M2 Transformers

M2
Unit 4
Unit4

Dr.Prabodh Bajpai
AssociateProfessor
Department of Electrical Engineering
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKharagpur

M2 Transformer
M2
U3 Testing,efficiencyandregulationof
transformer
transformer

Determinationofequivalentcircuitparameters
Open Circuit Test
OpenCircuitTest
Shortcircuittest
Efficiency of transformer
Efficiencyoftransformer
VoltageRegulation

U4
U4 Autotransformer
Autotransformer
2windingtransformerasAutotransformer
g
Autotransformerasasingleunit
2

U4 Autotransformer
Autotransformer

Autotransformer
A2windingtransformerhastwoseparatemagnetically
coupled coils with no electrical connection between
coupledcoilswithnoelectricalconnectionbetween
them
Conventional2
Conventional 2winding
windingtransformeror
transformer or asinglecoilwith
a single coil with
suitabletapingscanbeconnectedasautotransformer

2windingtransformerasAutotransformer
asinglephase200V/100V,50Hz,10kVAtwowinding
transformercanbeconnectedinvariouswaystohave
voltageratiosotherthan2
Fromthegivenrating,IHVrated
HV rated =50AandILVrated
LV rated =100A.
Thereforeforsafeoperationoftransformer,theserated
currentsshouldnotbeexceededinHVandLVcoils
Forratedappliedvoltage(100V)acrosstheLVwinding,
200VmustbeinducedacrosstheHVwinding.
IfLVandHVsidesareconnectedinadditiveseries,the
wholecombinationwillgetavoltageof300V(stepped
up by a factor of 3)
upbyafactorof3)
5

2windingtransformerasAutotransformer
Sincetheloadisinseries
withtheHVcoil,50Acurrent
canbesafelysupplied.
Acurrentof50AintheHV
demandsthatLVwinding
currentmustbe100Aina
directionasshown
Thecurrentdrawnfromthe
supplywillbe150A.
6

2windingtransformerasAutotransformer
NowkVAhandledbythetransformeris30kVAwithout
overloading either of the windings but rating as a two
overloadingeitherofthewindingsbutratingasatwo
windingtransformerisonly10kVA.
U
Unlikeatwowindingtransformer,thecoilsin
lik t
i di t
f
th
il i
autotransformerareconnectedelectrically.
SothekVAtransferredfromsupplytotheloadside
takesplacebothinductivelyaswellasconductively.
10kVAbeingtransferredinductivelyandremaining
20kVAtransferredconductively.
7

2windingtransformerasAutotransformer

Autotransformer: Voltage and current

Autotransformer:Voltageandcurrent
Is

I load I1 I 2

A1

N1

Iload / I s (I1 I 2 ) / I1 (1 I 2 / I1 )

V1 E1 E2
VT E1 / N1 E2 / N 2
VT V1 /( N1 N 2 ) V2 / N 2

I1

E1

Iload

A2

V1

B1

E2

N2

I2

V2

B2

I1
+
E1

N1

Autotransformer

I2
N2

+
E2

Is
N1

E1

I1
Iload

A2

V1

S A E1 I1 E2 I 2

A1

B1

E2

N2

I2

V2

B2

S B V1 I s V2 I load
10

A t t
Autotransformer:Power
f
P
S B V1 I s ( E1 E2 ) I1 E1 I1 E2 I1
S B S A E 2 I1

SB S A
11

Example
p
Ratingsofregulartransformer:10kVA,400/200V
Newvoltageratio:600/200V
Is
Computethenewratings
A
N1

Solution
10kVA
I2
50 A
200V
10kVA
I1
25 A
400V

S B V1 I1 600 25 15 kVA

E1

I1
Iload

A2

V1

B1

E2

N2

I2

V2

B2

12

Autotransformerasasingleunit
Overthecore,acontinuoussinglecoiliswound,thefree
terminalsofwhicharemarkedasCandA.
Acarbonbrush attachedtoamanuallyrotatinghandle
makescontactwithdifferentnumberofturnsandbrought
outasaterminal,markedE

13

Autotransformerasasingleunit
ThenumberofturnsbetweenE&C,(NEC )canbevaried
fromzerotomaximumoftotalnumberofNAC
Theoutputvoltagevariedfromzerotothevalueofthe
inputvoltagebyrotatingthehandleintheclockwise
p
g y
g
direction
Known
Knownasvaricor
as varic or dimmerstatandisanimportantpiece
dimmerstat and is an important piece
ofequipmentinanylaboratory.
Core
Coreisconstructedbyarectangularlongstripof
is constructed by a rectangular long strip of
magneticmaterial(CRGO)androlledtogivetheradial
thickness.
thickness.
14

VARIC:VariableAutoTransformer
Z

Is

N3
Y

Sliding
terminal

I1
N1

Iload

V1
N2

I2

V2

15

Output Voltage
OutputVoltage
Z

Is

Vs
Vload

N1 N 2
N2
AtY

Vs
Vload

N 1 N 2 N1 N 2

N3
Y
Slidingterminal

I1

N1

Iload

Vs
N2

I2

Vload

At Z
AtZ

Vs
Vload

N 1 N 2 N1 N 2 N 3
16

Advantagesanddisadvantages

ATwoWindingTransformerand anAutotransformerof
same rating
samerating
17

18

19

 AssumedthatN1 >N2 i.e.,a>1.

Thesavingswillofcoursebeappreciableifthevalueof
a isclosetounity.
y
Ifa=1.2,copperrequiredforautotransformerwillbe
only 17% compared to a two winding transformer i e
only17%comparedtoatwowindingtransformer,i.e,
savingwillbeabout83%.
Ifa=2,savingswillbeonly50%.
If
2
i
ill b
l 50%
Therefore,itisalwayseconomicaltoemploy
Therefore
it is always economical to employ
autotransformerwherethevoltageratiochangeis
close to unity.
closetounity.
20

Advantages of Autotransformer
AdvantagesofAutotransformer
Economical,
Lessleakagefluxhenceimprovedregulation
l k
fl h
i
d
l i
Copperlossinthecommonportionofthewinding
willbeless,somoreefficiency
ill b l
ffi i

Disadvantages of Autotransformer
DisadvantagesofAutotransformer
NoisolationbetweenHVandLVside
AnOCinthecommonportionbetweenE&C,may
sootuptodangerouslyhighvoltagecausingdamageto
equipment
i
21

RatingsofIdeal3phase
Transformer
ApparentPower(3phase)
100 MVA, 13.8 kV () /138 KV (Y)
100MVA,13.8kV()/138KV(Y)
PrimaryVoltage
linetoline

SecondaryVoltage
linetoline
22

Variablebalanced3 outputvoltagefromafixed3
voltagetostart3 IMatreducedvoltage
23