Phân Tích Cation

B CNG THNG
TRNG H CNG NGHIP TPHCM

Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc
------
B Mn: C S L Thuyt Ha Phn Tch 1

Ti Tiu Lun:
CC PHN NG ION TRONG DUNG DCH NC
Ging vin hng dn: Gv. Th Long

Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 6
Lp: HPT8A
TPHCM, ngy 20 thng 2 nm 2014
LI NI U
Trc tin, chng ti xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn v gip
tn tnh ca ging vin ph trch b mn C Th Long. C l ngi trc
tip truyn t kin thc, to mi iu kin ti hon thnh chng tt bi
tiu lun cng nh gip chng ti hiu r hn v ngha ca vic nghin cu
ti.
Ha hc phn tch l mt trong 4 chuyn ngnh quan trng ca ha hc
v ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng trong cc lnh vc phc v nhu cu thc
tin nh y hc, mi trng, nng nghip,... Ha hc phn tch bao gm phn
tch nh tnh v phn tch nh lng.
Nm trong khun kh phn tch nh tnh cc cht. Vi ti Cc phn
ng ion trong dung dch nc nhm i su vo nghin cu nhng vn
c bn sau:
-
Nhng du hiu c trng ca phn ng ion trong dung dch nc
Cc h thng phn tch cc cation v anion trong dung dch nc
Phn tch cc cation bng h thng axit-baz
Phn tch cc anion bng h thng axit-baz
ti cung cp nhng kin thc cn thit, b ch v thc t cho

chng ti, lm c s quan trng cho vic thc hnh phn tch sau ny. Trong
qu trnh thc hin bi tiu lun nhm tham kho v s dng nhng ti
liu, bi vit v cc thng tin t cc gio trnh, sch tham kho sau:
1. Ha Hc Phn Tch Nguyn Tinh Dung Nh Xut Bn Gio Dc.
2. Bi Ging Ha Phn Tch Th.S Nguyn B Sm- Trng i Hc Cng
Nghip Vit Tr.
3. C S Ha Hc Phn Tch Nguyn Minh Chu, T Vng Nghi Nh
Xut Bn Khoa Hc v K Thut.
4. Cc bi vit, hnh nh t cc trang web: google.com.vn, Wikipedia ting

Vit-vi.wikipedia.org; coccoc.com; tailieutonghop.com;...
DANH SCH THNH VIN NHM 6

Tn
MSSV
Ni dung thc hin

- Chng 1: Nhng c trng ca
Mai Kim Sang
12133461
phn ng ion trong dung dch

nc
- Tng thp tiu lun
- Chng 2: Cc h thng phn tch
Hong Th Thu Tho
12031041
cc cation v anion trong dung

dch nc
Nguyn Phng Thanh
12056161
- Chng 3: Phn tch cc cation

trong dung dch nc theo h thng
Phm Thanh Tm
12054831
Nguyn Nhc Thi
12147961
axit - baz
- Chng 4: Phn tch cc anion
trong dd nc theo h thng axit
Nguyn Minh Qun
12144501
baz
MC LC
Cc phn ng ion trong dung dch nc
GVHD: Th Long
Chng 1: NHNG DU HIU C TRNG

CA PHN NG ION TRONG DUNG DCH NC
Hu ht cc cht v c tn ti trong dung dch nc di dng cc cht
in li. Chng in li hon ton hoc mt phn thnh cc ion. V vy phn ng
gia cc cht trong dung dch nc thc cht l phn ng gia cc ion. Phn
ng gia cc ion trong dung dch nc hu ht l cc phn ng thun nghch
v tn ti nhng du hiu c trng nht nh m trong phn tch nh tnh,
ngi ta li dng cc du hiu ny nhn bit s c mt ca mt hay mt
nhm ion no . Cc du hiu c trng bao gm:
1.1.
Xy ra s thay i mu sc ca dung dch.

Trong mt phn ng ha hc n gin s thay i mu sc ca phn ng l
du hiu d quan st nht nhn bit phn ng xy ra.

V d: Xt dung dch ng (II) hydroxit khi tin hnh ngm 1 inh st
c lm sch vo trong cc ng dung dch ng (II) hydroxit bo ha. Sau 1
thi gian, ta thy dung dch mu xanh da tri ban u nht mu thm ch mt mu
du hiu chng t, phn ng xy ra.
Phng trnh phn ng: Fe Cu2 Fe2 Cu
Hnh nh dung dch CuSO4 trc v sau phn ng
SVTH: Nhm 6 Lp HPT8A
Trang 1
GVHD: Th Long
Trang 2

1.2.
GVHD: Th Long
Mu sc ca cht kh thot ra.

Mu sc ca cc cht kh sinh ra trong qu trnh thc hin phn ng ha
hc cng d dng cho ta bit c phn ng ha hc xy ra.

V d: Phn ng gia kim loi Cu v dung dch axit HNO3 c, phn ng
xy ra mnh lit v xut hin cht kh mu nu thot ra.
2NO 2 H O
Phng trnh phn ng: Cu 4 HNO3 Cu NO3
2
2
2
Phn ng gia Cu v HNO3 c, kh NO2 thot ra mu nu

1.3.
Xut hin mt pha mi: to kt ta hoc thot ra cht kh.

Kt ta l s hnh thnh ca mt sn phm ho tan khng ng k, thu c
trong mt phn ng ho hc xy ra bi s trn ln 2 dung dch. Mu sc ca kt

ta thu c cng l mt du hiu c trng nhn bit cc ion no c mt trong
dung dch.
Vi hin tng hnh thnh pha kh trong qu trnh phn ng, ta cng c th
kt lun cc cht trong dung dch to thnh cht mi.
V d: Khi cho dung dch bc nitrat AgNO3 phn ng vi dung dch axit
clohiric HCl, phn ng to thnh kt ta mu trng AgCl theo phng trnh ion:
Ag Cl AgCl
Trang 3

1.4.
GVHD: Th Long
Bin mt mt pha: ha tan kt ta.

Phn ng xy ra gia cc ion to thnh kt ta c sau kt ta tan l mt
trong nhng c trng ca phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch.

V d: trong phn ng gia CuSO4 vi NH3 trong dung dch nc to sn
phm l Cu(OH)2 v (NH4)SO4 sau phn ng tip tc xy ra chng ta nhn bit
c v c hin tng l kt ta mu xanh m Cu(OH)2 tan ra to thnh dung
dch [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 mu xanh dng.
Phng trnh phn ng:
CuSO 2 NH 2 H O Cu OH 2 NH
SO
4
3
2
4 2 4
SO
Cu OH 2 2 NH 2 H O Cu NH
3
2
3 4 4
Hnh nh minh ha phn ng gia CuSO4 vi NH3

1.5.
Vn tc ca qu trnh phn ng.

Tc phn ng l thay i nng ca mt trong cc cht tham gia
hoc sn phm trong mt n v thi gian.

Trong qu trnh din bin ca phn ng, nng cc cht phn ng gim
dn, ng thi nng cc sn phm tng dn. Phn ng xy ra cng nhanh th
trong mt n v thi gian nng cc cht phn ng gim v nng cc sn
phm tng cng nhiu.
Trang 4
GVHD: Th Long
Chng 2: CC H THNG PHN TCH CATION V ANION

TRONG DUNG DCH NC
2.1.
Mt s khi nim.
Thuc th phn tch:l mt hp cht ha hc c dng pht hin, xc
nh hay tch trong qu trnh phn tch ha hc ca mt cht hay hn hp nhiu

cht c gi l thuc th phn tch. Yu cu thuc th phn tch phi tinh khit
v c hiu.
Thuc th theo tc dng phn tch gm 3 loi:
-
Thuc th nhm: l thuc th c tc dng ging nhau ln mt nhm cc

ion. V d: HCl l thuc th nhm Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+
Thuc th chn lc: l thuc th c tc dng ging nhau ln mt s ion

m ion ny c th thuc nhm phn tch khc nhau. Chng hn NH3 c
th to thnh phc tan hoc khng tan vi mt s ion nhiu nhm
phn tch.
Thuc th c hiu hay thuc th ring bit: l thuc th ch cho phn

ng c hiu vi mt ion hoc mt cht. v d: h tinh bt cho mu
xanh ch vi iod; dimethyglyoxim trong mi trng amoniacto thnh
ch vi ion Ni2+ cho mt kt ta mu hng.
2.2.
Cc h thng phn tch cation v anion trong dung dch nc

Vic xc nh cc ion trong dung dch nc l mt trong nhng cng vic
cn c ca ngh phn tch. Cc ion trong dung dch s c phn chia theo cc
nhm thun li cho vic tch chng ra khi dung dch nc. Khi tin hnh
phn tch nh tnh ngi ta tin hnh theo hai cch:
-
Phn tch ring phn
Phn tch h thng
Trang 5
GVHD: Th Long
2.2.1. Phn tch ring phn

Phn tch ring phn l xc nh mt hay mt s ion no trong hn hp
nhiu ion bng mt phn ng c hiu. C th ly tng phn ring dung dch phn
tch th ring tng ion, khng cn theo mt th t nht nh no.
V d: tm Bi3+ bng thuc th thioure c mu vng ti, Fe3+ vi KSCN c
mu mu c trng.
Trong nhiu trng hp khng s dng c phng php phn tch ring
bit v khng phi tt c cc ion u c phn ng tht c hiu.
2.2.2. Phn tch h thng
Khi cn phn tch ton din 1 mu, ngi ta tin hnh phn tch h thng
l xc nh cc ion theo mt trt t nht nh. Mun phn tch hn hp nhiu ion
ngi ta thng dng cc thuc th nhm chia cc ion thnh nhiu nhm, mi
nhm c th c chia thnh cc phn nhm v cui cng c tch ring thnh
cc ion ring bit. Sau tin hnh chng minh s c mt bng cc phn ng c
trng thch hp.
Hin nay, i vi cc cation, ngi ta tm ra nhiu h thng phn tch,
mi h thng c nhng u im v nhc im ring. Ba h thng thng c
dng l h thng phn tch sunfua, h thng axit baz v h thng phn tch
photphat - amoniac.
Ty thuc vo thuc th s dng trong h thng phn tch nh tnh
cation chia lm 3 h thng c bn l:
a. H thng phn tch sunfua cc cation
C s: da vo tnh tan ca cc kt ta gia cation vi cc thuc th nh
HCl, H2S, (NH4)2S/NaOH, (NH4)2CO3,... trong c s chnh l tnh tan ca mui
sunfua.
Trang 6
GVHD: Th Long
Theo h thng ny, cc cation c tch chia lm 5 nhm:
Nhm
II
III
Thuc th
nhm
HCl long
Cc cation
thuc nhm
Ag+,
Pb2+
Sn2+,
3+
H2S trong mi Sb 3+,
As ,
trng axit
Hg2+,
(pH =0,5)
Cd2+,
(Pb2+)
Al3+,
(NH4)2S trong
Fe3+,
mi trng NH3
Co2+,
+ NH4Cl
Zn2+
Hg22+,
Sn phm to thnh sau khi

tc dng vi thuc th
Ta clorua: AgCl, Hg2Cl2, PbCl2
khng tan trong nc v cc axit
long
Kt ta cc sunfua. Nhm ny chia

Sn4+, thnh hai phn nhm:
Sb5+, + Phn nhm IIA: Gm cc sunfua
As5+, tan trong (NH4)2Sx v b oxi ho
Cu2+, AsS43-, SbS43-, SbS32Bi3+, + Phn nhm II : gm cc sunfua
B
khng tan trong (NH4)2Sx nh HgS,

CuS, CdS, Bi2S3, (PbS)
Kt ta Al(OH)3, Cr(OH)3,
Fe(OH)3, MnS, CoS, NiS, ZnS.
Nhm ny cng chia thnh hai
3+
Cr , nhm:
Mn2+,
+ Phn nhm IIIA: gm cc kt ta
Ni2+,
tan trong HCl nh Al(OH)3,
Cr(OH)3, Fe(OH)3, MnS, ZnS.
+ Phn nhm IIIB: gm cc kt ta
khng tan trong HCl nh CoS, NiS.
IV
(NH4)2CO3
trong dd m
amoniac di
To cc kt ta BaCO3, SrCO3,
Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
dng
cc
CaCO3
cacbonat khng
tan trong nc.
NaH2PO4 trong
mi trng NH3 Mg2+
+ NH4Cl
NH4MgPO4
Khng c thuc Kim loi kim

th nhm
v NH4+
Trang 7
GVHD: Th Long
u im: cch phn chia cc nhm v cch tin hnh phn tch rt cht ch,
ph hp vi vic trnh by cc s s l thuyt, c bit l vic phn chia cc nhm
phn tch c nhiu im ph hp vi vic phn nhm trong bng h thng tun
hon Menelep, do lin h d dng gia cc phn ng hc trong gio trnh
ho hc v c vi phn ng phn tch, kt qu phn tch cc ion kh chnh xc,
pht hin trit cc cation, xc nh c cc ion trong phc cht.
Nhc im: H2S c, c mi trng thi gy kh kh chu cho ngi phn
ticch1; qu trnh phn tch ton b cation mt kh nhiu thi gian t 25-30 gi;
hay gp dung dch kt ta cng kt ca mt s sufua kim loi (NiS v CoS vi
SnS; ZnS vi CdS) gy kh khn trong vic x l hon ton sn phm.
b. H thng cc cation theo phng php axit - baz
C s: da vo tnh tan khc nhau ca cc hydroxit, sunfat, clorua,... c to
thnh gia cc cation vi axit - baz nh HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, NH4OH,...
Vic phn chia cc cation thnh tng nhm theo h thng ny c trnh
by trong bng sau:
Nhm
Thuc th
nhm
Cc cation
thuc nhm
Sn phm to thnh
sau khi tc dng vi
thuc th nhm
Khng to thnh kt ta
Kim loi
kh tan vi mt thuc th
kim v NH4+
no
Khng c thuc
th nhm
II
H2SO4 long v
ru etylic
Ba2+, Sr2+,
Ca2+, (Pb2+)
HCl long, ngui
Ag+, Pb2+,
Hg22+, Cu+,
Au+
To cht t tan: AgCl,

PbCl2, Hg2Cl2, CuCl
NaOHd + H2O2
Be2+,
Al3+,Cr3+,
Zn2+, Sn2+,
Sn4+, As3+,
Al3+, Sn2+, Sn4+, to thnh

hiroxit lng tnh tan
trong kim d AlO22-,
ZnO22-, SnO32-.
Nhm
axit
III
Nhm
Baz
IV
To kt ta mu trng
BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4,
PbSO4
Trang 8
VI
GVHD: Th Long
As5+, Sb4+,
As3+, As4+,
Ga3+, In3+,...
CrO2- s b oxi ho thnh

CrO4- mu vng.
NH4OH c d
Cd2+ ,Cu2+
Hg2+, Co2+,
Ni2+
To cc phc amoniacat c
mu cng thc chung
Dd NaOH v
H2O2 sau l
HNO3 v H2O2
Fe2+, Fe3+,
Sb3+, Sb5+,
Bi3+, Mn2+,
Mg2+
To cc hiroxit khng tan

c mu ring bit Fe(OH)2,
Fe(OH)3,
Bi(OH)3,
Mn(OH)2, Mg(OH)2.
AsO43-...
M ( NH3 )4
u im: h thng ny s dng c nhng c trng c bn ca cc

nguyn t, quan h ca chng vi cc axit, baz, tnh lng tnh ca cc hydroxit v
kh nng to phc ca cc nguyn t; t c hi hn v thi gian thc hin phn
tch ngn hn t 30-40% so vi h thng H2S.
Nhc im: h thng ny cn gii hn v s lng cc cation, cc tnh
cht ca cc tnh cht ca cc hyroxit ca cc cation nhm 4 v nhm 5 cha
c nghin cu k, cng nh cc iu kin tch, to kt ta ca chng; vic phn
tch nhm thiu cht ch hn h thng H2S.
c. H thng phn tch photphat ammoniac:
C s: da vo tnh tan ca cc mui photphat trong cc mi trng khc
nhau. H thng ny chia cc cation thnh 5 nhm phn tch:
-
Nhm 1: gm cc cation kim loi kim v NH4+. Khng c thuc th

c trng cho nhm, cc hp cht chng c mt u c th tan to thnh
dung dch.
Nhm 2: gm Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Bi3+.
Nhm ny b kt ta bi thuc th nhm - amoni hyro phophat
(NH4)2HPO4 trong dung dch amoniac c. c chia lm 2 phn nhm
nh:
Trang 9
GVHD: Th Long
+ Phn nhm 2a: Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ - C kt ta

photphat tan trong axit axetic.
+ Phn nhm 2b: Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, Bi3+ - C kt ta photphat khng
tan trong axit axetic.
-
Nhm 3: gm Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+. Cc phophat ca

chng tan trong dung dch NH3 to thnh cc amoniacat [M(NH3)4]2+.
Nhm 4: gm As3+, As5+, Sb5+, Sb3+, Sn2+, Sn4+. Cc ion thic v

antimon khi un nng vi HNO3 th to thnh kt ta khng tan l acid
metastanic v acid metaantimon (H2SnO3, HSbO3). Cc hp cht Asen
(III) khi un nng vi HNO3 th b oxy ho thnh H3AsO4.
Nhm 5: gm Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+ b kt ta bi acid HCl di dng cc

clorua t tan.
u im: Gim bt hi so vi 2 h thng trn.

Nhc im: Thi gian phn tch di v kh phc tp, c bit n hn ch
qu trnh phn tch ring phn nn khng c ph bin so vi hai phng php
trn.
2.2.1 Phn tch nh tnh anion
Vi cc anion th khng c mt h thng phn tch cht ch no m ch c
cc phng php phn tch ring l cho tng anion mt hoc tng nhm nh v th
pht hin mt anion no ngi ta phi dng nhiu phn ng c trng
kim tra li, m bo cho kt lun chnh xc, chnh v vy, phn tch nh tnh cc
anion thng phc tp hn cc cation. Da theo thuc th nhm anion c th
phn loi theo bng:
Nhm
I
II
III
Ion
Cl- , Br-, I-, S2-, NO3PO43-, HCO3-, CO32-, AsO33-, AsO43SO42-, SO33-
Trang 10
GVHD: Th Long
Bng phn loi thuc th theo nhm anion:

STT
Thuc th
nhm
Nhm anion
HCl 2N hay
H2SO4
CO32-, CN-, S2-, SO3

S2O32-, NO2-, ClO-
BaCl2 + CaCl2
Trong mi
trng trung
tnh
AgNO3 + HNO3
2N
Hn hp Mg
(NH4OH +
NH4Cl + MgCl2)
AsO33-, AsO43-,
CrO42, ClO-, MnO4-,
SO42-, PO43-, BrO3-,
IO3-, F-
SCN-; Cl-; Br-; I-
AsO43-; PO43-
CrO42-, AsO33-,
MnO4-, ClO-, ClO3-,
BrO3-, IO3-, NO2-
KI + H2SO4 2N
Dng dch I2
S2-, SO32-, S2O32-,

AsO33-
Dung dch
KMnO4
+ H2SO4 2N
S2-, SO32-, S2O32-,

AsO33-, NO2-, Cl-,
Br-, I-, CN-, SCN-
Khng c thuc
th
NO3-, ClO4-
Sn phm hoc du hiu

phn ng
To ra cc kh tng ng
CO2 (khng mu, lm c
nc vi trong); HCN (mi
hnh nhn); H2S (mi thi);
SO2 (mi sc mnh); SO2 v
S; NO v NO2 (mu nu ,
kh th); Cl2 (mu vng lc,
kh th)
To kt ta tng ng
Ca3(AsO3)2 trng; Ca3(AsO4)2
trng;
BaCrO4
vng;
Ba(MnO4)2 ; BaSO4 trng;
Ba(BrO3)2 trng; Ca3(PO4)2
trng; Ba(IO3)2 trng; CaF2
trng
To kt ta tng ng
AgCN trng; AgCl trng;
AgBr vng nht; AgI vng r
To kt ta tng ng
MgNH4AsO4 kt ta mu
trng; MgNH4PO4 kt ta
mu trng
Gii phng I2( nhn bit
bng mu trong dung dch
nc,
hoc
trong
chloroform, hoc th bng
h tinh bt)
Lm mt mu I2
Lm mt mu KMnO4
Trang 11
GVHD: Th Long
Chng 3: PHN TCH CC CATION TRONG DUNG DCH NC

THEO H THNG ACID BAZ
3.1.
Nhm cation 1 (cc ion kim loi kim v NH4+): nhm ny khng c
thuc th nhm.
3.1.1. Tnh cht acid baz
Hydroxit ca kim loi kim l cc baz mnh. Chng d tan trong nc. cc
cation khng th hin tnh acid baz.

Ion NH4+ c tnh acid yu v NH3 l mt baz yu
NH
4
NH + H logK 9.24
3
3.1.2. Tnh cht to phc

Thc t khng c cc phc cht bn to thnh bi cation nhm 1. Phc bn
nht l Li+ - EDTA, c lg = 2.8. NH3 to c phc cht vi cc kim loi khc
nhau: Cu+, Cu2+, Co2+, Co3+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ag+, Hg2+, Ni2+. Cc phc ny b phn
hy trong mi trng acid do s proton ha ca NH3:
NH + H
3
NH logK 9.24
4
3.1.3. Tnh cht oxi ha kh

Ch c mt trng thi oxi ha l M+. Th in cc cp oxi ha/kh rt thp
Cc kim loi nhm 1 l nhng cht kh rt mnh. Cc ion kim loi nhm 1 l cht
oxi ha rt yu.
3.1.4. Hp cht t tan
C mt s mui t tan tng t nhau ca K+ v NH4+: KClO4, NH4ClO4,
K2Na[Co(NO2)6]. Ion Na+ to c mt s rt t hp cht t tan: natri km uranyl
acetat, Na2SiF6, NaSbO3.
3.1.5. Phn ng ca cc ion
a. Natri
-
Phn ng vi uranyl km acetat: Trong mi trng acid yu thuc th phn

ng vi ion Na+ cho kt ta vng nht.
Quang ph nhn thy: vng 587 589 nm. Mu la: vng, rt nhy.
Trang 12
GVHD: Th Long
b. Kali
-
Phn ng vi natri cobantinitrit Na3[Co(NO2)6]: Cho kt ta vng.
Phn ng vi natri hidrotatrat NaHC4H4O6: to kt ta trng tinh th

KHC4H4O6.
Quang ph nhn thy: 760 770 nm; Tm 404 nm; Mu la: tm.
c. Amoni
-
Phn ng ui ion amoni

Do NH4+ l mt acid yu v NH3 d bay hi nn khi un nng vi dung
dch kim th NH4+ s b ui khi dung dch. Khi nung nng , cc mui amoni b
nhit phn to kh NH3.
Nu acid c tnh oxi ha th NH3 thot ra b oxi ha cho nhng sn phm
khc nhau (N2, N2O,).
-
Phn ng vi thuc th Nestler

Thuc th Nestler l dung dch kim ca mui kali iodomecuriat
(K2[HgI4] + KOH). Ion NH4+ phn ng thuc th Nestler cho kt ta keo nu .

Nu nng NH4+ rt b th ta c dung dch keo mu da cam.
Trang 13
GVHD: Th Long
3.1.6. S phn tch cation nhm 1
Trang 14

3.2.
GVHD: Th Long
Nhm cation 2 nhm kim loi kim th. Thuc th nhm ny l dung
dch H2SO4 long v ru etylic.
Cc cation nhm 2 u l cc acid rt yu. Cc hydroxit ca cc cation
nhm 2 u l nhng baz mnh

Ca 2 H 2O CaOH H

Cc cation nhm 2 to c mt s rt t cc phc cht bn nhn chung
bn ca tng phc cht gim khi i t Ca2+ n Ba2+.
Ion Ca2+ to c phc t bn vi ion SO42-. Phn ng ny dng tch
Ca2+ ra khi Ba2+ v Sr2+.
3.2.3. Hp cht t tan
Cc mui cacbonat sunfat, oxalat, photphat ca cation nhm 2 c mu
trng, cromat c mu vng.
-
Cc mui cacbonat tan c trong cc acid, k c acid acetic do to thnh

H2CO3 l acid yu v d phn hy thnh CO2.
Cc mui cromat: tan tng t BaCrO4 n CaCrO4.
Cc mui sunfat c tan tng khi i t BaSO4 n CaSO4 ng vi tch s

tan ca tng mui c trnh by bng sau:
Hp cht
Tch s tan (T)
BaSO4
1,10 x 10-10
SrSO4
3,20 x10-7
CaSO4
9,10 x10-6
Bng th hin tan ca mui sunfat cation kim loi kim th
a. Vi dung dch K2CrO4 v K2Cr2O7:

Trong mi trng axit axetic ch 2 ion Ba2+ v Pb2+ cho kt ta mu vng
BaCrO4 v PbCrO4, cc ion Sr2+ v Ca2+ khng to thnh kt ta. Vi M2+ l
Ba2+ v Pb2+ ta c phn ng :
Trang 15

M2+ +
2M2+ +
GVHD: Th Long
CrO42- MCrO4
Cr2O72- + H2O 2 MCrO4 + 2H+
Trong BaCrO4 khng tan trong kim, cn PbCrO4 tan trong cc dung
dich NaOH, KOH khi un nng theo phng trnh:
PbCrO4 + 4OH- PbO22- + CrO42- +
2H2O
b. Vi dung dch Na2S :

Vi dung dch ny ch ion Pb2+ tc dng to thnh PbS mu en, thc t
khng tan trong cc dung dch HCl, H2SO4, ch tan trong cc dung dch HNO3 un
nng.
Pb2+ + S2- PbS
PbO22- + S2- + 2H2O PbS + 4 OHc. Vi dung dch (NH4)2C2O4:
Vi thuc th ny cc cation nhm 2 u cho kt ta trng tinh th. Cc kt
ta u kh tan trong dung dch axit axetic long. Dung dch l thuc th ny rt
nhy i vi ion Ca2+, nn ngi ta dng thuc th ny nhn ra cation Ca2+ sau
khi tch n khi cc ion Ba2+ v Pb2+.
d. Vi dung dch (NH4)2SO4:
Dung dch thuc th ny kt ta c SrSO4 mu trng vi ion Sr2+:
Sr2+ + NH4SO4 SrSO4 + 2NH4+
Ion Ca2+ khng gy tr ngi cho vic tm Sr2+ bng thuc th ny, v
CaSO4 to vi thuc th mt mui phc tan:
CaSO4 + NH4SO4 (NH4)2[Ca(SO4)2]
V vy sau khi tch Pb2+ v Ba2+ ra khi hn hp vi Sr2+ v Ca2+, ta dng
dung dch NH4SO4 lm thuc th nhn bit Sr2+ trong hn hp vi Ca2+.
Trang 16
GVHD: Th Long
3.2.5. Quy trnh phn tch cc cation nhm 2

Tch cation nhm 2 ra khi dunh dch, cho tc dng vi dung dch
H2SO4 long, d v ru etylic, un nh, li tm, thu c kt ta 2 l hn hp
sunfat cc cation nhm 2 v dung dch cc cation cc nhm 3,4,5,6. Chuyn sunfat
nhm 2 thnh cacbonat bng cch cho phn ng 4 ln vi dung dch Na2CO3 un
nng. Ho tan kt ta cacbonat bng dung dch CH3COOH 6M. Thm vo dung
dch dung dch K2CrO4 kt ta BaCrO4 v PbCrO4. Li tm, ly kt ta v
nc lc, chia i nc lc. Phn (1) tm Sr2+ bng (NH4)SO4, phn (2) tm
Ca2+ bng dung dch (NH4)2C2O4. Cho kt ta PbCrO4 v BaCrO4 tc dng vi
dung dch NaOH tch Pb2+. Ly nc lc tm ion Pb2+ bng dung dch Na2S.
Nu khi tc dng vi NaOH vn cn kt ta vng khng tan, l BaCrO4.
Lu :
PbCrO4 cn d dng tan trong dung dich CH3COOH v to thnh ion phc:
PbCrO4 + 3CH3COO-
Pb(CH3COO)3- + SO42
V vy ta c th thay dung dch NaOH bng dung dich NH4CH3COOH

tch PbSO4 ngay t u khi hn hp vi 3 sunfat ca cc cation Ba2+, Sr2+,Ca2+.
Phn ng ny c dng trong s di y
Trang 17
GVHD: Th Long
S phn tch cc cation nhm 2
Trang 18

3.3.
GVHD: Th Long
Nhm 3: cc cation to c mui clorua t tan: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+,Cu+,

Au+: Thuc th nhm ny l dung dch HCl long, ngui.
a. Ion Ag+
Ion khng mu, c tnh acid yu. Khi kim ha dung dch th ban u xut
hin kt ta trng AgOH v sau chuyn nhanh thnh Ag2O mu nu
Ag H O AgOH H
2
AgOH Ag O H O
2
2
b. Ion Pb2+
Ion Pb2+ khng mu, c tnh acid yu. Khi kim ha dung dch, ban u to
kt ta mui baz v sau n Pb(OH)2.
+
Pb2 H O Pb OH H
2
Pb OH H O Pb OH 2 H
2
Pb OH 2 H O Pb OH 3 H
2
c. Ion Hg2+
Trong dung dch nc, Hg2+ khng mu, c phn ng acid
Hg 2 H O HgOH H
2
Khi kim ha dung dch, ban u c kt ta mui baz v sau n HgO

mu vng. Kt ta tan trong acid .
a. Ion Ag+
Ag+ to c kh nhiu phc cht bn vi cc phi t hu c v v c khc
nhau. Phc EDTA vi Ag+ c bn vo loi km nht trong s cc phc
complexonat kim loi (lg = 7,32). Ag+ to c phc bn vi ithizon, chit
c bng CHCl3, CCl4
Trang 19
GVHD: Th Long
b. Ion Pb2+
Ch to c cc phc t bn: PbNO3+, PbCl+, PbI2, PbI+.Ch cng to
c cc phc tng i bn vi axetat, tatrat, xitrat, thiosunfat, phc vi EDTA,
phc vi xianua Pb4+ tn ti dng phc PbCl62-, PbCl5- trong dung dch HCl c.
c. Ion Hg2+
Ion Hg2+ to c phc bn vi rt nhiu cht, a s c s phi tr cc i
n=4. Cc phc vi sunfat, nitrat, florua t bn. Cc phc vi clorua, bromua, iodua,
xianua, thioxianat, nitrit, thiosunfat, sunfit, axetat, amin, EDTA, etilendiamin u
bn. Hg+ cng to c cc hp cht ni phc vi nhiu thuc th hu c.
a. Ion Ag+
Ion Ag+ c tnh oxi ha tng i mnh. Tuy vy Ag vn tan c trong
cc cht oxi ha mnh nh HNO3, H2SO4 c nng, HCl khi c cht oxi ha
Tnh kh ca Ag tng ln khi c mt ca cc cht to phc hoc to hp cht t tan
vi ion Ag+. Ion Ag+ b kh bi nhiu cht kh: Sn2+, Zn, cc cht hu c,
b. Ion Pb2+
Ch c tnh kh, d tan trong HNO3, H2SO4 c nng, tan chm trong HCl
c, HI c do to phc PbCl3-, PbI4-.
Tnh kh ca ch tng ln trong cc dung dch to c mui ch kh tan.
c. Ion Hg2+
Ion Hg2+ c th b kh thnh Hg22+ v sau n Hg. Hg ha tan trong cc
axit oxi ha nh HNO3, H2SO4 c nng v I2 (do to phc HgI42- bn). Ion Hg2+
b kh d dng bi cc kim loi, k c Cu, bi Sn2+, Fe2+,
Cc hp cht ca Hg22+ khng bn. Ion Hg22+ c khuynh hng t oxi ha
kh thnh hp cht tng ng ca Hg2+ v Hg kim loi. Trong dung dch nc
phn ng ny xy ra chm. Tuy vy trong qu trnh to phc hay to hp cht kh
tan vi ion Hg2+ th phn ng xy ra nhanh hn.
Khi un nng calomen Hg2Cl2 trong dd Cl- d s chuyn thnh phc
HgCl42- v Hg.
Trang 20
GVHD: Th Long
3.3.4. Hp cht t tan

Hu ht cc mui Ag+ u t tan tr mui nitrat, peclorat, florua, axetat
Cc mui bc halogennua c tan tng dn t iodua n clorua, do vy,
c th thy cc bc halogenua tan khc nhau trong dung dch amoniac: AgCl tan
nhiu, AgBr t tan hn v AgI hu nh khng tan.
Tr cc mui nitrat, axetat, peclorat hu ht cc mui ch u t tan, cc
mui ch halogenua u t tan: PbCl2, PbBr2, PbI.
Khi un nng nng tan ca nhng mui ny tng ln nhiu.Cc mui t
tan nht ca ch l PbCrO4 mu vng, Pb3(PO4)2 mu trng, PbS mu en.
Hu ht cc mui ch u tan trong dd NaOH (tr PbS). Da vo y,
ngi ta phn bit kt ta sunfat ch v sunfat kim th bng tc dng ca NaOH.
C nhiu hp cht t tan ca Hg2+: HgI2 mu , Hg(SCN)2 trng, HgS mu en l
hp cht t tan nht ca Hg2+ khng tan trong HCl c, HNO3 long, tan trong hn
hp (HNO3 + HCl) do tc dng oxi ha ion S2- bi NO3- ng thi vi s to phc
ca Hg2+ vi Cl-. Hu ht cc hp cht ca Hg2+ u t tan tr cc mui nitrat,
axetat v peclorat. Hg2Cl2 t tan mu trng, Hg2Br2, Hg2I2 . Khi cho tc dng vi
vi NH3 th Hg2Cl2 chuyn thnh kt ta HgNH2Cl v Hg en.
Cc cation ca nhm ny cho kt ta vi dung dch HCl long, ngui:
Ag+
Pb2+
+
+
Hg22+ +
HCl AgCl
H+
2H+
TPbCl2 = 2 x 10-5
+ 2H+
THg2Cl2 = 1 x 10-18
2HCl PbCl2 +
2HCl Hg2Cl2
TAgCl = 1 x 10-10
Nh vy, trong 3 clorua ni trn PbCl2 kh kt ta nht. tan ca

PbCl2 tng mnh theo nhit . Cn ch rng AgCl v PbCl2 d tan trong dung
dch HCl c, v to thnh phc tan AgCl2- v PbCl3-.
Trang 21
GVHD: Th Long
Cc mui clorua ca cc kim loi cn li u c tan rt ln, v vy thuc

th nhm ca cc cation thuc nhm ny l dung dch HCl long, ngui. Bng
dung dch HCl long ngui, d va phi, chng ta tch c cc cation Ag+, Pb2+,
Hg22+ di dng kt ta ra khi hn hp cc cation khc. Ring cation Pb2+ c tch
s tan tng i ln nn khng kt ta hon ton s ln vo nhm phn tch th 2
khi dng thuc th nhm l dung dch H2SO4 long, cng vi ru etylic.
c tnh ca cc mui clorua trn :
Cc kt ta clorua ca Ag(I), Pb(II) v Hg(I) kh tan trong nc v cc
dung dch axit v c long. Tuy nhin chng c cc c im khc nhau nh sau:
AgCl tan c trong dung dch NH3 long v to phc bc (I) amoniac:
AgCl + 2 NH3 [ Ag(NH3)2] + + ClHg2Cl2 tc dng vi NH3 long to thnh 2 kt ta, 1 kt ta mu trng
NH2HgCl v 1 kt ta en Hg:
Hg2Cl2 + 2NH3 [NH2Hg]Cl + Hg + NH4Cl
PbCl2 thc t khng tan trong NH3 long. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit
Hg2Cl2 khi c mt ng thi NaCl v PbCl2 (bng mu en kt ta ca Hg) v
dung dch NH3 long dng tch AgCl ra khi hn hp 2 clorua cn li.
Da vo tan ca PbCl2 tng theo nhit , c th dng nc khi un
nng tch PbCl2 ra khi hn hp vi 2 clorua ca 2 kim loi cn li.
Sau y l phn ng ca cc cation nhm ny vi vi thuc th.
a. Vi H2S:
Cc cation ny to vi kh H2S hoc nc H2S cho kt ta rt kh tan Ag2S,
HgS v PbS, chng u mu en. Cc sunfua ny khng tan trong c HCl c,
Ag2S c PbS ch tan trong cc dung dch HNO3 un nng, HgS ch tan trong nc
cng thu.
b. Vi dung dch KI:
Ag+ cho kt ta mu vng nht AgI ( T= 10-16 ) khng tan c trong NH3 c
ch tan trong dung dch KCN v Na2S2O3v to thnh cc phc tan Ag(CN)2- v
Ag(S2O3)23-.
Trang 22
GVHD: Th Long
Vi KI, ion Pb2+ to thnh kt ta PbI2 mu vng ti kh tan trong nc

lnh. Nhng khi un vi nc nng n tan nhiu thnh dung dch. ngui dung
dch , kt ta PbI2 li xut hin di dng tinh th ln, vng ng nh rt c
trng.
Vi dung dch KI, ion Hg22+ lc u to thnh kt ta Hg2I2 mu vng lc,
khi cho d thuc th, kt ta to thnh phc tan HgI42- v Hg.
c. Vi dung dch K2CrO4:
Ion Ag+ to vi thuc th ny kt ta Ag2CrO4 mu gch, tan c trong
dung dch axit axetic v cc axit v c long. Ion Pb2+ to vi thuc th ny kt
ta PbCrO4 mu vng kh tan trong dung dch axit axetic long, nhng tan trong
dung dch axit v c. Ion Hg+ to vi thuc th ny kt ta Hg2CrO4 mu kh
tan trong c axit HNO3 long.
3.3.6. S phn tch cc cation nhm 3
Vic phn tch theo s c tin hnh nh sau: ly 1 n 1,5 ml dung
dch phn tch vo ng nghim, thm t t dung dch HCl long, lnh vo cho ti
d. Li tm, sau gn ly kt ta, thm vo 1- 1,5 ml nc ct, un nng. Sau
khi li tm gn ly nc lc (dung dch Pb2+) v ly kt ta 2. Thm dung dch KI
vo dung dch Pb2+, li tm ly kt ta vng tinh th gn nh bt. Ho tan kt ta
trong nc un nng ri ngui dung dch trong ng nghim. Sau mt lc thy
xut hin li cc tinh th ln mu vng, phn chiu nh sng rt p. Thm vo kt
ta 2 dung dch NH3 thy xut hin kt ta mu en, chng t c Hg22+. Li tm,
ly nc lc cha phc tan bc amoniac. Thm dung dch HNO3 vo nc lc ,
thy kt ta trng xut hin li chng t c ion bc (I).
Trang 23
GVHD: Th Long
Dd phn tch + HCl long, d, lnh
Kt ta 1: AgCl,
PbCl2, Hg2Cl2
Dd cc cation
+ H2O un nng
Dd Pb2+
Kt ta 2: AgCl,
Hg2Cl2
+ KI
+ NH3
PbI2 ( mu vng)
Kt ta 3:
[NH2Hg]Cl
Hg ( mu en
ca Hg)
Dung dch
+ Dd
HNO3
AgCl mu
trng
Trang 24

3.4.
GVHD: Th Long
Nhm 4: Cc cation to c hydroxit tan trong NaOH d: Be2+, Al3+,

Cr3+, Zn2+, Sn2+, Sn4+, Sb(III), Sb(IV), As(III), As(IV), Ga3+, In3+, .
Thuc th nhm ny l dung dch NaOH d v H2O2.
a. Ion Zn2+
Dung dch nc ca ion Zn2+ khng mu, c phn ng acid yu:
Zn2 H O
2
ZnOH H
Khi kim ha Zn2+ trong kim d, cho ion ZnO22- khng mu. Khi kim
ha Zn2+ bng NH3 th ban u xut hin kt ta trng, sau tan ra do to phc
amoniacat.
b. Ion Al3+
Dung dch nc ca Al3+ c phn ng axit yu:
2
Al 3 H O Al OH
H
2
Al 3 2 H O Al OH 2 2 H
2
Nhm hidroxit c tnh cht lng tnh r rt.
c. Ion Cr3+
Ion crom (III) Cr3+, CrOH2+ mu xanh ve hoc tm. Dung dch nc ca
Cr3+ c phn ng axit yu:
Cr 3 H O
2
3
Cr 2H O
2
CrOH 2 H
Cr (OH )2 2H
Hidroxit Cr(OH)3 c tnh lng tnh trong tnh axit v cng yu:
Cr (OH )
3
Cr (OH )
3
Cr 3 3OH
H CrO H O
2
2
Trang 25
GVHD: Th Long

a. Ion Zn2+
Zn2+ to hp cht ni phc c mu vi nhiu thuc th hu c c dng
trong nh lng trc quang Zn2+. Zn2+ to c nhiu phc cht khc nhau nh:
-
Phc t bn: phc vi axetat, clorua, florua, thioxianat, tatrat.
Phc tng i bn: phc vi oxalat, sunfoxalixilat, axetylaxeton,

etilendiamin, amoniac.
Phc rt bn: vi EDTA.
b. Ion Al3+
Al3+ c kh nng to phc vi nhiu cht, c bit l cc cht hu c c
nhm hidroxit nh xitrat, oxalat, tatrat, alizarin, aluminon. Phc vi EDTA kh
bn. Trong s cc phc cht v c, quan trng hn c l phc vi F-, cc phc vi
sunfat, hidrophotphat H2PO4- t bn hn.
c. Ion Cr3+
Cr3+ to c cc phc clorua CrCl2+, CrCl2+ t bn. Cc phc vi sunfat
tng i bn. Cc phc vi oxalat, xitrat, xianua, EDTA kh bn.
a. Ion Zn2+
Km c tnh kh mnh. Zn
Zn2 2e
Trong mi trng axit: Zn 2 H
Eo
Zn2 / Zn
0,76V
Zn 2 H
2
Trong mi trng kim:

Zn 4OH
ZnO 2 2 H O 2e
2
2
Eo
ZnO 2 / Zn
2
1, 216V
Km tc dng c vi cc axit. Km tht nguyn cht tan rt chm trong

HCl. H2SO4 long. Km thng mi cha tp cht (Cu, Cd, Pb) tan nhanh trong
cc axit trn do c hnh thnh trn b mt kim loi cc cp pin: Cu Zn, Cd Zn,
trong Zn ng vai tr Catot.
Trang 26
GVHD: Th Long
Km d tan trong HNO3 (vi nng HNO3 long dn) v H2SO4 c,

nng:
Zn SO 2 4 H Zn2 SO 2 H O
4
2
2
3Zn 2 NO 8H 3Zn 2 NO 4 H O
3
2
4Zn NO 10 H 4Zn2 N O 5H O
3
2
2
4Zn NO 10 H 4Zn2 NH 3H O
3
4
2
Trong mi trng baz yu, km khng phn ng v c hnh thnh lp oxit
bo v t tan.
b. Ion Al3+
Al c tnh kh mnh. Al kh c hu ht cc ion kim loi nng thnh kim
loi tng ng (Ag, Cu, Sn, Hg,). Tuy vy pH = 5 11, Al b bao ph bi lp
oxit bo v ngn cn hot ng ca n.
c. Ion Cr3+
Crom l mt kim loi c tnh kh mnh. Trong khng kh Crom b bao ph
bi mt lp oxit bo v ngn khng cho kim loi ny b n mn tip tc. Kim loi
c tnh th ng trong HNO3.
Ion Cr2+ c tnh kh mnh, b oxi ha nhanh trong khng kh , phn ng
chm vi ion H+:
2Cr 2 2 H
2Cr 3 H
logK=13
Phn ng xy ra nhanh khi c mt cht xc tc Pt. Cr2+ kh c hu ht

cc cht oxi ha khc ClO4-, NO3-, Sn2+,
Ion Cr3+ b Zn hoc hn hng km kh trong mi trng axit thnh Cr2+.
Ion Cr2O72- c tnh oxi ha mnh trong mi trng axit.
Cr O 2 14 H 6e
2 7
2Cr 3 7 H O
2
Eo=1,33V
Ion CrO42- ch b kh bi cc cht kh rt mnh. Cr3+ ch b oxi ha trong

mi trng axit bi cc cht oxi ha rt mnh ( MnO4-, BiO3-, S2O82-,).
Trang 27
GVHD: Th Long
xtAg
2Cr 3 3S O 2 7 H O Cr O 2 6SO 2 14H
2 8
2
2 7
4
2Cr 3 3BiO 4 H Cr O 2 3Bi3 2 H O
3
2 7
2
Trong mi trng kim, ion CrO2- b oxi ha d dng ( bi H2O2, Cl2,
Br2,) thnh CrO42- mu vng.
2CrO 3Br 8OH 2CrO 2 6 Br 4 H O
2
2
4
2
CrO MnO H O CrO

MnO(OH )
2
4
2
4
2
2CrO 3H O 2OH 2CrO 2 4 H O
2
2 2
4
2
3.4.4. Hp cht t tan

Zn to c nhiu hp cht t tan: hidroxit, cacbonat, oxalat, xianua,
photphat, asenat, borat. ZnS kh tan nht trong s cc mui kh tan ca km. ZnS
kt ta c ngay c trong mi trng axit. ZnS tan trong axit mnh, khng tan
trong axit axetic v tan t trong kim :
ZnS 2 H Zn2 H S
2
ZnS 4OH
ZnO 2 S 2 2 H O
2
2
logK= -6,9
Mt s hp cht t tan ca nhm c ngha phn tch l nhm hidroxit,

nhm photphat, nhm oxinat
Al(Ox)3 tan c trong clorofom. Na3[AlF6],
Al[AlF6], AlAsO4 cng u t tan.

Kt ta Al(OH)3 bt u xut hin pH = 4 v ha tan thnh AlO2- pH =
10 13. Cc axit v c v nhiu axit hu c ha tan nhm hidroxit d dng. Ion
NH4+ l axit qu yu khng ha tan c Al(OH)3 v NH3 l baz yu nn cng ha
tan Al(OH)3 khng ng k. Khi cho ion AlO2- tc dng vi cc axit rt yu
(NH4+, CO2 + H2O,) th c kt ta nhm hidroxit xut hin:
AlO NH H O
2
4
2
AlO +CO 2 H O
2
2
2
Al (OH ) NH
3
3
Al (OH ) +HCO
3
3
Ion Al3+ phn ng vi cc dung dch cacbonat, sunfua, xianua, kim hoc
amoni sinh ra kt ta hidroxit m khng sinh ra cc mui tng ng:
Trang 28
GVHD: Th Long
3CO 2 2 Al 3 3H O
Al (OH ) 3CO
3
2
3
2
3S 2 2 Al 3 3H O
Al (OH ) 3H S
2
3
2
3CN Al 3 3H O
Al (OH ) 3HCN
2
3
Crom to c cc hp cht t tan Cr(OH)3, CrPO4, Cr(VI) to c mt
s hp cht t tan quan trng trong ha hc phn tch: Ag2CrO4 gch,
Ag2Cr2O7, BaCrO4, PbCrO4 vng, SrCrO4 vng, cc cromat Cu2+, Hg2+, Fe3+
cng t tan.
Cc cromit kim loi kim d tan trong nc nhng cc cromit magie, km,
mangan, st u kh tan, v vy nu cho kim d tc dng vi dung dch Cr3+ khi
c mt Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ th crom s tch hon ton hoc mt phn di
dng kt ta cromit ca cc kim loi . Tng t nhm, cc cacbonat, sunfua
kim to vi Cr3+ kt ta hidroxit mu lc thm
2Cr 3 3CO 2 3H O Cr(OH) 3CO
3
2
3
2
2Cr 3 3S 2 6H O Cr(OH) 3H S
2
3
2
3.4.5. Phn ng ca cc cation

Cc cation nhm ny tc dng vi cc dung dch NaOH, KOH d to thnh
cc dung dich mui tan v hiroxit ca n lng tnh:
Al OH 3 OH AlO 2 H O
2
2
Cr OH 3 OH CrO 2 H O
2
2
Sn OH 4 2OH SnO 2 3H O
3
2
Zn OH 2 2OH ZnO 2 2 H O
2
2
Nhng v ion CrO2- d to kt ta vi cc cation khc nh Mn2+, Fe3+.... nn

ngi ta dng dung dch NaOH d v thm H2O2 oxi ho CrO2- ln CrO42ng thi thuc th oxi ho Sn(II) ln SnO32-, Fe2+ ln Fe3+, Sb(III) ln Sb(V).
Trang 29
GVHD: Th Long
a. Tch Al(III) v Sn(IV):

Thm lng d dung dch NH4Cl vo dung dch kim d ca cc cation
nhm ny v un nh th Al(OH)3 v Sn(OH)4 s kt ta li, trong khi CrO42vn khng thay i, ZnO22- s chuyn thnh [ Zn(NH3)4]2+:
NH4+ + OH-
NH3 + H2O
AlO2- + NH4+ + 2H2O Al(OH)3 + NH3

SnO32- + 2NH4+ + H2O Sn(OH)4 + 2NH3
ZnO22- + 4NH4+ [Zn(NH3)4]2+ + 2 H2O
b. Nhn bit Al3+:
Ho tan kt ta Al(OH)3 v Sn(OH)4 bng dung dch HCl long, sau
thm vo dung dch vi ht Zn, un nh kh Sn4+ v Sn.
Sn4+ + 2Zn Sn + 2Zn2+

Lc, thu c dung dch cha Al3+ v Zn2+ , H+. Thm dung dch NH3 vo
kt ta Al(OH)3, dng li tm ly kt ta ri nhn bit nhm bng dung
dch thuc th hu c alizarin s thu c kt ta sn nhm mu da cam rt
c trng.
c. Nhn bit Sn(IV):
Ly kt ta Sn v Zn d, ho tan ht trong dung dch HCl 6M un nng thu
c dung dch cha Sn2+v Zn2+. Thm t t dung dch HgCl2 vo dung dch
theo thnh ng nghim tm Sn2+.
SnCl2 + 2HgCl2 Hg2Cl2 + SnCl4

Nhn ra bng kt ta Hg2Cl2 mu trng.
d. Nhn bit CrO42-:
Bn thn dung dch mu vng sau khi thm kim d v H2O2 vo dung dch
phn tch chng t c ion Cr3+:
2 Cr(OH)3 + 3 H2O2 + 4OH- 2CrO42- + 8H2O

nhn bit CrO42- ta dng phn ng sau: thm vo dung dch cha CrO42v v [Zn(NH3)4]2+ ) vi git H2O2, thm vo 0,5 ml ru isoamilic, thm vo
Trang 30
GVHD: Th Long
thnh ng nghim dung dch H2SO4 long v lc n khi lng axit d ta thy lp
ru isoamilic c mu xanh ca Cr2O5. C ch ca phn ng ny kh phc tp n
nay cha r rng.
e. Nhn bit [Zn(NH3)4] 2+:
Thm vo dung dch cha ion ny v CrO42- dung dch Na2S, ZnS kt ta
trng s xut hin.
Lu :
Hiroxit Cu(OH)2 cng c tnh lng tnh, tuy tnh axit khng ng k so vi
tnh baz. Nu trong dung dch phn tch c ion Cu2+, sau khi thm thuc th
nhm 3 l dung dch H2O2 v NaOH d th dung dch nhm 3 c ion CuO22- mu
xanh lam. Sau khi thm NH4Cl cn c Cu(NH3)42+. S c mt ca ion hon
ton ngn cn s pht trin ion km bng Na2S v khi CuS mu en s kt ta.
loi tr nh hng ca Cu(NH3)42+ ta lm nh sau:
Thm vo dung dch c mu xanh ca phc ng amoniacat vi git dung
dch KCN n khi dung dch ht mu xanh, v khi ion CN- kh Cu(II) v Cu(I)
v to phc Cu(CN)43- khng mu:
Cu(NH3)42+ + 2CN- Cu(CN)2 + 4NH3

2Cu(CN)2 2CuCN + (CN)2
CuCN + 3 CN- 2 Cu(CN)43Phc Cu(CN)43+ rt bn v khng mu nn khng cn tr s nhn bit ion
Zn(NH3)42+ bng dung dch Na2S.
Trang 31
GVHD: Th Long
Dd phn tch + H2O2

+ NaOH d, un k
Kt ta
nhm khc
AlO22-, CrO42-,
SrO32-, ZnO22+ NH4Cl, to
Kt ta
Al(OH)3,
Sr(OH)4
CrO42-,
[Zn(NH3)4]2+
Chia lm 2
phn
+ HCl long
P1 + H2O2 +
H2SO4 l
P2 + Na2S
+ ru amylic
Kt ta ZnS mu
trng
Cr2O5
Lp ru mu xanh
Al3+, Sn4+
+ Zn ht
Al3+, Zn2+
Sn v
Zn2+ d
+ NH3 l, d
+ HCl
Al(OH)3
SnCl2
+
alizarin
+ HgCl2
Kt ta sn nhm
Mu c rt
Hg2Cl2
mu trng

Trang 32

3.5.
GVHD: Th Long
Nhm 5: cc cation c hydroxit tan trong NH3 hoc tan trong hn hp

NH3 + NH4Cl do to phc amin: Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Hg2+. Thuc
th nhm ny l dung dch NH3 c.
a. Ion Cu2+
Trong dd nc ion Cu2+ c mu xanh lc. Dd c phn ng axit:
Cu 2 H O
2
CuOH H
Khi kim ha dd, mi u xut hin kt ta mui baz, sau l hidroxit

mu xanh nht:
2Cu 2 SO 2 2OH
4
Cu OH 2 SO 2OH
2
4
Cu OH 2 SO
2
4
Cu OH 2 SO 2
4
Khi un nng s chuyn thnh oxit CuO mu en. Trong dd kim rt mnh,
Cu(OH)2 tan mt phn thnh anion CuO22- mu xanh nht.
Cu OH 2 2OH
CuO 2 2 H O
2
2
b. Ion Cd2+
Ion Cd2+ khng mu. Dd nc c phn ng axit yu:
Cd 2 H O
2
Cd 2 2 H O
2
Cd OH H
Cd OH 2 2H
Khi thm NaOH vo dd mui Cd2+, xut hin kt ta hidroxit mu trng.

Khi un nng kt ta ha vng do mt dn nc v sau chuyn thnh oxit mu
nu. Trong dd kim mnh, kt ta tan mt phn do to thnh cc phc hidroxo
Cd(OH)42-, Cd(OH)53-, v.v
c. Ion Ni2+
Ion Ni2+ c mu xanh ve, dd nc c phn ng axit yu:
Ni 2 H O
2
NiOH H
Trang 33
GVHD: Th Long
Khi kim ha dung dch mi u c kt ta bazo, sau c kt ta hidroxit

Ni(OH)2 mu xanh nht, tch ra pH = 7. Niken hidroxit tan trong axit, khng tan
trong kim d. Kt ta cng tan trong NH3 v cc mui amoni do to phc amin.
d. Ion Co2+
Dung dch Co2+ c mu hng nht, c phn ng axit yu:
Co2 H O
2
CoOH H
Khi kim ha dung dch Co2+ mi u c kt ta mui baz sau l

Co(OH)2 mu hng b oxi ha trong khng kh thnh Co(OH)3 mu nu, t tan hn
nhiu.
a. Ion Cu2+
Cc phc cht ca Cu(I) vi Cl-, NH3, CN-, S2O3- u khng mu. Phc
cht ca Cu(I) vi NH3 tng i bn, phc cht ca Cu(I) vi CN- rt bn n
mc m cc mui sunfua Cu(I) khng th kt ta khi c CN- d. Cc phc vi Cl-,
Br-, F-,t bn.
Cc phc cht ca Cu2+ vi cc phi t khc nhau thng c mu c trng
(xanh, vng, nu).
b. Ion Cd2+
Ion Cd2+ to c nhiu phc cht vi cc phi t khc nhau vi s phi tr
cc i thng bng 4. Ion Cd2+ to c cc hp cht ni phc c mu vi nhiu
thuc th hu c. Cc phc vi Cl-, Br-, SCN- t bn. Phc tng i bn vi
amoniac, phc kh bn vi CN-, EDTA.
c. Ion Ni2+
Cc phc rt t bn: phc vi Cl-, Ch3COO-, F-. Phc tng i bn: phc
vi NH3, oxalat, thioxianat, pirophotphat, xitrat, sunfoxalixilat. Phc rt bn: phc
vi xianua, EDTA
Trang 34
GVHD: Th Long
d. Ion Co2+
Phc t bn: cc phc vi axetat, sunfat, thiosunfat. Phc tng i bn:
phc vi amoniac, oxalat, xitrat, pirophotphat. Phc kh bn: phc vi xianua,
etylendiamin, trietylentetramin,
a. Cu
Ion Cu2+ khng bn, n d dng t oxi ha kh:
2Cu
Cu 2 Cu
Cc axit oxi ha nh HNO3, H2SO4 c, nng ha tan nhanh Cu.

Ion Cu2+ b kh thnh Cu bi nhiu cht kh: Al, Fe, Zn, CdMt s cht kh
c Cu2+ do sn phm kh l Cu(I) to c hp cht t tan hay phc bn.
b. Cd
0, 40V . Cd c th kh c cc kim
Cd c tnh kh mnh: E o 2
Cd /Cd
loi nng nhng ion Cd2+ li b Al, Zn kh thnh kim loi.
c. Ni
Ni 2 2e
Ni
E o 0, 23V
Phn ng xy ra chm theo hai chiu. Ni tan chm trong dd HCl, H2SO4
long, tan d trong cc axit oxi ha.
d. Co
Coban c nhiu trng thi oxi ha c tnh kh tng i mnh, d tan trong
cc axit long. Trong mi trng axit, Co3+ l cht oxi ha rt mnh. Co2+ c tnh
kh tng i yu.
3.5.4. Hp cht t tan
a s mui Cu(I) t tan, mu trng. Nhiu mui Cu(II) t tan. Cc mui
Cd2+ t tan thng gp l: cacbonat, oxalat, photphat, asenat
C nhiu hp cht t tan ca Ni: hidroxit, cacbonat, oxalat, sunfua
Hidroxit tan trong NH3 v NH4+ do to phc amin:
Trang 35

Ni OH 2 6 NH
GVHD: Th Long
Ni NH
3 6
2OH
Cc hp cht Co(II) thng c mu hng hoc xanh. Cc hp cht ca

Co(III) c tan b hn cc hp cht tng ng ca Co(II).
c im ca cc cation nhm ny l s to phc vi dung dch NH 3 , v
vy, sau khi tch chng khi cc cation nhm 4, ta thu c dung dch phc
amoniac ca cc cation nhm ny. Tip theo ta thm dung dch ( NH 4)2S vo
kt ta cc sunfat nhm ny gm: CdS, NiS, CoS, CuS, HgS. Sau y l tnh cht
cc sunfat nhm ny:
a. CdS
Mu vng ti, c tch s tan T = 7,9 x 10-27. CdS tan trong dung dch
H2SO4 3M ... NiS v CoS u c mu en v c chung tnh cht l khng kt ta
c t dung dch axit bng kh H2S. Chng ch kt ta c t dung dch axit
bng dung dch Na2S hoc bng dung dch (NH4)2S. Nhng khi NiS v CoS kt
ta, chng nhanh chng b lo ho, chuyn dng tinh th, thay i cu trc phn t
c tch s tan nh i nhiu ln n mc khng tan c trong dung dch HCl c,
ch tan c trong dung dch HNO3 un nng.
Hp cht
Tch s tan T
CoS
4,0 x 10-12
CoS
2,0 x 10-25
NiS
3,2 x 10-19
NiS
1,0 x 10-24
NiS
2,0 x 10-26
Bng tch s tan cc dng NiS v CoS

b. CuS
CuS mu en c tch s tan rt nh TCuS = 6,3 x 10-36, v vy, c th kt ta
t dung dch c axit kh cao bng chnh kh H2S. CuS ch tan trong dung dch
Trang 36
GVHD: Th Long
HNO3 un nng theo phn ng oxi ho - kh trong ion sunfat b oxi ho thnh
S hoc kh SO2 hoc SO42-.
3CuS
+ 8HNO3 3 Cu(NO3)2 + 3S + 2NO + 4H2O
c. HgS
HgS mu en l sunfua c tan nh nht ( THgS = 1,6 x 10-52 ). Khng tan
c trong dung dch HNO3 un nng, ch tan trong dung dch nc cng thu.
Chnh v vy HgS kt ta c trong cc dung dch axit mnh c nng cao
bng dung dch kh H2S.
3HgS + 6HCl + 2HNO3 3HgCl2 + 3S + 2NO + 4H2O

3.5.6. Phn ng nhn bit cc cation nhm 5
a. Cation Cd2+
Dung dch H2S trong nc (nc H2S) y c CdS mu vng t dung
dch axit c pH ln hn hay bng 0.
b. Cation Cu2+
Thuc th thng dng i vi ion Cu2+ tn ti trong dung dch axit l dung
dch NH3 c. Dung dch thuc th ny to phc Cu(NH3)42+ mu xanh lam m
rt c trng.
c. Cation Ni2+
Phn ng c trng ca Ni2+ l phn ng ca n vi thuc th hu c
imetylglioxim (H3CCNOH)2 trong dung dch amoniac to thnh kt ta mu
cnh sen sm rt c trng. y l phc vng cng khng tan trong NH 3nhng tan
trong cc dung dch axit v c long. C th pht hin Ni2+ bng phn ng nh
git dng thuc th ny khi c mt trong dung dch hn hp hu ht cc cation
khc
Phn ng tin hnh nh sau: Nh ln trn giy lc mt git dung dch
Na2HPO4, chm vo gia git mt git dung dch phn tch ri nh ln gia vt
chm dung dch imetylglioxim. Nu c mt ion Ni2+ s thy mt vt hng hoc
cnh sen xut hin.
Trang 37
GVHD: Th Long
d. Cation Co2+
Dung dch thuc th SCN- to vi ion Co2+ ion phc Co(SCN)42- mu xanh
c chit bng ru isoamylic. Phn ng rt nhy v rt c trng vi ion
Co2+. Ch cc ion Fe3+ v Cu2+ ngn cn. Fe3+ c tch trong nhm 4.
Cu2+ c che bng dung dch Na2S2O3. V vy, ta tm Co2+ khi c mt Cu nh
sau: thm dung dch Na2S2O3 vo ri thm ln lt dung dch SCN- v ru
isoamylic, lc hn hp. Nu c mt ion Co2+ lp ru isoamylic s ho xanh.
e. Phn ng ca cation Hg2+
Pha long dung dch axit cha ion Hg2+ ri cho mt l ng mng nh vo.
Sau mt lc ly n ra, nu c Hg2+ l Cu ban u mu s chuyn sang sng nh
bc, do Hg b y ra to thnh hn hng vi Cu:
Cu
Hg2+ Hg(Cu) + Cu2+
3.5.7. Phn tch cc cation nhm 5

Sau khi tch cc cation nhm 5 ra khi nhm 4 ta c dung dch cc
cation ny trong mi trng (NH3 + NH4+). Thm vo dung dch (NH4)2S
kt ta tt c cc sunfua ca cc cation nhm 5, ta c kt ta mu en. Ra kt
ta vi ln bng dung dch NH4Cl ph keo sunfua v loi b kt ta d. un
nng kt ta vi dung dch HCl hoc H2SO4 long 1,5M. Thu c dung dch
cha Cd2+. Pha long dung dch bng nc H2S nu c Cd2+ ta c kt ta
mu vng ti.
Ho tan cc sunfua khc trong kt ta en bng dung dch HNO3 long un
nng. Chia dung dch thu c thnh 4 phn v ln lt tn cc cation Cu2+, Hg2+,
Co2+ v Ni2+ nh trnh by trn.
Trang 38

3.6.
GVHD: Th Long
Nhm 6: cc cation to c hydroxit t tan trong nc, tan trong

acid: Fe3+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Bi2+, cc cation ca cc nguyn t t
him, Thuc th nhm ny l dung dch NaOH v H2O2, sau l
HNO3 v H2O2.
3.6.1. Tnh cht acid - baz
a. Ion Fe2+, Fe3+

Dung dch Fe2+ mu xanh nht, c phn ng axit yu.
Fe2 H O
2
FeOH H
Dung dch Fe3+ c phn ng axit mnh hn.

Fe3 H O
2
FeOH 2 H
Khi kim ha dung dch Fe2+ thy xut hin kt ta trng Fe(OH)2 nhanh
chng b oxi ha thnh Fe(OH)3 mu nu trong khng kh. C hai hidroxit trn
u tan rt t trong kim d.
b. Ion Mg2+
Dung dch nc ca ion Mg2+ khng mu, c phn ng gn nh trung tnh:
Mg 2 H O
2
MgOH H logK= -12,8
Mg(OH)2 t tan trong nc, tan c trong dd mui amoni:

Mg OH 2 2 NH
4
Mg 2 2 NH 2 H O
3
2
logK= -1,48
c. Ion Mn2+
Dung dch nc ca Mn2+ mu hng nht, c phn ng axit yu:
Mn2 H O
2
MnOH H logK= -10,6
Khi kim ha dung dch thy xut hin kt ta trng Mn(OH)2 d tan trong
cc axit long v mui amoni, tan t trong kim do to thnh phc hidroxo, d b
oxi ha trong khng kh thnh MnO(OH)2 hay H2MnO3 mu nu rt t tan trong
nc v kh tan trong axit.
Trang 39
GVHD: Th Long

a. Ion Fe2+, Fe3+
Cc phc ca Fe2+ vi clorua, sunfat, thiosunfat, thioxianat t bn. Cc phc
vi oxalat, axetat, tatrat, sunfoxalixilat tng i bn. Cc phc rt bn vi
xianua, EDTA, dimetylglioximrt bn. Cc phc cht ca Fe3+ nhiu hn v bn
hn cc phc cht tng ng ca Fe2+.
b. Ion Mg2+
Cc phc cht ca ion Mg2+ thng rt t bn: phc vi sunfat, florua,
axetat, clorua, amoniac, mt s phc tng i bn nh phc vi EDTA.
c. Ion Mn2+
Mn2+ to c cc phc cht t bn vi axetat, thioxianat, amoniac, oxalat,
sunfat, phc cht tng i bn vi EDTA.
Mn(III), Mn(IV) thng tn ti dng phc bn v rt bn.
a. Fe
Fe c tnh kh mnh: Fe2 2e
Fe . Fe tan c trong cc axit long,
kh c nhiu ion kim loi thnh kim loi tng ng (Ag, Sb, Pb). Trong mi
trng axit, Fe3+ c tnh oxi ha v Fe2+ c tnh kh.
b. Mg
Mg 2 2e
Mg
Magie c tnh kh cc mnh. N kh chm ion H+ ca nc ( khi nh

sch lp oxit trn b mt). Mg tan trong cc axit. N kh c phn ln cc ion
kim loi thnh kim loi tng ng.
c. Mn
Mn c tnh kh mnh. Mn(III) c tnh oxi ha mnh, Mn(IV) c tnh oxi
ha tng i mnh, Mn2+ c th b oxi ha thnh MnO2 bi nhiu cht oxi ha
mnh nh HNO3 c, MnO4-Mn(VI) MnO42- c tnh oxi ha trong mi trng
kim. Mn(VII) th hin tnh oxi ha rt mnh trong mi trng axit.
Trang 40
GVHD: Th Long
3.6.4. Hp cht t tan

a. Fe
Cc mui fer t tan: Fe2O4, FeCO3, FeCrO4, FeS, oxinatCc hp cht t
tan ca Fe(III) u kh tan hn cc hp cht tng ng ca Fe(II).
b. Mg
Mt s mui t tan ca Magie: asenat, oxalat, cacbonat, florua, photphat
Khi thm chm mui kim ca cc axit yu vo dung dch Mg2+ th c kt
ta Mg(OH)2 xut hin, khi thm thuc th th c th xut hin mui t tan v
trong thc t thng xut hin hn hp hidroxit v mui t tan ca magie.
c. Mn
C nhiu hp cht t tan ca Mn2+: cacbonat, asenat, photphat, oxalat,
sunfua MnS mu hng nht, tng i t tan, tan d trong cc axit long.
c im ca cc cation nhm ny l to hiroxit M(OH)n ch c tnh baz
khng tan trong thuc th kh kim d. V vy, thuc th nhm ny v cc cation
nhm ny l dung dch NaOH d c mt H2O2. Tc dng ca H2O2 l oxi ho
Cr3+ thnh CrO42-, oxi ho Sb(III) ln Sb(V) v hiroxit Sb(OH)3 cng lng tnh.
Khi di tc dng ca thuc th nhm ni trn, Mn(II) s to thnh MnO2 mu
en:
Mn2+ + H2O2 + 2OH- MnO2 + 2H2O

Khi cho tt c cc cation nhm ny s tn ti di dng kt ta mu en.
Khi dng thuc th nhm l dung dch kim d v H2O2, cc cation nhm 5: Cu2+,
Cd2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Co2+ cng c kt ta di dng hiroxit M(OH)n cng vi cc
cation nhm 6 trn y.
3.6.6. Tch cc cation nhm 6 khi cc cation nhm 5
Ho tan kt ta cc hiroxit cation nhm 5,6 cng MnO2 bng dung dch
H2O2 v HNO3:
M(OH)n + nH+ Mn+ + nH2O

MnO2 + H2O2 + 2H+ Mn2+ + O2 + 2H2O
Trang 41
GVHD: Th Long
un si k dung dch phn hu H2O2 d. Trung ho va ht lng axit

d bng cch thm tng git dung dch NaHCO3 vo lc u cho n khi dung
dch thong c ca cc vt hiroxit cc kim loi mi to thnh. Thm vo dung
dch lng d dung dch NH3 kt ta ht hiroxit nhm 6 (Fe(OH)3, MnO2,
Sb(OH)5, Mg(OH)2, Bi(OH)3 ). Li tm tch nhm 5 di dng dung dch phc
amoniacat Cu(NH3)42+ , Cd(NH3)42+ , Ni(NH3)62+, Co(NH3)62+ .
3.6.7. Nhn bit cc nhm cation nhm 6
a. Nhn bit Mg2+
Sau khi tch cc cation nhm 6 khi cc cation nhm 5, nhm 6 tn ti di dng hiroxit M(OH)nv MnO2. Trong s cc hiroxit ca cc kim loi thuc
nhm 6 ch c mt mnh Mg(OH)2 c tan ln nht. Tch s tan ca n l
6.10-12 v vy ch mt mnh Mg(OH)2 tan c trong dung dch NH4Cl:
Mg(OH)2 + 2NH4+ Mg2+ + 2NH3 + 2 H2O

nhn bit Mg2+ ta tin hnh nh sau: cho kt ta nhm 6 tc dng vi
dung dch NH4Cl, lc ly nc, cho tc dng vi dung dch Na2HPO4, ion Mg2+ s
cho kt ta tinh th MgNH4PO4.
b. Nhn bit Sb(III) v Sb(V)
Sau khi ho tan kt ta hiroxit cc kim loi nhm 6 v MnO2 bng dung
dch HNO3 c mt mt t dung dch H2O2ta c dung dch cha ion Sb(III) v
Sb(V). Chia dung dch thu c thnh cc phn nh. tm Sb, ngi ta dng
dung dch thuc th hu c rodamin B. Dung dch nc ca thuc th ny c
hunh quang mu vng. Khi thm thuc th vo dung dch cha ion SbCl6- ta
thu c mt dung dch mu tm v mt phc ion lin hp c chit bng benzen
to thnh dung dch mu cnh sen trong benzen. Lc ta thy dung dch nc
c hunh quang mu tm cn lp benzen trn c mu cnh sen rt c trng.
c. Nhn bit Fe3+
Ly mt phn dung dch nhm 5 cho tc dng vi dung dch KSCN hoc
NH4SCN ta c dung dch c mu mu m rt c trng.
d. Nhn bit Mn2+
Trang 42
GVHD: Th Long
Ly mt t dung dch nhm 6 (vi git) cho tc dng vi mt dung dch

gm 2 ml dung dch (NH4)S2O8 hoc K2S2O8 vi git dung dch AgNO3 (lm cht
xc tc) v un nng nh, ion Mn2+ s b oxi ho to thnh MnO4- mu tm rt
c trng:
2Mn2+ + 5S2O82- + 8H2O 2 HMnO4 + 10 SO42- + 14H+

e. Nhn bit ion Bi3+
Ly mt t dung dch nhm 5, c thm 1 ml dung dch SnCl2, nu thu c
mt dung dch c mu vng ti ca ion BiI4- l c mt ion Bi3+. S c mt ca
SnCl2 l cn thit v trong dung dch c mt HNO3, khi ta thm dung dch KI vo,
n s b oxi ho thnh I2 mu vng, nu. SnCl2 s kh I2 thnh I- khng mu,
khng gy nh hng n qu trnh tm ion Bi3+.
Bi3+ + 4I- BiI4-
Trang 43
GVHD: Th Long
Chng 4: PHN TCH CC ANION TRONG DUNG DCH

NC THEO H THNG AXIT BAZ
4.1.
Nhm 1: gm cc anion halogenua: Cl-, Br-, I-, S2-, CN-,

SCN-,...
Anion nhm 1 to kt ta khng tan trong HNO3 vi thuc th AgNO3 v

khng to kt ta vi Ba2+.
4.1.1. Tnh cht ch yu ca anion nhm 1
Tnh cht ch yu ca anion nhm 1 c trnh by bng sau:
Anion
Thuc th
AgNO3/ HNO3
Kt ta ca Ag+
trong NH3
Cl-
Br-
AgCl2
AgBr trng
trng
ng
Tan, to phc Tan, to phc

[Ag(NH3)2]+
Nc Clo ca
Ag+ trong dung
Khng
mi hu c
KMnO4,
K2Cr2O7
Cht kh KNO2
hoc NaNO2
Khng
Khng
[Ag(NH3)2]+
C mu bng
nht do Br2
Gii phng
Br2
Khng
I-
AgI vng
Khng tan
SAg2S mu
en
Khng tan
C mu
tm do I2 b
Khng
y ra
I2 thot ra
I2 thot ra
Gii phng S
t do
Khng
PbI2 vng,
Dung dch Pb2+
PbCl2 trng AgBr2 trng
tan trong
PbS en
nc nng
HCl
Na2[Fe(CN)5NO
] trong kim
Khng
Khng
Khng
H2S thi
To phc
Khng
Khng
Khng
[Fe(CN)5NO]
2-
tm
Trang 44
GVHD: Th Long
4.1.2. Phn tch mt s anion nhm 1

a. Kim tra s b
Axit ha dung dch mu bng HNO3 2N sau thm t t thuc th
AgNO3. Nu c S2- th kt ta Ag2S mu en xut hin, nu c I- th c kt ta
vng xut hin, Nu c Br- th c kt ta AgBr ng trng xut hin v cui cng
nu c mt Cl- th c kt ta trng AgCl xut hin.
b. Pht hin anion S2-
Cch 1: Tm t giy lc bng dung dch Pb(CH3COO)2 trong kim d,

sau nh git dung dch ln t giylc, nu c S2- th giy lc xut hin
vt loang en ca PbS.
Cch 2: Cho HCl vo dung dch mu, nu c S2- th H2S s bc ln c mi

trng thi c trng. Nu cho hi ca H2S tip xc vi giy lc c tm Pb2+
th c vt en xut hin.
c. Pht hin ITm h tinh bt (dung dch 1% trong nc) ln giy lc, sau thm 1 git
dung dch HCl 2N, 2 gii dung dch HNO2 v 1 git dung dch mu. Nu giy lc
xut hin mu xanh l c I-, v I2 gii phng ra tc dng vi h tinh bt c mu
xanh.
2I 2 NO 4H I 2 NO 2H O
2
2
2
d. Pht hin BrLy 1 ml dung dch mu cho vo ng nghim, sau cho thm 1 ml H2SO4
v 2ml Benzen ri thm 2-3 git nc Clo, nu c mu vng trn lp benzen th c
Br-. Nu c mt I- th u tin I2 gii phng ra s lm lp benzen c mu nu, ta
thm tip vo 2-3 git nc clo, lc k th mu nu bin mt, mu vng xut
hin chng t c Bre. Pht hin ClAxit ha dung dch mu bng HNO3 6N, sau thm AgNO3, un si, kt
ta s xut hin, tch v ra sch kt ta. Ha tan hon ton bng NH3 1/1, nu
Trang 45
GVHD: Th Long
cn kt ta th tch ra, ly phn dch tin hnh axit ha bng HNO3, nu ly kt ta

trng tch ra l c Cl4.2.
Nhm 2: gm cc anion: SO42-, SO42-, S2O32-, PO42-, CrO42-, Cr2O72-,

SiO32-, BO2-, B4O72-,...
Anion nhm 2 to kt ta vi Ag+ v Ba2+, kt ta tan trong HNO3.

4.2.1. Tnh cht ca anion nhm 2
a. Vi thuc th BaCl2
Anion nhm 2 tc dng vi thuc th to thnh hp cht t tan, Da vo tan,
ngi ta chia anion nhm 3 lm 3 phn nhm nh:
-
Phn nhm 1: To kt ta khng tan trong nc v khng tan trong

CH3COOH long, HNO3 long gm cc anion: SO42-, SiF6, IO3-.
Phn nhm 2: To kt ta khng tan trong nc v CH3COOH nhng tan

trong HNO3 long, gm cc anion: CrO42-, SO32-, S2O32-.
Phn nhm 3: Ta kt ta km tan trong nc, nhng tan trong CH3COOH

v HNO3 long gm: PO42-, AsO43-, CO32-, SiO32-, BO2-, B4O72-.
b. Vi thuc th AgNO3:
-
Vi thuc th AgNO3 to kt ta vi anion nhm 2 khng tan trong nc

nhng tan trong dung dch NH3 v HNO3 long.
a s cc kt ta c mu trng v mt s t c mu khc bit:

+ Mu trng: Ag2SO3, Ag2S2O3, Ag2CO3, Ag2SiO3,...
+ Mu vng: Ag3PO4, Ag3AsO3,...
+ Mu gch: Ag2CrO4
+ Mu : Ag2Cr2O7
+ Mu nu: Ag3AsO4, Ag3[Fe(CN)6].
4.2.2. Phn tch mt s anion nhm 2:
a. Pht hin SO42Kim tra mi trng dung dch mu, nu thy axit th tin hnh trung ha
bng Ba(OH)2, thm thuc th BaCl2 nu thy kt ta th c anion nhm 2. Lc,
Trang 46
GVHD: Th Long
ra sch kt ta, sau ha tan bng HNO3 nu kt ta khng ht l khng c

SO42-, nu khng tan ht v khng phi dng keo l anion nhm 2 c c SO42-.
b. Pht hin S2O32-
Bng phn ng vi thuc th KMnO4 trong mi trng H2SO4 2N, nu c

S2O32- th mu tm s b mt.
Cho dung dch mu tc dng vi AgNO3 s c kt ta trng xut hin l

Ag2S2O3. Nu gia nhit s thy kt ta en ca Ag2S tc l c S2O32-
c. Pht hin SO32Cho dung dch mu tc dng vi thuc th Sr(NO3)2 2N c kt ta

SrCO3 (ion S2O32- khng cho kt ta nu c mt). Tch v ra kt ta bng nc
nng. Thm 1-2 gii dung dch I2 0,1N nu thy mt mu I2 l c SO32d. Pht hin CO32Cho dung dch mu tc dng vi axit v c (HCl, HNO3) nu thy kh bc
ln ta cho i qua dung dch Ba(OH)2 hay Ca(OH)2, c kt ta trng xut hin th
c anion CO32-.
e. Pht hin anion PO43-
Tt nht l cho tc dng vi thuc th hn hp Magie, nu c kt ta trng

NH4MgPO4 l c ion PO43-.
Dng thuc th amoni molipdat (NH4)2MoO4 trong mi trng HNO3, nu

c kt ta vng l c mt PO43-.
f. Pht hin BO2-
Dng hn hp ru CH3OH v H2SO4 c: C cn dung dch mu sau

tm ru metylic CH3OH v thm H2SO4 c:
hp cht B(CH3O)3 l eterboric, nu cho nn ngn la th ngn la s b
nhum mu xanh tc l c ion BO2-
g. Pht hin SiO32Tt nht l dng axit v c cho vo dung dch mu, nu c kt ta dng keo
th chc chn c SiO32-.
Trang 47

4.3.
GVHD: Th Long
Nhm 3: gm cc anion NO3-, NO2-, (SO42-),...
Anion nhm 3 khng to kt ta vi c hai cation Ag+ v Ba2+. Trong

SO42- l trng hp c bit ca anion nhm 2 v BaSO4 khng tan trong HN3 v
Ag2SO4 ch kt ta nng ln (T = 1,6.10-5).
4.3.1.
Phn ng ca nhm anion NO-2
Axit HNO2 l axit yu khng bn. Nu axit ha dung dch cha ion
NO2- v gia nhit th HNO2 s phn hy.
3HNO2 HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
Cc mui nitric a s tan tt trong nc, km tan ch c AgNO2.
a. Vi thuc th KI
Trong mi trng axit nh NO2- tc dng vi I- gii phng I2 lm cho
Dung dch c mu nu tm
2NO2 + 2I- + 4H+ 2NO + I2 + 2H2O
b. Vi thuc th Diphenylamin
Trong mi trng axit H2SO4, nu c NO2- s tc dng vi thuc th
Dephenylamin c mu xanh tm c trng.
c. Vi thuc th Naftyl amin.
Trong mi trng axit H2SO4 , ion NO2- phn ng iazo ha vi thuc
th lm cho dung dch c mu tm ( hay Anh o ).
4.3.2. Phn ng ca NO3Axit HNO3 l axit mnh c tnh oxi ha, cc mui nitrat hu ht tan tt
trong nc
a. Vi thuc th Diphenylamin
Cho mt lng nh diphenylamine vo 1ml H2SO4 c sau cho dung
dch mu vo, nu c ion NO3- th dung dch c mu xanh tm c trng.
b. Phn ng nitro ha.
un cn 1ml dung dch mu, cho thm vo cn kh 1ml H2SO4 c, 1ml
benzen v khuy, dm cn thn. Sau khi hn hp chia thnh 2 lp ta ly 1 git
Trang 48
GVHD: Th Long
lp dung mi benzen cho ln giy lc v cho t bc hi. Nu c NO3- ta s ngi

thy mi c trng ca nitro benzen bc ln.
4.3.3. Phn tch nh tnh anion nhm 3
a. Pht hin anion NO2- :
Dng phn ng thuc th KI trong mi trng axit , nu c NO2- th dung
dch c mu tm.
b. Pht hin anion NO3-.
-
Nu trong mu khng c ion NO2- th ta dng thuc th diphenylamine nu

dung dch mu xanh tm l c NO3- .
Nu trong dung dch c mu NO2- th phi loi NO2- bng cch un dung
dch mu vi NH4Cl :
NaNO2 + NH4Cl N2- + NaCl + H2O
Hoc dng Urea trong mi trng axit :
2HNO2 + CO(NH2)2 2N2- + CO2+ H2O
Dung dch sau khi loi NO2- cho tc dng vi Diphenylamin , nu xut hin
mu xanh tm l c NO3-.
---Ht--SVTH: Nhm 6 Lp HPT8A
Trang 49

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B CNG THNG

TRNG H CNG NGHIP TPHCM

B Mn: C S L Thuyt Ha Phn Tch 1

CC PHN NG ION TRONG DUNG DCH NC

Ging vin hng dn: Gv. Th Long

TPHCM, ngy 20 thng 2 nm 2014

Nhng du hiu c trng ca phn ng ion trong dung dch nc

Cc h thng phn tch cc cation v anion trong dung dch nc

Phn tch cc cation bng h thng axit-baz

Phn tch cc anion bng h thng axit-baz

ti cung cp nhng kin thc cn thit, b ch v thc t cho

4. Cc bi vit, hnh nh t cc trang web: google.com.vn, Wikipedia ting

DANH SCH THNH VIN NHM 6

Ni dung thc hin

Mai Kim Sang

phn ng ion trong dung dch

Hong Th Thu Tho

cc cation v anion trong dung

Nguyn Phng Thanh

- Chng 3: Phn tch cc cation

Nguyn Nhc Thi

Nguyn Minh Qun

Cc phn ng ion trong dung dch nc

Chng 1: NHNG DU HIU C TRNG

Xy ra s thay i mu sc ca dung dch.

du hiu d quan st nht nhn bit phn ng xy ra.

Hnh nh dung dch CuSO4 trc v sau phn ng

SVTH: Nhm 6 Lp HPT8A

Cc phn ng ion trong dung dch nc

SVTH: Nhm 6 Lp HPT8A

Cc phn ng ion trong dung dch nc

Mu sc ca cht kh thot ra.

hc cng d dng cho ta bit c phn ng ha hc xy ra.

Phn ng gia Cu v HNO3 c, kh NO2 thot ra mu nu

Xut hin mt pha mi: to kt ta hoc thot ra cht kh.

trong mt phn ng ho hc xy ra bi s trn ln 2 dung dch. Mu sc ca kt

SVTH: Nhm 6 Lp HPT8A

Cc phn ng ion trong dung dch nc

Bin mt mt pha: ha tan kt ta.

trong nhng c trng ca phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch.

Hnh nh minh ha phn ng gia CuSO4 vi NH3

Vn tc ca qu trnh phn ng.

hoc sn phm trong mt n v thi gian.

SVTH: Nhm 6 Lp HPT8A

Cc phn ng ion trong dung dch nc

Chng 2: CC H THNG PHN TCH CATION V ANION

nh hay tch trong qu trnh phn tch ha hc ca mt cht hay hn hp nhiu

Thuc th nhm: l thuc th c tc dng ging nhau ln mt nhm cc

Thuc th chn lc: l thuc th c tc dng ging nhau ln mt s ion

Thuc th c hiu hay thuc th ring bit: l thuc th ch cho phn

Cc h thng phn tch cation v anion trong dung dch nc

Phn tch ring phn

Phn tch h thng

SVTH: Nhm 6 Lp HPT8A

Cc phn ng ion trong dung dch nc

2.2.1. Phn tch ring phn

SVTH: Nhm 6 Lp HPT8A

Cc phn ng ion trong dung dch nc

Theo h thng ny, cc cation c tch chia lm 5 nhm:

Sn phm to thnh sau khi

Kt ta cc sunfua. Nhm ny chia

khng tan trong (NH4)2Sx nh HgS,

Khng c thuc Kim loi kim

SVTH: Nhm 6 Lp HPT8A