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Trng H BR-VT

LI NI U

Bi ging Thc hnh Ha hc i cng c bin son theo chng trnh Thc hnh
Ha hc i cng do B Gio dc v o to ban hnh, cun Bi ging c dng cho
sinh vin ngnh Ha h Cao ng v i hc ca trng i Hc B ra Vng tu. ng
thi n cn l ti liu tham kho cho gio vin ha hc ph thng.
Bi ging gm 14 bi. y l cc bi thc hnh in hnh c chn lc c th p ng
c yu cu nng cao cht lng dy v hc mn ho hc i cng.
Vic chn cc bi thc hnh bo m an ton cho sinh vin bng cch hn ch dng ho
cht c hi v cc thuc th c nghi gy ung th.
Ngoi cc bi c bn nh gii thiu cc dng c v cc k thut thc hnh trong phng th
nghim ho hc, cch xc nh khi lng ring, khi lng nguyn t, phn t, ng
lng, tinh ch ho cht, cch chun Cc bi cn li c son tng ng vi cc vn
ch yu ca chng trnh ho hc i cng: nhit ng hc, cn bng ha hc, ng
ha hc, dung dch, in ho
Mi bi thc hnh gm ba phn: phn l thuyt c tm tt nhng kin thc c bn lin
quan n ni dung thc hnh. Phn thc hnh nu nguyn tc, cc yu cu v dng c ho
cht, hng dn chi tit cch tin hnh th nghim v vit bo co kt qu. Phn ba l nhng
cu hi v bi tp m mi sinh vin cn nghin cu, gii p trc khi n phng th
nghim
Cun Bi ging chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong nhn c nhng
kin ph bnh ch dn ca bn c.
Vng tu, thng 2 nm 2012

CC TC GI

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Bi 1. NHNG VN CHUNG
1.1. Quy ch thc hnh cho sinh vin
1.1.1. Phi c xong Bi thc hnh, hiu c ni dung v trnh t th nghim.
1.1.2. Phi n phng th nghim ng gi. Nu n tr qu 15 pht th gio vin hng
dn c quyn khng cho thc hnh Bi .
1.1.3. Phi c kin thc ti thiu cho Bi thc hnh, nu khng th trc v trong bui thc
hnh, gio vin c th t chi khng cho thc hnh.
1.1.4. Khi vo phng th nghim phi mc o blue, sinh vin khng mc o blue s khng
c php vo phng th nghim.
1.1.5. Cn lm vic trt t, yn lng, ch quan st, suy ngh v ghi chp cc hin tng
xy ra.
1.1.6. Phi cn thn khi lm th nghim, ghi chp trung thc cc s liu v kt qu do chnh
mnh thc hin. Trong trng hp nghi ng v s liu, cn kim tra li cch tin hnh th
nghim.
1.1.7. Khng c php d thi cui kha nu vng mt mt bui thc hnh m khng
chng minh c l do chnh ng.
1.1.8. Khng c lm vic ring (ni chuyn, nhn tin in thoi, ), n ung v ht
thuc trong phng th nghim.
1.1.9. Sau mi bui th nghim phi ra sch dng c, lau bn, dn dp ngn np ch lm
vic v bn giao y li cho nhn vin ph trch phng th nghim. Mi ca th nghim
cn b tr trc nht ph trch, n c gi v sinh v trt t trong phng th nghim.
1.1.10. Phi thc hin ng quy nh v phng chy cha chy. Khi xy ra chy, phi dng
cc phng tin cu ho dp tt.
1.1.11. Trc khi ra v phi kim tra tt c cc vi kh, vi nc kha cha, cc dng
c in tt in cha, cc dng c in tt in cha. Ngt cu dao in ni t dy
dn n dng c, tt n, tt qut.
1.2.

K thut an ton trong th nghim Ha i cng

m bo an ton tuyt i, to iu kin lm vic tt nht, sinh vin:


1.2.1. Khng c php lm mt mnh trong phng th nghim v t mnh thc hin nhng
th nghim bt k no nu khng c s ng ca gio vin hng dn.
1.2.2. Khng c di chuyn ho cht dng chung t ch ny sang ch khc. Khng c
mang ho cht, dng c ra khi phng th nghim.
Phi lc nh, u, v hng ng nghim v pha khng ngi khi un cht lng trong ng
nghim.
1.2.3. Khng c nm v ht cc cht c bng ming. Khi cn ngi ha cht, phi ha
cht ra xa, dng tay vy nh cho hi bay vo mi v ngi nh.
1.2.4. Lun lun dng khn vi bo v tay khi ct hoc nht ng thy tinh vo nt cao
su.
1.2.5. Khng c nc vo axit sunfuric m c m lun lun cho axit t t vo nc.
1.2.6. Khng bao gi un thng cc cht lng d chy nh: ru, eter, acetone, trn ngn
la.
1.2.7. Phi thc hin trong t ht kh khi tin hnh cc th nghim c kh c thot ra.
1.2.8. Phi c k nhn hiu trc khi ly ha cht ra khi chai. Khi s dng cc dung dch,
c bit l axit v baz phi cn thn trnh xung bn. Phi lau v ra sch ngay bng
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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nc nhng ch b . Khng nn li ha cht cn d vo chai ang cha ha cht v


ng ly qu s lng cn thit i hi trong th nghim v a s cc ha cht t tin.
1.2.9. Phi mc o chong v eo knh an ton hoc knh thng khi cn thit.
1.2.10. Phi g sch s trong phng th nghim. Bn lm vic, dng c, ho cht dng cho
th nghim phi sch s v sp xp mt cch hp l cho cng vic.
1.2.11. Khi s dng nhng dng c d v, ho cht d chy, d n phi tun theo s hng
dn ca gio vin.
1.2.12. Cn tit kim ha cht th nghim, lu trnh gy v dng c, ha cht. Khi
v dng c, phi bo ngay cho gio vin hng dn v bi hon y .
1.3. Nhng iu cn bit khi xy ra tai nn
Bo co ngay cho gio vin hng dn khi gp cc tai nn sau:
1.3.1. Do la
La bc chy qun o: ln vi vng xung t dp tt la, trong khi cc bn ly
bao b trm ln ch chy v p st cho n khi la tt. Sau khi ngn la du dn, c th
dng vi nc bng sen xt cho tt hn; ci qun o dnh bn v qun nn nhn bng mn
(chn).
Trnh vic chy hong lon.
+ Ngn la nh: dp tt bng bao b hay ct.
+ Ngn la lan rng: dng bnh cha chy cha kh CO2, lt ngc bnh v hng
vi xt vo gc ngn la.
1.3.2. Do phng
1.3.2.1. Nu phng nh do vt nng
p ngay ln ch phng ming bng gn c tm dung dch axit piric, sau bi
vaselin v bng vt thng li. Nu phng nng th ly vi mng tm dung dch axit piric,
sau lp tc ch nn nhn ti bnh vin.
Ch : khng lm v cc nt phng da chng nhim trng.
1.3.2.2. Nu phng do axit, baz
Trc ht dng vi nc chy tht nh vo vt phng t 3 - 5 pht, sau p bng
gn c tm dung dch NaOH 10% (nu phng do axit) hoc dung dch H3BO3 1% (nu
phng do kim).
1.3.2.3. Nu phng do cht hu c
Ra sch ch phng vi ethanol.
1.3.3. Do ha cht vo mt
Tm tc khc mt trong mt ly y nc, sau tm trong dung dch NaHCO3 1%
(nu axit, brom vo mt) hoc dung dch axit boric H3BO3 1% (nu kim vo mt).
Ch ngay nn nhn n bc s nhn khoa.
1.3.4. Do vt t
Dng kp tit trng, ly ming hay vt bn ra khi vt t.
Ra vt thng vi nc oxy gi (H2O2 10%), chm vt thng bng thuc ri
bng li (nu vt t nh) hoc bng tm.
Ch ngay nn nhn n bnh vin.
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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1.3.5. Do ng c
Cht c vo ming: nu l axit th xc ming lp tc v nhiu ln vi dung dch
NaHCO3 1%; nu l baz th dng dung dch H3BO3 1%; cn li dng nc lnh.
Do nut cht c: nu mui axit th ung 4 mung canh huyn ph MgO (gm 20g
MgO trong 300ml nc); nu mui kim th ung nhiu nc; cn li mc cung hng
nn nhn i, ma, sau cho ung 2 mung than hot tnh quy trong t nc.
Do ht hi c: a nn nhn n ch thong kh, ni dy tht lng, cho ung 1 ly c
ph en, h hp nhn to (nu cn) v di chuyn nn nhn n bnh vin.
1.4. Ni dung Bi tng trnh thc hnh Ha i cng
Sau khi lm th nghim xong, sinh vin phi vit bo co kt qu thc hnh (thng
gi l Bi tng trnh). Bi tng trnh cn vit ngn gn cho ngi c c th d dng
theo di v hiu c mc ch, i tng nghin cu, phng php s dng, iu kin th
nghim v kt qu t c.
Mu Bi tng trnh gm nhng phn sau:
1- Tn th nghim
2- Mc ch th nghim: Nu r yu cu v ni dung v nhng k nng phi t c.
3- Nguyn tc: M t tm tt nguyn tc ca phng php thc nghim, khng trnh by
di dng v l thuyt hoc qu chi tit v cch tin hnh v nhng iu sn c
trong gio trnh thc hnh. Nu c s thay i thit b s dng, i tng nghin cu,
trnh t th nghim so vi gio trnh ny cn ghi r.
4- Cc s liu thc nghim
5- Cc kt qu: Da trn cc s liu thc nghim thu c tnh ton kt qu a ra
di dng bng s, th.
6- Bn lun: a ra cc phng php tnh ton, tnh sai s, tm hiu nhng nguyn nhn
sai s v ngha ca cc kt qu nhn c.
(Cch lp bng, v th, tnh sai s c nu trong phn ph lc).
7- Cu hi: Sinh vin phi tr li v gii p tt c cc cu hi v Bi tp a ra trong
Bi th nghim bao gm cc cu hi v Bi tp trc khi n phng th nghim v sau
khi lm th nghim.
Lu : V thi gian lm vic phng th nghim c hn nn hu ht cc phn ca Bi
tng trnh sinh vin phi vit nh. Phn (1), (2), (3) sinh vin phi chun b trc khi
n phng th nghim. Trong thi gian lm th nghim ch c th hon thnh phn (4) : ghi
chp cc s liu thc nghim vo v. Cc phn (5), (6), (7) s phi hon thnh nh, sau
khi lm th nghim xong.

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Bi 2. NHNG DNG C N GIN V K THUT


C BN TRONG TH NGHIM HA I CNG
K thut phng th nghim (PTN) ni chung s c ln lt gii thiu trong qu trnh
thc hnh lu di sut cc nm hc. Trong Bi m u ny ch gii thiu nhng g c bn
nht m sinh vin cn nm trc khi lm Bi th nghim u tin ti PTN.
2.1. Mt s dng c n gin
Trong qu trnh thc hnh ha i cng, sinh vin thng s dng mt s dng c
n gin sau:
2.1.1. Dng c thy tinh
2.1.1.1. Dng c thy tinh khng chia
Gm ng nghim, phu, cc, bnh cu, bnh kt tinh, bnh nn, bnh c cong,
ng nghim: ng nghim thng c s dng lm nhng th nghim vi lng
nh ha cht. Khi lm th nghim lng ha cht ch ly dung tch ca ng nghim.
Mun cho ha cht rn vo ng nghim th gp i mt bng giy c chiu rng b
hn ng knh ca ng nghim mt cht thnh ci mng, cho ha cht vo mt u mng,
tay tri cm ng nghim nm ngang, tay phi t mng ng ha cht vo ng nghim n
y. Sau t ng nghim thng ng v g nh vo ng nghim cho ha cht vo ht
ng nghim v rt mng giy ra.
Mun trn nhng ha cht lng trong ng nghim th cm u trn ca ng nghim
bng ngn tay tr v ngn ci ca bn tay tri, dng ngn tr ca bn tay phi g nghing
nh vo pha di ng nghim. Nu cht lng ng qu na ng nghim th phi trn bng
a thy tinh. Khng c bt ng nghim bng ngn tay ri lc, v nh vy c th lm bn
cht lng ng trong ng nghim v c th lm ngn tay b bng.
Khi un phi dng kp gi ng nghim v ht sc cn thn cht lng khng pht ra
ngoi. Lc bt bt u xut hin th a ng nghim sang bn gn hay bn trn ngn la
ri tip tc un bng khng kh nng. Phi lun nh l hng ming ng nghim v pha
khng c ngi.
Trong phng th nghim thng dng gi bng g t cc ng nghim.
Phu lc: Phu dng lc v rt cht lng. Khi lm vic cn t phu trn chic
vng cp vo gi . Ch khng thn phu dnh st vo c bnh v s kh rt do p
sut trong bnh tng ln. Do cn to ra mt khe h gia phu v c bnh. C th dng
mt khung tam gic lm bng dy thp hay chic vng lm bng cao su hoc cht do t
ln c bnh ri phu vo. Khi rt cht lng khng c y ti ming phu, v nh
th nu phu hi nghing cht lng s tro ra ngoi.
Bnh cu: C hai loi bnh cu: y bng v y trn, c bnh c th ngn hoc di,
rng hoc hp. Cc bnh y bng c dng pha dung dch, un nng cc cht lng
hoc cn dng lm bnh ra. Khi un nng phi t bnh cu trn li st. Nhng bnh
cu y trn c dng chng ct, un si hoc thc hin nhng phn ng cn
un nng.

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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ng nghim
cu y bng

Phu

Bnh cu

Bnh

Hnh 2. 1. Cc dng c c bn trong phng th nghim 1


2.1.1.2. Dng c thy tinh c chia (o th tch c chnh xc tng i): gm
becher (cc thy tinh), erlen (bnh tam gic), ng ong hnh tr c khc , ng
ht nh git.
Becher (Cc): Cc thng lm bng thy tinh chu nhit v thng c hai dng l
cc c m v khng c m. Khi un nng phi un cc thy tinh qua li aming hoc trn
bp cch thy.
Erlen (Bnh tam gic): Bnh hnh nn c s dng rng ri trong cc th nghim
phn tch chun , ngi ta un bnh nn trn bp cch thy.
ng ong: ng ong l dng c c thnh dy v c nhng vch chia thnh ngoi
ch th tch. Chng c dung tch rt khc nhau t 5 n 1000ml v ln hn. Mun o th
tch cn thit ca cht lng, ngi ta rt n vo ng ong cho n khi y mt khum ngang
mc vch chia cn thit.
ng nh git: Dng cho nhng th nghim cn thm vo hn hp phn ng tng
lng nh hoc tng git cht lng. C nhiu loi bnh nh git nh bnh nh git c rnh
thy tinh, bnh nh git c nt gn vi mt pipet v bp cao su.

Becher (Cc)
Cc o

Erlen (Bnh tam gic) ng nghim c np

ng

ong

Hnh 2. 2. Cc dng c c bn trong phng th nghim 2


2.1.1.3. Dng c o th tch c chnh xc cao: gm pipet (ng ht) c hoc khng c
cc , buret (ng nh git), bnh nh mc.
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Pipet: Pipet dng ly mt th tch cht lng nht nh. C loi pipet khc vch
ngn v loi chia . Loi pipet th nht c dng mt ng thy tinh on gia phnh ra v
u di vut nhn, on bn trn cch ch phnh ra mt cht c mt vch ngn. Th tch
cht lng ly ti ngn tng ng vi th tch ghi trn pipet. Pipet c chia l mt ng
u di vut nhn cn u trn c ni vi ng nh hn. Trn phn ng rng c nhng
ngn chia nh trn cc buret. Thng hay dng pipet c dung tch 2, 5, 10, 20, 25,
50ml v nhng micropipet dung tch 1ml.
Mun ht y pipet (xem hnh 2.3) ngi ta nhng u di ca n vo cht lng ln
bng ming hoc bng bp cao su, cht lng ht ln cao hn ngn chia mt cht, sau
dng ngn tay tr bt nhanh u trn ca pipet cho cht (ngn tay nn hi t). Khi m
pipet, nc s xung thp nhng khng c ti ngn chia ca pipet.
Nhc pipet ln trn mc nc trong bnh cho ngn chia ca pipet ngang vi
tm mt. Nhc nh ngn tay tr cho cht lng chy xung tng git mt cho ti khi y
khum khp vi ngn chia th bt cht pipet. Chuyn pipet vo bn trong bnh ng cht
lng s ly, cho u pipet chm vo thnh trong ca bnh, nhc ngn tay tr ln v cho
cht lng chy t do. Sau khi cht lng thi khng chy na i 2-3 giy ri mi nhc pipet
ra. u pipet bao gi cng cn li mt cht cht lng, khi chia pipet, ngi ta khng
k n th tch cht lng ny, do khng c thi ly cht lng .
Khi ht cht lng vo nhng pipet chia , cng lm nh trn vi pipet c ngn,
nhng khi cho cht lng chy xung th khng nhc hn ngn tay ra m ch nhc nh ln
mt cht thi. Khi cht lng trong pipet ti ngn cn thit th bt cht u pipet li lm
cho dung dch thi khng chy na.

Hnh 2.3. Cch s dng pipet


Buret: Buret c dng chun , o nhng th tch chnh xcBuret l mt
ng thy tinh u di nh hn v c kha. thnh ngoi dc theo ton b chiu di ca
buret ngi ta khc nhng vch chia n 0,1ml. Buret thng c kho mi nhm. C th rt
mi cht lng vo buret tr dung dch kim v dung dch kim s n mn kha mi. Khi lm
vic vi dung dch kim ngi ta s dng buret khng c kha m c ng ni cao su c
kp bng chic kp Mohr.
Khi np cht lng vo buret phi dng phu cung ngn, cung phu khng c
chm vch s khng ca buret, v cht lng phi nm trn vch s khng ca buret. Sau
m kho dung dch chy xung chim y b phn buret nm di kho n tn u
cng ca mao qun. Ch ng bt khng kh phn chy ra ca buret. Ch c a
buret v im khng khi no ng mao qun khng cn cha bt kh.
Khi lm vic xong phi ra sch buret bng nc v kp n vo gi, quay u h
xung. Kho ngoi ca buret phi c ly ra, bc kho bng mt lp giy lc ri t kha
vo buret.
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Bnh nh mc: Bnh nh mc pha nhng dung dch c nng xc nh hoc


ong mt th tch cht lng tht chnh xc.
Thng dng bnh nh mc c th tch 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000ml. Bnh nh mc l
bnh cu c y bng c c di, trn c c khc mt vng trn. Nu ta cht lng vo
trong bnh n khi di y vng khum b mt cht lng ln ngang bng vi ngn vng
trn th th tch ca cht lng tng ng vi th tch ghi trn bnh cu. Trn bnh no cng
c ghi th tch ca bnh nhit 200C, nhit khc th tch nc ti ngn chia
s ln hn hoc nh hn th tch ghi trn bnh. Nhit 200C c ly lm nhit
chun trong tt c cc php o v th tch.
np cht lng vo bnh nh mc ta t phu vo c bnh ri rt cht lng cho ti
khi mc cht lng cn thp hn ngn chia 1-2ml sau ly phu ra ri dng pipet nh
tng git cht lng cho n khi y khum ca mt cht lng va ng ti ngn chia .
Nu mun pha mt dung dch vi mt cht rn trong bnh nh mc th em cn trn
knh ng h mt khi lng cht tan tht chnh xc cn phi dng. Sau lng cht
tan qua mt phu vo trong bnh cu, dung mi cho ti na bnh ri lc (khng c
dc ln ngc). Sau khi cht rn tan hon ton, thm nt dung mi cho th tch ri y
bnh bng nt thy tinh v dc ngc bnh nhiu ln trn k.

Pipet

Buret

Bnh nh mc

Hnh 2.4. Cch s dng pipet 3


2.1.1.4. Dng c o thy tinh c tc dng c bit nh bnh ht m, bnh cu tia, bnh kip,
bnh cha kh, Trong phn th nghim ha i cng ch gii thiu bnh ht m. Cc loi
bnh khc s c cp trong cc ti liu thc hnh chuyn ngnh.
Bnh ht m: l bnh bng thy tinh dy, pha di hnh nn ct, phn trn hnh tr,
np y bng thy tinh c g mi nhm cho kn (hnh 2.5a). Bnh ht m lm kh t t cc
cht, bo v cc cht d ht m trong khng kh. y bnh cc cht ht m: CaCl2
khan, H2SO4 c, P2O5, Nhng cht cn lm kh dng trong cc, chn s, mt knh ng
h, t vo bnh trn khay s. Ming bnh v np thy tinh mi nhm lun bi lp
vaseline mng. Khi m np bnh phi y np trt v mt bn theo chiu ngang, khng
c nhc np theo chiu thng ng. Khi y np, y np trt t bn cnh dn vo kht
vi ming bnh (hnh 2.5b).
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Mun di chuyn bnh ht m, dng ngn tay ci gi ly np bnh v n d b trt


(hnh 2.5c). Trong trng hp t chn nung nng vo bnh sau khi y np, phi y np
qua li vi ln khng kh nng thot ra ngoi, sau mi y np c nh, khi ngui
p sut trong bnh gim np c gi cht.

a)

b)
c)
Hnh 2.5. Bnh ht m v cch s dng bnh ht m

2.1.2. Dng c bng s


Dng c bng s: dng c bng s cng rng ri trong phng th nghim. Dng c
bng s bn chc, t b ha cht n mn, chu c s thay i nhit t ngt, c bit
chu c nhit cao hn dng c thy tinh (c th ti 12000C). Tuy nhin c nhc im
l nng, khng trong sut v t tin.
Thng dng l cc, bt c, chn s, thuyn s, ci chy.

Bt c
Chn s
Ci chy
Hnh 2.6. Bt c chn s- ci chy
Khng dng chn s nung nng cc cht kim nh Na2CO3, axit HF nng chy v lm
s phn hy.

Hnh 2.7. Cch cm kp st ly np chn s


a) ng
b) sai
Bt s: dng c cc dung dch trn cc ha cht rn vi nhau, un chy cc cht
C th un cc bt s bng ngn la trc tip nhng nu un qua li vn tt hn. Cc
bt s c ng knh v dung tch khc nhau.
Chy, ci s: dng nghin ha cht rn. Khi nghin, lng cht rn trong ci khng
qu 1/3 th tch ca ci. u tin dng chy cn thn gi nh nhng cc ln cho n khi
kch thc bng ht u, sau dng tay t chy v xoy mnh chy vo ci cho cht rn
nh dn. Trong khi nghin thnh thong dng li, dng bay o v dn cht nghin vo
gia ci. Khi t ti kch thc cn thit dng bay co sch cht nghin dnh vo u chy
v xung quanh thnh ci sau ra theo m ci.
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Khi nghin cc cht lm th nghim n, ci chy cn sch v nghin ring r.


Khng c khuy hn hp n trong ci.
2.1.3. Cc dng c bng st, bng g, bng kim loi
Dng c bng st gm c gi st, con b, cp st, vng kim, cp hp chn nung, li
aming, kp m Dng c bng g c gi ng nghim, kp ng nghim Bp nung
gm: bp in c hoc khng c b phn iu chnh, l nung, bp un cch ct, bp un
cch thy, bp un cch glyxerin,...v.v, my iu nhit, n cn v n Buchner.
Ngoi ra cn c cc thit b chuyn dng khc nh cn, l nung, my o dn nhit,
my o pH.
Gi st rt cn cho phng th nghim ha hc. Cng vi gi st thng c cc vng,
kp, con b. Khi cp ng nhim hay cc loi bnh phi c cao su hay giy lt ni tip xc
gia cp st v cc dng c thy tinh trnh v.
i vi kp ng nghim khi cho ng nghim vo kp ri khng nn dng bn tay
nm ly 2 nhnh ca kp, ch cm ly nhnh di v cho ngn tay ci gn st phi trong
nhnh ngn. Nh vy s kp cht ng nghim v khng b ri.
Cc phng th nghim c t ht tin hnh th nghim vi cc cht c hoc c mi
kh chu nh hydro sunfua, hydro chlorua, cc halogen, nit ioxit.
Khi th nghim, t ht c th dng ct cc ha cht c, d bay hi, c mi kh
chu nh brom lng, axit c (H2SO4, HNO3, HCl); cc cht d chy nh CS2, ete,
benzen.

Hnh 2.8. Cc dng c thng dng trong phng th nghim 4


a) gi phu, buret
b) gi ng nghim
aming e) t ht (ht)

c) kp ng nghim

d)

li

L nung: s dng khi tin hnh th nghim vi cht rn nhit cao.


T sy: c s dng lm kh cc vt liu, sn phm cc dng c v ha cht bng
nhit.
Bp un cch thy.

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Hnh 2.9. Cc loi bp un cch thy


pH k: l my o c s dng xc nh ch s Hydro (pH) ca cc dung dch. Ty
thuc vo ni dung mn hc, sinh vin s c hng dn c th s dng cc loi my
o pH thch hp.
My o dn in: l loi my dng xc nh hm lng cc mui ha tan trong
dung dch thng qua vic xc nh dn in ca chng.
2.2. Mt s thao tc th nghim c bn
ra cc dng c thy tinh, thng thng ngi ta dng chi lng vi nc x
phng hay nc my. Cc dng c thy tinh thng d v, nn cn lu khi ra dng c
thy tinh. Cc thao tc ny s c hng dn c th trong tng trng hp.
2.2.1. Phng php c hc
Nu cht bn khng phi l nha, cht bo, cht khng tan trong nc th c th ra
dng c bng nc hay x bng.
Dng chi phi ch khng u chi p vo my hay thnh dng c v c th lm
v dng c. C th bc u chi bng mt on ng cao su c kch thc thch hp.
ra ng th nghim c th lm nh sau: Mt tay cm ng nghim, mt tay cm
chi. Cho nc vo ng nghim v xoay chi lng chi c vo thnh v y ng nghim,
ng thi ko chi ln xung ra ton b ng nghim. Khng thc mnh chi vo y
ng nghim v nh vy d lm thng ng nghim. Ra xong bng nc my cn trng li
bng nc ct v p ng nghim vo gi.
2.2.2. Phng php ha hc
i vi cht bn khng tan trong nc phi ra bng cc ha cht nh: ete, aceton,
etxng, du thng, cacbon tetraclorua, ru, hn hp sunfo cromic (to t axit sunfuric v
mui cromat) hay cc axit, kim nh axit chlohydric, xt,
Cc dng c sau khi ra, cn c trng bng nc ct hay em sy kh trc khi s
dng.
Mt s thao tc s dng dng c s c hng dn c th theo Bi th nghim.
2.2.3. Lc
Lc l phng php tch hon ton tng rn ra khi tng lng. C nhiu cch lc:
lc thng, lc nng, lc di p sut thp
Lc thng: dng phu lc v giy lc. Giy lc c thnh phn tinh khit, dng si to
thnh l xp nh. C giy lc thng v giy lc khng tro (khng tn). Trn bao giy lc
ghi khi lng tro ca mt t giy lc. V d 0,00007g l giy lc khng tro v giy lc ny
khng nh hng n kt qu cn.
Giy lc thng quy c theo mu:
- Bng vng hay en: ng knh l lc khong 0,01mm.
- Bng trng: ng knh l lc khong 0,03mm.
- Bng xanh: dng lc nhng kt ta rt nh, ng knh l lc khong 0,0010,0025mm.
Khi lc phi chn giy lc ph hp v va vi kch thc ca phu lc. C 2 cch gp
giy lc: giy lc gp hnh chp khi cn ly kt ta, giy lc nhiu np khi cn lc nhanh v
ly nc lc.

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Hnh 2.10.

a) Cch gp giy lc thng

b) Cch gp giy lc nhiu np

Cch lc: (lp dng c nh hnh 2.11)


Trc tin t giy lc vo phu, mp giy lc cch ming phu khong 5 - 10mm,
tm t giy lc bng dung mi sch ri dng ngn tay tr n nh giy lc p st vo
thnh phu y ht bt kh gia phu v giy lc ra ngoi. Nh vy, khi lc cung phu s
y nc lc. Ct cht lng ny c tc dng nh bm ht, ko cht lng trong phu chy
nhanh hn. Sau t phu trn gi lc c l trn va phu, pha di t cc sao cho
cung phu chm vo thnh cc to dng chy lin tc. Khi rt, dng a thy tinh t
st m cc trnh ri vi. Cht lng ch c cch mp phu 8 10mm. Nn lc phn
cht lng trong trc, cht lng cn t mi khuy kt ta ln v tt c vo phu lc.

Hnh 2.11. Cch lc


Lc di p sut thp (hnh 2.12)
Khi cn lc nhanh v mun thu c kt ta kh phi dng dng c lc di p sut
thp. Dng c gm mt bnh buchner, hnh tam gic dy c nhnh, mt bnh bo him, mt
phu busne, mt bm chn khng hoc bm ht hi bng sc nc. Phu buchner bng s
y bng c nhiu l, phu c nt cao su thch hp cm cht vo bnh buchner. y phu
khi lc phi lt t giy lc tm t bng nc (hoc dung mi). i vi dung dch axit
mnh hay baz mnh lm hng giy phi dng phu lc c mng lc bng thy tinh c cc
xp khc nhau, c th chn ty thuc vo kt ta. Sau cho chy bm, dng nc
mnh s cun khng kh trong bnh (1), (2) ra ngoi lm cho p sut trong bnh nh hn p
sut bn ngoi, do dung dch trong phu (3) b tt xung nhanh v kit nc. Tt bnh
buchner ra khi h thng chn khng, ri tt bm.
Lc nng
Lc nng ch p dng khi lc nhng cht d kt tinh. C th dng phu thy tinh m
thnh phu c hai lp. Nc nng hoc hi nc nng i qua trong lng thnh phu. Ngoi
ra c loi phu lc nng dng in.
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Hnh 2.12. Lc di p sut thp


1. Bnh tam gic dy c nhnh
2. Bnh bo him 3. Phu Buchner
chn khng

4. Bm

2.2.4. Ra ta
C hai cch ra ta: ra gn v ra trn phu lc. Ra gn thng dng vi kt ta
nng v to. Cho cht lng nh dng ra v kt ta trong cc, dng a thy tinh khuy
u dung dch, mt lc cho kt ta lng xung, gn ht nc ra ra ngoi ri ra tip ln
sau. Cui cng cho ton b kt ta vo phu lc, ra mt ln na trn giy lc. hn ch
s ha tan ca cht kt ta cn ra vi lng cht lng t nht v ra nhiu ln.
Nu kt ta b v nh th ra ngay giy lc dng bnh cu tia, tia mnh nc vo kt
ta. Ra i, ra li vi ln mi ln phi ch cho nc ln trc chy ht ri ra tip ln sau.
Chn cht lng ra ty thuc vo tan ca ta trong dung mi, thng dng nc
ra (nng hoc lnh), i khi dng cc dung dch axit, kim long hay cc dung mi hu
c. Chn cht lng ra ty thuc vo tan ca ta trong dung mi. Nu tan ca kt
ta t thay i theo nhit th dng nc nng ra, nhng cht d thy phn th dng
dung dch axit hay baz ngui, nhng kt ta d tan trong nc th dng hay cc dung
mi hu c.

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Bi 3. S DNG PHP CN V PHP TNH SAI S


3.1. Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v mt s loi cn thng c s dng trong phng
th nghim v nm vng cc thao tc cn thit khi s dng cn.
3.2. Yu cu
Nm vng v phn loi cc loi cn, tun th cc thao tc c hng dn khi s
dng cn.
3.3.Tm tt l thuyt
3.3.1. S lc v cn
Cn l mt dng c o lng xc nh khi lng ca vt. Cn c s dng mt
cch thng xuyn trong phng th nghim. Kt qu th nghim hay nghin cu c chnh
xc hay khng, phn ln ph thuc vo cn.
Ty theo chnh xc ca cn, ngi ta chia cn thnh cc loi:
- Cn k thut ( chnh xc 10 20mg)
- Cn phn tch gm:
+ Cn phn tch thng ( chnh xc 0,1 0,2mg)
+ Cn bn vi lng ( chnh xc 0,01 0,02mg)
+ Cn vi lng ( chnh xc 0,001mg)
+ Cn siu vi lng ( chnh xc 10-6 10-9mg)
Hin nay cc phng th nghim c nhiu loi cn phn tch in v in t c
chnh xc cao, cn li nhanh.
3.3.2. Cc loi cn
Cn k thut: Trong cn, cc li dao hnh lng tr tam gic l quan trng nht. Cn
phn tch v cn k thut u c ba li dao, li dao gia ta ln u tr cn, hai li dao
kia treo qua quang cn. Nu cn dao ng nhiu, li dao mn dn lm cho cn tr nn
km nhy.

Hnh 3.1. Cu to cn ca cn k thut


Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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1. c thng bng cn; 2. cn; 3. Kha cn; 4. Tr cn; 5. Quang cn; 6. a cn; 7.
Dy di; 8. Thc t l; 9. n cn; 10. Li dao; 11. c thng bng a
Cn phn tch: C nhiu loi cn phn tch: cn phn tch thng, cn phn tch in,
cn phn tch in t.
Tt c cc b phn ca cn phn tch thng tng t nh cn k thut nhng hai
pha trn n cn c thc chia vch mi bn thnh 10 khong bng nhau, mi khong ng
vi 1 mg. Trong mi khong li chia thnh 5 10 khong nh hn. Do , cn phn tch c
chnh xc 0,1 0,2mg. C mt qu cn 1 mg v mt cn di chuyn qu cn chy
trn thc chia vch.
Ton b cn c t trong t knh. Ca t pha trn c th ko ln ko xung. Hai
cnh t hai bn c th m ra, ng vo. Thng xuyn phi ng kn ca trnh cho cn
khng b nh hng ca gi, khng kh m v hi ha cht, hi th ca ngi lm
vicCh khi no cn mi m, ng cc cnh ca ca hai bn a vo, ly ra vt cn v
qu cn. gi cho cn lun c kh thng c ti ng cht ht m nh silicagel.

Hnh 3.2. Cn da
Hnh 3.3. Hp qu cn
Cc hp kh bn quang cn c tc dng lm gim dao ng khi cn. Nhng qu cn
phn tch cha trong hp c np, c ring cho mi qu cn theo th t t ln n nh.
Nhng qu cn t 1 gam tr ln thng m chng g. Nhng qu cn t 500mg tr
xung y bng tm knh.
Tt c hp cn lun gi sch, m bm khi lng chnh xc. Khi cn, dng cp bng
sng, xng hay nha ly qu cn, khng cm qu cn bng tay. Mi hp c cc loi
qu cn: 0,50g, 20g, 10g, 5g, 2g, 500mg, 200mg, 100mg, 50mg, 20mg, 0mg.
Cn phn tch in t: Trong cn phn tch in t, li dao, cc qu cn c thay
bng cc nam chm, l xo v mch in t, c b nh t iu chnh. cn c cc phm
bm v mn hnh. Cn phn tch in t cn ti a 100g, chnh xc 0,1mg. u im ca
cn phn tch l nhanh chng, chnh xc.

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Hnh 3.4. Cu to cn phn tch in t


3.3.3. Phng php cn
Cn phn tch thng
Ngi ngay ngn trn gh trc cn sao cho vic s dng cn c thun tin v c
kt qu cho chnh xc.
Kim tra s thng bng ca cn: Trc khi cn, phi kim tra cn thng bng cha
bng cch quan st qu di, nu thy qu di cha khp vi u mi nhn di hoc bng
nc cha nm chnh gia tm vng trn cn th iu chnh c thng bng cn. Sau khi
cn thng bng, m kho cn bng cch xoay nh v pha phi cho cn dao ng, quan st
n cn thng bng cha, nu cha th kho cn bng cch xoay nh kho cn v pha
tri, iu chnh c thng bng a cn. Sau li m kho cn theo di cho n khi no ch
s 0 hay dao ng sang mi bn c cng bin . Cn chnh xong.
M cnh ca hai bn, t vt cn ln a tri, dng cp gp qu cn ln a phi xp
theo th t ln nh. Lc u t cc qu cn gn vi khi lng ca vt (c th cn cn
k thut trc). M kha cn, quan st dao ng ca kim trn thc chia , nu cha
thng bng, kho cn li, thm bt nhng qu cn thch hp ri li m kho cn theo di.
i vi cn phn tch, khi dng n qu cn b nht 10mg, nu cn cha thng bng,
dng cn di chuyn qu cn 1mg v pha phi hay tri ca n cn, s tm c v tr thng
bng. Mi ln thay i qu cn phi kho cn.
Khi cn xong, kho cn, c cc trng trn hp qu cn tnh tng s khi lng
qu cn dng, sau dng cp gp cc qu cn trong a v ch c, ng thi tnh tng
s khi lng mt ln na.
Cn phn tch in t
Quan st bng nc kim tra xem cn thng bng cha, nu cha, sinh vin
khng c t iu chnh m bo cho gio vin hng dn.
Cm in, sy cn trong khong 30 pht, ng thi quan st trn mn hnh, con chy 0
gc trn bn phi (ngha l cn cha lm vic).
n phm UO th trn mn hnh xut hin mt dy s 8, sau vi giy hin s 0,0000g.
Con chy 0 gc di bn tri (cn sn sng lm vic). Nu khng phi s 0,0000g m
l s khc. V d 0,0001g th n phm Tare hai bn, iu chnh v s 0,0000g.
Nh nhng t vt ln a cn, ng ca cn, ghi khi lng ca vt cn xut hin trn
mn hnh.
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Mun cn mt lng ho cht m khng mun tr b, cn b trc khi cho ho cht,


sau n phm Tare, cn s tr v v tr sn sng lm vic, mn hnh hin ln s 0,0000g.
Cho ho cht vo b. Trn mn hnh hin ln khi lng ca ho cht. Sau khi ghi khi
lng ca ho cht, n phm UO, b vt cn ra. Nu khng cn na, lau sch a cn v
xung quanh, ng ca cn, ngt in.
Ch : SV khng c s dng cc phm CAL, CF, F, G; l cc phm dng cho
my vi tnh, in kt qu v chnh cn. Nu c s c g trn cn phi bo cho gio vin hng
dn.
3.3.4. Nhng quy nh khi s dng cn
1. Trc khi cn hay sau mt lot php cn lin tc cn kim tra li trng thi ca cn,
lau bi trn a cn, kim tra s thng bng ca cn ri mi cn tip.
2. Khng c t vt cn trc tip ln a cn m phi t vt cn trn giy sch, mt
knh ng h, chn s, thuyn thu tinh, l cn
3. Cn cht lng phi y kn, cn cht c phi trong t ht.
4. m bo s chnh xc, khi cn, vt cn phi c cng nhit vi cn. Thng
ngi ta vt cn trong bnh ht m t bn cnh cn trong 20 pht.
5. Khng c cn vt cn nng hn so vi khi lng quy nh. Trong nhiu trng
hp, cn kim tra khi lng vt cn trn cn k thut ri mi cn trn cn phn tch.
6. Phi ng ca ca t cn ri mi m kho cn, khng c ng vo cn khi cn
ang chuyn ng. Ch ly ra hay t vo a vt cn cng nh cc qu cn sau khi
hm cn. M kho cn cng nh ng kho cn phi vn t t v thn trng.
7. Khng t tay ln bn cn. Khng t di chuyn cn t ch ny sang ch khc.
8. Tuyt i khng dng tay cm qu cn v con nga m phi dng cp. Cc qu
cn phi theo ng th t v tr trong hp.
9. i vi vt cn phi cn nhiu ln, ch nn thc hin trn mt cn vi mt hp qu
cn. Sau mt thi gian s dng nh k phi kim tra li cc khi lng qu cn.
3.3.5. Sai s php cn
Sai s tuyt i ca php cn: Nu mt vt cn 3 ln, khi lng vt cn mi ln l
m1, m2, m3 th khi lng trung bnh ca vt cn l:
mtb

m1 m2 m 3
3

Sai s tuyt i ca mi ln cn:


m1 = m1 - mtb
m2 = m2 - mtb
m3 = m3 - mtb
Sai s tuyt i trung bnh ca vt cn:
mtb

m1 m2 m 3
3

Khi lng ca vt cn s ghi l:


mtb mtb
S ln cn cng nhiu th gi tr cn cng gn vi gi tr thc ca vt cn.
Sai s tng i: Sai s tng i s c tnh bng t s gia sai s tuyt i trung
bnh vi khi lng trung bnh ca vt cn.
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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mtb
mtb

3.4.Thc hnh
3.4.1. Th nghim 1
Ly mt mt knh ng h hoc giy bng (chuyn dng cn), cn mt lng mui
n (khong 5g) trn cn k thut, sau trn cn phn tch. Cn ch thc hin ng cc
ng tc v cc quy nh khi s dng cn.
Tnh sai s ca php cn trn cn phn tch.
3.4.2. Th nghim 2
Lm sch mui n bng phng php kt tinh li.
Mui n sn xut t nc bin thng c ln nhiu hp cht; thnh phn thng thng
ca mui n bao gm:
NaCl
89 90%
MgSO4
1,35 1,4%
CaSO4
1,2%
MgCl2, KCl v cc tp cht khc
Ho tan khong 5g mui n sy kh trong cc bng nc ct nhit 80oC thu
c dung dch bo ho. Lc sch dung dch. em c nc lc n khi xut hin vng tinh
th trn b mt. ngui dung dch cho mui kt tinh li. Khi mui kt tinh xong th lc
di p sut thp. Sy kh nhit 800C -1000C trong t sy n nhit khng i.
ngui t t bng cch mui trong bnh ht m, cn li lng mui tinh ch.
Tnh t l % khi lng mui tinh thu c so vi mui th.
3.5. Cu hi
1. Ti sao phi ng ca cn khi cn v ngui cc vt nung nng trc khi cn?
2. Mt sinh vin ghi kt qu cn nh sau:
Vt A c m = 15,5g (dng cn k thut c chnh xc 10mg)
Vt B c m = 32,6571g (dng cn phn tch c chnh xc l 0,2mg). Cc kt qu
ng hay sai? Ti sao?
3. chnh xc ca cn ph thuc vo nhng yu t no? Hiu th no khi ni chnh
xc ca cn phn tch l 0,0002g?

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Bi 4. XC NH KHI LNG RING


CA CT, KIM LOI
4.1. Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng xc nh mt cht qua phng php
o khi lng ring ca cht .
4.2. Yu cu
Sinh vin cn phi nm vng khi nim v khi lng ring ca mt cht, khi nim
khi lng ring ng, khi lng ring tht ca mt cht.
4.3. Tm tt l thuyt
4.3.1. Khi lng ring
Khi lng ring ca mt cht l khi lng ca mt n v th tch cht , thng
c tnh bng g/cm3 (hoc g/ml).
Khi lng ring l tnh cht vt l c trng cho mi nguyn t hoc mt hp cht
nhit v p sut nht nh. V vy, o khi lng ring l mt trong cc phng php
xc nh mt cht.
i vi cht lng, vic xc nh khi lng ring tng i n gin v ta c th d
dng xc nh th tch ca chng bng trng lng k.
i vi cc cht dng ht, bt c 2 loi khi lng ring cn phi xc nh l khi
lng ring ng v khi lng ring tht.
4.3.2. Khi lng ring ng
L khi lng ring ca mt n v th tch m cht y chim ch khi chng c
thnh ng (bao gm th tch ca cc l xp).
4.3.3. Khi lng ring tht
L khi lng ring ca chnh cc ht khng k n cc l xp khi ng. Do
vic xc nh khi lng ring tht s phc tp hn.
Tuy nhin, khi lng ring ca cht rn cn ph thuc mt phn vo mu kim loi
c chun b: kim loi dng thi, dng khun c hay dng bt
Bng 1. Khi lng ring ca mt s kim loi thng dng
Kim loi

Khi lng ring


Cu trc tinh th
(g/cm3)

Bn knh kim loi

Mg

1,74

Lc phng

160

Al
Cr
Fe

2,70
7,20
7,86

Lp phng tm din
Lp phng tm khi
Lp phng tm khi

143
125
124

Ni

8,90

Lp phng tm din

125

Zn

7,14

Lc phng

139

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Pb

11,34

Lp phng tm din

175

Trong cc kiu mng tinh th, cc nguyn t kim loi c xem nh l nhng ht cu c
kch thc nh nhau v xp c kht thnh tng lp, tuy vy cn khong trng. Khong
trng ny ph thuc vo cch sp xp khi cc nguyn t kim loi lin kt vi nhau to thnh
mng tinh th cht rn.
Trong kim loi, cho cch sp xp c kht nht chng thng kt tinh theo 3 mng tinh
th chnh: lc phng, lp phng tm din, lp phng tm khi

Hnh 4.1. Cc kiu cu trc tinh th kim loi thng gp


1.Lc phng ; 2. Lp phng tm din; 3. Lp phng tm khi.
4.4. Thc hnh
4.4.1. Nguyn tc
nhn bit kim loi cha bit bng phng php o khi lng th cn phi cn o
th tch ca mu kim loi cha bit (nn chn nhng kim loi khng c, khng phn ng
vi nc). Sau , tnh khi lng ring ca kim loi . Tra bng bit tn kim loi. Bit
khi lng nguyn t, cu trc tinh th ca kim loi, tnh bn knh ca kim loi .
Mt s phng php xc nh th tch ca kim loi:
- Cho cn thn mu kim loi vo mt th tch nc bit trong ng chia , lc s
c mt phn th tch nc b kim loi chim ch. Th tch nc b kim loi chim ch chnh
l th tch ca kim loi.
- Dng thc kp c du xch hoc thc thng chia n mm o kch thc ca mu
kim loi v tnh th tch theo hnh dng ca mu kim loi. Thc kp l mt dng c o
chiu di, c chia thnh centimet hay milimet (hnh 4.2). Thc c hai hm, mt ci c
nh, cn mt ci di ng c. Vt cn o c t gia hai hm. o c chnh xc
thc kp c thm mt du xch. Du xch l mt thc i ngn, t trn hm di ng v c
th x dch trn thang chia cng vi hm . Du xch c v trn hnh 4.3 c chia
thnh 10 ngn u nhau, chiu di tng cng ca n bng 9 ngn ca thang chia tc l
di 9mm, nh vy mi ngn ca thang du xch n khp vi khng ca thang chia .
xc nh kch thc ca mt vt, t vt gia hai hm ca thc kp ri y hm di
ng cho ti khi chm vo vt cn o, xem 0 ca du xch cch xa 0 ca thang chia
l bao nhiu. Nu 0 ca du xch n khp vi mt vch no ca thang chia th s
th t ca vch ny s cho kch thc ca vt tnh ra mm va ng. Nhng thng thng
khng ca du xch khng ng hn vi mt vch no ca thang v vo qung gia hai
vch ch s mm chn, xem hnh 4.4: du xch chuyn dch v pha tay phi v 0 ca n
vo khong gia vch th 5 v vch th 6 ca thang chia . Do du xch di chuyn
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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mt qung trn 5mm v di 6mm. Gi thit qung l 5 + x mm, tm x. Ta thy vch


th 3 ca du xch n khp vi vch th 8 ca thang chia . Bi v mi ngn ca du xch
ngn hn mi ngn ca thang chia 0,1mm cho nn qung cch gia vch th 7 ca thang
chia v vch th 2 ca du xch di 0,1mm, qung ct gia vch th 6 ca thang chia
vi vch th nht ca du xch di 0,2mm, qung cch gia vch th 5 ca thang chia v
vch s 0 ca du xch di 0,3mm. l tr s x cn tm.

Hnh 4.2. Thc kp.


4.3. Thang o
Hnh 4.4. Cch c du xch
T rt ra quy tc n gin s dng thc kp. Ta m s mm chn ca qung di
chuyn ca du xch, sau tm vch no ca du xch n khp va ng vi mt vch ca
thang ca thang chia . S th t ca vch trn du xch cho s phn mi ca milimet.
Dng l picnomet xc nh th tch ca mu kim loi nu kch thc ca mu kim loi
cho php b c vo l. Vic nh lng ny da trn nguyn tc sau:

Hnh 4.5. Dng c xc nh khi lng ring cc cht


Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Gi thit khi lng vt rn l m, khi lng l c ng nc l mo. Khi th vt rn vo l


nc, vt s y ra mt th tch nc bng th tch ca vt. Khi lng ca l c ng
nc v vt rn l m2.
Gi khi lng ca nc b y ra l m1. Vy m1 = mo + m m2
T tm c th tch ca vt: V = m1/do (do l khi lng ring ca nc c ly
nhit phng).
Cn ch trnh khng cho bt kh bm vo vt nhng trong H2O. Nu vt rn l tinh th
th s ly mt lng t cc tinh th . Ch cn mt th tch khong 0,5 1cm3.
4.4.2. Ho cht v dng c
4.4.2.1. Ho cht
Mu kim loi cha bit, H2O.
4.4.2.2. Dng c
- Cn phn tch
- ng ong 50ml
- Thc kp c du xch hoc thc thng chia n nm
- L picnomet.
4.4.3. Cch tin hnh
4.4.3.1. Xc nh khi lng ring ca nc v ct
Lau kh bnh o t trng, cn ri ghi kt qu mo.
Cho nc vo y bnh, khng cn bt kh, dng giy lc lau kh bn ngoi, sau
em cn. Ghi kt qu m1. Lp li 3 ln.
Dng a nha cn khong 10g ct. Ghi kt qu m2.
Cho ton b ct va cn vo bnh o t trng, thm nc n y bnh, lau kh, em
cn. Ghi kt qu m3.
Tnh khi lng ring ca nc:
d H 2O

m1 m0
50

Tnh khi lng ring tht ca ct:


d cat

m2 (m1 m0 )
50(m1 m2 m3 )

4.4.3.2. Xc nh khi lng ring ng ca ct


Cho ct vo ng ong 10 cho n vch 10 (ng ong phi tht kh). ct ra cho vo
a nha. Cn v ghi li li kt qu m.
Khi lng ring ng: ng = m/10 (lp li 3 ln, ly trung bnh).
4.4.3.3. Xc nh khi lng ring ca kim loi
Cn mt mu kim loi cha bit tn trn cn phn tch vi chnh xc 0,1mg.
o th tch mu kim loi cha bit bng hai phng php khc nhau. Mi phng
php tin hnh 3 ln. Tnh sai s tng i cho mi phng php.

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Ly khi lng mu kim loi chia cho th tch chnh xc, xc nh khi lng ring
ca kim loi. nh gi chnh xc ca gi tr khi lng ring tnh c. S dng bng
xc nh tn kim loi.
Tnh bn knh nguyn t kim loi. S dng bng tnh sai s tng i.
Ch : Cc mu kim loi (Mg, Al, Zn, ) khng gy nguy him nhng trnh cc
kim loi tip xc vi axit v chng c phn ng gii phng hidro.
4.5. Cu hi
1. Khi lng ring ca methanol l 0,729g/cm3 20oC. Tm th tch mol ca
methanol? C bao nhiu phn t trong 1g methanol? C bao nhiu nguyn t hydro trong 1
mol CH3OH?
2. Mt mu kim loi c khi lng l 7,6105g. Mu kim loi c hnh khi ch nht
c chiu di 25,4mm, b dy 1,5mm, b rng 25,4mm. Tnh khi lng ring ca kim loi
. Mu kim loi c phi l mt trong nhng kim loi a ra bng trn khng?

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Bi 5. IU CH V XC NH KHI LNG PHN T


KH OXI
5.1. Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng xc nh khi lng phn t cht kh
mt cch gn ng da theo phng trnh trng thi kh l tng Clapeyron - Mendeleev.
5.2. Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v trng thi ca cht kh, phng trnh trng thi
kh thc, phng trnh trng thi kh l tng.
5.3. Tm tt l thuyt
Phng trnh trng thi kh l tng Clapeyron Mendeleev c dng:
PV

m
m
RT M
RT
M
PV

Trong :
M l khi lung phn t ca cht kh (g)
m l khi lng ca cht kh (g)
P l p sut cht kh (atm, mmHg)
V l th tch ca cht kh (l,)
T l nhit ca cht kh (K)
R l hng s kh l tng (R = 0,082 (l.atm/mol.K))
(R = 62 400 (mmHg.ml/mol.K))
Da vo phng trnh trng thi kh l tng, chng ta c th xc nh c khi
lng phn t cht kh mt cch gn ng khi bit: m, P, V v T ca n.
Kh oxi c iu ch bng cch nhit phn KClO3 c mt xc tc l MnO2:
2KCLO3 MnO
2 2KCl 3O 2

5.4. Thc hnh


5.4.1. Dng c v ha cht
5.4.1.1. Dng c
- ng ong 100
- Chu thy tinh
- ng nghim chu nhit
- Nhit k

- n cn
- Gi st
- ng cao su dn kh
- Cn in t ( chnh xc 0,01g)

5.4.1.2. Ha cht
- Tinh th KClO3
- Tinh th MnO2
5.4.2. Cch tin hnh
Lp b dng c nh hnh v:

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Hnh 5.1. S dng trong th nghim iu ch kh O2


Ly khong 0,2g KClO3 v 0,04g MnO2 trn u vi nhau trn t giy bng knh, sau
cun trn t giy cho ton b hn hp vo ng nghim chu nhit ( c sy kh).
Cn ng nghim cha hn hp trn bng cn k thut in t (c chnh xc 0,01g), c
khi lng m1.
Lp ng nghim vo gi , y tht cht ming ng nghim bng nt cao su c ng
dn kh. Cho nc vo y ng ong dung tch 100ml, dng bn tay bt cht ming ng
ong v p ngc ng ong vo mt chu thy tinh cha y nc (ch : Thao tc cn
thn v kho lo sao cho khng bt kh trong ng ong).
a u ng dn kh vo ming ng ong, dng ngn la n cn un nh ton ng
nghim, sau tp trung ti phn y ng nghim ng hn hp KClO3 v MnO2, kh O2 s
t t thot ra v y nc trong ng ong ra ngoi (trng hp mt nc trong ng ong
thp hn mt nc trong chu khi phn ng kt thc th phi gim lng KClO3 v MnO2).
n lc khng cn bt kh thot ra u ng dn kh th ko ng dn kh ra khi chu thy
tinh.
i cho nhit tr li nhit phng, c th tch O2 (VO ) v chiu cao ct nc
2

trong ng ong (h).


Cn li khi lng ng nghim cha hn hp cn li sau phn ng (m2).
Tnh ton
T phng trnh trng thi kh l tng, khi lng phn t ca O2 c tnh theo
cng thc: M O
2

mO2
PO2 .VO2

RT

Trong :

mO2 m1 m2 ( g )
PO2 PKQ Phbh( H 2O )

h
13,6

PKQ 760mmHg

Phbh( H 2O) : p sut hi nc bo ha (ph thuc nhit )


h: khong cch t mt nc trong chu n mt nc trong ng ong (mm)
5.5. Cu hi
1. Nhng i lng no c trng cho trng thi cht kh? Mi lin h gia chng?
2. Nu nguyn tc iu ch oxi trong phng th nghim? Vai tr ca MnO 2 trong phn
ng nhit phn KClO3 l g?

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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3. Ti sao khi phn ng xong phi tho ng dn ri mi tt n cn? V sao phi khi
trong ng o tr v nhit phng ri mi cn ng nghim, c th tch kh oxi v o chiu
cao h?

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Bi 6. XC NH KHI LNG NGUYN T KIM LOI


6.1. Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng xc nh khi lng nguyn t ca
mt s nguyn t kim loi (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn,) da trn nguyn tc thc nghim ca
Duylong-Petit.
6.2. Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v nhit dung, nhit dung ring, nhit dung
nguyn t, quy tc thc nghim ca Duylong-Petit, ng lng ca nguyn t, mi quan
h gia ng lng v khi lng nguyn t, khi lng phn t.
6.3. Tm tt l thuyt
- Nhit dung ring ca mt cht l nhit lng ta ra hay thu vo khi nhit ca 1g
cht bin i 1 . n v o: cal/g.K.
- Nhit dung ca mt h l nhit lng ta ra hay thu vo khi nhit ca h bin
i 1 . n v o: cal/K.
- Nhit dung nguyn t ca kim loi l nhit lng ta ra hay thu vo khi nhit
ca 1 mol nguyn t kim loi bin i 1 .
- Quy tc thc nghim ca Duylong-Petit: Nhit dung nguyn t ca mt s kim
loi (khi lng nguyn t > 40) u xp x bng 6,3 cal.
A.C 6,3
Trong :
- A l khi lng nguyn t ca kim loi
- C l nhit dung ring ca kim loi
- Mi lin h gia ng lng, khi lng nguyn t v ha tr ca nguyn
t:
n

Trong :

A
D

- A l khi lng nguyn t ca nguyn t


- l ng lng ca nguyn t
- n l ha tr ca nguyn t
- Da theo quy tc Duylong-Petit, ta c th xc nh c khi lng nguyn t ca
kim loi: bng thc nghim, ta xc nh nhit dung ring (C) ca kim loa. T tnh c
khi lng nguyn t gn ng (Ag) ca kim loi theo cng thc: Ag 6,3/C. T gi tr
ng lng chnh xc bit ca kim loi, ta tnh c ha tr gn ng (n) ca kim loi theo
cng thc: n=Ag/. Sau khi lm trn ha tr n ca kim loi l n, ta tnh c khi lng
nguyn t chnh xc ca kim loi theo cng thc: A = n.D.
6.4. Thc hnh
6.4.1. Dng c v ha cht
6.4.1.1. Dng c
- Nhit lng k
- ng ong 250, 500
- Cn k thut in t ( chnh xc 0,01g)
- Cc thy tinh 250, 500
- Bnh nh mc 250
- a khuy
- Nhit k ( chnh xc 0,10C)
6.4.1.2. Ha cht
Kim loi cn xc nh khi lng nguyn t (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd,)
6.4.2. Cch tin hnh
Chun b b nhit lng k nh hnh v
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Hnh 6.1. Nhit lng k n gin


Ly ming kim loi cn xc nh khi lng nguyn t em cn khi lng chnh xc ca
n (mkl) bng cn k thut in t.
Ch : Trc khi em cn ming kim loi phi dng giy nhm nh sch b mt
ming kim loi.
Buc ming kim loi vo si ch v nhng vo cc nc ang c un si trong
khong thi gian 10 15 pht. Dng nhit k o nhit si ca nc (T1).
Cn khi lng ca cc thy tinh bn trong nhit lng k (mtt). Cho nc vo
khong dung tch ca cc v cn li thu c khi lng ca cc v nc (m2). t cc
ny vo bn trong nhit lng k, dng nhit k o nhit T2 ca nc. Chuyn tht
nhanh ming kim loi ang c un nng vo cc bn trong nhit lng k, khuy u,
i khong 1 2 pht, xc nh nhit cc i ca nc (T3).
Tnh ton:
- Nhit dung ring ca kim loi c xc nh da vo nh lut bo ton nng lng: nhit
lng do ming kim loi ta ra bng nhit lng do cc thy tinh v nc bn trong nhit
lng k thu vo.
- Khi lng nc trong cc bn trong nhit lng k bng:
mH 2O m2 mtt

- Lng nhit m cc thy tinh v nc thu vo l:


Qthu mH 2O .C H 2O (T3 T2 ) mtt .C tt (T3 T2 )

- Lng nhit m ming kim loi ta ra l:


Qtoa mkl .Ckl (T1 T3 )

Trong :
- C H O l nhit dung ring ca nc (1 cal/g.K)
- C tt l nhit dung ring ca thy tinh ( C tt = 0,19 cal/g.K)
Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit:
2

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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mkl .C kl (T1 T3 ) mH 2O .C H 2O (T3 T2 ) mtt .Ctt (T3 T2 )


C kl

(m H 2O 0,19m tt )(T3 T2 )
mkl (T1 T3 )

- Tnh khi lng gn ng ca kim loi theo cng thc:


Agd

6,3
C kl

- Xc nh ha tr kim loi theo cng thc:


n'

Agd
D

(lm trn n c n)

- Xc nh nguyn t lng chnh xc ca kim loi:


Acx n.D

6.5. Cu hi
1. Trnh by mi quan h gia khi lng nguyn t, khi lng phn t v ng lng
ca nguyn t, hp cht.
2. Nu cc nguyn nhn dn n sai s trong qu trnh th nghim.

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Bi 7. XC NH NHIT HA TAN - NHIT TRUNG HA


7.1. Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng xc nh hiu ng nhit ca cc qu
trnh ha tan, hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trung ho gia axit mnh v baz mnh bng
thc nghim.
7.2. Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ha hc, nh lut
Hess, phng php tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng t sinh nhit, thiu nhit.
7.3. Tm tt l thuyt
Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ho hc l nhit lng to ra hay thu vo khi mt phn
ng ho hc xy ra. n v o ca hiu ng nhit l kcal/mol hay kJ/mol.
nh lut Hess l nh lut c bn ca nhit ho hc, n l h qu trc tip ca nh
lut bo ton nng lng.
Ni dung ca nh lut Hess: Trong iu kin nhit hoc p sut khng i,
hiu ng nhit ch ph thuc vo bn cht v trng thi ca cht u v sn phm m
khng ph thuc vo cch tin hnh phn ng.
T nh lut Hess, chng ta rt ra 2 h qu quan trng l:
- Hiu ng nhit ca mt phn ng bng tng sinh nhit ca sn phm tr i tng
sinh nhit ca cht u (c nhn vi h s t lng ca cc cht trong phng trnh phn
ng).
- Hiu ng nhit ca mt phn ng bng tng thiu nhit ca cht u tr i tng
thiu nhit ca sn phm (c nhn vi h s t lng ca cc cht trong phng trnh phn
ng).
Da vo 2 h qu ny, chng ta c th tnh c hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng ho
hc.
Bng thc nghim, chng ta c th xc nh c hiu ng nhit ca mt phn ng
ho hc khi bit nhit lng to ra hay thu vo (Q) ca nhit lng k khi phn ng ha hc
xy ra. Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng c tnh theo cng thc:
H = - Q
Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trung ho l lng nhit to ra khi mt mol H3O+ tc
dng vi mt mol OH-.
Phn ng trung ho gia axit mnh v baz mnh c th vit nh sau:
H3 O+ +
OH=
2H2O
Htrung ho
Do , hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trung ho axit mnh bng baz mnh c th xem
l hiu ng nhit ca phn ng to thnh nc t ion H3O+ v OH-. Lng nhit ny khng
thay i khi thay i cc axit hay baz mnh khc nhau.
7.4. Thc hnh
7.4.1. Dng c v ho cht
7.4.1.1. Dng c
- B nhit lng k
- ng ong 100, 250, 500
- Cc thu tinh 250, 500
- a khuy
- Phu thu tinh nh
- Nhit k
7.4.1.2. Ho cht
- Dung dch HCl 1M
- Dung dch NaOH 1M
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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7.4.2. Cc tin hnh


7.4.2.1. Xc nh nhit dung ca cc thu tinh bn trong nhit lng k
- Dng ng ong ly 100ml nc ct cho vo cc thu tinh, o nhit ca cc nc
nhit phng (T1).
- Dng ng ong ly 100ml nc ct c un nng nhit khong 50oC cho vo
cc bn trong ca nhit lng k. Dng a thu tinh khuy u sao cho nhit ng u
trong ton b nhit lng k, i 2 pht sau, ghi nhit ca ton b nhit lng k l T2.

Hnh 7.1. Dng c xc nh nhit phn ng


1. Tecmot; 2. V bc cch nhit; 3. Np bng polistyren; 4. a khuy; 5. Mt
khuy; 6. Phu; 7. Nhit k
- Cho tip 100ml nc ct cc bn ngoi c nhit T1 vo cc bn trong nhit lng k.
Dng a thu tinh khuy u sao cho nhit ng u trong ton b nhit lng k, i
khong 2 pht, ghi nhit ca ton b nhit lng k l T3.
p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng: Nhit lng thu vo bi 100ml nc nhit
phng T1 bng nhit lng to ra bi 100ml nc v cc bn trong nhit lng k nhit
T2:
mH 2O .C H 2O .(T3 T1 ) (T2 T3 )(mH 2O .C H 2O mcoc .Ccoc )

Trong :
- mH O l khi lng ca nc ( mH O = 100g)
- C H O l nhit dung ring ca nc ( C H O = 1cal/g.K)
2

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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- mcoc .Ccoc l nhit dung ca cc bn trong nhit lng k, c xem l nhit dung ca nhit
lng k.
Nhit dung ca cc bn trong nhit lng k c tnh theo cng thc:
mcoc .Ccoc

mH 2O .C H 2O (T3 T1 ) mH 2O .C H 2O (T2 T3 )
(T2 T3 )

7.4.2.2. Xc nh nhit ha tan ca KNO3 trong nc


- Dng ng ong ly chnh xc 100ml nc ct vo nhit lng k. o nhit ca
nc ct nhit phng (c nhit T1).
- Cn chnh xc mt lng KNO3 (khong 5g) bng cn phn tch cho vo bnh nhit lng
k khuy u cho mui tan hon ton, ghi nhit ca bnh nhit lng k lc ny (c
nhit T2).
- T cc gi tr T1 v T2, nhit lng ca qu trnh ha tan l:
Q (mKNO3 C KNO3 mcoc .Ccoc ).(T2 T1 )

Trong :

- mKNO l khi lng ca KNO3


- C KNO l nhit dung ring ca KNO3
3

Vy nhit ha tan ca KNO3 l: H = - Q (kcal/mol)


7.4.2.3. Xc nh nhit pha long ca H2SO4 5M thnh 0,05M
- Dng ng ong ly chnh xc 500ml nc ct vo nhit lng k. o nhit ca
nc ct nhit phng (c nhit T1).
- Ly 5 dung dch H2SO4 5M cho vo nhit lng k, khuy u, o nhit T2.
7.4.2.4. Xc nh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trung ho
- Dng ng ong ly 100ml dung dch NaOH 1M cho vo cc thu tinh bn ngoi.
- Dng ng ong ly 100ml dung dch HCl 1M cho vo cc bn trong nhit lng k. o
nhit ca 2 dung dch ny l T1.
- nhanh cc cha dung dch NaOH 1M vo cc cha dung dch HCl 1M bn trong nhit
lng k, khuy u dung dch trong nhit lng k, i 2 pht sau, ghi nhit cao nht
ca ton b nhit lng k l T2.
- T cc gi tr T1 v T2, ta c th tnh c hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trung ho:
HCl +
NaOH
=
NaCl +
H2 O
- Nhit lng to ra bi phn ng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q (ma Ca mb Cb mcoc .Ccoc ).(T2 T1 )

Trong :
- Ca v Cb l nhit dung ring ca dung dch axit v baz
- ma v mb l khi lng ca dung dch axit v baz
Gi thit:
- Nhit dung ring ca dung dch NaOH 1M v HCl 1M l 1cal/g.K
- Khi lng ring ca dung dch NaOH 1M v HCl 1M l 1g/ml
T tnh c hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trung ho:
H = - Q (kcal/mol)
7.5. Cu hi
1. Th no l hiu ng nhit ca phn ng?
2. Trnh by cc ni dung v h qu ca nh lut Hess.
3. Nu cc nguyn nhn dn n sai s trong qu trnh th nghim.
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Bi 8. DUNG DCH M
8.1. Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v kh nng xc nh cc loi dung dch m v
cch tnh pH ca cc loi dung dch m.
8.2. Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v cc h m axit, h m baz, c s l thuyt
v cch tnh pH ca cc loi h m .
8.3. Tm tt l thuyt
8.3.1. nh ngha
Dung dch m l dung dch c gi tr pH xc nh v hu nh khng thay i khi pha
long hoc thm vo mt lng nh axit hay baz.
C hai loi dung dch m: h m axit v h m baz.
+ Dung dch m axit c to thnh bng cch trn mt axit yu vi mui ca n.
+ Dung dch m baz c to thnh bng cch trn mt baz yu vi mui ca n.
8.3.2. Nguyn tc
8.3.2.1. H m axit
Xt h m axetat c to thnh t CH3COOH v CH3COO-. Trong dung dch axitt
axetic c cc phng trnh in li:
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+ (1)
Khi cho thm CH3COONa vo dung dch trn, mui tan nm di dng ion Na+ v
CH3COO-:
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + Na+ (2)
Trong dung dch m CH3COOH/CH3COONa c cc cn bng in li nh sau:
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+ (1)
CH3COONa
CH3COO- + Na+ (2)
Do nng ion CH3COO- trong dung dch tng lm cho phn ng (1) chuyn dch
theo chiu nghch dn ti nng ion H+ trong dung dch gim i (pH tng).
Khi thm vo dung dch mt t axit mnh th lng ion H+ tng, khi cc ion H+
ny s kt hp vi cc ion CH3COO- trong dung dch to thnh CH3COOH km in li.
Nh vy lng ln ion H+ b gim xung v lm cho pH dung dch khng thay i ng k.
Khi thm vo dung dch mt t baz th ion H+ c trong dung dch s kt hp vi ion
OH- to thnh H2O lm gim ion H+. S gim ion H+ lm cho phn ng (1) chuyn dch
theo chiu thun sinh ra mt lng H+ mi b lng phn ng vi OH- v nh vy
pH ca dung dch s thay i rt t.
Khi pha long dung dch pH khng thay i ng k v s gim nng ion H + do
in li ca axit tng khi pha long.
8.3.2.2. H m baz
Xt h m baz amoni c to thnh t NH4OH v NH4.
Trong dung dch amoniac c cn bng :
NH4OH

NH4+ + OH- (3)


Khi cho thm NH4Cl vo, phn mui amoni clorua tan nm di dng cc ion NH4+
v Cl-:
NH4Cl

NH4+ + Cl- (4)


Do nng ion NH4+ trong dung dch tng lm phn ng (3) chuyn dch theo chiu
nghch dn ti nng ion OH- trong dung dch gim i (pH gim).
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Trong dung dch m NH4OH/NH4Cl c cc cn bng in li nh sau:


NH4OH NH4+ + OH(3)
+
NH4Cl NH4 + Cl
(4)
Gii thch tng t nh i vi h m axit ta thy khi thm vo dung dch m
baz cc dung dch axit (hoc baz) mnh vi mt lng xc nh ta cng thy pH ca
dung dch m hu nh t thay i.
8.3.3. Cch tnh pH ca dung dch m
8.3.3.1. H m axit
pH = pKa + lg

Cm
Ca

pKa = -lgKa
Vi Ka, Ca l hng s in li v nng ca axit yu
Cm l nng mui ca axit
8.3.3.2. H m baz
Cm
v pKb = -lgKb
Cb
C
pH = 14- pOH = 14 (pKb + lg m )
Cb

pOH = pKb + lg

Vi Kb, Cb l hng s in li v nng ca baz yu.


Cm l nng mui ca baz.
Nhn xt :
V pKa, pKb l hng s nn pH ca cc dung dch m ch ph thuc vo t s Cm/Ca hay
Cm/Cb. T s ny khng thay i khi pha long nn pH ca dung dch m cng khng thay
i khi pha long.
8.4. Thc hnh
8.4.1. Dng c ha cht
8.4.1.1. Dng c
- ng nghim
- Pipet 2
- ng nh git
8.4.1.2. Ha cht
- HCl 0,1M
- NH4Cl 0,1M
- NH4OH 0,1M
- CH3COOH 0,1M
- CH3COONa 0,1M
- NaOH 0,1M
- Metyl da cam
- Alizarin yellow
- Phenolphtalein
8.4.2. Cch tin hnh
Th nghim 1
Tin hnh ly cc dung dch nh sau v ghi nhn li mu sc:
ng Thnh phn dung dch
Mu sc
1
2 HCl 0,1M + 1 git metyl da cam
2
2 NaOH 0,1M + 1git metyl da cam
3
2 NaOH 0,1M + 1 git phenolphtalein
4
2ml HCl 0,1M + 1 git alizarin yellow
5
2 NaOH 0,1M + 1 git alizarin yellow
Th nghim 2: iu ch dung dch m
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Ly vo cc ng nghim theo ng th t cc dung dch sau, lc u, ghi nhn mu


sc M1 ca mi ng nghim:
ng 1: Ly 4 nc ct v 1 git metyl da cam
ng 2: Ly 2 dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M v 1 git metyl da cam
ng 3: Ly 2 dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M v 1 git metyl da cam
ng 4: Ly 2 dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M v 1 git metyl da cam
ng 5: Ly 4 nc ct v 1 git phenolphtalein
ng 6: Ly 2 dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M v 1 git phenolphtalein
Thm vo cc ng nghim trn cc dung dch sau, lc u, ghi li mu M2:
ng 1: Gi nguyn
ng 2: Thm 2 nc
ng 3: Thm 2 dung dch CH3COONa 0,1M (cho tng git)
ng 4: Thm 2 dung dch CH3COONa 0,1M v 2 nc (cho tng git)
ng 5: Gi nguyn
ng 6: Thm 2 dung dch CH3COONa 0,1M (cho tng git)
Th nghim 3: Th tnh m
Thm t t tng git dung dch HCl 0,1M vo cc ng nghim 1, 2, 3, 4. Lc u
cho cc ng nghim trn chuyn sang mu , ghi nhn lng HCl 0,1M dng.
Thm t t tng git dung dch NaOH 0,1M vo cc ng nghim 5 v 6. Lc u
cho ti khi cc dung dch trong ng nghim 5 v 6 i sang mu hng, ghi nhn lng
NaOH 0,1M dng.
Th nghim 4 : iu ch dung dch m
Ly vo cc ng nghim cha cc dung dch sau, lc u, ghi nhn mu sc M3 ca
mi ng nghim:
ng 1: Ly 4ml nc ct v 1 git Alizarin yellow
ng 2: Ly 2ml dung dch NH4OH 0,1M v 1 git Alizarin yellow
ng 3: Ly 2ml dung dch NH4OH 0,1M v 1 git Alizarin yellow
ng 4: Ly 2ml dung dch NH4OH 0,1M v 1 git Alizarin yellow
ng 5: Ly 4ml nc ct v 1 git metyl da cam
ng 6: Ly 2ml dung dch NH4OH 0,1M v 1 git metyl da cam
Thm vo cc ng nghim cc dung dch sau, lc u, ghi nhn mu M4:
ng 1: Gi nguyn
ng 2: Thm 2ml nc
ng 3: Thm 2ml dung dch NH4Cl 0,1M (cho tng git)
ng 4: Thm 2ml dung dch NH4Cl 0,1M v 2 nc (cho tng git)
ng 5: Gi nguyn
ng 6: Thm 2ml dung dch NH4Cl 0,1M (cho tng git)
Th nghim 5: Th tnh m
Thm t t tng git dung dch NaOH 0,1M vo cc ng nghim 7, 8, 9, 10. Lc u
cho ti khi cc dung dch trong ng nghim trn i mu, ghi nhn lng NaOH 0,1M
dng
Thm t t tng git dung dch HCl 0,1M vo cc ng nghim 11, 12. Lc u cho
ti khi cc dung dch trong ng nghim 11 v 12 i mu, ghi nhn lng HCl 0,1M
dng.
Ch : Tit kim ha cht, cc cht ch th mu nn cho mt lng nh c th d dng
quan st s thay i mu sc.
8.5. Cu hi
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Vai tr ca dung dch m? C my loi dung dch m?

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Bi 9. PHA DUNG DCH. CHUN AXIT BAZ


9.1. Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng pha cc dung dch c nng khc
nhau, chun xc nh nng chnh xc ca dung dch.
9.2. Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v nng dung dch, cc phng php chun
axit baz.
9.3. Tm tt l thuyt
9.3.1. Nng dung dch
biu din thnh phn dung dch, ngi ta dng khi nim nng . Trong ho hc
thng s dng cc loi nng sau:
9.3.2. Nng phn trm (%)
Nng phn trm c tnh bng s phn khi lng cht tan trong 100 phn khi
lng dung dch.
9.3.3. Nng mol/l (M)
Nng mol/l c tnh bng s mol cht tan c trong mt lt dung dch.
9.3.4. Nng ng lng (N)
ng lng ca mt nguyn t l s phn khi lng ca nguyn t c th tc
dng hoc thay th va vi 1 phn khi lng hydro hoc 8 phn khi lng oxy.
ng lng ca mt hp cht l s phn khi lng ca cht tc dng va vi
mt ng lng ca mt nguyn t hay hp cht khc.
ng lng gam ca mt cht l lng cht tnh ra gam, c s ch gam bng ch
s ng lng ca cht .
Nng ng lng ca dung dch c tnh bng s ng lng gam cht tan c
trong 1 lt dung dch.
9.3.5. nh lut ng lng
Ni dung nh lut ng lng: Cc cht phn ng vi nhau theo nhng khi lng
t l vi ng lng ca chng hay Cc cht phn ng vi nhau theo nhng s ng
lng nh nhau.
Ta c:

mA DA

m B DB

Trong :

mA, mB l khi lng hai cht A v B tham gia kt hp vi nhau


A, B l ng lng ca hai cht A v B.
p dng nh lut ng lng cho phn ng xy ra trong dung dch: gi s c hai
cht A v B phn ng vi nhau:
A
+
B

C
Gi NA, NB ln lt l nng dung dch A v B.
VA, VB l th tch dung dch A v B phn ng va vi nhau.
Theo nh lut ng lng, cc cht A v B phn ng va vi nhau theo s ng
lng nh nhau. Do : VA.NA = VB.NB
9.3.6. Phng php chun
Chun l qu trnh xc nh nng cht A bng cch thm dn dn dung dch cht
B phn ng vi n bit chnh xc nng . im m 2 cht A v B phn ng va vi
nhau (gi l im tng ng) c xc nh nh cht ch th.
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Hnh 9.1. Cch chun


T nng ng lng ca dung dch B (NB), th tch dung dich B (VB) v th tch
dung dch A (VA) phn ng va vi nhau, ta tnh c nng ng lng cht A
(NA) da vo nh lut ng lng.
C nhiu phng php chun : chun axit - baz, chun oxi ho - kh, chun
kt ta, chun to phc
9.3.7. Chun axit - baz
Nguyn tc ca phng php l da vo phn ng trung ho:
H+ + OH- H2O
Phng php ny c s dng xc nh nng ca cc dung dch axit (HCl,
H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH) bng dung dch kim (NaOH, KOH) bit chnh xc
nng hoc ngc li. xc nh im tng ng, cn phi dng cht ch th mu
axit - baz (phenolphtalein, qu tm, metyl da cam).
9.3.8. Chun oxi ho - kh
Nguyn tc ca phng php l da vo phn ng oxi ho - kh:
Kh1 + Ox 2 Kh 2 + Ox 1
Phng php ny c s dng xc nh nng cc cht oxi ho hoc kh.
xc nh nng ca cc cht oxi ho (MnO4-, CrO4-, ClO3-, ) ngi ta dng cc cht
kh (Fe(II), C2O42-, H2O2, I-, SO32-, ) bit nng chnh xc.
9.4.Thc hnh
9.4.1. Dng c v ho cht
9.4.1.1. Dng c
- Cn phn tch ( chnh xc 0,0001g) - Phu thu tinh
- ng ong 250
- Pipet 5, 10
- Bnh nh mc 250
- Buret 25
9.4.1.2. Ho cht
- Dung dch HCl c (37,2%, d = 1,19)
- Dung dch NaOH 0,5N
- Ch th phenolphtalein
9.4.2. Cch tin hnh
9.4.2.1. Pha dung dch HCl 1N t dung dch HCl c
Hy tnh xem cn dng bao nhiu dung dch HCl c pha 250ml dung dch HCl 1N.
Dng pipet c bp cao su ly lng HCl c cn thit vo bnh nh mc c dung tch
250ml v thm nc ct cho ti vch mc v lc u.
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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9.4.2.2. Chun
xc nh nng chnh xc ca dung dch HCl 1N va pha, chng ta s dng
phng php chun axit - baz:
Dng pipet ly chnh xc 5 dung dch HCl va pha cho vo bnh tam gic, thm tip vi
git phenolphtalein. Dng bnh tia ra nhng git dung dch HCl bm trn thnh bnh tam gic.
Dng bnh tia ra buret bng nc ct, ly mt t dung dch NaOH 0,5N vo trng
buret, sau dung dch NaOH 0,5N vo buret cho ti vch 0.
Cm bnh tam gic tay phi, tay tri m kho buret cho tng git dung dch NaOH
vo, ng thi lc trn bnh tam gic trn u dung dch v quan st mu ca dung dch.
Khi ti gn im tng ng (mu hng chm mt dn) th phi nh tht t t dung dch
NaOH. Ti lc dung dch trung ha (gi l im tng ng) th mt git dung dch
NaOH d s lm cho dung dch c mi trng kim v phenolphtalein chuyn thnh mu
hng bn trong 30 giy. Ghi th tch dung dch NaOH tiu tn.
Lp li qu trnh chun 3 ln, ly gi tr trung bnh v tnh nng chnh xc ca
dung dch HCl theo cng thc:
N HCl

VNaOH .N NaOH
VHCl

9.5. Cu hi
1. Khi trung ha 50ml dung dch axit clohiric 0,1M bng 50ml dung dch natri
hiroxit 0,1M. Tnh pH ca dung dch:
- Trc khi cho natri hiroxit
- Khi trung ha lng axit
- Ti im tng ng.
V sao li chn phenolphatalein lm cht ch th. C th dung metyl da cam c
khng?
2. Phi dung bao nhiu gam tinh th hexahirat ca canxi clorua iu ch 200ml
dung dch canxi clorua 30%(d = 1,282). Nng mol dung dch canxi clorua Ca2+, Clbng bao nhiu?

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Bi 10. CHUN OXY HA KH


10.1. Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng pha cc dung dch c nng khc
nhau, chun xc nh nng chnh xc ca dung dch.
10.2. Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v nng dung dch, cc phng php chun
oxy ho - kh.
10.3. Tm tt l thuyt
Xem Bi 7
10.4. Thc hnh
10.4.1. Dng c v ho cht
10.4.1.1. Dng c
- Cn phn tch ( chnh xc 0,0001g) - Phu thu tinh
- ng ong 250
- Pipet 5, 10
- Bnh nh mc 250
- Buret 25
10.4.1.2. Ho cht
- Dung dch H2SO4 m c
- Dung dch KMnO4 0,1N
- Dung dch H2C2O4 0,1N
10.4.2. Cch tin hnh
10.4.2.1. Pha long dung dch
Pha 100ml dung dch KMnO4 0,01N t dung dch KMnO4 0,1N (c sn PTN).
Tnh th tch dung dch KMnO4 0,1N cn dng pha trong bnh nh mc 100ml.
10.4.2.2. Chun
xc nh chnh xc nng ca dung dch KMnO4 va pha, chng ta s dng
phng php chun oxi ho - kh vi cht kh H2C2O4 trong mi trng axit.
Dng bnh tia ra sch buret bng nc ct, trng buret bng dung dch KMnO4 sau
cho dung dch KMnO4 0,1N vo buret n vch 0 (ch phi ui ht kh u di
buret ra ngoi). Dng pipet ly chnh xc 10ml dung dch H2C2O4 vo bnh tam gic, thm
khong 1ml dung dch H2SO4 2N lm mi trng, un nng n 700C 800C (khng c
n si). Sau em chun bng dung dch KMnO4. T buret nh dung dch KMnO4
vo bnh tam gic cn ang nng (ly bnh khi bp un v chun ngay), lc trn trn
u dung dch. Chun cho n khi dung dch trong erlen c mu hng nht bn trong
khong 1 pht. Ghi th tch dung dch KMnO4 tiu tn, lp li qu trnh chun 3 ln, ly
gi tr trung bnh.
Theo nh lut ng lng, nng chnh xc ca dung dch KMnO4 c tnh theo
cng thc:
N KMnO4

N H 2C2O4 .VH 2C2O4


VKMnO4

Ch :
- Phi chun ngay khi dung dch ang nng (nu dung dch si th s lm thay i
nng dung dch) do thao tc phi ht sc cn thn trnh gy bng ra tay.
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Khi bt u chun ch cho vi git KMnO4 khi mo phn ng, sau tng tc
bng cch cho nhanh KMnO4 xung erlen, khi gn im tng ng th cho
chm li trnh l qua im tng ng.
- Khi ti im tng ng d mt git KMnO4 s xut hin mu hng nht bn trong
vng mt pht, lu dung dch s ha kt ta nu en.
10.5. Cu hi
1. Phi dng bao nhiu gam tinh th hexahidrat ca canxi clorua iu ch 200 dung
dch canxi clorua 30% (d = 1,282). Nng mol dung dch canxi clorua, Ca2+, Cl- bng bao
nhiu?
Trong phng th nghim c sn nc ct, cc dung dch canxi clorua 20% (d = 1,177)
v dung dch 40% (d = 1,396). Tm cch pha dung dch ni trn bng hai phng php n
gin, khc nhau.
2. ng lng ca mt cht l g? Cch tm ng lng ca mt hp cht trong
phn ng trung ho, phn ng oxi ho - kh.
3. Php chun l g? Phn bit dung dch chun v dung dch cn chun . Th
no l im tng ng?
-

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Bi 11. PHN NG OXI HO KH


11.1. Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng thc hin mt s phn ng oxi ho kh, phn bit cc loi phn ng oxi ho - kh, nm c chiu xy ra ca phn ng oxi
ho - kh.
11.2. Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v th oxi ho - kh, chiu ca phn ng oxi ho kh, phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ho - kh.
11.3. Tm tt l thuyt
11.3.1. Phn ng oxi ho - kh
Phn ng oxi ho - kh l phn ng c s thay i mc oxi ho ca cc nguyn t
trc v sau phn ng. Nguyn nhn dn n s thay i mc oxi ho ca cc nguyn t l
do s chuyn di in t t nguyn t ny sang nguyn t khc.
Cht oxi ho l cht nhn in t. Mt s cht oxi ho in hnh: Cc n cht ca
nguyn t c m in ln ( F2, Cl2, O2,), cc cation kim loi c mc oxi ho cao (Sn4+,
Fe3+, Ce4+, ), cc anion phc tp trong nguyn t trung tm c mc oxi ho cao
(CrO42-, Cr2O72-, ClO-, MnO4-, )
Cht kh l cht nhng in t. Mt s cht kh in hnh: Cc n cht ca
nguyn t c m in b ( kim loi kim, kim th, cc kim loi khc,), cc cation kim
loi c mc oxi ho thp, km bn (Fe2+, Ge2+,Cr3+ ), cc anion phc tp trong nguyn
t trung tm c mc oxi ho cao (SO32-, NO2- ,)
Qu trnh nhn electron ca cht oxi ho gi l qu trnh kh. Qu trnh nhng
electron ca cht kh gi l qu trnh oxi ho.
11.3.2. Cp oxi ho - kh lin hp
Mt cht (nguyn t, phn t, ion,) dng oxi ho sau khi nhn electron s
chuyn thnh dng kh tng ng.
V d:
Cu2+ + 2e = Cu
Cl2 + 2e = 2ClChng to thnh cp oxi ho - kh lin hp, c k hiu l Cu2+/Cu, Cl2/2Cl-.
11.3.3. Chiu ca phn ng oxi ho - kh
Mt cch tng qut, chiu ca phn ng oxi ho - kh c xc nh nh sau:
Ox1 +
Kh2
Kh1 +
Ox2
vi th oxi ho - kh ca cp oxi ho - kh Ox1/Kh1 ln hn cp Ox2/Kh2. Ngha l: dng
oxi ho ca cp oxi ho - kh c th oxi ho - kh b hn.
11.4. Thc hnh
11.4.1. Dng c v ho cht
11.4.1.1. Dng c
- Kp ng nghim
- Bnh tia
- ng nghim
- n cn
- Gi ng ng nghim
11.4.1.2. Ho cht
- Dung dch H2SO4 1M v c
- Dung dch HNO3 c
- Dung dch Na2SO3 bo ho
- Benzen
- Dung dch KBr 2M
- Nc clo, nc brom
- Dung dch KI 2M
- Dung dch KMnO4 0,5N
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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- Dung dch AgNO3 1M


- Dung dch Zn(NO3)2 1M
- Dung dch Fe(NO3)2 1M
- Dung dch CuSO4 1M
- Dung dch FeSO4 0,1M
- Dung dch NaOH 2M
- Km ht, st, ng, bc
- KMnO4 tinh th
- Ch th phenoltalein
11.4.2. Cch tin hnh
Th nghim 1: Chun b 3 ng nghim
- ng 1: cho vo mt ht km + 1 dung dch H2SO4 1M
- ng 2: cho vo mt inh st sch + 1 dung dch H2SO4 1M
- ng 3: cho vo mt mu ng + 1 dung dch H2SO4 1M
Nu cn c th un nh ng nghim bng n cn. Quan st hin tng xy ra, gii
thch v vit cc phng trnh phn ng thu gn.
Th nghim 2: Chun b 2 ng nghim
- ng 1: 1 dung dch H2SO4 c + 1 mu ng
- ng 2: 1 dung dch HNO3 c + 1 mu ng
Quan st hin tng xy ra. un nng cn thn ng nghim th nht n si. Quan
st hin tng xy ra, lu mi kh thot ra v s thay i mu ca dung dch. Vit cc
phng trnh phn ng dng ion thu gn gii thch.
Th nghim 3: Chun b 3 ng nghim
- ng 1: Ly vo ng nghim 1ml kalibromua KBr 2M, thm vo 1 benzen. Lc v quan st
ng nghim. Sau cho t t vi git nc clo vo, ri lc ng nghim. Quan st hin
tng xy ra. Vit phng trnh phn ng dng ion thu gn gii thch.
- ng 2: Chun b ng nghim v lp li th nghim nh trn nhng thay dung dch KBr 2M
bng dung dch kali iodua KI 2M.
- ng 3: Chun b ng nghim v tin hnh th nghim nh trn, nhng ln ny thc hin
vi dung dch KI v nc brom. Ch khng cho d nc brom, v nu d, brom s tan
vo dung mi hu c (benzen) cng vi iot.
Da vo kt qu thu c, so snh tnh oxi ho - kh ca cc halogen.
Th nghim 4: Chun b 3 ng nghim
- ng 1: cho vo 1 dung dch thuc tm KMnO4 0,5M + vi git dung dch H2SO4 c
- ng 1: cho vo 1 dung dch thuc tm KMnO4 0,5M + vi git nc
- ng 1: cho vo 1 dung dch thuc tm KMnO4 0,5M + vi git dung dch NaOH 2M
Thm t t vo 3 ng nghim vi git dung dch natri sunfit Na2SO3 bo ho. Quan
st hin tng xy ra trong mi ng nghim. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng dng ion thu
gn gii thch. Nu nhn xt.
Th nghim 5
un nng cn thn mt t tinh th thuc tm KMnO4 (bng ht ng) trong ng nghim
kh n khi thuc tm b phn hy. Quan st hin tng xy ra. ngui, sau ha tan
sn phm thu c vo nc. Theo di s i mu ca dung dch. Vit phng trnh phn
ng gii thch.
Th nghim 6
Cho mt t tinh th it (hoc mt git brom) vo ng nghim ng 1ml dung dch
NaOH 2M ri un nh. Theo di s i mu ca dung dch. Dng dung dch bc nitrat
AgNO3 pht hin s to thnh ca ion iodua (hoc bromua) trong phn ng trn. Vit
phng trnh phn ng gii thch.
Th nghim 7: Chun b 4 ng nghim
- ng 1: cha 2 dung dch Zn(NO3)2 1M
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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- ng 2: cha 2 dung dch Fe(NO3)2 1M


- ng 3: cha 2 dung dch CuSO4 1M
- ng 4: cha 2 dung dch AgNO3 1M
Thm vo mi ng nghim mt mnh km nh. Quan st hin tng xy ra trong
tng ng nghim. Vit phng trnh phn ng ion gii thch.
Lp li th nghim nh trn nhng ln lt thay mnh km bng st, ng, bc.
T kt qu trn hy sp xp bn kim loi theo km, st, ng, bc th t tnh kh tng
dn.
Th nghim 8: Xc nh chiu ca phn ng sau
MnO4- + Fe2+ + H+ Mn2+ + Fe3+ + H2O
Cho bit:
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e = Mn2+ + 4H2O
E0 = 1,51 (V)
Fe3+ + e = Fe2+
E0 = 0,77 (V)
Thc hin th nghim sau y chng minh
Ly vo ng nghim 5 git dung dch KMnO4 0,1M, vi git dung dch H2SO4 1 M
lm mi trng. Thm tip vi git dung dch FeSO4 0,1M. Quan st hin tng xy ra, gii
thch v vit phng trnh phn ng.
11.5. Cu hi
1. Th no l mt cp oxi ho - kh lin hp?
2. Xc nh chiu ca phn ng gia 2 cp oxi ho - kh lin hp.

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

Trang 44

Trng H BR-VT

Bi 12. DUNG DCH IN LY


12.1. Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng kho st s thu phn ca mui, cn
bng axit baz, cht ch th mu axit baz, iu kin ho tan v to thnh cht kt ta
12.2. Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v phn ng axit baz, phn ng trao i trong
dung dch, s thu phn ca mui, cht in ly t tan.
12.3. Tm tt l thuyt
gii thch kh nng dn in ca dung dch, Arrhenius gi nh cht in ly l
cht phn ly thnh cc ion b solvat ho di tc dng ca cc phn t dung mi.
Tu theo mc dn in ca dung dch m phn bit:
+ Cht in ly mnh l cht ion ho hon ton trong nc
+ Cht in ly yu l cht ch ion ho mt phn trong nc
* in ly
i lng c trng cho mc in ly ca cht in ly trong dung dch nng
xc nh, ngi ta dng in ly :
S phn t in ly

Tng s phn t ho tan


in ly ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht in ly, bn cht ca dung mi, nhit , nng
ca dung dch. Khi tng nng dung dch cht in ly th gim v ngc li.
V d, i vi dung dch HCl:
Nng (M) 0,1
0,05
0,01
0,005
92,0
94,4
97,2
98,1
%
* Hng s in ly
i vi cht in ly yu, s in ly l khng hon ton v c c trng bng mt
i lng l hng s in ly.
V d, cht in ly yu AB: AB A+ + BHng s in ly:
K

A . B

AB

i vi axit yu l hng s in ly axit, k hiu Ka


i vi baz yu l hng s in ly baz, k hiu Kb
Gia hng s in ly K v in ly c mi lin h :

K
C

vi C l nng cht in ly.


Cng thc ny ch ng vi khi << 1.T h thc ny cho thy, khi nng C
gim, in ly tng. Ni cch khc, khi pha long dung dch, s in ly ca cht in ly
tng (nh lut pha long Ostwald).
Nc l cht in ly yu, s t ion ho ca H2O c biu din:
2H2O H3O+ + OHV hng s in ly:
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Trng H BR-VT
K

H O . OH

H O
2

V mc ion ho ca nc rt nh ( 298oK, nc = 1,81.10-9) nn c th xem hot


ca H2O bng n v, hot ca cc ion bng nng ca chng. Vy: [H3O+].[OH-] =
K. Hng s ny gi l tch s ion ca nc. H thc khng ch ng cho nc tinh khit m
cho tt c cc dung dch long ca cc cht trong nc. Trong nc tinh khit 298oK th:
[H3O+] = [OH-] = 1,00.10-7 mol.l-1: mi trng trung tnh
[H3O+] < 1,00.10-7 mol.l-1: mi trng axit
[H3O+] > 1,00.10-7 mol.l-1: mi trng baz
biu th tnh cht mi trng, trong ha hc dng i lng pH, vi pH = lg[H+].
Tng t, c th nh ngha pOH v pK nh sau: pOH = - lg[OH-] v pK = - lgK.
Nh vy c th suy ra:
pH + pOH = pK
pH = pOH = 7: mi trng trung tnh
pH < 7, pOH > 7: mi trng axit
pH > 7, pOH < 7: mi trng baz
do : pH + pOH = 14
* S thu phn ca mui
S thu phn ca mui l phn ng trao i gia cc ion ca mui vi nc to
thnh cht in ly yu ng thi lm thay i pH ca mi trng. Theo Bronsted, thc cht
phn ng thu phn l phn ng trao i proton gia axit baz.
Xt 4 trng hp sau:
1. Mui to bi axit mnh v baz mnh
V d, khi ho tan NaCl vo nc: NaCl(r) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Ion Na+ l axit lin hp ca baz mnh NaOH, khng cho v khng nhn H+;
Ion Cl- l baz lin hp ca axit mnh HCl nn tnh baz rt yu.
Dung dch cha 2 loi ion hon ton trung tnh nn pH ca dung dch = 7.
Dung dch mui to bi axit mnh v baz mnh l dung dch trung tnh.
2. Mui to bi axit mnh v baz yu
V d: Ho tan NH4Cl vo nc:
NH4Cl(r) NH4+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Ion Cl- l baz lin hp ca axit mnh HCl nn tnh baz rt yu;
Ion NH4+ l axit lin hp ca baz NH3 yu nn c th nhng proton cho H2O:
NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) NH4OH + H+
Dung dch c tnh axit (pH < 7).
Hng s thu phn:
K tf

NH 4 OH H NH 4 OH H OH K H O

NH

NH OH

Kb

3. Mui to bi axit yu v baz mnh


V d: Ho tan CH3COONa vo nc:
CH3COONa Na+ + CH3COOCH3COO- l baz ca axit yu CH3COOH nn nhn proton H+ ca H2O
CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OH Dung dch c tnh baz (pH > 7).
Hng s thu phn:
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

Trang 46

Trng H BR-VT
K tf

CH 3COOH OH CH 3COOH OH H K H O

CH COO

CH COO H

Ka

4. Mui to bi axit yu v baz yu


V d: Ho tan mui CH3COONH4 vo nc
CH3COONH4 NH4+ + CH3COONH4+ + CH3COO- + H2O NH4OH + CH3COOH
Trng hp ny c NH4+ v CH3COO- u l cc axit v baz yu. Tnh cht ca mi
trng tu thuc vo mnh tng i ca chng. Khi chng yu nh nhau th mi trng l
trung tnh.
Hng s thu phn:
K tf

CH 3COOH NH 4 OH CH 3COOH NH 4 OH OH H

CH COO NH

CH COO H NH OH

K H 2O
Ka Kb

T trn c th rt ra nhn xt:


+ Mui cng b thu phn mnh khi axit hay baz cng yu.
+ Mui b thu phn mnh khi nng cng nh.
Khi ho tan mt mui t tan AmBn vo nc, nhanh chng c dung dch bo ho.
Nu mui phn li thnh cc ion An+ v Bn+ th gia pha rn v pha dung dch c cn bng:
AmBn (r) mAn+ + nBmHng s cn bng ca cn bng d th ny gi l tch s tan. K hiu l TAmBn:
TAmBn = [An+].[Bm-]n
Tch s tan c trng cho mi cht t tan v ch ph thuc vo nhit v bn cht
ca cht tan. Tch s tan o mc ho tan ca cht. Bit tch s tan, c th tnh c
tan (S) v ngc li.
Dung dch bo ho khi tch s ion = tch s tan: C A .C B n TAmBn
N

Dung dch cha bo ho khi tch s ion < tch s tan: C A .C B

TAmBn

Dung dch cha bo ho khi tch s ion > tch s tan: C A .C B n TAmBn
Nh vy, iu kin ho tan kt ta l tch s ion < tch s tan v iu kin kt ta l
tch s ion > tch s tan.
12.4. Thc hnh
12.4.1. Dng c v ho cht
12.4.1.1. Dng c
- ng nghim
- Bnh tia
- n cn
- Kp ng nghim
12.4.1.2. Ho cht
- Dung dch HCl 0,1M
- Dung dch NaOH 0,1M
- Dung dch Na2SO4 0,1M
- Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M v m c
- Dung dch NH4OH 0,1M v m c - Dung dch SbCl3 0,5M
- Dung dch bo ho SrCl2, CaCl2, K2SO4
- Tinh th CH3COONa, NH4Cl, NaCl, Na2CO3, FeCl3, CH3COONH4, ZnS, CuS.
- Phenolphtalein, qu tm
12.4.2. Cch tin hnh
12.4.2.1. Cn bng trong cc dung dch
Th nghim 1: Cho vo ng nghim, mi ng 4 5 nc ct, sau thm vo mi ng mt
git dung dch NH4OH m c v 2 git phenolphtalein. Mt ng gi nguyn so snh,
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Trng H BR-VT

ng th hai thm vo tinh th NH4Cl. Lc u, so snh mu trong hai ng nghim. Gii


thch.
Th nghim 2: Cho vo 2 ng nghim, mi ng 4 5 nc ct, sau thm vo mi ng
mt git dung dch CH3COOH m c v 2 git metyl da cam. Mt ng gi nguyn so
snh, ng th hai thm vo tinh th CH3COONa. Lc u, so snh mu trong hai ng
nghim. Gii thch.
12.4.2.2. Cht in ly t tan
Th nghim 3: Cho vo 2 ng nghim:
- ng 1: 2 dung dch bo ho SrCl2 + 2 dung dch bo ho Na2SO4.
- ng 2: 2 dung dch bo ho CaCl2 + 2 dung dch bo ho Na2SO4.
Nhn xt, vit phng trnh phn ng. Da vo bng tan ca SrCl 2, CaCl2, Na2SO4
nhit nghin cu v tch s tan ca SrSO4 v CaSO4 gii thch kt qu hai trng hp
trn. T rt ra iu kin to thnh kt ta.
Th nghim 4: Cho vo 2 ng nghim:
- ng 1: mt t tinh th ZnS + 2 nc ct
- ng 2: mt t tinh th CuS + 2 nc ct
Lc u 2 ng nghim. Quan st v cho nhn xt.
Thm vo mi ng 3 dung dch HCl 2M. Quan st hin tng xy ra, cho nhn xt,
gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng di dng ion.
12.4.2.3. S thu phn ca mui
Th nghim 5: Ly vo 5 ng nghim:
- ng 1: mt t tinh th NaCl + 2 nc ct
- ng 2: mt t tinh th Na2CO3 + 2 nc ct
- ng 3: mt t tinh th NH4Cl + 2 nc ct
- ng 4: mt t tinh th FeCl3 + 2 nc ct
- ng 5: mt t tinh th NH4CH3COO + 2 nc ct
Lc u 5 ng nghim cho tan ht. th mi trng trong dung dch bng giy pH.
Lp li th nghim trn nhng th mi trng dung dch bng cch thm vo mi
ng 1-2 git phenolphtalein. Ghi kt qu vo bng nh sau:
ng
Mui
Mu phenolphtalein Mu giy pH
Mi trng
1
2
3
4
5
Th nghim 6: Cho vo ng nghim 4 dung dch NaCH3COO v 2 git phenolphtalein. Lc
u, cho nhn xt. Chia dung dch thnh 2 phn: mt phn gi nguyn so snh; un nng
phn 2 v quan st s bin i mu. Sau ng 2 v nhit phng v quan st s bin
i mu tr li ca dung dch trong ng nghim. Gii thch v rt ra kt lun v nh hng
ca nhit n s thu phn.
Th nghim 7: Cho vo ng nghim 2, 3 git SbCl3 0,5M. Lm long dung dch bng cch
thm 5 nc ct. Quan st hin tng xy ra, gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng thu
phn. Sau thm vi git HCl 1M, lc u, quan st hin tng xy ra, gii thch, vit
phng trnh phn ng.
T rt ra nhn xt g v nh hng ca s pha long n s thu phn ? Mun
ngn nga s thu phn ca mui phi lm nh th no?
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Lu : Khi un dung dch bng ng nghim, phi hng ming ng nghim v pha khng
c ngi. Cm nhn thng vo ming ng nghim. Khi un, cm ci mt vo pha ho cht.
III. Cu hi
1. Cht in ly mnh khc vi cht in ly yu im no? Khi nim tch s tan iu
kin ho tan v kt ta ca cht in ly t tan l g?
2. Tnh nng H+, pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M, tnh in ly ca axit iu kin
cho.

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Bi 13. IN HA HC
13.1. Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng xc nh sc in ng ca nguyn t
Galvani (pin) v kho st qu trnh in phn mt s dung dch cht in ly.
13.2. Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v th in cc, hot ng ca nguyn t Galvani,
qu trnh in phn.
13.3. Tm tt l thuyt
13.3.1. Th in cc
in cc l mt h nhiu pha dn in tip xc vi nhau v trn xy ra phn ng
oxi ho kh. Mi in cc c mt th xc nh, c gi l th in cc. V d in cc
Zn/Zn2+; in cc Ag, AgCl/Cl; in cc Pt, H2/H+; in cc Pt/Fe2+,Fe3+.
Nu nng dung dch cht in ly ca in cc bng n v (1M), nhit 250C
th th in cc c gi l th in cc tiu chun, k hiu 0. V d th in cc tiu
chun ca in cc km: 0Zn2+/Zn = -0,76 V; 0Cu2+/Cu = 0,31 V.
Trng hp cht in ly c nng bt k v nhit 250C, th th in cc c
tnh theo phng trnh Nernst:
0

0, 059 [Ox]
lg
n
[Kh]

13.3.2. Nguyn t Galvani


Nu thc hin phn ng oxi ho kh m qu trnh kh mt ni v qu trnh oxi ho
mt ni khc, ri cho electron chuyn qua dy dn mch ngoi th khi s sinh ra
dng in. Ngha l chng ta chuyn ho nng thnh in nng. l nguyn tc hot
ng ca nguyn t Galvani.
Nhng mun cho electron chuyn ng t ni ny sang ni khc th gia chng phi
c s chnh lch in th. Ngha l phi c 2 v tr c in th khc nhau. Do c c
mt thit b chuyn ho nng thnh in nng (nguyn t Galvani, pin, mch in ho) cn
phi ghp ni 2 in cc c th khc nhau bng dy dn mch ngoi.
V d: Pin Daniel Jacobi
Pin Daniel Jacobi c ghp ni t hai in cc: Cu/Cu2+ v Zn/Zn2+ c cu to
nh sau:

Hnh 13.1. S cu to pin Daniel - Jacobi


+ Hot ng ca pin:
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Trng H BR-VT

- mch ngoi dng in chy t cc Cu sang cc Zn.


- Trong qu trnh hot ng th cc km b mn dn, cn cc ng dy thm.
- in cc Cu c th dng hn gi l cc dng (+).
- in cc Zn c th m hn gi l cc m (-).
- Phn ng xy ra 2 in cc:
cc dng (+): Cu2+ +
2e

Cu
cc m (-):
Zn
2e

Zn2+
Cu2+ +
Zn

Cu
+
Zn2+
Nh vy: cc dng xy ra qu trnh kh, cht oxi ho nhn in t. cc m
xy ra qu trnh oxi ho, cht kh nhng in t.
+ K hiu pin: Theo quy c, k hiu mt pin, ngi ta vit cc m pha bn
tri v cc dng pha bn phi.
i vi pin Daniel Jacobi c k hiu nh sau:
(-) Zn/ZnSO4//CuSO4/Cu (+)
Sc in ng (E) ca nguyn t Galvani chnh bng hiu gia th in cc dng
v in cc m:
E ( ) ( )

Hnh 13.2. Cch o sc in ng ca pin


13.3.3. Chiu ca phn ng oxi ho - kh
Xc nh chiu ca phn ng oxi ho - kh nh sau:
Ox1 +
Kh2 =
Ox2 +
Kh1 (1)
250C
Thit lp pin gm hai in cc Pt/Ox1, Kh1 v Pt/Ox2, Kh2.
Gia bin thin th ng nhit - ng p (G) ca phn ng oxi ho - kh xy ra khi
pin hot ng v sc in ng ca pin c mi quan h:
G = - nFE
phn ng xy ra, theo nhit ng hc th bin thin th ng nhit - ng p G <
0, do sc in ng ca pin E > 0.
Gi s: ox1/kh1 (1 ) ox2/kh2 (2 )
Sc in ng ca pin c ghp ni t 2 in cc trn l E 1 2 . in cc
Pt/Ox1, Kh1 l cc dng, cn in cc Pt/Ox2, Kh2 ng vai tr l cc m.
Khi pin hot ng, 2 in cc xy ra cc phn ng sau:
cc dng (+): Ox1 + ne
Kh1
cc m
(-):
Kh2 - ne
Ox2
Ox1 +
Kh2
Ox2 +
Kh1
Nh vy, nu ox1/kh1 (1 ) ox2/kh2 (2 ) th phn ng (1) xy ra theo chiu t tri sang
phi.
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Tng qut: Mt phn ng oxi ho kh s xy ra theo chiu: Dng oxi ho ca cp oxi


ho - kh c th in cc dng hn s ng vai tr l cht nhn in t.
13.3.4. S in phn
in phn l qu trnh oxi ho - kh xy ra trn b mt in cc khi cho dng in
mt chiu i qua cht in ly trng thi nng chy hay dung dch.
Qu trnh in phn c thc hin trong bnh in phn gm hai in cc nhng
vo dung dch cht in ly (hay cht in ly nng chy) v c ni vi ngun in mt
chiu bn ngoi. Cc m ca ngun in c gi l catt v cc dng gi l ant.
13.3.4.1. in phn dung dch cht in ly nng chy
Qu trnh in phn cht in ly nng chy xy ra rt n gin, bi v 2 in cc
ch c ion ca cht in ly v chng s tham gia phng in.
V d, s in phn NaCl nng chy nhit 8500C.
catt (-): Na+
+e
=
Na

ant (+): Cl
-e
=
1/2Cl2
dpnc
Phn ng tng qut:
NaCl
Na 1/ 2Cl2
13.3.4.2. in phn dung dch cht in ly
Trong trng hp ny, ngoi s c mt ca cc ion ca cht in ly cn c cc ion
+
H v OH do nc in ly nn qu trnh phc tp hn.
Qu trnh xy ra catt: catt s c cc ion kim loi v ion H+. Cc phn ng
c th xy ra l:
Mn+ +
ne
=
M
+
2H
+
2e
=
H2 (nu mi trng axit)
2H2O +
2e
=
H2 +2OH (nu mi trng baz)
Kh nng tham gia phn ng (phng in) ca cc ion catt nh th no? Trong
dung dch nc, cc ion kim loi kim, kim th v ion nhm khng b kh, khi ion H+
s b kh. Nu c mt cc cation kim loi k t Zn tr i trong dy in ho th chng s b
kh v theo th t: cation kim loi no c th in cc cng ln th cng d b kh. V d
trong dung dch c cc cation: Zn2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Ca2+, H+ vi nng nh nhau th cc ion
b kh theo th t l Cu2+, H+, Zn2+. Hai cation Al3+ v Ca2+ khng b kh.
Qu trnh xy ra ant: ant c th xy ra s phng in ca cc anion gc axit
ca cht in ly, ion OH, ngoi ra tu vt liu lm in cc ant m n cng c th b oxi
ho trong qu trnh in phn. V vy chng ta phn bit hai trng hp:
a/ Ant tr: Trong trng hp dng C (grafit) hay Pt (platin) th th t phng in
ca cc anion nh sau:
2A- - 2e = A2
2OH - 2e = 1/2O2 + H2O (nu mi trng baz)
H2O - 2e = 1/2O2 + 2H+ (nu mi trng trung tnh hoc axit)
D b oxi ho nht l cc anion gc axit khng cha oxi nh I, Br, Cl,... sau
n ion OH, cc anion gc axit cha oxi nh NO3, SO42, PO43... khng b oxi ho.
b/ Ant tan: Nu dng cc kim loi nh Zn, Ni, Cu... lm ant th cc kim loi ny
d b oxi ho hn v c th in cc nh hn cc cp oxi ho - kh ca cc anion ant, kt
qu l chng b tan ra trong qu trnh in phn v v vy c gi l ant tan (dng cc
tan).
13.4.Thc hnh
13.4.1. Dng c - ha cht
13.4.1.1. Dng c
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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- Cc 100
- ng nghim
- in cc Zn
- Pipt 5
- in cc Cu
- Volt k
- in cc than ch
- ng ong 100
- Cu mui aga hnh ch U
- Giy nhm mn
13.4.1.2. Ho cht
- Dung dch ZnSO4 1M
- Dung dch NaCl 0,1M
- Dung dch CuSO4 1M
- Benzen
- Dung dch KI 0,1M
- H tinh bt
- Dung dch KBr 0,1M
- Phenolphtalein
- Dung dch FeCl3 0,1M
13.4.2. Cch tin hnh
13.4.2.1. Lp v o sc in ng ca pin Daniel Jacobi
Lp pin Daniel Jacobi theo s nh hnh 4, bao gm cc bc
- Ly 50 dung dch ZnSO4 1M cho vo cc 100 v in cc Zn
- Ly 50 dung dch CuSO4 1M cho vo cc 100 v in cc Cu
- Cc 1 v 2 c ni vi nhau bng cu dn in KCl bo ho trong aga-aga
- Dng Volt k o sc in ng ca pin.
13.4.2.2. Xc nh chiu ca phn ng oxi ho - kh
ng nghim 1: Ly 2 dung dch KBr 0,1M, thm tip 1 dung dch FeCl3 0,1M v
cui cng l 1 benzen.
ng nghim 2: Ly 2 dung dch KI 0,1M, thm tip 1 dung dch FeCl3 0,1M v vi
git h tinh bt.
Ch sc mu ca lp benzen ng nghim 1. Dng nt cao su y 2 ng nghim
v lc k, yn v quan st hin tng xy ra trong 2 ng. Vit phng trnh phn ng.
Gii thch.
o
o
Bit:
Fe
0,77V ;Io / 2 I 0,54V ;Br
1,07V ;
/ Fe
/ 2 Br
3

13.4.2.3. in phn dung dch KI


Ly 60 dung dch KI 0,1M vo cc c dung tch 100. Thm vi git phenolphtalein
(PP) v vi git h tinh bt. Gn vo cc 2 in cc bng than ch v ni vi ngun in
mt chiu c in th trong khong 6 12 V.
Quan st v gii thch cc hin tng xy ra trong bnh in phn. Vit cc phng
trnh phn ng xy ra 2 in cc.
12.4.2.4. in phn dung dch NaCl
Ly 60 dung dch NaCl 0,1M v cc c dung tch 100, thm vi git PP. Gn vo
cc 2 in cc bng than ch v ni vi ngun in mt chiu c in th trong khong 6
12V.
Quan st v gii thch cc hin tng xy ra trong bnh in phn. Vit cc phng
trnh phn ng xy ra 2 in cc.
13.4.2.5. in phn dung dch CuSO4 vi ant Cu
Nhng vo cc c dung tch 100 c cha sn 60ml dung dch CuSO4 1M mt tm Cu
l cc dng v mt thanh than ch lm cc m. Tin hnh in phn trong thi gian
khong 15 pht di th hiu 6 12V.
Quan st v gii thch cc hin tng xy ra cc in cc. Vit phng trnh phn
ng minh ho.
13.5. Cu hi
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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1. So snh gi tr sc in ng o c bng thc nghim vi gi tr l thuyt tnh theo


phng trnh Nernst. Gii thch.
2. Cho bit vai tr ca benzen v h tinh bt trong th nghim 1.2.
3. ng dng thc t ca qu trnh in phn khi dng dng cc tan.

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

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Trng H BR-VT

Bi 14. CC YU T NH HNG N TC PHN NG


14.1. Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng xc nh nh hng ca cc yu t:
nng , nhit , xc tc n tc phn ng.
14.2. Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v tc phn ng v cc yu t nh hng n
tc phn ng.
14.3. Tm tt l thuyt
14.3.1. Tc phn ng
c trng cho s xy ra nhanh hay chm ca cc phn ng ho hc, ngi ta s
dng n khi nim tc phn ng. Tc phn ng c tnh bng bin thin nng
cht tham gia phn ng hay nng hay nng cht to thnh sau phn ng trong mt n
v thi gian.
Tc trung bnh ca phn ng c tnh theo cng thc:
v

C
t

Trong : t l bin thin thi gian.


C l bin thin nng ca cht tham gia hoc cht to thnh sau phn ng
14.3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng
14.3.2.1. nh hng ca nng cht phn ng
Tc phn ng t l vi nng cht phn ng.
Cho phn ng tng qut : aA
+
bB
=
cC
+
dD
Phng trnh tc phn ng c dng :
v K .C Aa .C Bb

chnh l biu thc tng qut ca nh lut tc dng khi lng: nhit
khng i, tc phn ng t l thun vi tch nng cc cht phn ng vi s m l h
s t lng ca cht phn ng trong phng trnh phn ng.
14.3.2.2. nh hng ca nhit
Khi tng nhit th tc phn ng tng ln. i vi phn ng ng th, Vant
Hoff tm ra quy tc thc nghim sau: Trong mt khong nhit khng ln, c tng
nhit ln 10 th tc phn ng tng ln t 2 4 ln.
i lng cho bit tc phn ng tng ln bao nhiu ln khi tng nhit ln 10
gi l h s nhit ca tc phn ng v c k hiu l .
T

Trong :

v2 10
=
v1

T = T2 T1
v1 l tc phn ng nhit T1
v2 l tc phn ng nhit T2
14.3.2.3. nh hng ca xc tc
Cht xc tc c tc dng lm thay i tc phn ng. Vai tr ca cht xc tc l
lm gim nng lng hot ha ca phn ng, do lm tng hng s tc phn ng.
gim nng lng hot ha, cht xc tc tham gia vo mt giai on trung gian ca phn ng
to nn hp cht trung gian (cn gi l phc cht hot ng) c nng lng hot ha thp
hn.
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

Trang 55

Trng H BR-VT

Cht xc tc ch lm thay i tc phn ng ch khng lm thay i G ca phn


ng, ngha l n khng lm thay i chiu ca phn ng.
Bng thc nghim, kho st cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng, chng ta
tin hnh o tc trung bnh ca phn ng sau :
Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 = S + SO2 + Na2SO4 + H2O
y tc trung bnh ca phn ng c tnh bng bin thin nng ca lu hunh (kt
ta trng) trong mt n v thi gian:
C
(1)
v =
t
Quy c bin thin nng ca lu hunh (C) t lc bt u phn ng n lc xut hin
phn ng bng 1 n v (C = 1). Ta c:
1
(2)
v =
t
Do t trong khong thi gian t lc bt u phn ng n lc nhn thy kt ta, ta s
thy c tc phn ng.
Tc phn ng tnh theo cng thc (2) c gi l tc tng i, khng c n
v c th. T chng ta c th kho st nh hng ca s bin thin nng mt cht
phn ng n tc phn ng hoc xc nh h s nhit ca phn ng.
14.4. Thc hnh
14.4.1. Dng c v ha cht
14.4.1.1. Dng c
- ng nghim
- Nhit k
- ng h bm giy
- n cn
- ng nh git
- Bp cch thy
14.4.1.2. Ha cht
- Dung dch Na2S2O3 0,2M
- Tinh th MnO2
- Dung dch H2SO4 1M
- Dung dch KMnO4 0,1M
- Dung dch H2O2 10%
- Dung dch H2C2O4 0,1M
- Dung dch K2CrO4
14.4.2. Cch tin hnh
14.4.2.1. nh hng ca nng n tc phn ng
Trc ht, hy lm th nghm nh tnh :
Ly vo ng nghim 5 - 10 git dung dch Na2S2O3 0,2M, nh 3 - 5 git dung dch
H2SO4 1M v quan st s vn c ca dung dch.
Sau chun b 4 dung dch Na2S2O3 c nng khc nhau vo 4 ng nghim nh
s th t: 1, 2, 3 v 4.
- ng 1 : ly 4 git dung dch Na2S2O3 0,2M v 12 git nc
- ng 2 : ly 8 git dung dch Na2S2O3 0,2M v 8 git nc
- ng 3 : ly 12 git dung dch Na2S2O3 0,2M v 4 git nc
- ng 4 : ly 16 git dung dch Na2S2O3 0,2M v 0 git nc.
Lc u cc ng nghim; Nu quy nh ng 1 c nng Na2S2O3 l a th cc ng
nghim 2, 3, 4 c nng Na2S2O3 ln lt l 2a, 3a, 4a.
Ly dung dch H2SO4 1 M vo ng nh git, chun b ng h bm giy. Nh 1 git
dung dch H2SO4 vo ng nghim 1, ng thi bm khi ng ng h bm giy. Lc ng
nghim cho dung dch ng nht. Quan st cn thn, khi thy dung dch vn c th bm
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

Trang 56

Trng H BR-VT

ng h kt thc giai on tnh giy, ghi thi gian t1. Tnh tc ca phn ng khi nng
Na2S2O3 l a theo h thc v1 = 1/t1.
Tin hnh tng t i vi cc ng nghim 2, 3, 4, ta xc nh c t 2, t3, t4 tng
ng, t tnh c v2, v3, v4.
Lp bng sau, ti nng H2SO4 l b khng i trong mi ng nghim, t rt ra
kt lun tc phn ng ph thuc vo nng cht phn ng nh th no?
STT ng nghim [H2SO4]
[Na2S2O3] Thi gian phn ng
Tc phn ng
1
b
a
t1
v1
2
b
2a
t2
v2
3
b
3a
t3
v3
4
b
4a
t4
v4
V th biu din s bin thin tc phn ng v theo nng Na2S2O3 (k hiu
l C), tc l v th ca hm s v = K.C. Trc tung t v, trc honh t C. ng biu
din c dng g? C i qua gc ta khng? V sao?
14.4.2.2. nh hng ca nhit n tc phn ng
Ly vo 3 ng nghim, mi ng 4 git dung dch Na2S2O3 0,2M v 8 git nc. Ly
vo ng nghim khc mt t dung dch H2SO4 1M pha long 5 ln thi gian xut hin
kt ta khng qu nhanh.
t 2 ng nghim ng dung dch Na2S2O3 v dung dch H2SO4 c sn ng nh git
vo bp cch thy iu nhit. mt lc cho nhit cc ng nghim bng nhit ca
nc, dng nhit k xc nh T1 ca nc. Nh 1 git dung dch H2SO4 vo mt ng
nghim ng dung dch Na2S2O3, dng ng h bm giy xc nh khong thi gian t
khi bt u phn ng n khi kt ta xut hin (t1). Tnh nng phn ng v1 nhit T1.
Sau , thay ng nghim th 2 ng dung dch Na2S2O3 vo bp cch thy iu
nhit. iu chnh nhit ca bp cch thy n gi tr T2 (T2 = T1 + 100C), tin hnh xc
nh thi gian t khi bt u phn ng n khi xut hin kt ta nh trn (t2).
Tin hnh tng t vi ng nghim th 3, tip tc iu chnh nhit ca bp cch
thy t gi tr T3 (T3 = T2 + 100C) v xc nh thi gian t khi bt u phn ng n khi
xut hin kt ta nh trn (t3).
Ch : gi nhit ca bp cch thy n nh khi phn ng xy ra.
Ghi kt qu thc nghim vo bng sau :
STT ng nghim Nhit
Thi gian phn ng Tc phn ng
1
T1
t1
v1
2
T2
t2
v2
3
T3
t3
v3
Tnh h s nhit () ca phn ng:
1 = v
2
1 v 2
Ly gi tr trung bnh:
1

2 =

v3
v2

14.4.2.3. nh hng ca xc tc
Xc tc ng th
Ly vo ng nghim 5 git H2O2 10%, quan st xem c kh O2 bay ra hay khng?
Nh vo ng nghim vi git dung dch K2CrO4 0,1M. Quan st s i mu ca dung dch
khi mi nh dung dch K2CrO4 vo, khi phn ng xy ra v khi phn ng kt thc. Quan st
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

Trang 57

Trng H BR-VT

tc thot kh O2. Gii thch cc hin tng. Nhn xt vai tr ca K2CrO4 trong phn ng
ny.
Xc tc d th
Ly vo ng nghim 5 git dung dch H2O2 10%, thm vo vi ht MnO2. Quan st
tc thot kh O2. Gii thch hin tng v nhn xt vai tr ca MnO2 trong phn ng.
Hin tng t xc tc
Ly vo 2 ng nghim, mi ng 5 git dung dch KMnO4 0,1M, 5 git dung dch
H2SO4 1M v 5 git dung dch H2C2O4 0,1M. Gi ng th nht so snh. Thm vo ng
th hai 5 git dung dch MnSO4. Quan st hin tng xy ra 2 ng nghim, vit phng
trnh phn ng v gii thch.
14.5. Cu hi
1. Th no l tc trung bnh, tc tc thi ca phn ng?
2. Nng lng hot ha ca phn ng l g? Nu ngha ca n?
3. Nu cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng.
4. Th no l xc tc ng th, xc tc d th?

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

Trang 58

Trng H BR-VT

MC LC
BI 1 : NHNG VN CHUNG...................................................................................2
BI 2: NHNG DNG C N GIN V K THUT C BN TRONG TH
NGHIM HA I CNG.............................................................................................5

BI 3: S DNG PHP CN V PHP TNH SAI S.........................................14


BI 4: XC NH KHI LNG RING CA CT, KIM LOI.......................19
BI 5: IU CH V XC NH KHI LNG PHN T KH OXI...................24
BI 6: XC NH KHI LNG NGUYN T KIM LOI.....................................27
BI 7: XC NH NHIT HA TAN - NHIT TRUNG HA...................................30
BI 8: DUNG DCH M.................................................................................................33
BI 9: PHA DUNG DCH. CHUN AXIT BAZ................................................37
BI 10: CHUN OXY HA KH.........................................................................40
BI 11: PHN NG OXI HO KH..............................................................................42
BI 12: DUNG DCH IN LY........................................................................................45
BI 13: IN HA HC...................................................................................................50
BI 14: CC YU T NH HNG N TC PHN NG.............................55

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

Trang 59

Trng H BR-VT

MT S BNG TRA CU
Bng 1: p sut hi nc bo ho PH2O (mmHg v pascal) nhit t 100C -1000C

toC
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

PH2O

PH2O

(mmHg)

(Pa)

9,21
9,84
10,52
11,23
11,99
12,79
13,63
14,53
15,48
16,48
17,54
18,65

1227,90
1311,90
1402,55
1497,21
1598,54
1705,20
1817,19
1937,17
2063,83
2197,15
2338,47
2486,46

toC
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
35
40
45

PH2O

PH2O

(mmHg)

(Pa)

19,83
21,07
22,38
23,76
25,21
26,74
28,35
30,04
31,82
42,18
55,83
71,88

2643,78
2809,10
2983,76
3167,74
3361,06
3565,04
3779,69
4005,00
4242,32
5623,54
7375,40
9583,21

toC
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100

PH2O

PH2O

(mmHg)

(Pa)

92,52 12334,99
118,00 15732,04
149,04 19918,36
187,50 24997,94
233,70 31157,44
289,10 38543,50
355,10 47342,77
433,60 57808,58
525,76 70095,57
633,90 84513,05
760,00 101325,00

Bng 2: Khi lng ring ca dung dch NaCl 20oC (g/cm3)


Nng %
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

d
1,005
1,013
1,020
1,027
1,034
1,041
1,049
1,056
1,063

Nng %
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

d
1,071
1,078
1,086
1,093
1,101
1,109
1,116
1,124
1,132

Nng %
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

d
1,140
1,148
1,156
1,156
1,164
1,172
1,189
1,197
1,200

Bng 3: Khi lng ring ca dung dch CaCl2, SrCl2, Na2SO4 20oC
Mui
1
1,007

CaCl2
SrCl2
Na2SO4 1,007

2
1,014
1,005
1,016

4
1,031
1,031
1,034

Nng %
6
8
10
1,048 1,065 1,083
1,048 1,065 1,083
1,053 1,072 1,091

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

Trang 60

20
1,177
1,179

30
1,281
1,290

40
1,395
1,419

Trng H BR-VT

Bng 4: Khi lng ring ca mt s dung dch axit 18oC (g/cm3)


Nng %
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96

H2SO4
1,027
1,055
1,083
1,112
1,143
1,174
1,205
1,233
1,273
1,307
1,342
1,380
1,419
1,460
1,503
1,547
1,594
1,640
1,678
1,732
1,776
1,808
1,830
1,840

HNO3
1,022
1,044
1,068
1,093
1,119
1,145
1,171
1,198
1,225
1,251
1,277
1,303
1,328
1,351
1,373
1,394
1,412
1,429
1,445
1,460
1,474
1,486
1,496
1,504

HCl
1,019
1,039
1,059
1,079
1,100
1,121
1,142
1,163
1,183
-

CH3COOH
1,0052
1,0113
1,0171
1,0228
1,0284
1,0337
1,0338
1,0436
1,0481
1,0523
1,0562
1,0598
1,0631
1,0660
1,0685
1,0707
1,0725
1,0740
1,0747
1,0748
1,0742
1,0726
1,0696
1,0644

Bng 5: Khi lng ring ca mt s dung dch kim 18oC (g/cm3)


Nng
%
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18

KOH

NaOH

NH3

1,033
1,048
1,065
1,082
1,100
1,118
1,137
1,156

1,046
1,069
1,092
1,115
1,137
1,159
1,181
1,203

0,938
0,937
0,967
0,960
0,958
0,946
0,939
0,932

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

Trang 61

Nng
%
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48

KOH

NaOH

NH3

1,334
1,358
1,384
1,411
1,437
1,460
1,485
1,511

1,374
1,395
1,416
1,437
1,458
1,478
1,499
1,519

0,889
0,884
-

Trng H BR-VT

20
22
24
26
28
30
32

1,176
1,196
1,217
1,240
1,263
1,286
1,310

1,225
1,247
1,268
1,289
1,310
1,332
1,352

0,926
0,919
0,913
0,908
0,903
0,898
0,893

50
52
54
56
58
60

1,538
1,564
1,590
1,616
-

1,540
1,560
1,580
1,601
1,622
1,643

Bng 6 : Tnh cht ca mt s cht ch th mu axit-baz


Cht ch th mu

Nng %

Metyl da cam
Metyl
Phenol
Phenolphatalein
Alizarin vng
Bromcrezol xanh
Cng g
Thimol xanh

0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1-1,0
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1

Dung mi ha
tan
Nc
Ru 60%
Ru 20%
Ru 60%
Nc
Ru 60%
Ru 50%
Ru 20%

Khong pH
chuyn mu
3,1-4,4
4,2-6,4
6,8-7,4
8,3-10
10,0-12,0
3,8-5,4
3,0-5,0
1,2-2,8

S bin mu
-vng
-vng
vng-
khng mu-
vng- thm
vng-xanh
xanh-hng
-vng

Bng 7 : Nhit ha tan tich phn ca mt s axit trong nc 25 oC, (kJ/mol)


No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

m, mol/kg
H2O
18,50
13,88
11,10
9,25
6,94
5,55
3,70
2,78
1,85
1,39
1,11

HCl

H2SO4

No

56,85
61,20
54,05
65,89
68,23
69,49
70,99
71,78
72,59
73,02
73,28

48,99
54,06
58,03
60,75
64,60
67,03
70,17
71,50
72,68
73,09
73,35

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

m, mol/kg
H2O
0,740
0,550
0,278
0,111
0,0793
0,0555
0,0278
0,0111
0,0056
0,0028
1/

HCl

H2SO4

73,65
73,85
74,20
74,52
74,61
74,64
74,82
74,93
75,04
75,08

73,68
73,97
74,94
76,73
77,57
78,58
80,88
84,43
87,07
89,62
96,19

Bng 8: Nhit ha tan tich phn ca mt s mui trong nc 25 oC, (kJ/mol)


No
1

m, mol/kg H2O
1/

KNO3
34,93

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

Trang 62

KCl
17,23

NH4Cl
14,73

Trng H BR-VT

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

0,01
0,02
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
Bo ha

35,03
35,02
34,94
34,77

17,39
17,44
17,51
17,55
17,57
17,55
17,50
17,43
17,28
16,72
16,17
15,75
15,45

14,85
14,94
15,02
15,10
15,19
15,23
15,27
15,27
15,31
15,27
15,23
15,19
15,15
15,10
15,02
15,02

Bng 9: Entanpi tiu chun Ho298 (kj/mol)


Cht
CH4 (k)
CO (k)
CO2 (k)
Cu2+ (t)
CuSO4 (tt)
Fe3+ (t)
FeCl3 (tt)
HCl (k)
HCl (dd)
H2O (l)
H2O (k)
H2S (k)
Al (k)
Al3+ (t)
AlCl3 (tt)
CaO (tt)
Ca(OH)2
CaSiO3 (tt)

Ho298
-74,87
-110,551
-393,608
66,96
-770,90
-46,37
-399,50
-92,13
-166,81
-285,90
-241,88
-20,90
326,30
-530,00
-704,30
-635,24
-986,48
-1635,34

Cht
NH3 (k)
KCl (tt)
KNO3 (tt)
KOH (tt)
MgCl2 (tt)
MgO (tt)
NH4 (t)
NH4Cl (tt)
Na (k)
Na+ (t)
NaCl (tt)
Na2B4O7 (tt)
H2O2 (l)
H2O2 (k)
OH- (k)
SO2 (k)
SO3 (k)
SO42- (dd)

Ho298
-46,19
-436,79
-493,20
-425,80
-641,77
-601,38
-132,27
-314,29
108,30
606,10
411,21
-3276,70
-187,60
135,88
-228,64
-296,7
-395,94
-911,20

Bng 10: Tch s tan ca mt s hp cht t tan trong nc 298 K


Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

Trang 63

Trng H BR-VT

Hp cht
AgCl
AgBr
AgI
BaCO3
BaSO4
BaCrO4
CaSO4
CaCO3
Ca(OH)2
CdS
CuS

T
-10

1,78.10
5,30.10-13
8,30.10-17
5,10.10-9
1,10.10-10
1,20.10-10
2,50.10-5
4,80.10-9
5,50.10-6
7,90.10-27
6,30.10-36

Thc hnh Ha hc i cng

Trang 64

Hp cht
Cu(OH)2
FeCO3
Fe(OH)3
PbCl2
Pb(OH)2
PbSO4
MgCO3
Mg(OH)2
SrCO3
SrCO4

T
5,00.10-20
3,50.10-11
3,20-38
1,60.10-5
3,20.10-20
1,60.10-8
1,00.10-5
6,00.10-10
1,10.10-10
3,20.10-7

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