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Bi ging Thc hnh Ha hc i cng c bin son theo chng trnh Thc hnh
Ha hc i cng do B Gio dc v o to ban hnh, cun Bi ging c dng cho
sinh vin ngnh Ha h Cao ng v i hc ca trng i Hc B ra Vng tu. ng
thi n cn l ti liu tham kho cho gio vin ha hc ph thng.
Bi ging gm 14 bi. y l cc bi thc hnh in hnh c chn lc c th p ng
c yu cu nng cao cht lng dy v hc mn ho hc i cng.
Vic chn cc bi thc hnh bo m an ton cho sinh vin bng cch hn ch dng ho
cht c hi v cc thuc th c nghi gy ung th.
Ngoi cc bi c bn nh gii thiu cc dng c v cc k thut thc hnh trong phng th
nghim ho hc, cch xc nh khi lng ring, khi lng nguyn t, phn t, ng
lng, tinh ch ho cht, cch chun Cc bi cn li c son tng ng vi cc vn
ch yu ca chng trnh ho hc i cng: nhit ng hc, cn bng ha hc, ng
ha hc, dung dch, in ho
Mi bi thc hnh gm ba phn: phn l thuyt c tm tt nhng kin thc c bn lin
quan n ni dung thc hnh. Phn thc hnh nu nguyn tc, cc yu cu v dng c ho
cht, hng dn chi tit cch tin hnh th nghim v vit bo co kt qu. Phn ba l nhng
cu hi v bi tp m mi sinh vin cn nghin cu, gii p trc khi n phng th
nghim
Cun Bi ging chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong nhn c nhng
kin ph bnh ch dn ca bn c.
Vng tu, thng 2 nm 2012
CC TC GI
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Trng H BR-VT
Bi 1. NHNG VN CHUNG
1.1. Quy ch thc hnh cho sinh vin
1.1.1. Phi c xong Bi thc hnh, hiu c ni dung v trnh t th nghim.
1.1.2. Phi n phng th nghim ng gi. Nu n tr qu 15 pht th gio vin hng
dn c quyn khng cho thc hnh Bi .
1.1.3. Phi c kin thc ti thiu cho Bi thc hnh, nu khng th trc v trong bui thc
hnh, gio vin c th t chi khng cho thc hnh.
1.1.4. Khi vo phng th nghim phi mc o blue, sinh vin khng mc o blue s khng
c php vo phng th nghim.
1.1.5. Cn lm vic trt t, yn lng, ch quan st, suy ngh v ghi chp cc hin tng
xy ra.
1.1.6. Phi cn thn khi lm th nghim, ghi chp trung thc cc s liu v kt qu do chnh
mnh thc hin. Trong trng hp nghi ng v s liu, cn kim tra li cch tin hnh th
nghim.
1.1.7. Khng c php d thi cui kha nu vng mt mt bui thc hnh m khng
chng minh c l do chnh ng.
1.1.8. Khng c lm vic ring (ni chuyn, nhn tin in thoi, ), n ung v ht
thuc trong phng th nghim.
1.1.9. Sau mi bui th nghim phi ra sch dng c, lau bn, dn dp ngn np ch lm
vic v bn giao y li cho nhn vin ph trch phng th nghim. Mi ca th nghim
cn b tr trc nht ph trch, n c gi v sinh v trt t trong phng th nghim.
1.1.10. Phi thc hin ng quy nh v phng chy cha chy. Khi xy ra chy, phi dng
cc phng tin cu ho dp tt.
1.1.11. Trc khi ra v phi kim tra tt c cc vi kh, vi nc kha cha, cc dng
c in tt in cha, cc dng c in tt in cha. Ngt cu dao in ni t dy
dn n dng c, tt n, tt qut.
1.2.
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1.3.5. Do ng c
Cht c vo ming: nu l axit th xc ming lp tc v nhiu ln vi dung dch
NaHCO3 1%; nu l baz th dng dung dch H3BO3 1%; cn li dng nc lnh.
Do nut cht c: nu mui axit th ung 4 mung canh huyn ph MgO (gm 20g
MgO trong 300ml nc); nu mui kim th ung nhiu nc; cn li mc cung hng
nn nhn i, ma, sau cho ung 2 mung than hot tnh quy trong t nc.
Do ht hi c: a nn nhn n ch thong kh, ni dy tht lng, cho ung 1 ly c
ph en, h hp nhn to (nu cn) v di chuyn nn nhn n bnh vin.
1.4. Ni dung Bi tng trnh thc hnh Ha i cng
Sau khi lm th nghim xong, sinh vin phi vit bo co kt qu thc hnh (thng
gi l Bi tng trnh). Bi tng trnh cn vit ngn gn cho ngi c c th d dng
theo di v hiu c mc ch, i tng nghin cu, phng php s dng, iu kin th
nghim v kt qu t c.
Mu Bi tng trnh gm nhng phn sau:
1- Tn th nghim
2- Mc ch th nghim: Nu r yu cu v ni dung v nhng k nng phi t c.
3- Nguyn tc: M t tm tt nguyn tc ca phng php thc nghim, khng trnh by
di dng v l thuyt hoc qu chi tit v cch tin hnh v nhng iu sn c
trong gio trnh thc hnh. Nu c s thay i thit b s dng, i tng nghin cu,
trnh t th nghim so vi gio trnh ny cn ghi r.
4- Cc s liu thc nghim
5- Cc kt qu: Da trn cc s liu thc nghim thu c tnh ton kt qu a ra
di dng bng s, th.
6- Bn lun: a ra cc phng php tnh ton, tnh sai s, tm hiu nhng nguyn nhn
sai s v ngha ca cc kt qu nhn c.
(Cch lp bng, v th, tnh sai s c nu trong phn ph lc).
7- Cu hi: Sinh vin phi tr li v gii p tt c cc cu hi v Bi tp a ra trong
Bi th nghim bao gm cc cu hi v Bi tp trc khi n phng th nghim v sau
khi lm th nghim.
Lu : V thi gian lm vic phng th nghim c hn nn hu ht cc phn ca Bi
tng trnh sinh vin phi vit nh. Phn (1), (2), (3) sinh vin phi chun b trc khi
n phng th nghim. Trong thi gian lm th nghim ch c th hon thnh phn (4) : ghi
chp cc s liu thc nghim vo v. Cc phn (5), (6), (7) s phi hon thnh nh, sau
khi lm th nghim xong.
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Trng H BR-VT
ng nghim
cu y bng
Phu
Bnh cu
Bnh
Becher (Cc)
Cc o
ng
ong
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Pipet: Pipet dng ly mt th tch cht lng nht nh. C loi pipet khc vch
ngn v loi chia . Loi pipet th nht c dng mt ng thy tinh on gia phnh ra v
u di vut nhn, on bn trn cch ch phnh ra mt cht c mt vch ngn. Th tch
cht lng ly ti ngn tng ng vi th tch ghi trn pipet. Pipet c chia l mt ng
u di vut nhn cn u trn c ni vi ng nh hn. Trn phn ng rng c nhng
ngn chia nh trn cc buret. Thng hay dng pipet c dung tch 2, 5, 10, 20, 25,
50ml v nhng micropipet dung tch 1ml.
Mun ht y pipet (xem hnh 2.3) ngi ta nhng u di ca n vo cht lng ln
bng ming hoc bng bp cao su, cht lng ht ln cao hn ngn chia mt cht, sau
dng ngn tay tr bt nhanh u trn ca pipet cho cht (ngn tay nn hi t). Khi m
pipet, nc s xung thp nhng khng c ti ngn chia ca pipet.
Nhc pipet ln trn mc nc trong bnh cho ngn chia ca pipet ngang vi
tm mt. Nhc nh ngn tay tr cho cht lng chy xung tng git mt cho ti khi y
khum khp vi ngn chia th bt cht pipet. Chuyn pipet vo bn trong bnh ng cht
lng s ly, cho u pipet chm vo thnh trong ca bnh, nhc ngn tay tr ln v cho
cht lng chy t do. Sau khi cht lng thi khng chy na i 2-3 giy ri mi nhc pipet
ra. u pipet bao gi cng cn li mt cht cht lng, khi chia pipet, ngi ta khng
k n th tch cht lng ny, do khng c thi ly cht lng .
Khi ht cht lng vo nhng pipet chia , cng lm nh trn vi pipet c ngn,
nhng khi cho cht lng chy xung th khng nhc hn ngn tay ra m ch nhc nh ln
mt cht thi. Khi cht lng trong pipet ti ngn cn thit th bt cht u pipet li lm
cho dung dch thi khng chy na.
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Pipet
Buret
Bnh nh mc
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a)
b)
c)
Hnh 2.5. Bnh ht m v cch s dng bnh ht m
Bt c
Chn s
Ci chy
Hnh 2.6. Bt c chn s- ci chy
Khng dng chn s nung nng cc cht kim nh Na2CO3, axit HF nng chy v lm
s phn hy.
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c) kp ng nghim
d)
li
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Hnh 2.10.
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4. Bm
2.2.4. Ra ta
C hai cch ra ta: ra gn v ra trn phu lc. Ra gn thng dng vi kt ta
nng v to. Cho cht lng nh dng ra v kt ta trong cc, dng a thy tinh khuy
u dung dch, mt lc cho kt ta lng xung, gn ht nc ra ra ngoi ri ra tip ln
sau. Cui cng cho ton b kt ta vo phu lc, ra mt ln na trn giy lc. hn ch
s ha tan ca cht kt ta cn ra vi lng cht lng t nht v ra nhiu ln.
Nu kt ta b v nh th ra ngay giy lc dng bnh cu tia, tia mnh nc vo kt
ta. Ra i, ra li vi ln mi ln phi ch cho nc ln trc chy ht ri ra tip ln sau.
Chn cht lng ra ty thuc vo tan ca ta trong dung mi, thng dng nc
ra (nng hoc lnh), i khi dng cc dung dch axit, kim long hay cc dung mi hu
c. Chn cht lng ra ty thuc vo tan ca ta trong dung mi. Nu tan ca kt
ta t thay i theo nhit th dng nc nng ra, nhng cht d thy phn th dng
dung dch axit hay baz ngui, nhng kt ta d tan trong nc th dng hay cc dung
mi hu c.
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Trng H BR-VT
1. c thng bng cn; 2. cn; 3. Kha cn; 4. Tr cn; 5. Quang cn; 6. a cn; 7.
Dy di; 8. Thc t l; 9. n cn; 10. Li dao; 11. c thng bng a
Cn phn tch: C nhiu loi cn phn tch: cn phn tch thng, cn phn tch in,
cn phn tch in t.
Tt c cc b phn ca cn phn tch thng tng t nh cn k thut nhng hai
pha trn n cn c thc chia vch mi bn thnh 10 khong bng nhau, mi khong ng
vi 1 mg. Trong mi khong li chia thnh 5 10 khong nh hn. Do , cn phn tch c
chnh xc 0,1 0,2mg. C mt qu cn 1 mg v mt cn di chuyn qu cn chy
trn thc chia vch.
Ton b cn c t trong t knh. Ca t pha trn c th ko ln ko xung. Hai
cnh t hai bn c th m ra, ng vo. Thng xuyn phi ng kn ca trnh cho cn
khng b nh hng ca gi, khng kh m v hi ha cht, hi th ca ngi lm
vicCh khi no cn mi m, ng cc cnh ca ca hai bn a vo, ly ra vt cn v
qu cn. gi cho cn lun c kh thng c ti ng cht ht m nh silicagel.
Hnh 3.2. Cn da
Hnh 3.3. Hp qu cn
Cc hp kh bn quang cn c tc dng lm gim dao ng khi cn. Nhng qu cn
phn tch cha trong hp c np, c ring cho mi qu cn theo th t t ln n nh.
Nhng qu cn t 1 gam tr ln thng m chng g. Nhng qu cn t 500mg tr
xung y bng tm knh.
Tt c hp cn lun gi sch, m bm khi lng chnh xc. Khi cn, dng cp bng
sng, xng hay nha ly qu cn, khng cm qu cn bng tay. Mi hp c cc loi
qu cn: 0,50g, 20g, 10g, 5g, 2g, 500mg, 200mg, 100mg, 50mg, 20mg, 0mg.
Cn phn tch in t: Trong cn phn tch in t, li dao, cc qu cn c thay
bng cc nam chm, l xo v mch in t, c b nh t iu chnh. cn c cc phm
bm v mn hnh. Cn phn tch in t cn ti a 100g, chnh xc 0,1mg. u im ca
cn phn tch l nhanh chng, chnh xc.
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Trng H BR-VT
m1 m2 m 3
3
m1 m2 m 3
3
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mtb
mtb
3.4.Thc hnh
3.4.1. Th nghim 1
Ly mt mt knh ng h hoc giy bng (chuyn dng cn), cn mt lng mui
n (khong 5g) trn cn k thut, sau trn cn phn tch. Cn ch thc hin ng cc
ng tc v cc quy nh khi s dng cn.
Tnh sai s ca php cn trn cn phn tch.
3.4.2. Th nghim 2
Lm sch mui n bng phng php kt tinh li.
Mui n sn xut t nc bin thng c ln nhiu hp cht; thnh phn thng thng
ca mui n bao gm:
NaCl
89 90%
MgSO4
1,35 1,4%
CaSO4
1,2%
MgCl2, KCl v cc tp cht khc
Ho tan khong 5g mui n sy kh trong cc bng nc ct nhit 80oC thu
c dung dch bo ho. Lc sch dung dch. em c nc lc n khi xut hin vng tinh
th trn b mt. ngui dung dch cho mui kt tinh li. Khi mui kt tinh xong th lc
di p sut thp. Sy kh nhit 800C -1000C trong t sy n nhit khng i.
ngui t t bng cch mui trong bnh ht m, cn li lng mui tinh ch.
Tnh t l % khi lng mui tinh thu c so vi mui th.
3.5. Cu hi
1. Ti sao phi ng ca cn khi cn v ngui cc vt nung nng trc khi cn?
2. Mt sinh vin ghi kt qu cn nh sau:
Vt A c m = 15,5g (dng cn k thut c chnh xc 10mg)
Vt B c m = 32,6571g (dng cn phn tch c chnh xc l 0,2mg). Cc kt qu
ng hay sai? Ti sao?
3. chnh xc ca cn ph thuc vo nhng yu t no? Hiu th no khi ni chnh
xc ca cn phn tch l 0,0002g?
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Mg
1,74
Lc phng
160
Al
Cr
Fe
2,70
7,20
7,86
Lp phng tm din
Lp phng tm khi
Lp phng tm khi
143
125
124
Ni
8,90
Lp phng tm din
125
Zn
7,14
Lc phng
139
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Pb
11,34
Lp phng tm din
175
Trong cc kiu mng tinh th, cc nguyn t kim loi c xem nh l nhng ht cu c
kch thc nh nhau v xp c kht thnh tng lp, tuy vy cn khong trng. Khong
trng ny ph thuc vo cch sp xp khi cc nguyn t kim loi lin kt vi nhau to thnh
mng tinh th cht rn.
Trong kim loi, cho cch sp xp c kht nht chng thng kt tinh theo 3 mng tinh
th chnh: lc phng, lp phng tm din, lp phng tm khi
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Trng H BR-VT
m1 m0
50
m2 (m1 m0 )
50(m1 m2 m3 )
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Trng H BR-VT
Ly khi lng mu kim loi chia cho th tch chnh xc, xc nh khi lng ring
ca kim loi. nh gi chnh xc ca gi tr khi lng ring tnh c. S dng bng
xc nh tn kim loi.
Tnh bn knh nguyn t kim loi. S dng bng tnh sai s tng i.
Ch : Cc mu kim loi (Mg, Al, Zn, ) khng gy nguy him nhng trnh cc
kim loi tip xc vi axit v chng c phn ng gii phng hidro.
4.5. Cu hi
1. Khi lng ring ca methanol l 0,729g/cm3 20oC. Tm th tch mol ca
methanol? C bao nhiu phn t trong 1g methanol? C bao nhiu nguyn t hydro trong 1
mol CH3OH?
2. Mt mu kim loi c khi lng l 7,6105g. Mu kim loi c hnh khi ch nht
c chiu di 25,4mm, b dy 1,5mm, b rng 25,4mm. Tnh khi lng ring ca kim loi
. Mu kim loi c phi l mt trong nhng kim loi a ra bng trn khng?
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Trng H BR-VT
m
m
RT M
RT
M
PV
Trong :
M l khi lung phn t ca cht kh (g)
m l khi lng ca cht kh (g)
P l p sut cht kh (atm, mmHg)
V l th tch ca cht kh (l,)
T l nhit ca cht kh (K)
R l hng s kh l tng (R = 0,082 (l.atm/mol.K))
(R = 62 400 (mmHg.ml/mol.K))
Da vo phng trnh trng thi kh l tng, chng ta c th xc nh c khi
lng phn t cht kh mt cch gn ng khi bit: m, P, V v T ca n.
Kh oxi c iu ch bng cch nhit phn KClO3 c mt xc tc l MnO2:
2KCLO3 MnO
2 2KCl 3O 2
- n cn
- Gi st
- ng cao su dn kh
- Cn in t ( chnh xc 0,01g)
5.4.1.2. Ha cht
- Tinh th KClO3
- Tinh th MnO2
5.4.2. Cch tin hnh
Lp b dng c nh hnh v:
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mO2
PO2 .VO2
RT
Trong :
mO2 m1 m2 ( g )
PO2 PKQ Phbh( H 2O )
h
13,6
PKQ 760mmHg
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3. Ti sao khi phn ng xong phi tho ng dn ri mi tt n cn? V sao phi khi
trong ng o tr v nhit phng ri mi cn ng nghim, c th tch kh oxi v o chiu
cao h?
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Trong :
A
D
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Trng H BR-VT
Trong :
- C H O l nhit dung ring ca nc (1 cal/g.K)
- C tt l nhit dung ring ca thy tinh ( C tt = 0,19 cal/g.K)
Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit:
2
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Trng H BR-VT
(m H 2O 0,19m tt )(T3 T2 )
mkl (T1 T3 )
6,3
C kl
Agd
D
(lm trn n c n)
6.5. Cu hi
1. Trnh by mi quan h gia khi lng nguyn t, khi lng phn t v ng lng
ca nguyn t, hp cht.
2. Nu cc nguyn nhn dn n sai s trong qu trnh th nghim.
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Trong :
- mH O l khi lng ca nc ( mH O = 100g)
- C H O l nhit dung ring ca nc ( C H O = 1cal/g.K)
2
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Trng H BR-VT
- mcoc .Ccoc l nhit dung ca cc bn trong nhit lng k, c xem l nhit dung ca nhit
lng k.
Nhit dung ca cc bn trong nhit lng k c tnh theo cng thc:
mcoc .Ccoc
mH 2O .C H 2O (T3 T1 ) mH 2O .C H 2O (T2 T3 )
(T2 T3 )
Trong :
Trong :
- Ca v Cb l nhit dung ring ca dung dch axit v baz
- ma v mb l khi lng ca dung dch axit v baz
Gi thit:
- Nhit dung ring ca dung dch NaOH 1M v HCl 1M l 1cal/g.K
- Khi lng ring ca dung dch NaOH 1M v HCl 1M l 1g/ml
T tnh c hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trung ho:
H = - Q (kcal/mol)
7.5. Cu hi
1. Th no l hiu ng nhit ca phn ng?
2. Trnh by cc ni dung v h qu ca nh lut Hess.
3. Nu cc nguyn nhn dn n sai s trong qu trnh th nghim.
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng
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Bi 8. DUNG DCH M
8.1. Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v kh nng xc nh cc loi dung dch m v
cch tnh pH ca cc loi dung dch m.
8.2. Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v cc h m axit, h m baz, c s l thuyt
v cch tnh pH ca cc loi h m .
8.3. Tm tt l thuyt
8.3.1. nh ngha
Dung dch m l dung dch c gi tr pH xc nh v hu nh khng thay i khi pha
long hoc thm vo mt lng nh axit hay baz.
C hai loi dung dch m: h m axit v h m baz.
+ Dung dch m axit c to thnh bng cch trn mt axit yu vi mui ca n.
+ Dung dch m baz c to thnh bng cch trn mt baz yu vi mui ca n.
8.3.2. Nguyn tc
8.3.2.1. H m axit
Xt h m axetat c to thnh t CH3COOH v CH3COO-. Trong dung dch axitt
axetic c cc phng trnh in li:
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+ (1)
Khi cho thm CH3COONa vo dung dch trn, mui tan nm di dng ion Na+ v
CH3COO-:
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + Na+ (2)
Trong dung dch m CH3COOH/CH3COONa c cc cn bng in li nh sau:
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+ (1)
CH3COONa
CH3COO- + Na+ (2)
Do nng ion CH3COO- trong dung dch tng lm cho phn ng (1) chuyn dch
theo chiu nghch dn ti nng ion H+ trong dung dch gim i (pH tng).
Khi thm vo dung dch mt t axit mnh th lng ion H+ tng, khi cc ion H+
ny s kt hp vi cc ion CH3COO- trong dung dch to thnh CH3COOH km in li.
Nh vy lng ln ion H+ b gim xung v lm cho pH dung dch khng thay i ng k.
Khi thm vo dung dch mt t baz th ion H+ c trong dung dch s kt hp vi ion
OH- to thnh H2O lm gim ion H+. S gim ion H+ lm cho phn ng (1) chuyn dch
theo chiu thun sinh ra mt lng H+ mi b lng phn ng vi OH- v nh vy
pH ca dung dch s thay i rt t.
Khi pha long dung dch pH khng thay i ng k v s gim nng ion H + do
in li ca axit tng khi pha long.
8.3.2.2. H m baz
Xt h m baz amoni c to thnh t NH4OH v NH4.
Trong dung dch amoniac c cn bng :
NH4OH
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Cm
Ca
pKa = -lgKa
Vi Ka, Ca l hng s in li v nng ca axit yu
Cm l nng mui ca axit
8.3.3.2. H m baz
Cm
v pKb = -lgKb
Cb
C
pH = 14- pOH = 14 (pKb + lg m )
Cb
pOH = pKb + lg
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Trng H BR-VT
mA DA
m B DB
Trong :
C
Gi NA, NB ln lt l nng dung dch A v B.
VA, VB l th tch dung dch A v B phn ng va vi nhau.
Theo nh lut ng lng, cc cht A v B phn ng va vi nhau theo s ng
lng nh nhau. Do : VA.NA = VB.NB
9.3.6. Phng php chun
Chun l qu trnh xc nh nng cht A bng cch thm dn dn dung dch cht
B phn ng vi n bit chnh xc nng . im m 2 cht A v B phn ng va vi
nhau (gi l im tng ng) c xc nh nh cht ch th.
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng
Trang 37
Trng H BR-VT
Trang 38
Trng H BR-VT
9.4.2.2. Chun
xc nh nng chnh xc ca dung dch HCl 1N va pha, chng ta s dng
phng php chun axit - baz:
Dng pipet ly chnh xc 5 dung dch HCl va pha cho vo bnh tam gic, thm tip vi
git phenolphtalein. Dng bnh tia ra nhng git dung dch HCl bm trn thnh bnh tam gic.
Dng bnh tia ra buret bng nc ct, ly mt t dung dch NaOH 0,5N vo trng
buret, sau dung dch NaOH 0,5N vo buret cho ti vch 0.
Cm bnh tam gic tay phi, tay tri m kho buret cho tng git dung dch NaOH
vo, ng thi lc trn bnh tam gic trn u dung dch v quan st mu ca dung dch.
Khi ti gn im tng ng (mu hng chm mt dn) th phi nh tht t t dung dch
NaOH. Ti lc dung dch trung ha (gi l im tng ng) th mt git dung dch
NaOH d s lm cho dung dch c mi trng kim v phenolphtalein chuyn thnh mu
hng bn trong 30 giy. Ghi th tch dung dch NaOH tiu tn.
Lp li qu trnh chun 3 ln, ly gi tr trung bnh v tnh nng chnh xc ca
dung dch HCl theo cng thc:
N HCl
VNaOH .N NaOH
VHCl
9.5. Cu hi
1. Khi trung ha 50ml dung dch axit clohiric 0,1M bng 50ml dung dch natri
hiroxit 0,1M. Tnh pH ca dung dch:
- Trc khi cho natri hiroxit
- Khi trung ha lng axit
- Ti im tng ng.
V sao li chn phenolphatalein lm cht ch th. C th dung metyl da cam c
khng?
2. Phi dung bao nhiu gam tinh th hexahirat ca canxi clorua iu ch 200ml
dung dch canxi clorua 30%(d = 1,282). Nng mol dung dch canxi clorua Ca2+, Clbng bao nhiu?
Trang 39
Trng H BR-VT
Ch :
- Phi chun ngay khi dung dch ang nng (nu dung dch si th s lm thay i
nng dung dch) do thao tc phi ht sc cn thn trnh gy bng ra tay.
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng
Trang 40
Trng H BR-VT
Khi bt u chun ch cho vi git KMnO4 khi mo phn ng, sau tng tc
bng cch cho nhanh KMnO4 xung erlen, khi gn im tng ng th cho
chm li trnh l qua im tng ng.
- Khi ti im tng ng d mt git KMnO4 s xut hin mu hng nht bn trong
vng mt pht, lu dung dch s ha kt ta nu en.
10.5. Cu hi
1. Phi dng bao nhiu gam tinh th hexahidrat ca canxi clorua iu ch 200 dung
dch canxi clorua 30% (d = 1,282). Nng mol dung dch canxi clorua, Ca2+, Cl- bng bao
nhiu?
Trong phng th nghim c sn nc ct, cc dung dch canxi clorua 20% (d = 1,177)
v dung dch 40% (d = 1,396). Tm cch pha dung dch ni trn bng hai phng php n
gin, khc nhau.
2. ng lng ca mt cht l g? Cch tm ng lng ca mt hp cht trong
phn ng trung ho, phn ng oxi ho - kh.
3. Php chun l g? Phn bit dung dch chun v dung dch cn chun . Th
no l im tng ng?
-
Trang 41
Trng H BR-VT
Trang 42
Trng H BR-VT
Trang 43
Trng H BR-VT
Trang 44
Trng H BR-VT
A . B
AB
K
C
Trang 45
Trng H BR-VT
K
H O . OH
H O
2
NH 4 OH H NH 4 OH H OH K H O
NH
NH OH
Kb
Trang 46
Trng H BR-VT
K tf
CH 3COOH OH CH 3COOH OH H K H O
CH COO
CH COO H
Ka
CH 3COOH NH 4 OH CH 3COOH NH 4 OH OH H
CH COO NH
CH COO H NH OH
K H 2O
Ka Kb
TAmBn
Dung dch cha bo ho khi tch s ion > tch s tan: C A .C B n TAmBn
Nh vy, iu kin ho tan kt ta l tch s ion < tch s tan v iu kin kt ta l
tch s ion > tch s tan.
12.4. Thc hnh
12.4.1. Dng c v ho cht
12.4.1.1. Dng c
- ng nghim
- Bnh tia
- n cn
- Kp ng nghim
12.4.1.2. Ho cht
- Dung dch HCl 0,1M
- Dung dch NaOH 0,1M
- Dung dch Na2SO4 0,1M
- Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M v m c
- Dung dch NH4OH 0,1M v m c - Dung dch SbCl3 0,5M
- Dung dch bo ho SrCl2, CaCl2, K2SO4
- Tinh th CH3COONa, NH4Cl, NaCl, Na2CO3, FeCl3, CH3COONH4, ZnS, CuS.
- Phenolphtalein, qu tm
12.4.2. Cch tin hnh
12.4.2.1. Cn bng trong cc dung dch
Th nghim 1: Cho vo ng nghim, mi ng 4 5 nc ct, sau thm vo mi ng mt
git dung dch NH4OH m c v 2 git phenolphtalein. Mt ng gi nguyn so snh,
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng
Trang 47
Trng H BR-VT
Trang 48
Trng H BR-VT
Lu : Khi un dung dch bng ng nghim, phi hng ming ng nghim v pha khng
c ngi. Cm nhn thng vo ming ng nghim. Khi un, cm ci mt vo pha ho cht.
III. Cu hi
1. Cht in ly mnh khc vi cht in ly yu im no? Khi nim tch s tan iu
kin ho tan v kt ta ca cht in ly t tan l g?
2. Tnh nng H+, pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M, tnh in ly ca axit iu kin
cho.
Trang 49
Trng H BR-VT
Bi 13. IN HA HC
13.1. Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng xc nh sc in ng ca nguyn t
Galvani (pin) v kho st qu trnh in phn mt s dung dch cht in ly.
13.2. Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v th in cc, hot ng ca nguyn t Galvani,
qu trnh in phn.
13.3. Tm tt l thuyt
13.3.1. Th in cc
in cc l mt h nhiu pha dn in tip xc vi nhau v trn xy ra phn ng
oxi ho kh. Mi in cc c mt th xc nh, c gi l th in cc. V d in cc
Zn/Zn2+; in cc Ag, AgCl/Cl; in cc Pt, H2/H+; in cc Pt/Fe2+,Fe3+.
Nu nng dung dch cht in ly ca in cc bng n v (1M), nhit 250C
th th in cc c gi l th in cc tiu chun, k hiu 0. V d th in cc tiu
chun ca in cc km: 0Zn2+/Zn = -0,76 V; 0Cu2+/Cu = 0,31 V.
Trng hp cht in ly c nng bt k v nhit 250C, th th in cc c
tnh theo phng trnh Nernst:
0
0, 059 [Ox]
lg
n
[Kh]
Trang 50
Trng H BR-VT
Cu
cc m (-):
Zn
2e
Zn2+
Cu2+ +
Zn
Cu
+
Zn2+
Nh vy: cc dng xy ra qu trnh kh, cht oxi ho nhn in t. cc m
xy ra qu trnh oxi ho, cht kh nhng in t.
+ K hiu pin: Theo quy c, k hiu mt pin, ngi ta vit cc m pha bn
tri v cc dng pha bn phi.
i vi pin Daniel Jacobi c k hiu nh sau:
(-) Zn/ZnSO4//CuSO4/Cu (+)
Sc in ng (E) ca nguyn t Galvani chnh bng hiu gia th in cc dng
v in cc m:
E ( ) ( )
Trang 51
Trng H BR-VT
ant (+): Cl
-e
=
1/2Cl2
dpnc
Phn ng tng qut:
NaCl
Na 1/ 2Cl2
13.3.4.2. in phn dung dch cht in ly
Trong trng hp ny, ngoi s c mt ca cc ion ca cht in ly cn c cc ion
+
H v OH do nc in ly nn qu trnh phc tp hn.
Qu trnh xy ra catt: catt s c cc ion kim loi v ion H+. Cc phn ng
c th xy ra l:
Mn+ +
ne
=
M
+
2H
+
2e
=
H2 (nu mi trng axit)
2H2O +
2e
=
H2 +2OH (nu mi trng baz)
Kh nng tham gia phn ng (phng in) ca cc ion catt nh th no? Trong
dung dch nc, cc ion kim loi kim, kim th v ion nhm khng b kh, khi ion H+
s b kh. Nu c mt cc cation kim loi k t Zn tr i trong dy in ho th chng s b
kh v theo th t: cation kim loi no c th in cc cng ln th cng d b kh. V d
trong dung dch c cc cation: Zn2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Ca2+, H+ vi nng nh nhau th cc ion
b kh theo th t l Cu2+, H+, Zn2+. Hai cation Al3+ v Ca2+ khng b kh.
Qu trnh xy ra ant: ant c th xy ra s phng in ca cc anion gc axit
ca cht in ly, ion OH, ngoi ra tu vt liu lm in cc ant m n cng c th b oxi
ho trong qu trnh in phn. V vy chng ta phn bit hai trng hp:
a/ Ant tr: Trong trng hp dng C (grafit) hay Pt (platin) th th t phng in
ca cc anion nh sau:
2A- - 2e = A2
2OH - 2e = 1/2O2 + H2O (nu mi trng baz)
H2O - 2e = 1/2O2 + 2H+ (nu mi trng trung tnh hoc axit)
D b oxi ho nht l cc anion gc axit khng cha oxi nh I, Br, Cl,... sau
n ion OH, cc anion gc axit cha oxi nh NO3, SO42, PO43... khng b oxi ho.
b/ Ant tan: Nu dng cc kim loi nh Zn, Ni, Cu... lm ant th cc kim loi ny
d b oxi ho hn v c th in cc nh hn cc cp oxi ho - kh ca cc anion ant, kt
qu l chng b tan ra trong qu trnh in phn v v vy c gi l ant tan (dng cc
tan).
13.4.Thc hnh
13.4.1. Dng c - ha cht
13.4.1.1. Dng c
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng
Trang 52
Trng H BR-VT
- Cc 100
- ng nghim
- in cc Zn
- Pipt 5
- in cc Cu
- Volt k
- in cc than ch
- ng ong 100
- Cu mui aga hnh ch U
- Giy nhm mn
13.4.1.2. Ho cht
- Dung dch ZnSO4 1M
- Dung dch NaCl 0,1M
- Dung dch CuSO4 1M
- Benzen
- Dung dch KI 0,1M
- H tinh bt
- Dung dch KBr 0,1M
- Phenolphtalein
- Dung dch FeCl3 0,1M
13.4.2. Cch tin hnh
13.4.2.1. Lp v o sc in ng ca pin Daniel Jacobi
Lp pin Daniel Jacobi theo s nh hnh 4, bao gm cc bc
- Ly 50 dung dch ZnSO4 1M cho vo cc 100 v in cc Zn
- Ly 50 dung dch CuSO4 1M cho vo cc 100 v in cc Cu
- Cc 1 v 2 c ni vi nhau bng cu dn in KCl bo ho trong aga-aga
- Dng Volt k o sc in ng ca pin.
13.4.2.2. Xc nh chiu ca phn ng oxi ho - kh
ng nghim 1: Ly 2 dung dch KBr 0,1M, thm tip 1 dung dch FeCl3 0,1M v
cui cng l 1 benzen.
ng nghim 2: Ly 2 dung dch KI 0,1M, thm tip 1 dung dch FeCl3 0,1M v vi
git h tinh bt.
Ch sc mu ca lp benzen ng nghim 1. Dng nt cao su y 2 ng nghim
v lc k, yn v quan st hin tng xy ra trong 2 ng. Vit phng trnh phn ng.
Gii thch.
o
o
Bit:
Fe
0,77V ;Io / 2 I 0,54V ;Br
1,07V ;
/ Fe
/ 2 Br
3
Trang 53
Trng H BR-VT
Trang 54
Trng H BR-VT
C
t
chnh l biu thc tng qut ca nh lut tc dng khi lng: nhit
khng i, tc phn ng t l thun vi tch nng cc cht phn ng vi s m l h
s t lng ca cht phn ng trong phng trnh phn ng.
14.3.2.2. nh hng ca nhit
Khi tng nhit th tc phn ng tng ln. i vi phn ng ng th, Vant
Hoff tm ra quy tc thc nghim sau: Trong mt khong nhit khng ln, c tng
nhit ln 10 th tc phn ng tng ln t 2 4 ln.
i lng cho bit tc phn ng tng ln bao nhiu ln khi tng nhit ln 10
gi l h s nhit ca tc phn ng v c k hiu l .
T
Trong :
v2 10
=
v1
T = T2 T1
v1 l tc phn ng nhit T1
v2 l tc phn ng nhit T2
14.3.2.3. nh hng ca xc tc
Cht xc tc c tc dng lm thay i tc phn ng. Vai tr ca cht xc tc l
lm gim nng lng hot ha ca phn ng, do lm tng hng s tc phn ng.
gim nng lng hot ha, cht xc tc tham gia vo mt giai on trung gian ca phn ng
to nn hp cht trung gian (cn gi l phc cht hot ng) c nng lng hot ha thp
hn.
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng
Trang 55
Trng H BR-VT
Trang 56
Trng H BR-VT
ng h kt thc giai on tnh giy, ghi thi gian t1. Tnh tc ca phn ng khi nng
Na2S2O3 l a theo h thc v1 = 1/t1.
Tin hnh tng t i vi cc ng nghim 2, 3, 4, ta xc nh c t 2, t3, t4 tng
ng, t tnh c v2, v3, v4.
Lp bng sau, ti nng H2SO4 l b khng i trong mi ng nghim, t rt ra
kt lun tc phn ng ph thuc vo nng cht phn ng nh th no?
STT ng nghim [H2SO4]
[Na2S2O3] Thi gian phn ng
Tc phn ng
1
b
a
t1
v1
2
b
2a
t2
v2
3
b
3a
t3
v3
4
b
4a
t4
v4
V th biu din s bin thin tc phn ng v theo nng Na2S2O3 (k hiu
l C), tc l v th ca hm s v = K.C. Trc tung t v, trc honh t C. ng biu
din c dng g? C i qua gc ta khng? V sao?
14.4.2.2. nh hng ca nhit n tc phn ng
Ly vo 3 ng nghim, mi ng 4 git dung dch Na2S2O3 0,2M v 8 git nc. Ly
vo ng nghim khc mt t dung dch H2SO4 1M pha long 5 ln thi gian xut hin
kt ta khng qu nhanh.
t 2 ng nghim ng dung dch Na2S2O3 v dung dch H2SO4 c sn ng nh git
vo bp cch thy iu nhit. mt lc cho nhit cc ng nghim bng nhit ca
nc, dng nhit k xc nh T1 ca nc. Nh 1 git dung dch H2SO4 vo mt ng
nghim ng dung dch Na2S2O3, dng ng h bm giy xc nh khong thi gian t
khi bt u phn ng n khi kt ta xut hin (t1). Tnh nng phn ng v1 nhit T1.
Sau , thay ng nghim th 2 ng dung dch Na2S2O3 vo bp cch thy iu
nhit. iu chnh nhit ca bp cch thy n gi tr T2 (T2 = T1 + 100C), tin hnh xc
nh thi gian t khi bt u phn ng n khi xut hin kt ta nh trn (t2).
Tin hnh tng t vi ng nghim th 3, tip tc iu chnh nhit ca bp cch
thy t gi tr T3 (T3 = T2 + 100C) v xc nh thi gian t khi bt u phn ng n khi
xut hin kt ta nh trn (t3).
Ch : gi nhit ca bp cch thy n nh khi phn ng xy ra.
Ghi kt qu thc nghim vo bng sau :
STT ng nghim Nhit
Thi gian phn ng Tc phn ng
1
T1
t1
v1
2
T2
t2
v2
3
T3
t3
v3
Tnh h s nhit () ca phn ng:
1 = v
2
1 v 2
Ly gi tr trung bnh:
1
2 =
v3
v2
14.4.2.3. nh hng ca xc tc
Xc tc ng th
Ly vo ng nghim 5 git H2O2 10%, quan st xem c kh O2 bay ra hay khng?
Nh vo ng nghim vi git dung dch K2CrO4 0,1M. Quan st s i mu ca dung dch
khi mi nh dung dch K2CrO4 vo, khi phn ng xy ra v khi phn ng kt thc. Quan st
Thc hnh Ha hc i cng
Trang 57
Trng H BR-VT
tc thot kh O2. Gii thch cc hin tng. Nhn xt vai tr ca K2CrO4 trong phn ng
ny.
Xc tc d th
Ly vo ng nghim 5 git dung dch H2O2 10%, thm vo vi ht MnO2. Quan st
tc thot kh O2. Gii thch hin tng v nhn xt vai tr ca MnO2 trong phn ng.
Hin tng t xc tc
Ly vo 2 ng nghim, mi ng 5 git dung dch KMnO4 0,1M, 5 git dung dch
H2SO4 1M v 5 git dung dch H2C2O4 0,1M. Gi ng th nht so snh. Thm vo ng
th hai 5 git dung dch MnSO4. Quan st hin tng xy ra 2 ng nghim, vit phng
trnh phn ng v gii thch.
14.5. Cu hi
1. Th no l tc trung bnh, tc tc thi ca phn ng?
2. Nng lng hot ha ca phn ng l g? Nu ngha ca n?
3. Nu cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng.
4. Th no l xc tc ng th, xc tc d th?
Trang 58
Trng H BR-VT
MC LC
BI 1 : NHNG VN CHUNG...................................................................................2
BI 2: NHNG DNG C N GIN V K THUT C BN TRONG TH
NGHIM HA I CNG.............................................................................................5
Trang 59
Trng H BR-VT
MT S BNG TRA CU
Bng 1: p sut hi nc bo ho PH2O (mmHg v pascal) nhit t 100C -1000C
toC
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
PH2O
PH2O
(mmHg)
(Pa)
9,21
9,84
10,52
11,23
11,99
12,79
13,63
14,53
15,48
16,48
17,54
18,65
1227,90
1311,90
1402,55
1497,21
1598,54
1705,20
1817,19
1937,17
2063,83
2197,15
2338,47
2486,46
toC
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
35
40
45
PH2O
PH2O
(mmHg)
(Pa)
19,83
21,07
22,38
23,76
25,21
26,74
28,35
30,04
31,82
42,18
55,83
71,88
2643,78
2809,10
2983,76
3167,74
3361,06
3565,04
3779,69
4005,00
4242,32
5623,54
7375,40
9583,21
toC
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
PH2O
PH2O
(mmHg)
(Pa)
92,52 12334,99
118,00 15732,04
149,04 19918,36
187,50 24997,94
233,70 31157,44
289,10 38543,50
355,10 47342,77
433,60 57808,58
525,76 70095,57
633,90 84513,05
760,00 101325,00
d
1,005
1,013
1,020
1,027
1,034
1,041
1,049
1,056
1,063
Nng %
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
d
1,071
1,078
1,086
1,093
1,101
1,109
1,116
1,124
1,132
Nng %
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
d
1,140
1,148
1,156
1,156
1,164
1,172
1,189
1,197
1,200
Bng 3: Khi lng ring ca dung dch CaCl2, SrCl2, Na2SO4 20oC
Mui
1
1,007
CaCl2
SrCl2
Na2SO4 1,007
2
1,014
1,005
1,016
4
1,031
1,031
1,034
Nng %
6
8
10
1,048 1,065 1,083
1,048 1,065 1,083
1,053 1,072 1,091
Trang 60
20
1,177
1,179
30
1,281
1,290
40
1,395
1,419
Trng H BR-VT
H2SO4
1,027
1,055
1,083
1,112
1,143
1,174
1,205
1,233
1,273
1,307
1,342
1,380
1,419
1,460
1,503
1,547
1,594
1,640
1,678
1,732
1,776
1,808
1,830
1,840
HNO3
1,022
1,044
1,068
1,093
1,119
1,145
1,171
1,198
1,225
1,251
1,277
1,303
1,328
1,351
1,373
1,394
1,412
1,429
1,445
1,460
1,474
1,486
1,496
1,504
HCl
1,019
1,039
1,059
1,079
1,100
1,121
1,142
1,163
1,183
-
CH3COOH
1,0052
1,0113
1,0171
1,0228
1,0284
1,0337
1,0338
1,0436
1,0481
1,0523
1,0562
1,0598
1,0631
1,0660
1,0685
1,0707
1,0725
1,0740
1,0747
1,0748
1,0742
1,0726
1,0696
1,0644
KOH
NaOH
NH3
1,033
1,048
1,065
1,082
1,100
1,118
1,137
1,156
1,046
1,069
1,092
1,115
1,137
1,159
1,181
1,203
0,938
0,937
0,967
0,960
0,958
0,946
0,939
0,932
Trang 61
Nng
%
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
KOH
NaOH
NH3
1,334
1,358
1,384
1,411
1,437
1,460
1,485
1,511
1,374
1,395
1,416
1,437
1,458
1,478
1,499
1,519
0,889
0,884
-
Trng H BR-VT
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
1,176
1,196
1,217
1,240
1,263
1,286
1,310
1,225
1,247
1,268
1,289
1,310
1,332
1,352
0,926
0,919
0,913
0,908
0,903
0,898
0,893
50
52
54
56
58
60
1,538
1,564
1,590
1,616
-
1,540
1,560
1,580
1,601
1,622
1,643
Nng %
Metyl da cam
Metyl
Phenol
Phenolphatalein
Alizarin vng
Bromcrezol xanh
Cng g
Thimol xanh
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1-1,0
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
Dung mi ha
tan
Nc
Ru 60%
Ru 20%
Ru 60%
Nc
Ru 60%
Ru 50%
Ru 20%
Khong pH
chuyn mu
3,1-4,4
4,2-6,4
6,8-7,4
8,3-10
10,0-12,0
3,8-5,4
3,0-5,0
1,2-2,8
S bin mu
-vng
-vng
vng-
khng mu-
vng- thm
vng-xanh
xanh-hng
-vng
m, mol/kg
H2O
18,50
13,88
11,10
9,25
6,94
5,55
3,70
2,78
1,85
1,39
1,11
HCl
H2SO4
No
56,85
61,20
54,05
65,89
68,23
69,49
70,99
71,78
72,59
73,02
73,28
48,99
54,06
58,03
60,75
64,60
67,03
70,17
71,50
72,68
73,09
73,35
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
m, mol/kg
H2O
0,740
0,550
0,278
0,111
0,0793
0,0555
0,0278
0,0111
0,0056
0,0028
1/
HCl
H2SO4
73,65
73,85
74,20
74,52
74,61
74,64
74,82
74,93
75,04
75,08
73,68
73,97
74,94
76,73
77,57
78,58
80,88
84,43
87,07
89,62
96,19
m, mol/kg H2O
1/
KNO3
34,93
Trang 62
KCl
17,23
NH4Cl
14,73
Trng H BR-VT
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
0,01
0,02
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
Bo ha
35,03
35,02
34,94
34,77
17,39
17,44
17,51
17,55
17,57
17,55
17,50
17,43
17,28
16,72
16,17
15,75
15,45
14,85
14,94
15,02
15,10
15,19
15,23
15,27
15,27
15,31
15,27
15,23
15,19
15,15
15,10
15,02
15,02
Ho298
-74,87
-110,551
-393,608
66,96
-770,90
-46,37
-399,50
-92,13
-166,81
-285,90
-241,88
-20,90
326,30
-530,00
-704,30
-635,24
-986,48
-1635,34
Cht
NH3 (k)
KCl (tt)
KNO3 (tt)
KOH (tt)
MgCl2 (tt)
MgO (tt)
NH4 (t)
NH4Cl (tt)
Na (k)
Na+ (t)
NaCl (tt)
Na2B4O7 (tt)
H2O2 (l)
H2O2 (k)
OH- (k)
SO2 (k)
SO3 (k)
SO42- (dd)
Ho298
-46,19
-436,79
-493,20
-425,80
-641,77
-601,38
-132,27
-314,29
108,30
606,10
411,21
-3276,70
-187,60
135,88
-228,64
-296,7
-395,94
-911,20
Trang 63
Trng H BR-VT
Hp cht
AgCl
AgBr
AgI
BaCO3
BaSO4
BaCrO4
CaSO4
CaCO3
Ca(OH)2
CdS
CuS
T
-10
1,78.10
5,30.10-13
8,30.10-17
5,10.10-9
1,10.10-10
1,20.10-10
2,50.10-5
4,80.10-9
5,50.10-6
7,90.10-27
6,30.10-36
Trang 64
Hp cht
Cu(OH)2
FeCO3
Fe(OH)3
PbCl2
Pb(OH)2
PbSO4
MgCO3
Mg(OH)2
SrCO3
SrCO4
T
5,00.10-20
3,50.10-11
3,20-38
1,60.10-5
3,20.10-20
1,60.10-8
1,00.10-5
6,00.10-10
1,10.10-10
3,20.10-7