2-16) are given in Fig,s 3-1 and 3-2, fy we “ e ae 7 z ba WZ Fig,3-1 Shear strength envelopes Fig.3-2 Shear strength envelopes for for L-type specimens P-, L- and I¥’-type specimens 4, CONCLUSIONS From the test results and analysis the following conclusions can be drawn: 1)_ A significant correlation exists between the shear force, /*, and shear dis- placement, U,at a constant normal force. This can be expressed by the non-linear equation Fo= Foul = 18) 2) For a given normal force and a given rock mass sample the volume defor- mation unit energy change is constant. 3) From the volume deformation unit energy change the shear strength equa- tion t= D,'s0+D,/meo+D+D,'+o* has been deducted. The reliability of the equation has been proved by the best results. 4) With the above equation the problem of the route (history) of the load on the specimen has been solved mainly due to the use of the parameter porosity. This will give possibilities to get good test resulis with a smaller amount of specimens. 5) For specimens of L-type (air dried, loose state) the shear strength is in cheasing as the porosity decreases. The smaller the average diameter of material and the more non-uniform the particles of material, the larger the shear strength and internal friction angle. 6) The shear strength and internal fricton angle of specimen L,,-. (granite) is larger than the corresponding magnetite specimens depending on more irregular shape and rougher surface of particles. 7) For the specimen of W-type (5% water, loose state) the shear strength is usually less than the corfesponding specimens without water content; the water will act as a lubricator whose function will be more intensive as the porosity No. 4 SHEAR PROPERTIES OF FRAGMENTED ROCK MASSES 33 decreases, For small average diameter of material the lubricating function is larger. 8) For the specimen of P-type (air dried, dense state) the shear strength is much larger than the corresponding specimens of L-type and 1W-type. The influ- ence of particle size on the shear strength and internal fricton angle is not very great. : 9) Based on the test results, and compared with the coefficients D,’ and D,’, the coefficient D,’ has a very small magnitude. To apply it to pratice, the shear strength equation can be simplified as r= (D,! +D,'+n)+o only when normal stress does not exceed 1,5 MPa, Shear strength curves pass through the origin. ‘That is, there is no cohesion strength in loose material, ic, C=0, 10) The whole test and research results give a new concept for mechanical Properties of loose material and a reliable shear strength envelope which can be used in measuring shear property of loose material, in making mechanical analysis of the area of loose material handling, loading and gravity flow, and in evaluating stability of loose material slope, Manuscript received Feb., 1986 References C4) Marsal, Ru 1973. (2) Sadasivan, SK. et al; Journal of the Geotechnical Eng., Div. ASCE, Vol. 103, N GT8, Proc. Paper 13157, USA, 1977. £8} Wancheek, G.A. et al.: Shear Properties of Several Granulor Materia{,US Bureau of Mines, RJ 7731, pittsburgh, 1973. (C41 Smiyh, G. Ni Elements of 1973. Mechanical Properties of Rockfill, Universidad Nacional Autonoma, de. Mexico, Soil Mechanics for Civil and Mining Eng., Crosby Lockwood, tame nen resewan Bik Fe-Mn-SteReyperk EK $.D.Scott T,Bryndzia Ch REL AREY BRERE ® z iio SHA. CORSET, EI, RE SIROTA SARA, AAT SLL KUMI He i bar, akbar, kbar A 7 kbar, MMH 500T F] 9000. PRAGMA KA, STEVIA RM FAA: 7 N Te Payers = 28,1624 (5x) — 39.8824 (F55) ~ 352.3896 (For) f Ne ge) ~ 627,8129( Jo, + 18,9960 +912,9442(- SFiS WORE He, Hie Keil fl Shinner Swe, WE A i DANA 2000, RMA: war, Mae, FA BH, OR, BAT SHHMERREBE KR Bo Forsman CH LWA CAA) AR CHASE T HS BW 0 UD aa BE ER BY AE, FINS RSE BOA EE EAL TAREE, WT REIT Re ASSES, IFO Be BE m, PPAR BAN ALAGOAS, SRS MARU, Bea. ARES SESS PBs AS HY OS EAE ETT TS RIOT, UES 1 IE HOE (ASSN RE Se HABA SRE TT A BY RAE Ol — PE J 1 fH EE AR, SETLIST HATA AS BY EDR EAR LRT A TAG HY SEE. A AGA ERR Jeg (BUR AER ARTA AES ES, NEAT AC SOY EE HR ACI 1986898 aan yren 3 ATHHNAE CWO ARIMA RAR, RAMP L NRT OT, Mae ie PE ICA TL, HSE AT IS Pa OY BOSE BAY, BE t= Do + D,'no + D's", VX PTB GRE ASR CUR UB, ME SLA AL TUB HW AR RAL ER, RRSRMTRIONT, TBR LR HE. tt Ph PETAR WL AY) aa > A EU SES AAS AT), PERG ME FF YS) REA A JPREDS RUSTIC, TADRE WS IWIN RAS BF, ROE EM TY A HFT BRE : RMA: Mtoe, Hm, LMR, NO, A, PR FES BS PH a AE OTR eR C.J. Hall Ch LAE Biwi AR ® z EX AAU OLEH ARES, PORT SATE — “A me” BH 2 SLES RAE LIRA 9 OT, SRA TWO TLRS, UATATSM A Et SLRS HE De AIT AMO EPP RTE, BURNER ALE RS a CNBIINQ) "SU MEL SY RC ONBFAN) 2 Bas AURA AA FCP RAY BE FL ND, Ut NBFIXQ +NBFAN

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