LI NI U

Gio trnh c hc t - a cht c bin son lm c s cho vic ging dy v

hc tp mn hc C hc t v a cht cng trnh ca hc vin h trung hc cu ng
ca trng Trung hc Cu ng v dy ngh thuc Tng cng ty xy dng Trng
Sn.
Gio trnh gm 8 chng:
Chng 1. Cc tnh cht vt l ca t
Chng 2. Cc tnh cht c hc ca t
Chng 3. Phn b ng sut trong t
Chng 4. Bin dng ln ca nn
Chng 5. Sc chu ti ca t nn
Chng 6. n nh ca mi t
Chng 7. p lc t ln tng chn
Chng 8. Khi nim a cht t nhin v a cht cng trnh
Phn ph lc. Th nghim xc nh mt s ch tiu vt l ca t
Khi bin son gio trnh, chng ti da vo tiu chun k thut cng trnh giao thng
ng b v cc gio trnh a cht cng trnh, gio trnh c hc t v ang c
ging dy ti cc trng chuyn nghip nghnh Giao thng vn ti.
Trong qu trnh bin son, chng ti nhn c nhiu kin ng gp qu
bu ca cc ng nghip xy dng ni dung cun gio trnh. Song do trnh c
hn, nn trong gio trnh khng trnh khi cc thiu st. Rt mong cc ng ch tip tc
ng gp cc kin chng ti tu chnh ni dung gio trnh hon chnh hn nhm p
ng c yu cu ging dy v hc tp trong nh trng.
TC GI

BI M U

1.i tng nghin cu ca mn hc

i tng nghin cu ca mn hc l t thin nhin lp trn cng ca v tri

t. i vi nghnh xy dng cc cngtrnh giao thng cn phi nm vng nhng khi
nim c bn v a cht cng trnh, qu trnh hnh thnh t to ra nhiu loi t c tnh
cht khc nhau.
t khng phi l vt th lin tc, m l vt th do nhiu ht khong vt b, c kch
thc khc nhau hp thnh. Cc ht ny to thnh mt khung kt cu c nhiu l hng,
trong thng cha nc v kh. Trong khung kt cu, cc ht t c th sp xp ri
rc hoc c gn kt lin vi nhau bi nhng lin kt yu hn rt nhiu so vi cng
bn thn ht.
Chnh nhng c im lm cho t c nhng tnh cht khc hn so vi cc vt liu
khc, ng thi lm cho cc hin tng c hc xy ra trong t theo nhng quy lut c
th ring.
s dng t vo xy dng cng trnh giao thng c tt, cn phi xc nh c
sc chu ti v bin dng ca t di tc dng ca ti trng v p lc ca n ln cc vt
chn.
2. Ni dung v c im ca mn hc

C hc t - a cht l mn hc khoa hc nghin cu cc qu trnh a cht t

nhin v cc qu trnh c hc xy ra trong t di nh hng ca cc tc dng bn
trong vbn ngoi, tm ra cc quy lut tng ng v vn dng cc quy lut gii
quyt cc vn c lin quan n vic xy dng cng trnh giao thng.
Nhim v ca mn hc l xc nh quy lut hot ng ca cc hin tng a cht t
nhin tc dng n cng trnh xy dng. Vic xc nh cc quy lut c bn ca cc qa
trnh c hc xy ra trong t v cc c trng tnh ton ca t l mt vt th phn tn
phc tp, nghin cu trng thi ng sut bin dng ca t cc giai on bin dng
khc nhau, gii quyt cc vn v cng chu ti v n nh ca cc khi t cng
nh vn p lc ca t ln vt chn.
c im ca mn hc l nghin cu mt i tng rt phc tp, gm nhiu thnh phn
vi cc tnh cht khc nhau, ng thi li ph thuc cht ch vi cc iu kin xung
quanh. Chnh v vy trong khi nghin cu mn hc th bn cnh vic s dng phng
php l thuyt cn phi ht sc coi trng phng php thc nghim trong phng th
nghim v ngoi hin trng.

MC LC
MC

NI DUNG
LI NI U
BI M U

Chng
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Chng
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Chng
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Chng
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
Chng
5
5.1
5.2

TRANG
5
6

CC TNH CHT VT L CA T

S hnh thnh t
Cc thnh phn ch yu ca t
Kt cu ca t
Cc ch tiu vt l ca t
Cc ch tiu trng thi ca t
Phn loi t
Cu hi bi tp

7
7
9
10
13
15
15

CC TNH CHT C HC CA T

16

Tnh cht chu nn ca t

Tnh cht thm ca t
Cng chng ct ca t
Tnh cht m nn ca t p
Cu hi bi tp

16
20
21
24
24

PHN B NG SUT TRONG T

25

Khi nim
Phn b ng sut do trng lng bn thn t gy ra
Phn b ng sut do ti trng ngoi gy nn trong nn
ng nht
Phn b ng sut do ti trng ngoi gy nn trong nn
khng ng nht
Phn b ng sut tip xc di y mng
Cu hi bi tp

25
25

BIN DNG LN CA NN

41

Khi nim
Tnh ln cui cng theo quy phm 22 TCN 18 -79
Tnh ln theo phng php cng ln tng lp
Cu hi bi tp

41
41
42
45

SC CHU TI CA T NN

46

Khi nim
Xc nh ti trng ti do

46
46

26
37
38
40

5.3
5.4
5.5
Chng
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Chng
7
7.1
7.2
Chng
8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

Xc nh ti trng gii hn
Quy nh sc chu ti ca t nn
Kim ton cng t nn
Cu hi bi tp

47
51
53
55

N NH CA MI T

56

Khi nim
n nh ca mi t dnh
n nh ca mi t ri
Cc bin php phng v chng t trt
Cu hi bi tp

56
56
59
61
64

P LC T LN TNG CHN

65

Khi nim
Xc nh p lc t ln tng chn
Cu hi bi tp
KHI NIM A CHT T NHIN V A CHT
CNG TRNH
Tc dng ca phong ha
Tc dng a cht ca mng xi
Tc dng a cht ca dng sng
Tc dng a cht ca bin v h
m ly
Hin tng Ks-t
Hin tng ct chy
Hin tng t trt
Khi nim v kho st a cht cng trnh
Cu hi bi tp
Hng dn th nghim cc ch tiu c l ca t
Ti liu tham kho

65
66
73
74
74
75
76
77
79
79
80
80
81
82
85
91

Chng 1
CC TNH CHT VT L CA T

1.1. S hnh thnh t

Thnh phn ch yu ca t l cc ht t, cc ht t c kch thc to nh khc
nhau, chng c to nn do s ph hoi cc tng lp t ban u bi cc tc dng
vt l, ho hc, qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh phong ho. Qu trnh phong ho t
c phn lm ba loi l: Phong ho vt l, Phong ho ho hc v phong ho sinh hc.
Ba loi phong ho trn thng tc dng ng thi trong thi gian di lm cho cc lp
trn mt b v vn, sau do tc dng ca dng nc ca gi lm cc ht b cun i
ni khc. Tu theo kch thc cc ht to nh m trong qu trnh di chuyn chng sedx
lng ng li hoc ri xung to thnh cc tng lp t khc nhau. Qu trnh di chuyn
v lng ng sn phm phong ho gi l trm tch, ba phn t b mt lc a c bao
ph bi cc lp t trm tch, phn cn li l cc vng cn gi c thnh phn
khong cht nh gc hoc thay i t.
Cc ht lng ng chng cht ln nhau, gia chng khng c lc lin kt l
cc lp t ct, cui, si, loi ny ni chung l t ri. Cc ht nh vi kch thc vi
phn nghn mm thng c tnh keo dnh v tch in, khi lng ng chng lin kt vi
nhau thnh cc tng t gi chung l t dnh hoc t st.
1-2. Cc thnh phn ch yu ca t
Thnh phn ch yu ca t l cc ht t, Cc ht t c kch thc v hnh dng
khc nhau nn khi sp xp vi nhau s tn ti cc khe rng, cc khe rng ny trong t
nhin thng c nc v khng kh. Nc v khng kh trong cc khe rng c nh
hng ng k n cc tnh cht ca t v vy khi nghin cu t phi st ti cc phn
ny, v vy t l vt th ba pha: Pha cng l ht t, Pha lng l nc trong khe rng,
pha kh l kh trong khe rng.
1.2.1. Ht t
Ht t l thnh phn ch yu cia t. Khi chu lc tc dng bn ngoi ln mt
t th cc ht t cng chu lc, v vy ngi ta gi tp hp cc ht t l khung ct ca
t. Cc ht t c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau tu thuc vo tc ng ca qu
trnh phong ho v qu trnh di chuyn, lng ng.
phn loi v gi tn cc ht t, ngi ta dng khi nim ng knh trung
bnh ca ht, y l ng knh ca vng trn bao quanh tit din ln nht ca ht t
y (hnh 1-1)

a,

b,

c,

Hnh 1.1
Theo quy trnh quy phm hin nay tn cc ht t c gi theo bng 1-1
Bng 1-1: Tn ht t gi theo ng knh trung bnh
TN HT T

KCH THC HT (MM)

tng
Ht cui
Ht si
Ht ct
Ht bi
Ht st

> 200
200 10
10 2
2 0.1
0.1 0.005
< 0.005

Cc ht t c kch thc cng ln th thnh phn khong vt cng ging gc

cn cc ht c kch thc cng nh th cc thnh phn khong vt b bin cht v c
gi l khong vt th sinh.
Nhng ht ln nh ct, cui, si c thnh phn khong vt ging gc, khi sp
xp cnh nhau th gia chng khng c lc lin kt loi ny gi chung l t ht ri.
Khi s lng cc ht st v ht keo c mt t l nht nh trong t th c hin
tng cc ht dnh kt vi nhau thnh tng lp hoc tng khi, loi ny gi chung l t
dnh.
1.2.2. Nc trong t
Nc trong t c nh hng ln n tnh cht chu lc ca t, nc c tn
ti trong t di nhiu dng khc nhau, vi mi dng u c nh hng nht nh n
cc tnh cht khc nhau ca t ngi ta phn ra lm ba dng sau
a, Nc trong khong vt ca ht t
y l loi nc nm trong tinh th khong vt ca ht t, n tn ti di dng
phn t H2O hoc dng i-on H+ v OH-. Loi nc ny t nh hng n tnh cht
c hc ca t.
b, Nc kt hp mt ngoi ca t
y l loi nc c gi li trn b mt ht t di tc dng ca cc lc ho
l. Tu theo mc kt hp mnh yu khc nhau th c phn thnh 2 loi:
- Nc ht bm: L loi nc bm rt cht vo ngay mt ngoi ht t, n khng
th trc tip di chuyn t ht ny sang ht khc m ch di chuyn di dng bay hi.

- Nc mng mng: L loi nc bao pha ngoi nc ht bm.

Loi nc ny t nh hng n tnh cht c hc ca t.
c, Nc t do
y l loi nc nm ngoi phm vi lc ht phn t, loi ny c phn thnh 2
loi l: Nc trng lc v nc mao dn.
- Nc trng lc: L nc t nhin nm trong cc khe hng ca t, n c th di
chuyn t ni ny sang ni khc dic tc dng ca trng lc, thng c gi l nc
ngm hoc nc mch. Khi chy qua cc l hng, vi tc thm ln n c th sinh ra
p lc thu ng ln cc ht t.
- Nc mao dn: l nc dng ln theo cc ng l hng gia cc ht t di
tc dng ca lc mao dn. Nc mao dn lm tng m ca t, lm gim sc chu ti
ca nn, lm tng trng lng ring ca t.
Loi nc ny c nh hng ng k n cc tnh cht c hc ca t.
1.2.3. Kh trong t
Nu trong cc l hng ca t khng c nc th kh chim ch trong cc l hng
y. trong t c hai loi kh l kh t do v kh ho tan trong nc. Ni chung thnh
phn ca kh t nh hng n tnh cht c hc ca t, n ch nh hng n tnh thm
nc ca t, cn tr dng thm ca nc.
1.3. Kt cu ca t
Kt cu ca t l s sp xp cc ht t vi nhau, c nh hng ng k ti cc
tnh cht vt l v c hc ca t. Kt cu ca t ph thuc vo qu trinhg hnh thnh
v tn ti rt lu nn rt a dng. Ngi ta thng phn kt cu ca t thnh ba loi
sau:
1.3.1. Kt cu ht n
Loi ny c hnh thnh do s chm lng cc ht tng i ln trong mi trng
nc. Nhng ht ny c sp xp cnh nhau, gia chng khng c lc lin kt (hnh 12a)

a,

b,

c,

Hnh 1.2
Kt cu ht n thng thy trong cc loi t bi, t ct v cui si.
Kt cu ht n cn c phn ra l kt cu xp v kt cu cht
- Kt cu xp l s sp xp cc ht mt cch ri rc, gia chng thng c l
hng ln. Loi t ny chu lc yu, gy ln ln.

- Kt cu cht l s sp xp cc ht lin kht v c chn cht vi nhau. Loi

tny c h s rng nh, sc chu ti ln v t ln.
1.3.2. Kt cu t ong
Cc trm tch gm cc ht tng i nh, khi lng ng trng lng cc ht
khng thng c cc lc tc dng tng h gia chng vi nhau, cc ht bm vo
nhau khi lng xung to thnh nhiu l hng nh t ong (hnh 1-2b)
1.3.3. Kt cu bng
Cc ht kch thc rt nh( ht st, ht keo) thng l lng trong nc trong mt
thi gian nht nh, sau chng kt hp vi snhau ri lng xung to thnh cc m
nh bng (hnh 1-2c)
1.4. Cc ch tiu vt l ch yu ca t
t gm c ba phn l ht t, nc v kh. T l gia ba thnh phn ny s gin
tip cho bit t l rng hay cht, nng hay nh, kh hay t
Xt mt mu t c trng lng l Q
v c th tch l V. Tng tng phn ht
Q k . Vk
nn cht khng cn l rng c trong lng
Q r . Vr
Q n . Vn
l: Qh v th tch l Vh. Phn nc trong
t c trng lng Qn v th tch Vn. Phn
Q.V
kh trong t c trng lng Qk v th tch
l Vk.
Q h . Vh
Phn rng ca t c trng lng l Qr
v th tch l Vr (hnh 1-3)
Cc ch tiu vt l ca t: c 9 ch tiu

Hnh 1.3

1.4.1. Trng lng ring ca t.

a, Trng lng ring t nhin:
L trng lng ca mt n v th tch t trng thi t nhin k hiu: , cng
thc xc nh:
Q

(kN/m3;T/m3)
(1.1)
V
b, Trng lng ring no nc:
L trng lng ca mt n v th tich t trng thi no nc (l trng thi m
cc l hng trong t u cha y nc) k hiu: nn
Cng thc xc nh
Q
Q Qn
nn nn h
(kN/m3;T/m3)
(1.2)
V
V
Trong : Qn: l trng lng nc lp y cc l rng
c, Trng lng ring y ni:

L trng lng ca mt n v th tch t nm di mt nc t do, trng thi

ny t chu tc dng ca lc y ni Ac-si-mt, k hiu: n
Cng thc xc nh:
Q n .V h
dn h
(kN/m3;T/m3)
(1.3)
V
Trong :
n: l trng lng n v ca nc (n 10 kN/m3)
d, Trng lng ring kh:
L trng lng ca ht t trong mt n v th tch t k hiu: k , cng thc
Q
k h
xc nh:
(kN/m3;T/m3)
(1.4)
V
e, Trng lng ring ht:
L trng lng ca mt n v th tch ht (khng c l rng) k hiu: h, cng
thc xc nh:
Q
h h
(kN/m3;T/m3)
(1.5)
Vh
Bng 1-2: Trng lng ring ca cc loi t
TN T

Ct si cht
Ct xp
Ct cht
t st pha
t st cng
t st do

(kN/m3)
21.0
15.0
17.0
16.0
18.0
15.0

h
(kN/m3)
22.4
19.0
21.0
19.0
20.0
17.7

k
(kN/m3)
20.0
12.0
13.3
15.4
16.1
-

1.4.2. rng v h s rng ca t

a, rng:
L t s gia th tch l rng vi tng th tch ton b ca mu t (bao gm th
tch l rng v th tch ht) k hiu n , cng thc xc nh
V
n r
(1.6)
V
b, H s rng:
L t s gia th tch l rng v th tch ht; k hiu e cng thc xc nh
V
e r
(1.7)
Vh
e
n
hoc e
(1.8)
Gia hai ch tiu trn c s lin h: n
1 e
1 n

1.4.3. m v bo ho nc ca t
a, m ca t:
L t s gia trng lng nc trong t v trng lng ht t; k hiu W cng
thc xc nh:
Q
W n 100
(%)
(1.9)
Qh
b, bo ho nc ca t:
L t s gia th tch nc trong t v th tch l rng ca t, k hiu G cng
thc xc nh
V
G n
(1.10)
Vr
nh gi mc kh, m ca t ngi ta dng bo ho phn thnh cc
trng thi sau:
G=0
: t kh
0 < G < 0.5 : t hi m
0.5 < G < 0.8 : t m
0.8 < G < 1 : t no nc
G=1
: t bo ho nc (cc l u cha y nc)
1.4.4. Mi lin h gia cc ch tiu vt l ca t
Gia cc ch tiu vt l ca t c s lin h chung v s lng qua nh ngha v
cc cng thc tnh c th rt gn s lin h gia cc ch tiu qua bng cng thc sau.
Bng 1-3: Mi lin h gia cc ch tiu vt l ca t
TN GI

Trng
lng
ring ht
Trng
lng
ring t
nhin
Trng
lng
ring
kh

CH
TIU

CNG THC TNH

II

h k (1 e)

= k(1+W)

1 W

k = h (1-n)

rng

H s
rng

e
1 e
n
e
1 n
n

h (1 W)
1

III

IV

k
1 n

h
1 e

h k
h
-
e h k
k

W. h
G. n

bo
ho

h .W
e. n

k .W
n. n

- k
W
k
G

.W
n(1 W)

G.e. n
h
-

Cc h qu

h n
1 e
- Trong cng mt loi t th c s lin h sau: h > > k > dn
- Cng thc xc nh dn =

* V d p dng:
Hy xc nh trng lng ring , trong lng ring kh k, rng n, h s rng
e, bo ho nc G khi bit cc s liu sau y qua th nghim mu t bng dao vng
c th tch V=59 cm3, trng lng mu t Q = 116,45G, v khi sy kh mu t c Qh
= 102,11 G, bit trng lng ring ht h=2,8 G/cm3.
Bi gii:
Cc ch tiu c xc nh nh sau:
Q 116,45
1.97 G/cm3
- Trng lng ring ca mu t:
V
59
Q h 102,11

1.73 G/cm3
- Trng lng ring kh ca mu t: k
V
59
h k 2.8 1.73

0.383
- rng: n
h
2 .8
n
0.383

0.619
- H s rng e: e
1 n 1 0.383
- k 1.97 1.73

0.139 13.9%
- m : W
k
1.73
k .W 1,73.0,139

0,63
- bo ho nc: G
n. n
0,383.1
1.5. Cc ch tiu trng thi ca t
Hin nay thng dng hai ch tiu cht (D) i vi t ct v st (B) i
vi t dnh ni ln trng thi vt l ca t.
1.5.1. cht ca t
Cc ht t l khung ct chu lc ca t, nu cc ht t khng c sp xp
cht ch vi nhau th s c nhiu l hng ln v sc chu lc ca t s gim, nu cc

ht t c chn cht vi nhau th th tch l hng s gim i v sc chu lc ca t s

tng ln. V vy cht l ch tiu th hin sc chu lc ca t
nh gi cht ngi ta dng ch tiu cht (D)
e e
D max
(1.11)
e max e min
Trong :
emax: H s rng trng thi ri rc ca t
emin: H s rng trng thi m cht ca t
e : H s rng trng thi t nhin ca t
Da vo cc gi tr ca cht D ngi ta a ra tiu chun phn loi cht ca
t ct qua bng 1-4
Ngoi ra nh gi cht ca t mt cch n gin c th cn c vo h s
rng e qua bng 1-5
Bng 1-4: Bng phn loi cht ca t ct theo cht
Loi t
t ct cht
t ct cht va
t ct ri rc

cht
1 D 0,67
0,67 D 0,33
0,33 D 0,0

Bng 1-5: Bng phn loi cht ca t ct theo h s rng

Loi t
Cui si, ct th,
ct trung
Ct nh
Ct bt

Cht

cht
Cht va

Xp

e < 0.5

0.5 e 0.7

e > 0.7

e < 0.6
e < 0.6

0.6 e 0.75
0.6 e 0.8

e > 0.75
e > 0.8

1.5.2. st ca t
t dnh bao gm phn ln l cc ht st, ht keo c kch thc rt nh c cc
trng thi nh sau:
- Khi kh t dnh rn cng, trng thi ny l trng thi cng
- Khi m t dnh do c th ln c, trng thi ny c gi l trng thi do.
- Khi qu m t nho ra nh bn, trng thi ny gi l trng thi chy
Cc trng thi ny c biu din qua hnh 1-4
Trng thi do

Trng thi cng

Trng thi chy

W
Wd

Wch

Hnh 1.4
Qua hnh v trn t dnh c 3 trng thi l trng thi cng, trng thi do v
trng thi chy. Gia ba trng thi ny c 2 gi tr m quan trng:
- m lm cho t chuyn t trng thi cng sang trng thi do gi l gii hn
do k hiu: Wd
- m lm cho t chuyn t trng thi do sang trng thi chy gi l gii hn
chy, k hiu Wch
- bit mu t trng thi no ngi ta dng ch tiu st (B) cng thc xc
nh st:
W Wd
W Wd
B

(1.12)
Wch Wd

Trong :
Wch: m trng thi gii hn chy
W: l m t nhin ca t
Wd: m trng thi gii hn do
: L ch s do = Wch- Wd
Cn c vo st B, ngi ta xc nh trng thi ca t dnh theo bng 1-6
1.6. Phn loi t
Trong qu trnh thi cng chng ta phi bit nh gi v phn loi tnh hnh a
cht (loi t) t c cc phng php s l nn t cho ph hp
Bng 1-6: Cc trng thi ca t dnh ph thuc vo st
ST (B)

B0
0 < B 0,25
0,25 < B 0,5
0,5 < B 0,75
0,75 < B 1
B>1

TRNG THI CA T

Cng
Na cng
Do cng
Do mm
Do chy
Chy

Cu hi n tp
1- Nu r nguyn nhn v qu trnh hnh thnh t
2- Nu cc thnh phn cu to ca t v nh hng ca chng ti tnh cht c l ca
t.
3- Nc trong t c my dng v hot ng ca tng loi nc trong t
4- t c my loi kt cu v s hnh thnh ca cc loi kt cu
5- nh gi cht ca t ngi ta dng cc ch tiu no.
6- Gii hn do v gii hn chy l g
Bi tp
1- Hy xc nh trng lng ring t nhin () ca t m W = 25%. Bit rng t
m W = 6% th t c trng lng ring t nhin = 1.7 T/m3

2- Hy xc nh h s rng e v rng n ca mt loi t, bit trng lng ca 1 m3

t sau khi sy kh l 1,6 Tn, t c lng ring ht h = 2.65 T/m3
3- Mt m3 ct kh nng 1,6 Tn. Hy xc nh trng lng ca n khi m W=15%
v khi trng thi bo ho nc. Bit trng lng ring ht h = 2.65 T/m3
4- Cn bao nhiu nc vo mt mu t nng 150 Gam, tng m ca n t 15%
ln 20%.

Chng 2
CC TNH CHT C HC CA T

Khi xy dng cng trnh trn nn t hoc cc cng trnh bng t nh , p,

ng s chng ta u cn bit cc tnh cht c hc ch yu ca t , l tnh chu
nn, tnh c kt v thm nc, tnh chu ct, tnh chu m nn,
2.1. Tnh cht chu nn ca t:
2.1.1. Th nghim nn t hin trng:
nghin cu tnh chu nn ca t nn ngi ta thng o mt h n lp t
cn t mng. Dng mt bn cng bng b tng hoc gang c din tch F = 0.5 m2 hoc
F = 1.0 m2 hnh trn hoc vung (1). t bn ny xung y h. Trn mt bn dng mt
tr c khc vch (2) v bn gia ti (3) dng c o ln (4) nh hnh 2-1.
N

3
4

Hnh 2.1

Hnh 2.2

Ngi ta t mt ti trng N nn bn gia ti (3) th p lc d y bn (1) l:

P =

N
F

(2.1)

Ngi ta o ln ca bn tng thi im qua kim (4) cho n khi ngng ln.
Ly cc s liu thu c ta v c biu nh hnh 2-2 gi l biu ln - thi
gian
Qua hnh 2-2 chng ta thy rng di tc dng ca mt ti trng no th ln
ca bn tng ln theo thi gian, u tin tng nhanh sau gim dn, n mt thi gian
no th ngng hn.
Nu ngi ta tng ti trng theo tng cp mt. Mi cp ti trng u theo di
ln theo thi gian n khi ngng ln. Cc s liu thu c cho ta v c cc biu
nh hnh 2-3
Hnh 2-3a cho ta thy qu trnh tng ti v ln theo thi gian.
Hnh 2-3b th hin quan h ln - ti trng.
Khi mi tng ti quan h S - P gn nh l ng thng. Sau cong tng ln
chng t ln tng ln nhanh hn. n mt gi tr no ln tng t ngt l t
b ph hoi. Gi tr ti trng gi l gii hn Pgh .

Pgh
P

t
0

S
S

a,

b,
Hnh 2.3

Nu ta tng ti trng n mt gi tr Pl < Pgh ri ta gim ti trng, trong qu trnh

gim ti cng theo di ln chng ta nhn thy ln ca bn c gim i (tc l t
c nng cao ln). Hnh 2-4 cho ta thy ng gim ti (2-3). on Sdh l bin dng n
hi ca nn. on Sd l bin dng d ca t.
ng chm chm (2-4) th hin quan h ln - ti trng khi tng ti ln
th hai.
1
Ph

Pd

Pgh

P1

3
2

P1

Hnh 2.4

Hnh 2.5

Nu chng ta tng ti ch n gi tr Pl ri li gim n ht, lp chu k nhiu ln

ta thy ng quan h ln - ti trng nh hnh 2.5.
Hnh 2.5 biu din quan h P -S , cho thy sau mi ln tng ti n Pl t u c
bin dng n hi v bin dng d. Quan h P - S tr thnh ng thng.
2.1.2. Th nghim nn t trong phng:
My nn t trong phng gm cc b phn ch yu l hp ng mu (1) bng
ng, trong ng mu t (2), mt trn v di mu t t hai vin thm nc (3),
mu t ln (4) c khe thot nc, pha trn c bn cng bng ng truyn ti
trng p cho mu (5) chuyn v k (6) nh hnh 2.6
Tc dng lc nn ln mu theo tng

6
P

cp 0,5; 1 ; 2; 3; 4 (dN/cm2) tng cp ti

trng u theo di ln cho n khi

ngng qua chuyn v k.

Nu gi H: Chiu cao ca mu t ban

3

u lc cha t ti

H1 : Chiu cao ca mu di ti trng Pl

S1 : ln ln nht di ti trng Pl
h0 : Chiu cao ht ca mu

Hnh 2.6

Ta s tnh c gi tr :
H1 = H - S1

(2.2)

H s rng tng ng:

e1 =
vi

h0 =

H1 h 0
h0

(2.3)

k . V
h

(2.4)

Trong :

k : trng lng ring kh

h : trng lng ring ht
e1

V : Th tch mu t
ng vi mi cp ti trng Pi
ta xc nh c h s rng ei v
v c ng cong quan h Pi, ei
nh hnh 2.7.
Hnh 2.7
ng cong trn hnh 2.7 gi l ng cong nn khng cho n hng.
a, H s nn ln:
Trn hnh 3-7 : Nu ti trng P2 khng ln hn Pl nhiu, on ng cong nn c
th coi l ng thng. Ta c gi tr:
a=

e1 e 2
P1 P2

(cm2/N)

(2.5)

a : gi l h s nn ln, biu din s thay i h s rng khi tng p lc P ln mt

n v
H s nn ln a cng ln chng t t bin dng cng nhiu khi chu tc dng ca
ti trng.
nh gi tnh nn ln ca t ngi ta phn loi nh bng 2.1
Bng 2.1: nh gi tnh nn ln ca t
H s a (cm2/dN)
< 0,001
0,001 0,005
0,005 0,01
0,01 0,1
> 0,1

Tnh nn ln ca t
Khng c tnh nn ln
Tnh nn ln nh
Tnh nn ln va
Tnh nn ln ln
Tnh nn ln rt ln

b, Cng thc tnh ln:

Khi p mu t, ta bit ng vi p lc Pl mu t c chiu cao hl, sau khi tng p
lc ln P2 mu tc chiu cao h2. ln ca mu l:
S = hl - h2
Di tc dng ca ti trng cc ht t b p st vo nhau, rng gim i, th tch
ht t khng bin i.
Vy ta c th vit ng thc sau:

Vh =

1
1
. F. h1 =
. F. h2
1 e1
1 e2

hay h2 =

1 e2
.h
1 e1 1

e1 e 2
S = h1 - h2 =
1 e1

(2.6)
(6.7)

.h 1

(2.8)

theo cng thc (2-5) ta c (e1 - e2) = a (P2 - P1)

Vy S =

a
a
(P2 - P1). h1 t a0 =
v P = P2 - P1
1 e1
1 e1

Rt ra S = a0.P.hl

(2.9)

a0 c gi l h s nn ln tng i hay l muyn ln

Nu p lc ban u Pl = 0 th hl = H, ta c cng thc tnh ln:
S = ao.p.H

(2.10)

2.2. Tnh cht thm ca t:

Qua th nghim nn t chng ta nhn thy ln ca t di tc dng ca ti
trng khng xy ra tc th m ko di theo thi gian. Khong thi gian lu hay chng
tu thuc vo tng loi t. i vi t ct cui si thng ln chm dt sau mt
thi gian ngn do tc dng ca ti trng lm cc ht sp xp li. i vi t dnh thi
gian ln ko di rt lu, nguyn nhn l do s sp xp li cc ht i hi phi ph v cc
lin kt keo dnh gia chng, ngoi ra nu trong l hng c y nc th nc s b p
ra ngoi. Nu cc ht t cng nh th qu trnh ln cng lu kt thc. Hin tng ln
theo thi gian ni trn gi l c kt thm ca t dnh.
2.2.1. nh lut thm:
i vi t c kch thc cc ht ct v b hn, th nh cc th nghim ca ac xi,
Jukovxki, Paplovxki, cho thy chuyn ng ca nc t do trong cc l hng l thuc
loi chy tng. V th i vi t ny, nghin cu hin tng thm , c th p dng
nh lut arxi.
Q = k.F.J.t

(2.11)

Trong :
Q : lng nc thm qua mt ct F trong thi gian t
F : din tch mt ct vung gc vi dng thm.
t : thi gian thm
k : h s t l gi l h s thm
J : Graien thu lc, bng t s gia tn tht ct nc v chiu di ng thm

J=

dh
dl

dh: chnh lch ct nc gia hai im quan st

dl : khong cch gia hai im
Nh vy, nh lut thm pht biu: Lng nc thm chy qua mt mt ct nht
nh v trong mt thi gian nht nh t l vi Graien thu lc, thi gian thm v din
tch mt ct y.
Nu k hiu lu tc thm, tc l lng nc thm trn mt n v din tch v
trong mt n v thi gian l v :
v=

Q
F.t

th cng thc c dng : v = k.J

(2.12)

y chnh l biu thc ton hc ca nh lut thm cho thy rng, khi qu trnh
nc thm trong t din ra theo quy lut chy tng, th lu tc thm t l thun vi
Graien thu lc.
T cng thc (2-12) c th thy rng, h s thm k chnh bng lu tc thm khi
Graien thu lc J = l. n v ca k l cm/s.
H s thm k l mt c trng qan trng nh gi tnh thm ca t. Mi loi
t khc nhau c h s k khc nhau nh sau:
t ct

k = 1.10-1 1.10-4 cm/s

t ct pha st

k = 1.10-3 1.10-6cm/s

t st pha ct

k = 1.10-5 1.10-8 cm/s

t st

k = 1.10-7 1.10-10 cm/s

2.2.2. Cc nhn t nh hng n tnh thm ca t:

t thm nhiu hay t l do nh hng ca nhiu yu t, trong phi k n iu
kin hnh thnh v tn ti ca t, kt cu v kin trc ca t, kch thc v hnh dng
ca ht, thnh phn dung dch nc l hng v lng cha cc kh kn.
Trong qu trnh tn ti, cc lp t ngy cng b nn cht di trng lng ca cc
lp to thnh sau lng ng ngy cng dy bn trn, do l hng ca chng ngy
cng gim i v tnh thm ca chng ngy cng b.
Kch thc v hnh dng cc ht cng nh cp phi ca t c lin quan n kch
thc v s lng cc l hng, tc l vi lng nc kt hp, do nh hng quan
trng n tnh thm ca t. t ct c kch thc l hng ln, hn na trong t ct
khng c nc kt hp, nn tnh thm ca t ct ln, t st c kch thc l hng b,
c nc kt hp bao bc, nn tnh thm b.

Thnh phn dung dch nc l hng nh hng n tnh thm ca t thng qua c
ch ca s trao i ion lm cho chiu dy mng nc kt hp bao bc ht t tng hoc
gim, dn ti tnh thm ca t s tng gim theo.
nh hng ca kh kn i vi tnh thm ca t th hin ch lm tc ng
thm nc. Khi lng kh kn trong t nhiu, th tnh thm gim so vi khi trong t
khng c kh kn.
N

2.3. Cng chng ct ca t:

2.3.1. Th nghim ct trc tip:
xc nh cng chng

T
1

ct ca t, hin nay ngi ta hay

dng my ct trc tip c s

nh hnh 2-8

Mu t (1) c t trong
hp cng bng kim loi gm phn
trn (2) v phn di (3), hai phn

Hnh 2.8

ny c th trt ln nhau. Hp ct c t trn y (4). Trn mt mu t c bn nn

(5)
Thao tc th nghim nh sau:
u tin ngi ta tc dng ln mu nn mt lc nn N, nh vy p sut trn mt
mu l:
p=

N
F

F : Din tch tit din ngang ca mu

ng sut nn theo phng thng gc vi mt chu ct l : = P
i cho mt nn ngng ln, ngi ta tc dng 2 lc ngang tri chiu T to ra ng
sut ct mt phng chu ct l:
=

T
F

Lc T c tng dn cho n khi hai phn (2) v (3) trt ln nhau chng t mu
t b ct. C ngha ng sut ct bng cng chng ct ca t =S
Ngi ta thy rng khi thay i ng sut nn th cng chng ct S cng thay
i.
a, Cng chng ct ca t ri:

Lm th nghim ct vi mu t ct di tc dng cc ng sut nn khc nhau s

thu c cc cng chng ct tng ng. Th d:
1 = 0,5 daN/cm2

: S1

: S2

3 = 2,0 daN/cm

: S3

S4

4 = 3,0 daN/cm2

: S4

S3

2 = 1,0 daN/cm

Dng cc s liu trn v thnh

biu quan h - S, l mt
ng thng i qua gc ta nh

S2
S1
o

hnh 2-9

Hnh 2.9
Nu gi gc nghing ca ng thng l , ta c th vit phng trnh ng
thng ny nh sau:
S = . tg

(2.13)

b, Cng chng ct ca t dnh

Lm th nghim ct trc tip vi mt loi t dnh no , ta s thu c kt qu
nh hnh 2-10
Qua hnh 2-10, ta thy ng

cng chng ct ca t dnh ph

thuc vo ng sut nn khng i

S3

qua gc to m ct trc tung S

S2

mt im c gi tr ng bng lc

S1

dnh n v ca t c.

Nu gi gc nghing ca ng
thng l , ta c phng trnh:

Hnh 2-10
S = . tg + c

(2.14)

Ngi ta cho rng tg biu hin s ma st. Nn gc nghing gi l gc ma st

trong. Vi tg = f (h s ma st trt)
c : biu hin s lin kt gia cc ht, ngha l khi bin dng cn rt nh t dnh
c mt cng chng ct nht nh.

2.3.2. Cc nhn t nh hng n cng chng ct ca t:

Do cu to bn thn phc tp, cc loi t trong thin nhin khng phi lc no
cng c cng chng ct nht nh, tri li sc chng ct ca t l mt c trng c
tnh cht thay i v tu thuc theo iu kin mi ni mi lc m c nhng gi tr khc
nhau, thc t thy c cc nhn t nh hng n cng chng ct nh sau:
- Thnh phn khong, hnh dng v cp phi ht t. Vi t ri ht cng to u,
hnh dng cng gh gh gc ma st trt trong cng ln th cng chng ct cng
ln. Vi t dnh, ngoi hnh dng v cp phi ht th thnh phn khong cn quyt
nh chiu dy v nht ca lp mng mng xung quanh ht, do nh hng n
lc dnh C v cng chng ct ca t.
- ng sut php trn mt ct. ng sut lm tng lc ma st v lc lin kt gia cc
ht t.
- cht ban u. t cng cht th lc ma st v lc ht gia cc ht u ln, do
cng chng ct ca t cng ln.
- m. m thay i s nh hng n gc ma st trong, v chiu dy lp nc
mng mng, trong t dnh, nn cng chng ct cng thay i. t ri khi m
tng, gc ma st trong gia cc ht gim nn cng chng ct gim. t dnh, khi
m cng ln, chiu dy ca lp nc mng mng s cng ln, cht cng nh lc
dnh gia cc ht gim, cng chng ct s gim i.

2.4. Tnh cht m nn ca t p:

Trong thc t chng ta thng thy c nhng con , con ng p bng t.
nhng cng trnh ny, t tr thnh vt liu xy dng v chu lc ch yu. m bo
cho nhng cng trnh ny n nh v chu lc tt, t phi c m cht bng cc dng
c m ln.
Qua nhiu kt qu nghin cu cng nh kinh nghim thc t, ngi ta thy rng
cht ca t p ph thuc ch yu vo cng m ln t, nng lng m ln cng ln
th cng t c cht ln. Ngoi yu t trn ngi ta cng thy nu cho thm nc
vo t, th d m cht hn, y l do nc lm gim ma st gia cc ht t hoc
gim lc dnh gia cc ht st. Cng cho thm nc th cng m ln cht hn, nhng
ch n mt gi tr nht nh ca m, nu qu gii hn ny, lng nc trong l rng
s cn tr vic chn cht ca cc ht. m ca t c th m ln cht nht gi l
m tt nht W0. Trng lng ring kh ng vi m tt nht gi l trng lng
ring kh (dung trng kh) ln nht: max
CU HI N TP

1.Trong th nghim nn t hin trng, ngi ta thy bin dng ca t c c

tnh g?
2. H s nn ln l g ?

3. Hy xy dng cng thc ln ?

4. Hy trnh by ni dung nh lut thm, gii thch cc i lng trong cng thc
tnh thm?
5. Nu cc nhn t nh hng n tnh thm ca t?
6. Hy nu tnh chng ct ca t ri?
7. Hy nu tnh chng ct ca t dnh?
8. Nu cc nhn t nh hng n tnh chng ct ca t?
9. Hy nu tnh cht m nn ca t.

Chng 3
PHN B NG SUT TRONG T

3.1 Khi nim chung:

Mun nghin cu tnh n nh, cng chu ti v tnh hnh bin dng ca t
nn, cng nh mun tnh ton mng v cc cng trnh xy dng trong t, cn phi bit
trng thi ng sut ca t trong phm vi nghin cu. Trng thi ng sut trong t
c t trng bng cc ng sut php v ng sut tip .
Trong thc t cng trnh ta phn bit cc loi ng sut do trng lng bn thn
t gy nn; ng sut do ti trng ngoi gy nn (cn gi l ng sut bn thn); ng sut
thu ng do dng nc chy thm gy nn; ng sut tip xc, tc l p lc do ti trng
bn ngoi tc dng ln t nn chiu su y mng. V mi loi ng sut c nhng
c im khc nhau cho nn cch tnh ton cng khng ging nhau.
t lu ngi ta quan tm gii quyt vn ny c trn lnh vc nghin cu l
lun v thc nghim. Cho n nay, trong vic tnh ton s phn b ng sut vn p
dng cc cng thc ca l thuyt n hi.
t l mt vt th nhiu pha, gia cc ht t c l hng. Ti trng tc dng trn
ccsht t thng qua cc im tip xc gia chng m truyn i t ht ny sang ht
khc. Ni ng sut ca t ti mt im l ni ng sut trung bnh gi nh ti im

 trn mt n v tit din ca cc ht t v l hng, ch thc ra khng phi l ng

sut tc dng ln ht t.
Ngoi ra cn ch rng tr s ng sut m ta xt y tng ng vi iu kin
ng sut v bin dng n nh ca t di tc dng ca ti trng.
3.2 Phn b ng sut do trng lng bn thn ca t gy nn:
Bn thn t nm trong trng thi t nhin cng chu mt ti trng do chnh nhng
lp t nm trn xung. Ti trng ny gy ra cho t mt ng sut gi l ng sut
bn thn.
3.2.1. Nn t ng nht
Nu nn t ng nht v do s thay i ca trng lng ring khng ng k
th gi tr ng sut bn thn t l thun vi chiu su ca lp t mun tnh.
(3.1)
bt = . h
Trong :
: trng lng ring ca t t nhin
h : chiu su cch mt t ti im mun tnh
3.2.1. Nn t khng ng nht
Nu nn t c nhiu lp t khc nhau th ng sut bn thn c xc nh theo
cng thc:
n

bt =

.h
i 1

(3.2)

Trong : i : trng lng ring ca lp th i

hi : chiu dy lp t th i bn trn im mun tnh
Nu t khng no nc, l trng lng ring ng vi m thin nhin. Nu
t nm di mc nc ngm v l loi t thm nc th trong cng thc (3-2) phi
dng trng lng ring ca t trong nc dn . Lc y Arsimet khng c tc dng vi
cc lp t st cht m thc t c th coi l khng thm nc. Hnh 3- 1 minh ho
phng php tnh bt .

h1

h1
1

h1
1
h

h2

h1

h2
h3

h 2

MNN

h
n 2
3

z
z

h +
h
1 1
2 2

h + h 2 +
h +
h
1 1
n 2
3 3
n

Hnh 3.1
Qua cng thc (3.1) v (3.2) v hnh 3.1, ta thy biu phn phi ng sut bn
thn ca t c mt s nhn xt sau:
- Biu ng sut bn thn ca t ng nht l mt ng thng.
- Biu ng sut bn thn ca t khng ng nht l ng gy khc, im
gy khc ti ni tip xc gia hai lp.
- Biu ng sut bn thn c bc nhy ti mt tng lp t khng thm nc,
gi tr bc nhy bng trng lng ca lp nc ln n.
- Vi lp t ri b ngm trong nc, khi tnh ton phi dng trng lng ring
y ni ca t.
3.3. Phn b ng sut do ti trng ngoi gy nn trong nn ng nht:
3.3.1 Tc dng ca lc tp trung thng ng:
Trong thc t, trng hp lc tp trung tc dng trn t nn khng gp. Ti
trng bao gi cng thng qua y mng m truyn ti t nn trn mt din tch nht
nh. Mc d vy, bi ton xc nh ng sut trong t di tc dng ca lc tp trung
vn c mt ngha c bn v mt l thuyt v l c s gii quyt cc bi ton tnh
ng sut khi ti trng phn b trn din tch theo cc hnh dng khc nhau.
a, Trng hp tc dng l mt lc tp trung thng ng :
bi ton mt lc tp trung thng ng tc dng trn mt t ch xt n thnh
phn ng sut ph thm theo trc thng ng so vi mt t nm ngang, do mt lc tp
trung gy ra.
Gi s c mt lc tp trung P tc dng trn mt t, ta cn xc nh ng sut ph
thm do lc P gy ra ti im M su z (m) trong t
Trc ht chn trc thng ng z i qua im
t lc P v mt s k hiu khc nh hnh 3.2.

P
0

Theo nh khoa hc Php Jbutint gii quyt v

rt ra biu thc ng sut do lc tp trung P gy ra ti
im M khi khng cho t n hng l:

3.P.z 3
z =
2. .R 5
Trn hnh 3-2 ta c: R = z 2 r 2
Do vy cng thc (3-3) tr thnh:

(3.3)
Z

Hnh 3.2

3.P
z3
3.P
2
z =
2 5/2 =
2.. (z r )
2. .z 2

3.P
z =
2. .z 2

2
1 (r/z)

z2

2
(z
r
)

5/2

5/2

5/2

1
3

t k =
2. 1 (r/z) 2
Vy ng sut ph thm do lc tp trung P gy ra ti mt im M bt k trong t
c dng:
P
(3.4)
z = k. 2
z
Trong :
k : h s ph thuc vo t s r/z ice lp thnh bng tra sn bng 3.1.
r : Khong cch ti im ang xt n trc Oz
z : Khong cch t im ang xt n mt t.

Bng 3.1 :Bng gi tr h s k

r
z
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

k
0.4775
0.4770
0.4756
0.4732
0.4699
0.4657
0.4607
0.4548
0.4482
0.4409

r
z
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76

k
0.2313
0.2214
0.2117
0.2024
0.1934
0.1846
0.1762
0.1681
0.1603
0.1527

r
z
1.16
1.18
1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.34

k
0.0567
0.0539
0.0513
0.0489
0.0466
0.0443
0.0422
0.0402
0.0384
0.0365

r
z
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.90
1.92

k
0.0147
0.0141
0.0135
0.0129
0.0124
0.0119
0.0114
0.0109
0.0105
0.0101

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56

0.4329
0.4242
0.4151
0.4054
0.3954
0.3849
0.3742
0.3632
0.3621
0.3408
0.3294
0.3181
0.3068
0.2955
0.2843
0.2733
0.2625
0.2518
0.2414

0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.14

0.1455
0.1386
0.1320
0.1257
0.1196
0.1138
0.1083
0.1031
0.0981
0.0933
0.0887
0.0844
0.0803
0.0764
0.0727
0.0691
0.0658
0.0626
0.0595

1.36
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68
1.70
1.72

0.0348
0.0332
0.0317
0.0302
0.0283
0.0275
0.0263
0.0251
0.0240
0.0229
0.0219
0.0209
0.0200
0.0191
0.0183
0.0175
0.0167
0.0160
0.0153

1.94
1.96
1.98
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
>5.00

0.0097
0.0093
0.0089
0.0085
0.0070
0.0058
0.0048
0.0040
0.0034
0.0029
0.0024
0.0021
0.0017
0.0015
0.0007
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000

T cng thc (3.4) v bng 3.1 ta nhn thy:

- Khi z tng th z cng gim , chng t ng sut ti nhng im nm cng su
trong cng gim nh, hay nh hng lc P vo t cng nh.
- Khi r tng th h s k gim v ng sut ph thm z cng gim, chng t rng
cng su im nm cng xa lc P ng sut ph thm cng gim.

- Biu ng sut ph thm do lc P gy ra c biu din nh hnh 3-3

P

a,

b,

Hnh 3.3
a : Khi z khng i, r thay i
b : Khi z thay i, r khng i
b, Trng hp c nhiu lc tp trung cng tc dng:
P1
xc nh ng sut ph thm do cc
lc tp trung ng thi gy ra ti
mt im , ta dng nguyn l
cng tc dng.
z1
Gi s c cc lc tp trung
P1, P2, P3, . cng tc dng ln mt
z2
z
t nh trn hnh 3-4, th ti mt
im M no c th tnh bng
z3
cch cng tc dng.
P3
P1
P2
z = k1 2 + k2 2 + k3 2 + ...
z
z
z
M
Hay mt cch tng qut:
1 n
z = 2 k i .Pi
z i 1

P2

P3

Hnh 3.4
(3.5)

ri
vi ri l khong cch t im M nm
z

Trong h s ki ph thuc vo t s
su z (m) ti trc ng i qua im t lc Pi

V d tnh ton:
C mt lc thng ng P = 6.102 KN, tc dng trn mt t. Hy tnh ng sut
thng ng ti cc im A, B, C c rA = 0 m, rB = 1 m, rC = 2 m v cch mt t 2 m,
nh
hnh 3-5
2

P=6.10 kN

rA =2m
2m

r B =1m
B

0,41.10

0,13.10

0,72.10 kN/m

Gii
Ta c:

Hnh 3.5

rA 0
0 tra bng 3-1 ta c kA = 0,4775
z
2
rB 1
0,5 tra bng 3-1 ta c kB = 0,2733
2
z
rC 2
1,0 tra bng 3-1 ta c kBC = 0,0844
z
2
Vy tr s ng sut ti 3 im A,B,C l
6.10 2
Az 0,4775 2 0,72.102 (kN/m2)
2
6.102
B
z 0,2733 2 0,41.10 2 (kN/m2)
2
6.102
C
z 0,0844 2 0,13.10 2 (kN/m2)
2

Biu ng sut z ca nhng im nm trn mt phng song song vi mt t

v cch mt t 2m, nh trn hnh 3-5
3.3.2. Ti trng phn b u trn din tch ch nht:
Bi ton xc nh ng sut trong t khi c tc dng ca ti trng phn b u
trn din tch ch nht nh Hnh 3-6. C th gii trn c s ng dng cng thc ca
Jbutxinet. Mun th, ly mt din tch chu ti v cng b. Ti trng tc dng trn c
th thay i bng mt lc tp trung tng ng , p dng cng thc (3-3), tnh z ti
mt im M nht nh, ri tnh phn theo hai hng t - l1 n + l1 v t - b1 n + b1 .
Ta s c cng thc tnh ng sut di tc dng ca ti trng phn u trn din tch
ch nht.

2l

2b1

O
x

Hnh 3.6
Kt qu gii bi ton trn, v tin cho tnh ton ngi ta rt ra cng thc
tnh sau:
(3.6)
z = k0 .P
i vi nhng im nm di gc din tch chu ti hnh ch nht:
z = kg .P
(3.7)
Trong :
P : cng ti trng phn b u
z
l
H s k0 ph thuc vo t s =
v =
tra bng 3.2
b
b
l
z
v =
tra bng 3.3
H s kg ph thuc vo t s =
b
b
Ch : b : cnh ngn hnh ch nht
l : cnh di hnh ch nht
Bng 3.2 : Gi tr h s k0
l/b
z/b
0,25
0,5
1
1,5
2

1.5

10

20

0.808
0.606
0.386
0.194
0.114

0.904
0.716
0.428
0.257
0.157

0.908
0.734
0.470
0.288
0.188

0.912
0.762
0.500
0.348
0.240

0.934
0.780
0.518
0.360
0.268

0.940
0.792
0.522
0.373
0.279

0.980
0.820
0.549
0.397
0.308

B ton
phng
0.96
0.82
0.55
0.40
0.31

3
5

0.058
0.008

0.076
0.025

0.108
0.040

0.147
0.076

0.180
0.096

0.188
0.106

0.209
0.120

0.21
0.13

-Phng php im gc:

Cng thc (3.7) dng tng i tin, v n cho php tnh ng sut z ti cc im
trn ng thng ng khng nhng i qua gc din tch chu ti m i qua mt im
bt k da vo phng php im gc.
Nguyn tc ca phng php im gc l bin im ang xt khng phi im
gc, thnh im gc ca cc hnh ch nht, ri dng nguyn l cng tc dng tnh
ton. C 3 trng hp nh hnh 3-7
* im M cnh hnh ch nht, su z. Hnh 3.7a
z = kg1 . P + kg2 . P = (kg1 + kg2). P
1
1

2
M

a,

b,

c,

M
3

Hnh 3.7
* im M nm trong hnh ch nht, su z. Hnh 3-7b
z = kg1 . P + kg2 . P + kg3 . P + kg4 . P
z = (kg1 + kg2 + kg3 + kg4). P
* im M ngoi hnh ch nht, su z cn phi gi nh c nhng din tch
chu ti i nh Hnh 3-7c
z = kg1+2. P + kg3+4 . P - kg2 . P - kg3 . P
z = (kg1+2 + kg3+4 - kg2 - kg3). P
V d tnh ton:
C ti trng P = 4.102 KN/m2
phn b u trn din tch hnh ch

10m

nht c hai cnh 10 m v 20 m.

Tnh ng sut thng ng ti cc
im tm 0, L v M su 5 m
v c v tr trn mt bng theo
hnh 3-8
Gii
Hnh 3.8
* Tnh ng sut ti im 0:
- Tnh gi tr l/b v z/b:
l/b = 20/10 = 2 ; z/b = 5/10 = 0,5
Tra bng 3-2 c ko = 0,734
- Vy ng sut ti tm 0 l:
0z = 0,734 . 4.102 = 2,94.102 (KN/m2)
* Tnh ng sut ti im L v M:
- im L v M nm i xng cho nn
kg(ABLI) = kg(ILCD)
- Tnh gi tr l/b v z/b:
l/b = 20/5 = 4 ; z/b = 5/5 = 1
Tra bng 3-3 c kg = 0,204
- Vy ng sut ti tm L l:
Lz = kg (ABLI) + kg (ILCD). P
Lz = 0,204 + 2,204. 4.102 = 1,63.102 (KN/m2)
-Ti im M
Mz = kg (AHMI) + kg (IMGD) kg (BHML) kg (LMGC). P
i vi hnh AHMI v IMGD c
l/b = 30/5 = 6; z/b = 5/5 = 1; kg = 0,205
i vi hnh BHML v hnh IMGC c
l/b = 10/5 = 2; z/b = 5/5 = 1; kg = 0,200
- Vy ng sut ti tm M l:
Mz = 2(2,205 2,200). 4.102 = 0,04.102 (KN/m2)
4.3.3. Ti trng hnh tam gic phn b trn din tch hnh ch nht:
Ti trng hnh tam gic phn b trn din tch hnh ch nht nh hnh 3-9
tnh ton ng sut, ngi ta ly mt phn s trong phm vi (dp).
p dng cng thc Jbutxinet ri ly tch phn trn
ton din tch ABCD
Sau khi gii phng trnh v rt gn,
ngi ta lp c phng trnh tnh ton sau:
i vi cc im gc pha c cng
A
ti trng ln nht (C, D)
(3-8)
z = kT . P
i vi cc im gc pha c cng

 ti trng bng 0 (A, B)

z = kT . P
(3-9)
Trong cc cng thc trn:
kT l h s ph thuc vo t s l/b v z/b.
Tra bng 3-4.
kT l h s ph thuc vo t s l/b v z/b.
Tra bng 3-5.
Bng 3.4: Bng gi tr h s kT
z/b
0,00
0,25
0,50
1,00
l/b
0.136
0.101
0.025
0,15
0.250
0.051
0.250
0.186
0.116
0,30
0.250
0.206
0.160
0.085
0,60
0.209
0.170
0.108
1,00
0.250
0.113
1,50
0.250
0.210
0.173
0.117
0.250
0.211
0.175
2,00
0.119
0.250
0.211
0.175
3,00
0.120
0.211
0.176
6,00
0.250
0.121
0.250
0.212
0.177
10,00
0.121
0.212
0.177
0.250
20,00

Hnh 3.9
1,50

2,00

3,00

5,00

0.012
0.026
0.050
0.069
0.080
0.087
0.090
0.092
0.093
0.093

0.008
0.017
0.031
0.045
0.056
0.064
0.071
0.075
0.076
0.076

0.005
0.010
0.016
0.024
0.033
0.041
0.047
0.051
0.052
0.052

0.001
0.004
0.007
0.009
0.014
0.019
0.025
0.029
0.032
0.033

Bng 3.5: Bng gi tr h s kT

z/b
0,00
0,25
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
3,00
5,00
l/b
0.001
0.004
0.007
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.021
0.000
0,15
0.003
0.013
0.007
0.020
0.028
0.037
0.031
0,30
0.000
0.006
0.029
0.015
0.039
0.051
0.053
0.035
0,60
0.000
0.009
0.022
0.039
0.068
0.053
0.060
0.036
0.000
1,00
0.012
0.029
0.049
0.063
0.061
0.075
0.037
0.000
1,50
0.017
0.035
0.078
0.068
0.055
0.037
0.062
2,00
0.000
0.059
0.041
0.022
0.071
0.000
0.037
0.063
0.078
3,00
0.026
0.079
0.071
0.062
0.046
0.063
6,00
0.000
0.037
0.047
0.028
0.072
0.063
0.038
0.064
0.080
10,00
0.000
0.030
0.063
0.048
0.064
0.080
0.072
0.038
20,00
0.000
- Phng php im gc:
xc nh ng gc z ti cc im nm trn ng thng ng i qua nhng
im bt k trong hoc ngoi hnh ch nht, ngi ta bin im ang xt thnh im
gc ca hnh ch nht, sau p dng nguyn l cng tc dng. C cc trng hp nh
hnh 3.10.
* im M nm cnh hnh ch nht. Hnh 3.10a
zM = ( k1T + k2T ). P
zM = ( k1T + k2T ). P
* im M nm trong hnh ch nht. Hnh 3.10b

zM = ( k1T + k4T ). P1 + ( k2T + k3T ). (P - P1) + ( k2g + k3g ). P1

* im M nm ngoi hnh ch nht, pha ti trng P = 0. Hnh 4-10c
zM = ( k1+3T + k2+4T ). Po - ( k1+3g + k2+4g ). (Po - P) + ( k3T + k4T ). (Po - P)
im M nm ngoi hnh ch nht, pha ti trng ln nht. Hnh 3-10d
zM = ( k1+2T + k3+4T ). Po - ( k2T + k3T ). (Po - P) - ( k2g + k3g ). P
P

a,

c,

Po

M
1
N

M
2

b,
1

Po

d,
M

2
2

M
3

Hnh 3.10
4.3.4. Ti trng phn b hnh trn v vnh khn:
Gi s c ti trng P phn b u trn hnh trn tm (o), bn knh a. Cng thc
xc nh ng sut do ti trng gy nn nhng im nm trn ng thng ng i
qua tm (o) v c su z l:
(3.10)
z = ktr . P
Trong ktr l h s ph thuc vo t s a/z tra bng 3.6
Bng 3.6: Bng gi tr h s ktr
a/z
0,2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

ktr
0.0571
0.1996
0.3695
0.5239
0.6465

a/z
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6

ktr
0.9620
0.9684
0.9735
0.9775
0.9808

a/z
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.5

ktr
0.9940
0.9946
0.9951
0.9956
0.9965

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6

0.7376
0.8036
0.8511
0.8855
0.9106
0.9291
0.9431
0.9537

3.8
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2

0.9835
0.9857
0.9876
0.9891
0.9904
0.9915
0.9925
0.9933

7.0
7.5
8.0
9.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
30.0

0.9972
0.9977
0.9981
0.9987
0.9990
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000

Khi ti trng phn b hnh vnh khn. Lc ch cn tnh hiu ca hai ng sut
z tng ng vi hai hnh trn c bn knh bng bn knh ngoi v bn knh trong ca
hnh vnh nh hnh 3-12
z = (k1 tr - k2tr). P

(3.11)

3.3.4. Bi ton phng:

b
Bi ton phng l bi ton m ng sut trn
mi mt phng vung gc vi trc dc mng u
y
nh nhau.
Trong thc t, bi ton ny l bi ton xc
nh ng sut trong n ng, p v mng
P
tng chn.
Trong gio trnh ny ch trnh by
x
trng hp ti trng phn b u ko di
o
(ti trng hnh bng).Ti trng phn b u
hnh bng nh hnh 3-11
Ti trng phn b u P, trn b rng
z
b v ko di v tn theo trc y.
Ly mt on rt nh dx. Coi lc tc
dng dp l lc tp trung, p dng cng thc
Hnh 3.11
ca Jbutxinet. Sau tnh phn theo trc x
(t -b/2 n +b/2): gii v rt gn, ngi ta lp thnh cng thc xc nh ng sut
ph thm
(3.12)
z = kp . P
Trong kp ph thuc vo t s z/b v x/b tra bng 3.6
Bng 3.6 : Bng gi tr h s kP
x/b
z/b
0
0,10
0,25

0,25

0,5

1,5

1.00
1.00
0.96

1.00
0.99
0.90

0.50
0.50
0.50

0.00
0.01
0.02

0.00
0.000
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00

0,35
0,50
0,75
1,00
1,25
1,50
1,75
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00

0.91
0.82
0.67
0.55
0.46
0.40
0.35
0.31
0.21
0.16
0.13
0.11

0.83
0.74
0.61
0.51
0.44
0.38
0.34
0.31
0.21
0.16
0.13
0.10

0.49
0.48
0.45
0.41
0.37
0.33
0.30
0.28
0.20
0.15
0.12
0.10

0.04
0.08
0.15
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.20
0.17
0.14
0.12
0.10

0.001
0.002
0.04
0.07
0.10
0.10
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10

0.00
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.09
-

T cng thc 3.10 v bng 3.6 ta thy gi tr ng sut nn z c gi tr ln nht ti

nhng im nm trn trc i xng ca ti trng phn b (x = 0); cng xung su hoc
cng i ra xa trc i xng, tr s ca z cng gim dn.
3.4. Phn b ng sut do ti trng ngoi gy nn trong nn khng ng nht:
Trn y va trnh by phng php xc nh ng sut trong nn t c coi l
mt na khng gian ng nht, chu tc dng ca cc loi ti trng khc nhau.
Trong thc t, nn t thng khng ng nht. C khi lp t c tnh nn ln
ln nm trn mt lp t rn hoc mt tng . Ngc li c khi lp t pha trn c c
tnh c l tt, nhng ti mt su nht nh li chuyn sang mt tng t yu vi sc
chu ti rt km v tnh ln rt cao. V vy s phn b ng sut trong nn di tc dng
ca ti trng s khc i, c cc trng hp sau:
3.4.1. Trng hp di nn t l lp cng:
trng hp ny, c hin tng tp trung ng sut, tc l so vi trng hp nn
t bnh thng, th ti im c cng su, ng sut ph thm trong trng hp ny s
ln hn.
Trng hp bi ton phng di tc dng ca ti trng phn b u hnh bng,
hin tng tp trung ng sut xy ra khi di lp t c tng khng ln. Hnh 3-11
minh ho kt qu tnh ton ca Lgorov, th hin nh hng ca chiu dy tng i
ca tng nn ln i vi hin tng tp trung ng sut: chiu dy h ca tng nn ln
cng nh th hin tngtp trung ng sut z trn trc i xng ca ti trng cng r rt,
khi h = b1 ng sut z khng gim i theo chiu su so vi P. Khi h 2b1, tuy c gim
i theo chiu su nhng khng gim nhanh nh trong trng hp nn ng nht (ng
nt t trn hnh v 3.11)
3.4.2. Trng hp di t nn l lp t yu:
Nu di lp t ang xt l tng t yu th s xy ra hin tng phn tn ng
sut. Theo chng minh ca Bio. Nu em so snh vi trng hp tng ng nht, th
thy ng sut nn z tng t yu gim i 6%. Do c th ni rng nh hng
ca tng yu trong nn t i vi tnh hnh phn b ng sut khng r rt nh trong t

c tng . Cho nn trong tnh ton phn b ng sut, ngi ta b qua s tn ti ca

tng t yu pha di, m vn dng cc cng thc ca trng hp ng nht vi kt
qu thin v pha an ton.
3.5. Phn b ng sut tip xc di y mng:
p lc do ton b ti trng ca cng trnh (bao gm c trng lng bn thn
mng), thng qua y mng m truyn ti t nn c gi l p lc y mng. V hin
tng ny xy ra ti mt tip xc gia y mng v t nn, nn gi l p lc tip xc.
Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy, s phn b p lc y mng ph thuc vo
nhiu nhn t trong c cng ca mng.
Cn c vo c trng cng, ngi ta phn chia cc mng cng trnh ra ba loi
sau:
- Mng cng l mng c kh nng bin dng v cng b so vi t nn. Di y
mng c s phn b li p lc.
- Mng mm l mng c kh nng bin dng hon ton cng cp vi kh nng
bin dng ca t nn. p lc y mng phn b ging nh ti trng tc dng trn
mng, ngha l tr s p lc y mng trn mt t nn ti mi im trong phm vi chu
ti u bng cng ca ti trng ti im .
- Mng cng c v tr trung gian gia hai loi mng ni trn. Kh nng bin dng
ca mng tuy b nhng khng phi l v cng b so vi kh nng bin dng ca t
nn. Di y mng cng c hin tng phn b li ng sut.
Trong gio trnh ny ta ch nghin cu phng php n gin tnh ng sut di
y mng cng. Theo phng php ny vi gi thit xem ng sut tip xc di y
mng phn b theo quy lut ng thng, s dng cc cng thc tnh ca sc bn vt
liu.
b

3.5.1. Bi ton khng gian:

Ton b cc lc tc dng trn mng c
a v mt tng hp lc tp trung N t li y
mng, chn h to nh hnh 3-13
Xt cc trng hp sau:

a, Khi ti trng tc dng ng tm:

ng sut phn b di mng s l u
v c gi tr:
N
P =
(3-11)
b. l
b, Khi ti trng tc dng lch tm:
M y
M x
N
x

y
P(x,y) =
Jy
b. l
Jx
Trong : Mx = N.ey ; My = N. ex
b. l 3
l .b
v
Jy =
Jx =
12
12

P
ey

ex

Hnh 3.13
(3.13)
3

Vy cng thc (3-12) c th vit thnh;

12. e
N
12. e x
1
x

P(x,y) =
b. l
b2
l2

(3.14)

b
l
v y =
2
2

tnh cho cc im gc mng c to x =

ta c cng thc:
6. e
N
6. e x
1

P(x,y) =
l
b. l
b
Nu ey = 0 v ex > b/6 th N lch
tm nhiu theo trc x, mng c xu
hng b lch mt mp, ti mp pht
sinh ng sut ko. Nhng gia nn v
mng khng th c ng sut ko c,
nn buc phi phn b ng sut di
mng nh hnh 3-14

ex

Po

xo

Khi ta c :
P0

2N

b
3
ex
2
b
3
ex
2

(3.15)

(3-16)

Hnh 3.14

ex

3.5.2. Bi ton phng:

Gi q l ti trng phn b trn mt
n v chiu di nh hnh 3-15

- Khi ti trng ng tm ta c:
q
(3.17)
P =
b
- Khi ti trng lch tm vi lch tm ex, ta c
q Mx
x
P=
(3.18)
F Jy
Nu ly mt n v chiu di ta c:
F=b.1=b
Jy = 1.b3/12
My = q.ex
Thay vo (3-18) ta c:

Hnh 3.14

q 12e x
1 2 . x
b
b

Ti cc im mp mng c x = b/2 th gi tr ng sut:

q 6e x

P = 1
b
b
P =

(3.19)

(3.20)

CU HI N TP

1. Ti sao trong t nn li c ng sut bn thn? Cch xc nh ng sut bn thn

khi t ng nht v t khng ng nht.
2. T dng biu ng sut bn thn, ngi ta rt ra nhn xt g?
3. T cng thc ca Jbutxinet hy dn gii ti cng thc xc nh ng sut do mt
lc tp trung gy ra trong t?
4. Hy trnh by phng php im gc xc nh ng sut ph thm trong t,
khi ti trng phn b trn din tch hnh ch nht?
5. Hy trnh by phng php im gc xc nh ng sut ph thm trong t,
khi ti trng phn b dng tam gic trn din tch hnh ch nht?
6. Th no gi l bi ton phng? Cch xc nh ng sut ph thm trong bi ton
phng.
7. Trong t khng ng nht, s phn b ng sut ph thm c cc hin tng g?
8. Hy thit lp cng thc xc nh ng sut tip xc y mng trong trng hp
bi ton khng gian.
9. Hy thit lp cng thc xc nh ng sut tip xc y mng trong trng hp
bi ton phng.
10. Xc nh ng sut bn thn vi cc s liu sau: t c hai lp, lp trn l loi t
ct c dung trng kh k = 17,3 KN/m2, m W = 14,1%, chiu dy 3 m, l
di l t c trng lng ring ht h = 28 KN/m3 v h s rng e = 0,6, chiu
dy 5 m, lp ny nm di mc nc ngm.

Chng 4
BIN DNG LN CA NN

4.1. Khi nim chung:

Ln ca nn l s dch chuyn thng ng ca nn cng trnh di tc dng ca
ti trng do cng trnh truyn xung. ln ca nn t di tc dng ca ti trng
gm ba phn khc nhau:
Ln do lp t trn cng b ph hoi kt cu khi o h mng v khi xy mng,
ln do mt b phn t nn b bin dng do v b n tri ra ngoi, ln do t nn
trong vng chu nn c nn cht di ti trng.
Bt k cng trnh ln nh no khi xy dng xong cng u b ln, nu ln nh
th cng trnh s dng bnh thng, nhng nu ln qu ln s gy ra kh khn cho
vic s dng. Thng khi nn b ln nhiu li ko theo s ln khng u lm cho cng
trnh b nghing lch, thm ch cc b phn kt cu b nt n khng th s dng an ton
c na.
Chnh v vy, cc quy trnh thit k cu cng v nh ca u c quy nh ln
gii hn cho mi loi cng trnh.
Cc iu kin ch yu cn m bo khi thit k nn t v phng din ln l:
S Sgh
S : ln ca cng trnh
Sgh : ln gii hn theo quy nh
v S Sgh
S : chnh lch v ln ca 2 b phn
Sgh : chnh lch ln gii hn theo quy nh.
4.2 Tnh ln cui cng theo cng thc tnh ca quy phm 22TCN18-79
4.2.1. Cng thc tnh:
S dng cng thc sau y tnh ln cui cng cho m tr cn t trn
st, nh hnh 5-1
n tb h
i.
i
S = 0,8
(4.1)
Ei
i 1
o
Trong :
tb
tbi : p lc trung bnh ph thm
1
1
h 1
do mng truyn xung lp t th i
tb

2
2
i i 1
tbi =
(4.2)
tb
2
3
3
2
hi : Chiu dy ca lp t th i
tb
h
4
Ei : M uyn bin dng ca lp
4
t th i
tb
5
5
z
4.2.2 Cch s dng cng thc:
bt
Thc t cng xung su nh hng
ca ti trng ti ln ca t cng nh.
Z
Do vy ngi ta ch phn lp tnh ln
ti mt su nht nh no m thi.
Hnh 4.1

nn

h1
h2
h3
h4
h5

Theo quy nh ch tnh ln ti su m ng sut ph thm bng 0,2 ng sut bn

thn (z = 0,2 bt)
Cc bc tnh ton nh sau:
- Xc nh su tnh ln:
Tnh ng sut ph thm do ti trng gy ra ti cc im nm trn trc ng i qua tm
y mng. Tnh ng sut bn thn ca t. V biu 0,2 ng sut bn thn ca t v
biu ng sut ph thm theo cng mt t l v cng mt pha ca trc ng qua tm
mng. Giao im ca hai biu trn l gii hn ca su tnh ln.
- Trong khong su tnh ln, chia t thnh nhiu lp vi chiu dy mi lp
tu , nn chia cc lp cng gn mt t cng mng. Ch l chiu dy ln nht ca
lp t khng vt qu chiu di cnh nh ca mng ch nht hay bn knh mng trn,
t trong mi lp l ng nht.
- Dng cng thc (4-1) tnh ln cui cng cho im tm y mng, trong
khong tnh ln xc nh trn.
4.3 Tnh ln ca nn theo phng php cng ln tng lp:
4.3.1. Ni dung phng php:
Ni dung c bn ca phng php ny l em chia u t ra thnh tng lp bi
cc mt ct ngang sao cho trong phm vi mi lp y c th xem biu phn b ng
sut z do ti trng P gy ra l thay i khng ng k v bin dng ln ca t mi
lp xy ra trong iu kin khng c n hng (Hnh 4-2) vi gi thit nh th, i vi
mi lp c th p dng cng thc tnh ln ca bi ton mt chiu, sau ln ca
ton b lp t s xc nh nh tng cc ln ca cc lp.
4.3.2. Cng thc tnh:
Gi ztbi l ng sut nn trung
bnh v a0i l h s nn tng
i ca mi lp t c chiu
cao hi. ln cui cng xc
nh theo cng thc:
n

S =

a
i 1

0i

tb
z i

.hi

(4.3)

b
P

z1
z2

H1

z3

z4
z5
z6
z7

H2
H

4.3.3. Cc bc tnh ln:

- V biu phn b p
H3
lc bn thn ca t.
- V biu phn b ng
sut ph thm theo cng thc
P = P0 - . hm
Trong : P0 : p lc cng trnh xung y mng
: trng lng ring t T/m3
hm: su t mng

Hnh 4.2

h1
h2
h3
h4
h5
h6
h7

- Ch tnh ln ti su c z 0,2 bt , bng cch v biu ng sut ph thm

v biu 0,2 ng sut bn thn trn cng mt trc v cng t l, giao im hai biu
cho bit khong su tnh ln.
- Chia nn t trong khong su tnh ln thnh cc lp, c chiu dy mi lp b
hn hoc bng 1/10 chiu su tnh ln hoc b hn hoc bng b/4 chiu rng ca mng.
- Khi chia lp cn ch rng v biu phn b ng sut z chiu su y
mng c dng thay i nhu nn cc lp gn y mng nn ly mng, cn cc lp
pha su ly dy hn. t trong mi lp l ng nht.
- Xc nh gi tr p lc zitb v h s nn tng i a0i ca mi lp.
i i 1
ai
tbi =
; a0i =
1 ei
2
e i e i 1
- Vi ai =
Pi 1 Pi
- H s nn ai c xc nh bng th nghim nn t trong phng.
- Tnh ton ln ton b t nn theo cng thc (4.3)
V d tnh ton:
- Tnh ln n nh ca mt mng ch nht c kch thc a = 8,0 m, b = 4,0 m.
su t mng h = 2,0 m. Mng xy trn nn t hai lp, trong lp th nht c
chiu dy 7,0 m, p lc cng trnh tc dng ln nn t y mng l P0 = 2,4.102
KN/m2, cc s liu tnh ton khc cho trong bng sau:

Lp

(KN/m3)

P0 = 0.10
KN/m2

I
II

2.101
1,8.101

0,544
0,730

Gii
Xc nh p lc tnh ln
P = P0 - . hm
= 2,4.102 2.0,2.102
= 2.102 KN/m2
V biu p lc bn thn
ca t v biu ng sut ph thm
Chia nn t ra thnh tng lp c
chiu dy hi b/4. y ta chia lp I
thnh 5 lp, mi lp c chiu dy
hi = 1,0 m. Chia lp II thnh 2 lp c
chiu dy hi = 2,0 m . Nh hnh 4-3
Tnh p lc bn thn ca t
ti cc im 1, 2,...,7 theo cng thc:

H s rng e
P1 = 1.10 P2 = 2.102 P3 = 3.102
KN/m2
KN/m2
KN/m2
2

0,360
0,528

0,268
0,420

0,218
0,354

P4 =
4.102
KN/m2
0,205
0,323

P=2.4.10 2 kN/m 2

0
1

LpI

2
3
4
5

LpII

6
7

1m
1m
1m
1m
1m
2m
2m

bti = i (hm + zi)

Trong :
bti : p lc bn thn ca t ti im i
i : trng lng n v ca lp t i
Hnh 4.3
zi : chiu su k t y mng ti im i
hm : su t mng
Tnh ng sut ph thm ti cc im 1, 2,... , 7 theo cng thc:
zi = k0 . P
Trong zi : ng sut ph thm ti im i
P : p lc tnh ln
k0 : h s ng sut tm mng, ph thuc vo = a/b v = z/b.
Tra bng 4.2: Kt qu tnh c lp thnh bng sau:

Lp

II

im
tnh
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

zi
(m)
0
1
2
3
4
5
7
9

bt

a/b

z/b

k0

zi

0,4.102
0,6.102
0,8.102
1,0.102
1,2.102
1,4.102
1,62.102
1,98.102

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

0,00
0,25
0,50
0,75
1,00
1,25
1,75
2,25

1,000
0,908
0,734
0,602
0,470
0,379
0,238
0,168

2.102
1,816.102
1,468.102
1,204.102
0,940.102
0,758.102
0,476.102
0,336.102

V ng cong nn ln ca cc lp t theo
s lng bng trn nh hnh 5-4
Tnh ln S
Xc nh chiu su vng chu nn: Ta thy
chiu su z = 9m (im 7) th tr s
bt = 1,98.102 KN/m2 v tr s z7 = 0,34.102 KN/m2
tho mn iu kin z 0,2 bt. Do vy ta thy
khong tnh ln l 9m
Tnh ln theo cng thc:
n

e i e i 1

e
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

. hi
Hnh 4.4
1 ei
Trong : S : ln cui cng ca trng tm y mng
ei, ei+1 : h s rng ca t ng vi Pi v Pi+1
S =

i 1

Pi =

bti 1 bti

2
Pi+1 = Pi + tbzi
bti 1 bti
tb
zi =
2
hi: chiu dy tng t th i
Kt qu tnh ton lp thnh bng sau
Lp

Pi (kN/m2)

hi
(m)

Pi +1 (kN/m2)

ei

ei+1

Si (m)

1,0

0,5.102

2,408.102

0,44

0,25

13,2.102

1,0

0,7.102

2,342.102

0,40

0,246

10,0.102

1,0

0,9.102

2,236.102

0,37

0,253

8,5.102

1,0

1,1.102

2,172.102

0,35

0,255

7,0.102

1,0

1,3.102

2,149.102

0,33

0,260

5,4.102

2,0

1,5.102

2,117.102

0,46

0,405

3,8.102

2,0

1,8.102

2,206.102

0,425

0,394

2,2.102

lp I

Lp

Vy ln S = Si = 52,1.10-2 m = 52,1 cm
4.4. Tnh ln ca t theo thi gian:
Bin dng ln ca t, nht l t st, khng xy ra tc khc, m ko di trong
mt thi gian nht nh, c khi rt di. V th c trng hp, tuy ln khng u cui
cng gia cc b phn ca cng trnh khng ln, nhng trong qu trnh cu kt ca t,
c lc ln y vt qu nhng gii hn cho php, lm cho cng trnh b h hng.
Khi tnh ln theo thi gian thng dng mt khi nim gi l c kt Qt l t s
gia ln St ca nn t thi gian t ang xt v ln n nh cui cng S.
St
(4.4)
Qt =
S
Vy ln St ca nn t mt thi gian t bt k c th tnh nh sau:
St = Q t . S
4.4.1. S tnh: (S tnh nh hnh 4-5a v 4-5b)
q

O
h

2h

a,

b,

Hnh 4.5
a : Khi lp t c chiu dy h nm trn mt tng cng khng thm nc v chu
tc dng ca mt ti trng phn b u kn khp trn mt, chiu nc t di ln trn.
b : Khi lp t c chiu dy 2h nm gia hai lp thot nc v chu nn di mt
ti trng phn b u kn khp trn mt, nc thot theo hai chiu ln v xung.

S 1

S 2

Hnh 4.6
S 1 : ng vi trng hp c kt ca mt lp t di trng lng bn thn.
S 2 : ng vi trng hp c kt ca mt lp t di tc dng ca ti trng

ngoi.
S 0-1
P1

S 0-2
P1

P2

P2
Hnh 4.7

S 0-1 : ng vi trng hp c kt ca mt lp t di tc dng ca ti trng

ngoi phn b u khp v ti trng bn thn.
S 0-2 : ng vi trng hp c kt ca mt lp t di tc dng ca ti trng
ngoi phn b u khp v mt ti trng phn b u cc b.
4.4.2. Cc trng hp tnh ton:
a, Trng hp bit thi gian c kt (t) tm c kt Qt v ln St ca nn.
gii bi ton ny, trc ht phi tnh cv theo cng thc:
k ( 1 e1 )
cv =
n . a
Trong : cv : H s c kt
k : H s thm ca t
e1 : H s rng ban u ca t
a : H s nn ca t
Tip theo cn c vo chiu dy lp t h v thi gian t cho, tnh tham s N
theo cng thc:
2 . cv . t
N =
4h2
Sau khi c gi tr N th cn chn s c kt tng ng vi bi ton c th.
xc nh c kt Qt ngi ta lp thnh bng 5-1 cho cc trng hp s 0, 1, 2.
Trong cc gi tr Qt ph thuc vo tham s N.
Bng 4.1:

Qt

Tr s N vi s
0

0,05

0,005

0,06

0,002

0,10

0,02

0,12

0,15

0,04

0,20

Qt

Tr s N vi s
0

0,55

0,59

0,84

0,32

0,005

0,60

0,71

0,95

0,42

0,18

0,01

0,65

0,84

1,10

0,54

0,08

0,25

0,02

0,70

1,00

1,24

0,69

0,25

0,12

0,31

0,04

0,75

1,18

1,42

0,88

0,30

0,17

0,39

0,06

0,80

1,40

1,64

1,08

0,35

0,24

0,47

0,09

0,85

1,69

1,93

1,36

0,40

0,31

0,55

0,13

0,90

2,09

2,35

1,77

0,45

0,39

0,63

0,18

0,95

2,80

3,17

2,54

0,50

0,49

0,73

0,29

0,10

 c kt Qt i vi cc trng hp s 0-1 v 0-2 c th tnh ra t cc s liu

bng 5-1, da vo cc biu thc sau:
i vi s 0-1: N0-1 = N0 + ( N1 - N0 ) . J
i vi s 0-2: N0-2 = N0 + ( N2 - N0 ) . J
Trong J v J l cc h s ni suy v tra bng 4-2, da vo t s V gia cc p
lc nn mt trn v mt di ca biu ng sut nn n nh ( cc chiu su z = 0
v z = h).
P1
V =
P2
Bng 4.2
S 0-1
V
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0

S 0-2
J
1
0,84
0,69
0,56
0,46
0,36
0,27
0,19
0,12
0,06
0,00

V
0
1,5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
12

J
1
0,83
0,71
0,55
0,45
0,39
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,17
0,13

T gi tr Qt tnh ln St theo cng thc (4.4) vi ln cui cng S c xc

nh theo cng thc (4.1) hoc (4.3)
b, Trng hp tm thi gian t, nn t c kt Qt nht nh.
y l bi ton ngc vi bi ton trn. Khi gii bi ton ny, trc ht tnh h s
c kt cv. Tip theo chn s c kt tng ng vi bi ton v dng cc bng 4.1 v
bng 4-2 tm cc gi tr N, h v cv bit, c th tnh ra thi gian t cn thit.
CU HI N TP

1. Hy gii thiu v gii thch cc i lng trong cng thc tnh ln theo quy phm
22TCN18-79.
2. Nu cch tnh ln theo cng thc quy phm 22TCN18-79?
3. Nu cch tnh ln theo phng php cng ln tng lp?

4. Nu cch gii bi ton tnh c kt Qt v ln St ca nn, khi bit thi gian c

kt t?
5. Nu cch gii bi ton tm thi gian t nn t c kt Qt

Chng 5
SC CHU TI CA T NN

5.1. Khi nim chung:

Trong th nghim nn t ti hin trng chng ta thu c biu quan h S P nh hnh 5.1.
Pgh
Ptd
Nhn xt biu ny ta thy c 3 giai on.
P
Giai on 1: Gn nh mt ng thng c
I
gii hn bi Ptd . Ta gi giai on ny l giai on
bin dng n hi hay tuyn tnh. Ngi ta cho rng
giai on ny di tc dng ca ti trng, cc ht
II
t di mng b nn p x dch li gn nhau, chn
p cc l hng v th tch l hng gim i, t cha
b ph hoi nh hnh 5-2a.
Giai on 2 : Khi ti trng Pgh > P > Ptg l
III
mt ng cong. Ta gi giai on ny l giai on
bin dng do.
Ngi ta cho rng giai on ny c mt
S
b phn t nn b ph hoi, cc ht t b
trt ln nhau, bin dng tng ln nhiu m khng
Hnh 5.1
hi phc lai c, t 2 mp mng b ph hoi
v khu vc ph hoi gi l khu vc bin dng deo nh hnh 5.2b.
Khi P = Pgh l ng vi khi hai khu vc bin dng do ca hai mp mng gip
lin nhau, mng coi nh nm trn mt nn b ph hoi hon ton, nh hnh 5-2c
Giai on 3: Khi P > Pgh l mt ng cong, ta gi giai on ny l giai on mt
n nh, mng b nghing , cng trnh b ph hoi, nh hnh 5-2d.
a,

b,

2
1

P
2
2

c,

d,

Hnh 5.2
1: Khu vc bin dng do
2: y mng cng
5.2. Xc nh ti trng ti do (Ptd):
Ti trng Ptd l ti trng ng vi lc bt u xut hin bin dng do hai mp
mng, ngha l ng vi lc kt thc giai on nn cht v bt u giai on trt, mi
ti trng bng hoc nh hn ti trng ny cha gy ra ph hoi no cho cng trnh.
b
xc nh ti trng ti do Ptd ngi
P

q=
h
ta xt trng hp mt mng bng c chiu
rng b, chiu su t mng h, di y
h
mng c ti trng phn b u P (KN/m2)
o
tc dng. Trng lng lp t trong phm
vi chn mng c tnh i ra thnh ti trng
phn b u q = . h nh Hnh 5-3.
z

Theo Puzriexki, ti trng ti do c dng:

Ptd h

cotg
cotg

cotg

Hnh 5.3

. c . cotg

(5.1)

Trong :
Ptd : ti trng ti do
: trng lng ring ca t
h : chiu su t mng
: gc ni ma st trong ca t, tnh bng Raian
c : lc dnh n v ca t
Theo Maxlov, cho php xut hin khu vc bin dng do nh nh hnh 6-2b, ti
trng ti do c dng:

. ( b . tg h
Ptd =

cotg

c
)
. tg

5.3. Xc nh ti trng gii hn Pgh:

.h

(5.2)

Ti trng gii hn Pgh l ti trng ng vi lc hai khu vc bin dng do ca hai

mp mng gip lin nhau, ngha l khi bt u trt mnh, t khng cn kh nng
chu lc na. Nh Hnh 5-2c.
b

q= h

5.3.1. Phng php Xclovxki:

a, Trng hp ti trng thng ng
(nh hnh 5-4)
a, Vi mng nng (h/b < 0,5) t trn
t dnh (c 0 , q 0, h > 0)

Ti trng gii hn tnh theo cng thc:

Pgh = PT ( c + q . tg ) + q

(5-3)

Hnh 5.4

Trong PT h s khng th nguyn ph thuc vo XT

.x
XT =
vi 0 x b
q . tg c
Tr s PT tra bng 5-1
b, Vi mng t trn mt t dnh (c 0, q = 0, h = 0)
Ti trng gii hn tnh theo cng thc:

Pgh = PT . c trong X T . x
c
c, Vi mng nng t trn t ct ( c = 0, q 0, h > 0 )
Ti trng gii hn tnh theo cng thc:
Pgh = q ( PT . tg + 1 )
Trong

.x
XT =
q . tg
Bng 5.1: Bng tr s PT
0

XT
0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5

(5.4)

(5.5)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

6.49
0.73
6.95
7.17
7.38
7.56
7.77
7.96
8.15
8.33

8.34
9.02
9.64
10.20
10.80
11.30
11.80
12.30
12.80
13.20

11.0
12.5
13.8
15.1
16.2
17.3
18.4
19.4
20.5
21.4

14.8
17.9
20.6
23.1
25.4
27.7
29.8
31.9
34.0
36.0

20.7
27.0
32.3
37.3
41.9
46.4
50.8
55.0
59.2
63.8

30.1
43.0
53.9
64.0
73.6
82.9
91.8
101
109
118

46.1
73.8
97.1
119
140
160
179
199
218
237

75.3
139
193
243
292
339
386
432
478
523

5,0
5,5
6,0

8.50
8.67
.884

13.70
14.10
14.50

22.4
23.3
24.3

38.0
39.9
41.8

67.3
71.3
75.3

127
135
143

256
257
293

568
613
658

b, Trng hp ti trng nghing (nh hnh 5-5)

Ti trng gii hn tnh theo cng thc:
Pgh = Nq . . h + Nc .c + N . . x

(5.6)

Tgh = Pgh . tg
Trong :
Pgh : tr s thnh phn thng ng ca ti trng gii hn tng ng vi im c
honh x
Tgh : tr s thnh phn nm ngang ca ti trng gii hn
Nq, Nc, N cc h s sc chu
hca t. Tra bng 5.2 P
q= ti

x
b

z
Hnh 5.5
Bng 5.2: Bng gi tr cc h s Nq, Nc, N

50
100
150
200

Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1.57
6.49
0.17
1.24
2.72
0.09

2.47
8.34
0.56
2.16
6.56
0.38
1.50
2.84
0.17

3.49
11.0
1.40
3.44
9.12
0.99
2.84
6.88
0.62
1.79
2.94
0.25

6.40
14.90
3.16
5.56
12.50
2.31
4.65
10.00
1.51
3.64
7.27
0.89
0.09
3.00
0.32

10.70
20.70
6.92
9.17
17.50
5.02
7.65
14.30
3.42
6.13
11.00
2.15
4.58
7.68
1.19

18.40
30.20
15.32
15.60
25.40
11.10
12.90
20.60
7.64
10.40
16.20
4.93
7.97
12.10
2.92

33.30
46.20
35.19
27.90
38.40
24.38
22.80
31.10
17.40
18.10
24.50
11.34
13.90
18.50
6.91

64.20
75.30
86.46
52.70
61.60
61.38
42.40
49.30
41.78
33.30
38.50
27.61
25.40
29.10
16.41

134.50
133.50
236.30
96.40
95.40
163.30
85.10
84.10
109.50
64.40
64.40
70.58
49.20
48.20
43.00

25

300
350
400
450

Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N

2.41
3.03
0.38

5.67
8.09
1.50
2.75
3.02
0.43

10.20
13.20
3.84
6.94
8.49
1.84
3.08
2.97
0.47

18.70
21.10
9.58
13.10
14.40
4.96
8.43
8.86
2.21
3.42
2.88
0.49

5.3.2.Phng php Brzanxev:

Trng hp bi ton phng, mng nng (h/b < 0,5)
Ti trng gii hn phn b u Pgh nh hnh 5-6 tnh theo cng thc:
b
Pgh = A0 . b + B0 .q + C0 .c
(5-7)
Trong :
q= h
: trng lng ring ca t
b : b rng mng
q = . h : ti trng hng
o
c : lc dnh n v
Ao, Bo, Co :h s sc chu ti tra bng 5-3
z
Hnh 5.6
Bng 5.3: Bng gi tr cc h s Ao, Bo, Co
0

32

34

36

38

40

Pgh

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

A0 1,7

2,3

3,0

3,8

4,9

6,8

8,0

108 143 198 262 374 501 773 113 1596

B0 4,4

5,3

6,5

8,0

9,8

123 15

193 247 326 415 548 72

C0 11,7 13,2 15,1 17,2 19,8 232 258 315 38

47

557 70

42

36.75
35.75
24.86
25.40
24.40
13.31
16.72
15.72
6.41
10.15
9.15
2.60
3.78
2.78
0.50

44

46

987 132 195

847 108 141 1875

V d tnh ton:
Tnh sc chu ti ca nn t c = 200 , c = 0,5.102 KN/m2, = 1,8.101 KN/m3,
di tc dng ca mt ti trng hnh bng c chiu rng b = 5 m, t su 2 m.
Gii

Xc nh mt s tham s
= 200 = 0,35 Rad, tg200 = 0,36, cotg200 = 2,75
* Ti trng ti do ca nn theo cng thc (5-1) ca Puzuriexki
Ptd = h

cotg /2
. c . cotg

cotg /2 cotg /2

2,75 0,35 0,5 .3,14

3,14 . 0,5 .10 2 . 2,75

Ptd = 1,8.10 .2
2,75 0,35 0,5 .3,14 2,75 0,35 0,5 . 3,14
1

Ptd = 3,31.102 KN/m2

* Ti trng ti do theo cng thc (5-2) ca Maxlov:
Ptd =

. ( b . tg h c/ . tg )
.h
cotg /2

0,5.10 2
3,14 .1,8.10 ( 5 . 0,36 2
1,8.101 .0,36
1,8.101 . 2
Ptd =
2,75 0,35 0,5 . 3,14
2
Ptd = 4,61.10 KN/m2
1

* Ti trng gii hn theo cng thc (5-3) ca Xclvxki:

Pgh = PT ( c + q . tg ) + q
- Vi x = 0 th XT = 0 tra bng 6-1 c PT = 14,8
Thay s ta c:
Pgh = 14,8 ( 0,5.102 + 1,8.101 . 2 . 0,36 ) + 1,8.101 . 2
Pgh = 9,68.102 KN/m2
1,8.101 . 5
- Vi x = 5 th XT =
1,8.101 . 2 . 0,36 0,5.10 2
Tra bng 5-1 ice PT = 22,75
Thay s ta c:
Pgh = 22,75 ( 0,5.102 + 1,8.101 . 2 . 0,36 ) + 1,8.101 . 2
Pgh = 14,68.102 KN/m2
Nu tr s trung bnh trong phm vi chiu rng y mng th :
9,68 14,68.10 2
12,18.10 2 KN/m 2
Pgh =
2
*Ti trng gii hn theo cng thc (5-7) ca Brzanxbv
Pgh = A0 . b + B0 .q + C0 .c
Tra bng 5-3 ta c:
Pgh = 3 . 1,8.101 . 5 + 6,5 . 1,8.101 . 2 + 15,1 . 0,5.102
Pgh = 12,59.102 KN/m2

5.4. Quy nh tnh sc chu ti ca nn t:

5.4.1: Cng thc xc nh theo quy phm
tnh sc chu ti ca nn t, hin nay trong ngnh giao thng vn ti vn
dng quy phm thit k cu cng 1979. Theo quy phm ny vic tnh ton sc chu ti
ca nn t l t ct c th dng cng thc (5-7) ca Brzanxbv.
Vi mi loi t th dng cng thc kinh nghim nh sau:
R = 1,2 R 1 + K1 ( b -2 ) + K2 . tb ( h - 3 )
(5.8)

Trong :
R : sc chu ti tiu chun ca t nn ly theo bng 5-4, 5-5 v 5-6 (KN/m2)
K1 v K2 h s tra bng 5-7
b : b rng y mng (cnh nh nht hay bn knh)
Nu b > 6 m th ly b = 6 m tnh (m).
h : su mng k t mt t sau khi xi (m)
Khi h < 3 m th ly h = 3 m tnh
tb : tr s tnh ton trung bnh trng lng ring ca t t y mng tr ln
(KN/m2)
n
i . h i
tb =
hi
i i
i v hi l trng lng ring v chiu dy ca lp
Bng 5. 4: Gi tr sc chu ti tiu chun R ca t dnh (KN/m2)

Tn t

H s
rng e

0,1

st B
0,3

0,2

0,4

0,5

0,6

Ct pha
5
st
1015

0,5
0,7
0,5
0,7
1,0

3,43.10
2,94.102
3,92.102
3,43.102
3,94.102

2,94.10
2,45.102
3,43.102
2,94.102
2,45.102

2,45.10
1,96.102
2,94.102
2,45.102
1,96.102

1,96.10
1,47.102
2,45.102
1,96.102
1,47.102

1,47.10
0,98.102
1,96.102
1,47.102
0,98.102

0,98.10

t st
20

0,5
0,6
0,8
1,1

5,88.102
4,90.102
3,92.102
2,94.102

4,41.102
3,43.102
2,94.102
2,45.102

3,43.102
2,94.102
2,45.102
1,96.102

2,94.102
2,45.102
1,96.102
1,47.102

2,45.102
1,96.102
1,47.102
0,98.102

1,96.102
1,47.102
0,98.102

1,47.102
0,98.102

0,98.102
1,47.102
0,98.102

Ch thch:
1) Vi cc tr s trung gian ca B v e th R c xc nh theo ni suy.
2) Vi cc tr s trong phm vi 5-10 v 15 -20 ly tr s trung bnh R
Bng 5.5: Gi tr R ca t ct
R ca ct cht va
t ct v m
(KN/m2)
Si, ct ht to khng ph thuc m
3,43.102
Ct trung

R ct cht
(KN/m2)
4,42.102

m t
m v bo ho
Ct nh
m t
m v bo ho
Ct bi
m t
m
bo ho

2,94.102
2,45.102

3,92.102
3,43.102

1,96.102
1,47.102

2,94.102
2,45.102

1,96.102
1,47.102
0,98.102

2,45.102
1,96.102
1,47.102

Bng 6.6: Gi tr R ca cui si

R ( KN/m2 )

t
Cui t
kt tinh
trm tch
Si sn t
kt tinh
trm tch
Bng 6.7: Tr s ca K1 v K2
t
Cui si, ct to, ct trung pha si
Ct nh
Ct bi, ct pha
St pha, st cng v na cng
St pha, st do cng v do mm

14,70.102
9,80.102
7,35.102
4,90.102
Hk s
K1
0,1
0,08
0,06
0,04
0,02

K2
3,0
2,5
2,0
2,0
1,5

5.4.2. V d tnh ton:

Hy xc nh cng tnh ton ca nn st c : = 1,8.101 KN/m3, Wch = 50%,
Wd = 20%, W = 29%, e = 0,8. pha trn y mng c hai lp t vi lp 1 c h = 2,5 m,
= 1,7.101 KN/m3, lp 2 c h = 1,0 m, = 1,9.101 KN/m3

Gii
p dng cng thc kinh nghim (5-8)
R = 1,2 R 1 + K1 ( b - 2 ) + K2 . tb ( h -3 )
Xc nh cc tham s
W Wd
29 20

0,3 , t trng thi do cng

st B =
Wch Wd
50 20
Tra bng 5-7 c K1 = 0,02, K2 = 1,5
Tra bng 5-4 c R = 1,96.102 KN/m2

i .hi
1,7.101 . 2,5 1,9.101 .1,0
tb

1,76.101 KN/m 3
hi
2,5 1,0
Thay s c:
R = 1,2 1,96.101 1 + 0,02 ( 4 - 2 ) + 1,5 . 1,76.101 (3,5 - 3)
R = 2,66.102 (KN/m2) hay R = 2,66 (KG/cm2)
5.5 Nghim ton cng t nn:
Khi tin hnh tnh ton thit, m bo an ton cho nn t di mng cng
trnh cn tin hnh kim tra, khng ch ng sut pht sinh do cng trnh gy ra khng
vt qu kh nng lm vic ca t nn. Cng vic ny c gi l nghim ton cng
t nn.
m bo an ton cho nn v cng trnh, ng sut pht sinh trong t y
mng phi tho mn iu kin sau:
- Khi ti trng tc dng ng tm
N
R
=
(5.9)
F
- Khi ti trng tc dng lch tm
N
M0 R

(5.10)
=
F
W
Trong :
: ng sut pht sinh ti mt tip xc vi y mng
N : tng hp cc lc c phng thng ng c k n h s vt ti
M0 : Tng mmen do cc lc sinh ra ly i vi trng tm mng c k n h s
vt ti.
F : din tch y mng
W : Mo uyn chng un ca y mng
R : cng tnh ton ca t nn di mng
V d tnh ton:
Mt tr cu c tng hp lc ng ti y mng N = 4100 KN, tng mmen ca
cc lc y vi tm mng M0 = 700 KN/m. y mng c kch thc F = a, b = 8 x 3 m.
t st pha t mng c = 1,9.101 KN/m3, e = 0,7, B = 0,1. Mng t su h = 4 m.
Hy nghim ton cng t nn ngay ti y mng.

Gii
Xc nh ng sut do ti trng gy ra ti y mng theo cng thc (5-10)
N
M0 R

=
F
W
Vi F = 8. 3 = 24 m2
a .b2
8 .32

12 m 3
W=
6
6
Thay s c:

4100 700

229 KN/m 2
24
12
4100 700

112,5 KN/m 2
min =
24
12
Xc nh cng tnh ton ca nn theo cng thc (5-8)
R = 1,2 R 1 + K1 ( b - 2 ) + K2 . tb ( h - 3 )
Vi B = 0,1, e = 0,7 tra bng 6-4 c R = 2,94.102 KN/m2
Tra bng 5-7 c K1 = 0,04, K2 = 2,0
Thay s c
R = 1,2 2,94.102 1 + 0,04 ( 3 - 2 ) + 2,0 . 1,9.101 ( 4 - 3 )
R = 4,2.102 KN/m2 = 420 KN/m2
max =

Vy nn m bo v cng chu ti

CU HI N TP BI TP

1. Nu cc giai on bin dng ca t khi gia ti

2. Th no l ti trng ti do v ti trng gii hn.
3. Hy nu cng thc v gii thch cng thc xc nh ti trng ti do?
4. Hy nu cng thc v gii thch cng thc xc nh ti trng gii hn?
5. Hy nu cng thc v gii thch cng thc kinh nghim xc nh sc chu ti ca
nn t?
6. Th no l nghim ton t nn, cc trng hp nghim ton?
7. Xc nh cng tnh ton ca nn t t mng cu c b rng b = 5 m, su
t mng h = 4 m, nn l t st pha trng thi do c = 1,9.101 KN/m3, e = 0,6, B =
0,15
8. Xc nh cng tnh ton ca nn t t mng cu c b rng b = 3,5 m,
su t mng h = 5 m, nn l t ct pha c = 1,8.101 KN/m3, e = 0,5, B = 0,1
9. Cho mt tr cu c trng lng bn thn P3 = 2100 KN v lc P1 = P2 = 1100 KN
tc dng i xng cch tim tr cu 0,3 m, lc x ngang. H = 100 KN t cch y mng
7 m. t nn l t ct pha st c B = 0,3, e = 0,7, = 1,8.101 KN/m3. Hy nghim ton
cng t nn?
10. Cho tr cu c ti trng nh bi 9. Vi t nn l st do c B = 0,2, e = 0,8, =
1,9.101 KN/m3. Mng t su 2,5 m, kch thc mng F = 10 x 3 m. Hy nghim ton
cng t nn?

Chng 6
N INH CA MI T

6.1 Khi nim chung:

Mi t l mt khi t c mt gii hn l mt dc. Mi t c hnh thnh do
tc ng t nhin hoc do tc dng nhn to.
Hnh 6-1 trnh by mt ct ngang ca mt mi t ng nht n gin.
Mt nh

c
d
t

ng

tr
t

Vai dc

Mt trt

Chn dc

Hnh 6.1
Mi mi dc c mt gc dc nht inh ca mt dc, n c th m bo cho mi
t n nh lu di hoc c th gy ra s st l do s mt n nh ca mi t, s st l
c th gy ra hu qu nghim trng nh : L lt do v v p, tc nghn giao thng

do t lp ng hoc do ng b t on,.. V vy nhng cng trnh buc phi

s dng t th c mi dc, mt vn ln c t ra l xc nh c dc hp
l m bo tnh an ton trong s dng cng trnh v kinh t khi xy dng cng trnh.
Mun vy ta phi nm vng c quy lut chuyn ng ca cc khi t, tm ra cc
phng php tnh ton v cc bin php phng chng li cc hin tng st l.
6.2 n nh ca mi t dnh:
6.2.1 Phng php mt trt hnh tr trn:
n nh ca mi t dnh c tnh ton theo phng php mt trt hnh tr
trn, coi khi t l mt c th v trng thi ng sut gii hn ch xy ra trn mt trt,
mi t ng nht.
Phng php mt trt l mt tr trn c tm 0, xt mt trt trn mt ct ng l
cung AC c chiu di L, din tch ABC nh Hnh 6-2

Xt mnh c chiu di bng 1 m chia din tch ABC thnh n mnh bng cc mt
phng thng ng song song c b rng b (b ly bng 1/10 1/20 bn knh cung trt).
nh s th t cc mnh, mt mnh s chu tc dng ca trng lng bn thn
Qi, t lc Qi ny chia ra hai thnh phn:

Qi Ti Ni
(6.1)
Thnh phn Ti tip tuyn vi mt trt c tc dng lm quay mnh i quanh tm 0,
tu theo v tr ca mnh t th i, n c th c chiu trng vi chiu trt ca lng th
hoc ngc li, do c th l lc gy trt hoc ngc li.
O

bi
C

hi

N i tg
ci

ci

Ti

Qi

Hnh 6.2

Ni

Thnh phn Ni vung gc vi mt trt v gy ra lc ma st ln mt trt. Lc

ma st chng li hin tng trt ca mnh t, c chiu ngc vi chiu ca lng th
v c gi tr bng Ni tg, trong l gc ma st trong ca t.
Ngoi ra trn ton b chiu di cung AC cn c lc dnh gia phn trt v phn
n nh. Lc dnh c hng lun lun ngc vi hng trt ca lng th do lun
lun c tc dng chng trt, lc dnh c gi tr bng L.c
iu kin cn bng ca ton b khi trt l tng mmen ca tt c cc lc ly
vi tm quay 0 phi bng 0, c th:
Ti . R - Ni . tg . R - L . c . R = 0
(6.2)
(6.3)
Rt gn c: Ti - Ni . tg - L . c = 0
Trong :
Ni = Qi . cosi
Ti = Qi . sini
: Gc ni ma st
c : Lc dnh n v
L : Chiu di cung trt
R : Bn knh ca cung trt
Qi = . bi . hi : trng lng ca mnh t th i
: Trng lng ring ca t
hi : Chiu cao mnh th i
bi : B rng mnh th i
Cng thc (6-3) l phng trnh ng vi trng thi cn bng gii hn ca khi
t trt .
khi t trt n nh, th tng mmen chng trt phi ln hn tng mmen
gy trt, ngha l:
M giu N i .tg L.c .R
K=
M truot
Ti R

N .tg L.c
T
i

(6.4)

K>1
K : h s an ton, thng ly K = 1,1 1,5, tu thuc vo tm quan trng v tnh
hnh chu ti khc nhau ca mi t.
i vi mt mi t nht nh, tr s an ton v n nh K thay i theo v tr ca
mt trt (hoc tm cung trt) nguy him nht. V cc mt trt gi thit nh trn l
nhiu v k nn cng s c v s cc tr s K tng ng, nn vic tnh ton tm c
tr s K nh nht ng vi mt trt nguy him nht tn rt nhiu thi gian.
6.2.2. Phng php xc nh nhanh tm trt nguy him nht:
gim nh cng vic tnh ton khi xc nh tm trt nguy him nht
W.Felniux a ra phng php xc nh nhanh tm trt nguy him nh sau:

i vi t dnh c tnh do cao ( 0) th mt trt nguy him nht l mt trt

i qua tm mi, c tm l giao im ca hai ng thng OA v OB nh hnh 7-3.
ng OA lm vi mt dc mt gc 1, ng OB lm vi mt nh mi dc mt gc
2. Cc gc 1, 2 thay i theo gc mi dc ly bng 6-1
Bng 6.1: Bng tr s ca gc 1, 2

Gc mi
600
450
33047
26034
18026
11019

dc mi
1 : 0,50
1:1
1 : 1,5
1:2
1:3
1:5

1
290
280
260
250
250
250

2
400
270
350
350
350
370

i vi t dnh c gc ma st trong > 0 th tm cung trt nguy him nht s

nm trn phn ko di ca on OE (Hnh 6-3) .
Cch xc nh tm trt nguy him nh sau:
Xc nh im O nh 1, 2 nh phn trn
Xc nh im E vi gi tr 2H v 4,5 H nh Hnh 6-3.
Trn ng ko di OE pha trn im O, ta gi nh mt trt c tm O1, O2.Sau
dng cng thc (6-4) tnh cc tr s an ton K1, K2,.. tng ng.

O2
O1

K2

O
K1

2H

E
4.5H

Hnh 6.3
Ti cc im O1, O2, .. v cc on thng vung gc vi ng OE theo mt t l
nht nh biu din cc tr s K1, K2,.. Ni cc im nt ca cc on thng ny li vi
nhau. Kt qu l mt ng cong biu th s bin i ca K theo v tr ca mt trt,
im thp nht ca ng cong chnh l tm ng vi mt trt nguy him nht ca mi
t nh Hnh 6-3.
6.3 n nh ca mi t ri:
t ri bao gm cc t hn ln v t ct, gia cc ht ni chung khng c lc
dnh. V vy, tnh n nh ca mi t ri quyt nh bi s ca n nh ca ht t trn
mt mi dc.
6.3.1. Tnh h s v n nh mt mi ca mi t ri khng c p lc thu ng:
Xt iu kin cn bng ca mt khi t phn t M nm trn mt mi dc nh
Hnh 6-4.
Gi Q l trng lng ca khi t phn t
l gc mi n nh
: l gc ma st trong ca t.
Khi t phn t M chu tc dng ca trng lng bn thn Q, lc Q c phn
ra thnh hai thnh phn:

Q T N

T'

Hnh 6.4

Thnh phn T = Q . sin song song vi mt mi v c xu th lm cho phn t t

trt xung.

Thnh phn N = Q . cos vung gc vi mt mi v to ra mt lc chng trt T

= N . f = N . tg = Q cos. tg .
Khi khi t trng thi cn bng gii hn th T = T
Theo nh ngha ca h s an ton n nh ta c th vit cng thc (6.5)

T'
Q . cos tg
tg
Lc chng

T
Q .sin
tg
K = trt
Lc gy trt
Cng thc (6-5) cho ta thy rng, khi gc mi bng g ma st trong ca t
th K = 1 v mi t trng thi cn bng gii hn.
Gc l gc mi t nhin ca t ri.
Cng t cng thc (6-5) cho ta thy tnh n nh ca mi t ri khng ph thuc
vo chiu cao mi H. Mi t s n nh khi gc mi nh hn gc ma st trong. Mt
khc, khi ton b mi t ri ngm trong nc th gc ma st trong ca t t cng
khng khc my so vi gc ma st trong ca t kh (chnh nhau khong 10 -20). Do
trong trng hp ny vn c th dng cng thc (6-5) tnh h s an ton v n nh.
6.3.2. Tnh h s v n nh mt mi ca t ri khi c p lc thu ng:
Khi o h mng trong t ri no nc hoc khi mc nc ngm t nhin dng cao,
th s c hin tng t thm t mi t ra, v p lc thu ng do nc dng thm sinh
ra kh nng li theo ht t, lm cho mi t mt n nh.

Xt mt khi t phn t M trn mt mi, ni dng thm chy thot ra ngoi nh

Hnh 6-5.
Lc gy trt tc dng ln khi t phn t gm c:
T = Q. sint = dn . sint
J = n. i = n. sint
Trong :
T : Lc gy trt do trng lng bn thn ca khi t phn t (KN/m3)
Q: Trng lng trong nc ca khi t phn t, bng trng lng ring y ni.
t : Gc mi n nh.
J : p lc thu ng tc dng ln khi t phn t
n : Trng lng ring ca nc
H
i : dc thu lc ti im chy ra ca dng thm i =
= Sint
l

T'
Dng thm

Hnh 6.5

Lc tc dng ln khi t phn t T

T = N . tg = Q. cosi , tg = dn cost. tg
Vy h s an ton v n nh trt ca mi t K
dn . cos t tg
dn tg
T'
tg

K=
T J dn sin t n sin t
( dn n ) tg t
tg t

(6.6)

dn
0,5
dn n
Nu cho h s an ton K trong hai cng thc (6-5) v (6-6) bng 1, ri so snh
chng vi nhau ta s c : tgt = tg
(6.7)
V trong c hai trng hp, gc ma st trong ca t c xem l bng nhau.
Nh vy, t cng thc (7-7) ta thy rng p lc thu ng c tc dng lm gim
nh gn gp i gc ma st n nh ca mi t so vi trng hp khng c p lc thu
ng.
Vi

6.4. Bin php phng v chng trt:

Khi kim tra n nh ca vng t trt t nhin nh b sng, sn ni, nu h
s n nh gn bng 1 th cn d phng cc bin php tng cng n nh cho mi t.
Khi xy dng bn thit k cc bin php chng trt trc ht phi tng cng
cng tc kho st thu thp y s liu cn thit nh c im khu vc, cc nguyn
nhn c th gy ra trt, tin hnh o c vng trt (lp hnh , cc ct ngang v ct
dc) tin hnh khoan vt qu chiu dy nn t c th trt, th nghim t trong
phng v ngoi hin trng xc nh cc ch tiu c l ca t.
Trong v sau khi thi cng, cn thng xuyn quan trc mi t v vng t quanh
mi t, nu thy c hin tng mt mi b tt, hoc mt t ngoi chn mi b tri ln
th phi tm bin php x l thch ng ngay.
Thng c cc bin php chng trt sau:
1. Loi tr nguyn nhn ph hng th t nhin ca mi t nh chng s xi mn
b sng hoc trnh o t di chn ni,...Ngoi ra, c th dng thm mt s
bin php b sung nh gia c mi t, xy tng chn hoc ng cc chn mi
gi khi t khi b trt.
2. Lm cho khi t mi khi b qu m bng cch tng cng tiu nc trn mt
bng ho rnh, thot nc ngm bng ng ng ging ngm,.. y l cc bin php
hay dng c hiu qu chng trt v kinh t nht.

3. Gim ti trng tc dng bng cch ci thin mt ct ca mi t nh o b mt

phn pha trn khi t (Hnh 6-6a), o bt gim dc mi (Hnh 6-6b) hoc o bt
mi dc gn ph hp vi mt trt (Hnh 6-6c)
a,

b,
o b

c,
o bt

o bt

Mt trt

Mt trt

Mt trt

Hnh 6.6
V d tnh ton
nh xy dng nn t vi chiu cao p h = 8m, mi nghing 1 : 1,5, t c =
1,95.102 KN/m3, = 150 v C = 2,1.101 KN/m2
Hy tnh l gi tr K ng vi tm trt c bn knh R = 14m.
O1
O

2
R=14m

h=8m

3.6

2H=16m

4.5H=36m

Hnh 6.7
Gii
Xc nh mt ct ngang vi h = 8m, mi nghing 1 : 1,5 theo t l 1 :100. Xc
nh c (hnh 6.7).
Xc nh tm trt 0, tra bng 6-1 c gi tr 1 = 260 v 2 = 350
Xc nh im E nh gi tr 2h = 16m v 4,5h = 36m (hnh v)
Xc nh tm trt 01 l giao im ca ng 0E ko di trn 0 v ng cong
tm A bn knh R= 14m.
Dng tm trt 01 lm tm quay v ng cong tm 01 bn knh R = 14m c
cung trt AC (hnh 6.7)

Xc nh cc lc gy trt v chng trt c lp thanh bng sau:

TT
mnh
1
2
3
4

Fi
(m2)

Ni =
Qi cosi

Ni tg
= Ni tg150

sini

Ti =
Qi sini

-90 0,9877

138,7

37,17

0,1564

-22

40

373,5

100,1

0,0698

26,1

507,6 220 0,9272

470

125,96

0,3746

189,9

409,5 350 0,7771

318,2

85,3

0,6293

257,7

Qi
(KN)

3,6 .4
7,2
140,4
2
3,6 6
4 19,2
2
374,4
67
.4 26
2
7. 6
21
2

cosi

0,9976

Ch : Trong bng gi tr T1 mang du ( - ) v c chiu ngc vi cc Ti khc, c

tc dng chng trt.
Ta c Ni tg = 348,53 KN
Ti
= 451,7 KN
Lc dnh trn ton b cung trt
Chiu di cung AC
2 . R . 2.3,14.14. 89

21,74 m
L=
360
360
Tng hp lc dnh:
L .C = 21,74 . 2,1.101 = 456,5 KN
Vy h s an ton K ng vi tm 01, R = 14m
N i .tg L . C 348,53 456,5 1,78
K =
451,7
Ti
H s an ton K = 1,78 cha phi l h s an ton nh nht ca khi t. Mun
xc nh c h s an ton nh nht, cn phi xc nh mt s gi tr K na.

CU HI N TP V BI TP

1. Ti sao tnh ton n nh mi t?

2. Hy trnh by phng php mt trt hnh tr trn khi tnh n nh mi t dnh?
3. Hy trnh by cch xc nh nhanh tm trt nguy him nht khi tnh n nh mi
t.

4. Hy nu cng thc v gii thch cng thc tnh h s an ton mi t ri khng c

dng thm ? Nu nhn xt cng thc?
5. Hy nu cng thc v gii thch cng thc tnh h s an ton mi t ri c dng
thm ? Nu nhn xt cng thc?
6. Nu cc bin php phng chng trt mi t?
7. Hy xc nh tm trt nguy him nht ca mt mi t c chiu cao H = 7m,
mi nghing 1 : 1,5, t c = 1,90.101 KN/m3, = 15030, C = 2,0.101 KN/m2.

Chng 7
P LC T LN TNG CHN

7.1. Khi nim chung:

Tng chn t l tn chung ch cc cng trnh gi cho t khng b st l.
Nh ni chng 6 khi xy dng cng trnh t nn c th lm dng to mi
dc v bt buc phi chn c mt gc dc n nh mi khi trt. Nhng trong
nhiu trng hp v mt l do no khng cho php to c mt gc dc n nh, th
m bo an ton cho mi dc phi tin hnh xy dng tng chn t.

Kch thc, kiu cch v quy m ca tng chn c quyt nh bi p lc ca t

b chn tc dng ln n.
7.1.1. Phn loi tng chn t:
C 3 loi tng chn t sau:
a, Tng chn t kiu trng lc:
y l loi tng chn c kch thc ln, nng n, chng dng sc nng ca bn
thn chng li lc y ca t. Loi ny thng ice xy dng bng gch, ,
btng. L cc loi vt liu khng chu ko un (Hnh 7.1a)

b,Tng chn t thnh mng:

c lm bng btng ct thp, lc y ca t do sc bn ca vt liu lm tng
chu (Hnh 7-1b)
c,Tng cc vn:
Loi ny c to thnh bng cc ct g, cc thp hay b tng ct thp, loi ny
trng lng bn thn nh, bn km, nn thng lm cng trnh chn t tm (Hnh
7-1c)
a,
b,
c,

Hnh 7.1
7.1.2. Cc loi p lc t:
Tu thuc vo chuyn v ca tng chn m c p lc t sau:
a, p lc t ch ng:
Nu di tc dng ca p lc t tng b chuyn v ngang ra pha ngoi (Hnh
7-2a) hoc quay mt gc nh quanh mp trc ca tng chn (Hnh 7-2b), th khi t
sau tng s dn ra, p lc t ln tng do cng gim i. n mt trng thi gii
hn, gi l trng thi cn bng ch ng th p lc t ti tr s nh nht. Khi khi
t sau lng tng b trt xung pha di theo mt mt nm trong khi t v dc
theo lng tng. Trong trng hp , p lc t tc dng ln tng c gi l p lc
ch ng hay p lc y ca t. K hiu l Ec

M
t tr

M
t tr

b,

a,

Hnh 7.2
b, p lc t b ng:
Nu do tc dng ca lc ngoi, tng chuyn v ngang v pha sau (Hnh 7-3a)
hoc ng v pha sau (Hnh 8-3b) th khi t sau tng b p li, ng thi p lc tng
ln n mt tr s gii hn gi l trng thi cn bng b ng, p lc t t n tr s
ln nht. Khi , khi t sau tng b trt theo mt mt trong t v dc theo lng
tng, p lc t tc dng ln tng, trong trng hp ny gi l p lc b ng, k
hiu l Eb
b,

b
t
M

tr
t

tr
t

a,

Hnh 7.3
7.2 Xc nh p lc ln tng chn:
7.2.1. L lun p lc t ca C.A.Coulomb
L lun p lc t ca C.A.Coulomb c xy dng trn hai gi thit c bn sau:
Mt trt ca khi t trng thi cn bng gii hn ( ch ng hoc b ng ) l
mt mt phng.
Tr s p lc t tnh ton l tr s ln nht trong cc tr s p lc ch ng c th
c khi t t trng thi cn bng ch ng v l tr s nh nht trong cc tr s p lc b
ng c th c khi t t trng thi cn bng b ng.
Gi thit th nht cho php n gin tnh ton i rt nhiu. Vi gi thit th hai
p lc t tnh ton l ti trng nguy him nht i vi cng trnh, do rt c li v
mt m bo an ton cho cng trnh.
Bi ton v tng chn t ni chung l bi ton phng, v vy khi tnh ton ch
cn tch ra mt on tng di 1m theo chiu dc lm i din cho ton b cng trnh
nghin cu.
7.2.2. Cc trng hp tnh ton:
a, Trng hp c bn:

Tng nhn, thng ng vi b mt t nm ngang (Hnh 7-4), tng c xem

tuyt i cng v bt ng, b qua ma st gia t v tng.
V mt t nm ngang nn
ti su z no t s chu mt
ng sut thng ng do bn thn
t gy ra (ng sut chnh ln nht)
bt = 1 = . z
H
E
Theo sc bn vt liu khi chu ti
trng kn khp th ng sut chnh
H/3
1 s sinh ra ng sut chnh nh
nht 2. Khi trng thi cn
bng gii hn th:
P max
2 = 1 . tg2 ( 450 - /2 )
ng sut nh nht 2 chnh
Hnh 7.4
l cng p lc ngang Pc ca t tc dng ln lng tng chn nhn v thng ng.
Thay 1 = . z ta c cng p lc ngang ch ng.
Pc = 2c = . z . tg2 ( 450 - /2 )
(7.1)
Trng hp p lc t b ng, ngha l khi tng chuyn dch v pha sau:
Pb = 2b = . z . tg2 ( 450 + /2 )
(7.2)
Cng p lc ngang ca t chn tng (khi z = H) s c tr s ln nht
(Hnh 7-4)
Pc max = . H . tg2 ( 450 - /2 )
(7.3)
2
0
Pb max = . H . tg ( 45 + /2 )
(7.4)
p lc tng cng hay tng p lc ca t ln tng chn c xc nh t din
tch biu phn b p lc.
Ta c tng p lc ca t tc dng ln 1m di tng chn l:
Vi p lc ch ng :
Pc max . H . H 2 2

tg ( 45 0 /2 )
(7.5)
Ec =
2
2
Vi p lc b ng:
Pb max . H . H 2 2

tg ( 450 /2 )
Eb =
(7.6)
2
2
Trong :
: Trng lng ring ca t (KN/m3)
H : Chiu cao tng chn (m)
: Gc ni ma st trong ca t
Vc t tng hp p lc ch ng Ec v b ng Eb c phng nm ngang t ti
1/3 chiu cao tng tnh t di ln v c hng vo lng tng.(Hnh 7.4)
b, Trng hp trn mt t c ti trng thng ng phn b u q lin tc.
Ti trng thng ng phn b u lin tc tc dng trn mt t lm tng lc y
ca t vo tng. lp cc cng thc tnh ton, ngi ta cho rng ti trng khng
lm thay i v tr ca mt trt nguy him nht trong khi t so vi khi mt t t do

v thay ti trng u q bng mt lp t c tc dng tng ng vi chiu dy h.

Chiu dy lp t tng tng ny c xc nh theo cng thc:
q
(7.7)
h=

Trong : : trng lng ring ca t sau tng chn

Lc ny ta quan nim t v tng ice nng cao ko di thm mt gi tr h.
Tng chn s c chiu cao tnh ton (H + h) nh Hnh 7-5

q
B

PB

E
e
A

PA

Hnh 7.5
Vi quan nim trn, bi ton xc nh p lc ln tng chn li tr v bi ton c
bn, vi:
Cng p lc ch ng thc ti nh tng chn (B) l:
PcB = . h . tg2 ( 450 - /2 )
(7.8)
Cng p lc ch ng thc ti chn tng chn (A) l:
PcA = . ( H + h ). tg2 ( 450 - /2 )
(7.9)
xc nh tng p lc tc dng ln tng chn, ta lu mt iu l thc t
khng c lp t dy h, nn khi tnh ton ch xt ti phn biu hnh thanh c chiu
cao H ca tng chn thc m thi.
Tng p lc ca t nn 1m di tng chn l :
Pc B PcA
H
Ec =
2
.H
( H 2h ). tg 2 ( 450 /2 )
(7.10)
Hay : Ec =
2
Tng t p lc ch ng vi p lc b ng c:
PbB = . h . tg2 ( 450 + /2 )
(7.11)
2
0
A
Pb = . ( H + h ). tg ( 45 + /2 )
(7.12)
.H
( H 2h ). tg 2 ( 450 /2 )
(7.13)
Eb =
2

Vi vc t E c , E b c phng nm ngang t ti chiu cao ng vi trng tm ca

biu p lc hnh thang (Hnh 7-5)
H H 3h
e .
3 H 2h
c, nh hng nghing ca lng tng ti gi tr p lc t ln tng chn.
Trong thc t, cc tng chn t thng c lng tng nghing vi gc nghing
c th l dng hoc m (Hnh 7.6).
a,
b,

Ec

Ec

Hnh 7.6

nghing ca lng tng c nh hng ng k ti p lc so vi lng tng

chn thng ng ngi ta rt ra c cng thc tnh p lc ch ng nh sau:
Khi gc nghing > 0
2

tg
45
tg

cos
2

Khi gc nghing < 0

.H2
Ec =
2

(7.14)

.H2 0
tg 45
tg cos
(7.15)
Ec =

2
2

Cn lu rng cc cng thc (7-14), (7-15) rt ra c vi gi thit l khng c

ma st gia t v tng. V vy phng ca p lc s l vung gc vi lng tng.
iu ny l ph hp vi trng hp > 0 (Hnh 7-6a)
Cn trng hp < 0 th iu ny khng hp l, v phng ca p lc nu vung
gc vi lng tng th chiu ca n s nh hng ln trn bi vy ngi ta xem phng
ca p lc t nm ngang (Hnh 7-6b).
d, Trng hp t dnh:
Trong thc t hay gp nht l trng hp lc ma st v lc dnh ca t cng
ng thi tc dng ln mt trt. Trong trng hp ny, xc nh p lc ch ng Ec
ca t, ngi ta vn thng dng cc gi thit v nguyn l tnh ton nh i vi t
ri, ch khc l c xt n tc dng ca lc dnh; lc dnh ca t c tc dng lm gim
p lc t ln tng chn so vi trng hp t ri. Ngi ta rt ra c cng thc
xc nh p lc ch ng cho cc trng hp sau:

- Trng hp mt t nm ngang, khng c ti trng tc dng, tng nghing mt

gc > 0 (Hnh 7.7)
.H2
c2
C.c.H D
Ec = c
(7.16)
2

Trong :
c : h s p lc ch ng

cos 2 ( 45 0
)
1
2
(7.17)
c = cos .

cos 2 ( 45 0
)
2
: trng lng ring ca t
H : chiu cao tng chn
cos
C =
(7.18)

cos 2 ( 45 0
)
2
c : lc dnh n v ca t
C2
(7.19)
D =
2 c
Biu cng p lc c gi tr bng khng ti im c su
c
(7.20)
z = Hc = C .
c
Cng p lc ch ng ln nht ti chn tng
(7.21)
Pc max =c. . H . C. c
im t ca tng p lc ch ng Ec nm chiu su ngang vi trng tm biu
H Hc
cng p lc, cch chn tng mt on bng
. (Hnh 7.7)
3
-

Ec

H-H c
3

+
Pc max

Hnh 7.7

- Trng hp mt t nm ngang, khng c ti trng tc dng, lng tng thng

ng = 0 (Hnh 7.8)

Ec
H-H c
3

+
Pc max

Hnh 7.8

Tng p lc ch ng :
.H 2
2c 2

2
0
0
tg ( 45 ) 2 c . H .tg (45 )
Ec =
(7.22)
2
2
2

Biu cng p lc c gi tr bng khng (Pc = 0), ti im c su z

2C
z = Hc =
(7.23)

. tg ( 450 )
2
Cng p lc ch ng ln nht ti chn tng:
.H 2 2

tg ( 450 ) 2c . tg ( 450 )
Pc max =
(7.24)
2
2
2
im t ca tng p lc ch ng Ec ice xc nh nh khi > 0 (Hnh 7.8)
V d tnh ton:
Tng chn lng tng thng c chiu cao H = 9 m, chn su trong t 3 m, b
rng mng 2b = 4m, cht t p sau tng c = 1,8.101 KN/m3, = 300, c = 0.
1- Hy v hnh p lc y ngang ca t.
2- Hy v hnh p lc y ngang khi c lc phn b u q = 180 KN/m2
3- V p lc b ng ?
Gii
1-Khi khng c ti trng phn b tc dng
V l tng thng, t ri, nn cng p lc ch ng c tnh theo cng
thc (7.3):
Pc = . H . tg2 ( 450 - /2 )
Thay s c: Pc = 18 . 9. tg2 ( 450 300/2) = 54 KN/m2
Tr s p lc ch ng trn 1m di tng chn tnh theo cng thc (7.5)
.H 2 2

tg ( 450 )
Ec =
2
2

q = 180 kN/m 2

b
B

Ec

Ec
3m

Eb

3m

4m

2b = 4m

18 . 9 2 2
30 0
0
tg ( 45
) 243 KN/m 2
Thay s c: Ec =
2
2
im t p lc ch ng : e = H/3 = 9/3 = 3 m
2- Khi c ti trng phn b u q = 180 kN/m2
Chiu dy lp t tng ng tnh theo cng thc (7-7)
q
180
10 m
h=
thay s : h =

18
Cng p lc y mng tnh theo cng thc (7-9)
PcA = . ( H + h ). tg2 ( 450 - /2 )
Thay s c: Pc A = 18 .( 9 + 10 ) tg2 ( 450 300/2 ) = 119 kN/m2
Tr s p lc ch ng trn 1m tng chn tnh theo cng thc (7.10)
.H
( H 2h ). tg 2 ( 450 /2 )
Ec =
2
18 . 9
( 9 2.10 ). tg 2 ( 450 30 0 /2 ) 776 kN/m
Thay s c: Ec =
2
im t p lc ch ng:
H
H 3h 9 9 3 .10
.
.
4m
e =
H 2h H 2h 3 9 2 .10
3 - p lc b ng:
Cng p lc ti y mng tnh theo cng thc (7-4)
Pb = . H . tg2 ( 450 + /2 )
Thay s c: Pb = 18 . 9 . tg2 ( 450 + 300/2 ) = 162 kN/m2
Tr s p lc b ng trn 1m tng chn tnh theo cng thc (7.6)

.H 2 2
tg ( 45 0 /2 )
Eb =
2
18.9 2 2
tg ( 450 30 0 /2 ) 243 kN/m
Thay s c: Eb =
2
im t p lc b ng cch y mng mt on:
H 3
1m
e =
3 3
Kt qu hnh v p lc y ngang b ng v ch ng nh hnh v
CU HI N TP V BI TP

1. C my loi tng chn? Nu c im ca tng loi?

2. Th no gi l p lc ch ng ?
3. Th no gi l p lc b ng ?
4. Hy nu l lun p lc t ca Coulomb
5. Hy nu cng thc v gii thch cng thc xc nh cng p lc v p lc
t trong trng hp c bn?
6. Hy nu cng thc v gii thch cng thc xc nh cng p lc v p lc
t trong trng hp c ti trng phn b u khp?
7. Hy trnh by s nh hng ca nghing lng tng chn n gi tr p lc
t ln tng chn?
8. Cho tng chn cao 8m, chn su 2m, b rng mng 2b = 4m, t nn l ct c
= 1,9.101 KN/m3, = 280, c = 0. T nh mng ln 1m c nc ngm trng lng
n v t trong nc dn = 10 KN/m3
Hy xc nh p lc ch ng ca t ln tng chn?

Chng 8:
KHI NIM A CHT T NHIN V A CHT CNG TRNH

8.1. Tc dng ca phong ho

8.1.1. Khi nim
Tc dng ca phong ho l tc dng lm ph hu v bin i thc, thnh phn
ca t xy ra do cc tc dng khc nhau ca cc nhn t kh quyn, nh p sut v
nhit , nc v sinh vt.
Qu trnh phong ho khng nhng nh ch nh hng n vt cht t nhin nh
t , m cn tc dng vo cc cng trnh nhn to, vt liu xy dng ca con ngi.
Cc dng phong ho c trnh by trong mn hc: Vt liu xy dng.
8.1.2. Nghin cu tc dng phong ho vi quan im a cht cng trnh.
Nghin cu phong ho theo quan im a cht cng trnh c tin hnh theo
cc bc: M t c trng phong ho, o tc phong ho, xc nh su cn o b
i ca tng phong ho.

a, M t c trng phong ho ca t
Tc dng phong ho lun lm cho b mt ngoi t b bin i. Mi loi
phong ho u li trn b mt ngoi vt tch tc dng ca n, nn vic m t t
nht thit phi lm k v ton din. Nhng c trng b ngoi l mu sc v c im
ca , mc v tnh cht nt vn, thnh phn khong vt v cng ca .
V mu sc cn ch m t t trn xung di, t ngoi vo trong.
V tnh nt vn ca ch cc loi h thng nt n, hnh dng ca cc sn
phm do phong ho li trn khe nt .
V thnh phn khong vt ch khong vt ca gc, cc khong vt th sinh.
V cng chu lc ca phong ho chia lm 4 cp:
Cp 1: Dng ba kh p v
Cp 2: Dng tay c th bp v
Cp 3: Dng ngn tay c th bp vn
Cp 4: kh chm nt vn
Ngoi ra cn lu thm mt s c trng nh: m, tnh dnh, tnh do ....
b, o tc phong ho
Khi nghin cu a cht cng trnh ngi ta dng ch s biu din mc phong
ho mt cch tng i ca CVaronkevich.
w
Kw a
(8.1)
a o
Trong :
Kw: l ch s phonmg ho ca .
a: L h s rng ca trong vng, khi chu tc dng phong ho hon
ton trit .

w: L h s rng ca trong vngta nh gi phong ho.

ao L h s rng ca cha phong ho
Mc phong ho c phn ra 5 mc sau:
1- Phong ho cc mnh Kw 0
2- Phong ho mnh Kw = 0 - 0.2
3- Phong ho trung bnh Kw = 0.2 - 0.5
4- Phong ho yu Kw = 0.5 - 0.9
5- Coi nh cha phong ho Kw = 1
c, Xc nh su o b i ca tng phong ho
Do b phong ho, t lm nn cho cng trnh s b bin i cc tnh cht vt l
v c hc ca n. Do phi o b i nhng lp t phong ho m trn ta khng
xy dng cng trnh c. Vic o b tng no l mt vn cn nghin cu t m. V
vy phi phn tng da vo cc du hiu ca mc phong ho.
8.2. Tc dng a cht ca mng xi
8.2.1. Khi nim
Tc dng a cht ca mng xi l tc dng xi mn t mm ri mi dc
v vn chuyn sn phm xi mn theo dng nc tm thi do ma, kt qu lm cho b
dc b o x hoc dc ng hn.
Quy m mng xi c th khc nhau v chiu di v su.
Tc pht trint mng xi ph thuc vo nng lng ca dng chy v tnh
cht ca t . Vng ma nhiu, din tch t nc ln, t mm xp, gc nghing
sn dc ln th mng xi pht trin rt mnh.
Hin tng mng xi lm gim s n nh cc mi dc t nhin v nhn to.
8.2.2. Cc giai on pht trin ca mng xi
S pht trim ca mng xi c chia lm 4 giai on:
- Giai on vng nc hoc rnh nng: Nc tp trung nhng v tr trng nh
trn sn dc hoc vt bnh xe ln trn ng nn nc bt u xi thnh rnh nh
ln theo sn dc.
- Giai on khe xi pht trin: Mng xi c ko di, u rnh mng khng
ngng li v pha phn thu, phn cui mng c cc vt liu tch t khng bn vng.
- Giai on y mng tin n mt ct cn bng: tc xi chm li, hai b
mng m rng ra, mt ct dc ton b mng l hnh cong lm un u, phn cui
mng c cc vt liu tch t n nh.
- Giai on mng xi ngng pht trin: tc dng xi su v ph vch dng,
vch mng thoi, cy c bt u mc trong mng xi.
8.2.3. Ni dung nghin cu v kho sat vng c mng xi
- V bnh khi vc c ghi r s phn b cc mng xi
- Nu r tnh trng hin ti, d on phm vi m rng ca mng xi.
- o c quan trc mt s mt ct in hnh
nh gi quy m mng xi da vo tn gi trong bng 8-1

Bng 8.1: Quy m ca mng xi

S lng t xi (m3)
50
20-50
200-1000
1000-6000
>6000

ln ca mng
Rnh xi
Khe xi nh
Khe xi va
Khe xi ln
Mng xi

8.3. Tc dng a cht ca dng sng

8.3.1. Khi nim:
Tc dng a cht ca dng sng biu th trng thi o ph, vn chuyn v tch
t vt liu.
Qu trnh hot ng ca dng sng ph thuc vo lu tc ca dng nc, iu
kin cu to a cht v iu kin kh hu thu vn ca vng.
Ti liu kho st, nh gi tc dng a cht ca dng sng gip chng ta c
phng n thit k ti u
8.3.2. c im ca dng sng thin nhin
c im ca dng sng thin nhin l c ph sa. Ph sa l sn phm ca qu
trnh o ph vn chuyn v tch t, l nhn t chnh lm thay i a hnh v hnh thi
cuat mt con sng. Ph sa c chia lm hai loi.
- Ph sa l lng trong dng nc v tri theo dng nc. Khi nc khng chy
hoc lu tc nh th loi ph sa l lng t chm xung to thnh cc bi bi.
- Ph sa di chuyn chuyn dch l l mt y sng. Theo dng nc, do sc y
ca nc ht l y ht kia, do soy nc nn loi ph sa ny ni ln hoc chm xung.
Ph sa di chuyn c tc dng lm thay i dng sng.
8.3.3. S xm thc ca dng sng
Khi ni v hnh thi dng sng, chng ta phi xem xt mt ct dc v mt ct
ngang ca sng.
a, Mt ct dc sng
Trong qu trnh pht trin ca sng, dng sng s c to ra mt ct can bng. c
trng ca mt ct dc sng l c nghing gim dn t thng lu ti h lu.
Mt ct cn bng c dng Parabon (hnh 8.1)

Thng lu

Thng lu

A
B
C
G

D
E
F

H lu
H lu
Hnh 8.1
Hnh dng ny khng phi l c trng ca ton b dng sng m ch i din
cho tng on sng.
Hnh 8-1 cho thy s mt ct dc ca dng sng thi k u v thi k pht
trin.
b, Mt ct ngang dng sng
Hnh 8-2 cho thy quy lut o ph v bi p mt on sng
Ti cc im B,C, D c hin tng nc chy thc vo b gy ra s ph b.
Ngc li cc b b i din cc im trn do lu tc dng nc nh, mt s ph sa
lng ng li sinh ra bi ngm, kt qu lm cho dng sng ngy cng un khc.
N
N

y
h
gc
n
A

C
M

gc

Lng ng

Hnh 8.2
8.3.4. Tc dng a cht ca dng sng i vi cng trnh Cu ng
Qua nghin cu s hot ng ca sng ta bit rng ti nhng ni c on sng
cong th s xm thc bn b xy ra mnh m. Nhng Cu trung v Cu ln cn trnh
t nhng ni v d mt n nh do vic b xi m Cu. Mng tr cu trn sng cn
phi t su xung mt t cn bng ca dng sng m bo n nh do vic xi
quanh mng tr.
8.4. Hot ng a cht ca Bin v H
8.4.1. Khi nim
ven b Bin v H c hng lot tc ng a cht rt phc tp. Cc hot ng
bao gm hai mt l ph hoi b v lng ng, trm tch, lm cho hnh thi v thnh
phn ca b b bin i.
Hot ng a cht ca Bin v H l sng. Sng do gi gy ln, s ph hoi ca
sng ph thuc vo cu to ca b, hot ng ca bn ct cc ca sng a n.
8.4.2. S to thnh sng

Sng do gi tc dng vo mt nc t do lm cho cc cht im ca nc chn

ng v truyn . Sng c cc yu t c bn l ngn sng, lng sng, nh sng, y
sng, chiu cao ca sng, chiu di bc sng.
Ngn sng l b phn bn trn mt nc.
Lng sng l phn sng bn di mt nc lng
nh sng l im cao nht ca ngn sng
y sng l im thp nht ca ngn sng
Chiu cao sng l khong cch thng ng gia nh sng v y sng.
Chiu di bc sng l khong cch nm ngang gia hai nh sng hoc hai y
sng k nhau.
Chiu di bc sng
nh sng
y sng

Chiu cao sng

Mt nc lng

Hnh 8.3
Quan st thc t ngi ta thy khi tc gi nh: 0.8-1 m/s th trn mt nc bt
u c hin tng ln tn gn nh, khi tc gi ln hn, nc b p y v pha trc
ln mt dc hai bn ca sng khng ging nhau. Khgi gi mnh lm cho phn bn trn
ca sng b gp xung hnh thnh bt sng trng c cha khng kh gi l: sng bc
u.
8.4.3. Tc dng a cht ca sng
Sng tc dng i vi b bin v b h lm cho hnh thi v thnh phn ca
chng bin i. Mt mt sng x vo ph b t , mt khc sng vn chuyn v tch
t t v vn, hai mt ny thng nht vi nhau trong qu trnh hnh thnh b bin
hay b h, tuy chng tin hnh ng thi song song nhng khng cn bng. V vy,
di tc dng ca sang phn trn nc v di nc ca mt ct b s sinh ra bin
i hoc ti to (hnh 8.4)
Hng thu triu ln

Hng thu triu xung

Thm ven b

Thm tch t

Khong nc triu ln xung

Hnh 8.4
V tc ph hoi ca sng th ph thuc vo bn v th nm ca t . Nu
phng ca song song vi b v cm vo pha lc a th hu nh ton b nng
lng ca sng u tc dng vo tng nm ghch ln pha sng, do c tc dng
ph hoi mnh nht. Cc tng nm nghing v pha bin, sng s cun trn mt tng
, tc dng do ma st lm tiu hao i phn ln nng lng ca sng ln gim s ph
hoi ca tng . Nu t khng ng nht th b s c cu to dng phc tp.
S ph hoi b bin v h gy ra st l b lm nh hng n tnh bn vng ca
cc cng trnh ven b bin v h. Bn cnh s tch t trm tch gy ra hin tng ct
bi cng nh hng n cc hot ng ca cc cng trnh cng
8.5. m ly
8.5.1. Khi nim.
m ly l hin tng mt vng t b qu m t hoc b ngng ng nc
trong iu kin a l v a cht thu vn nht nh. Biu hion ca m ly l mt khu
vc nc nng c nhiu cy mc di nc v a nc, c lp bn dy hn 20 cm.
m ly thng hay gp vng ca sng ven bin, mt s khu vc ng bng, cc
thung lng hp gia hai sn ni.
8.5.2. Nguyn nhn pht sinh ra ly
Ly c pht sinh do hai nguyn nhn sau
- Bao gm nhng nhn t i l nh iu kin kh hu, thu vn v a hnh.
ni c kh hu m p, ma nng nhiu to iu kin ye nhanh s hu hoi ca cy ci
mcnt to thnh than bn, hoc nhng ni a hnh bng phng, s thot nc xy ra
chm chp lm cho khu vc rt m t th s nhanh chng to thnh ly.
- Bao gm cc nhn t v a cht nh c tnh c hc ca , cu to a cht, s
vn ng ca nc di t. m ly hay to thnh khu vc t lin kt km, tng
cch nc gn mt t nn lm cho vic thm ca nc mt v nc ngm b gii hn
gn mt t
8.5.3 Nghin cu ly theo quan im a cht cng trnh
i vi cng trnh ng t, ly thng lm bin dng nn ng v c th ph
hoi hon ton nn ng. Khi y ly nghing c th lm cho nn ng b di ng
ngang cng vi hin tng ln.
s l ly cn phi xc nh ngun cung cp nc cho ly, ngun gc cc vng
ly, thnh phn ho hc v hu c ca ly, su v th nm ca ly. T cc c trng
ca vng ly, ngi ta tm ra cc bin php s l thch hp.
8.6. Kacst

8.6.1. Khi nim

y l hin tng phn gii v ho tan t do nc t to thnh cc hang
hc ko theo s sp hnh thnh cc phu, h v cc dng khc trong t.
Cc iu kin c bn to thnh v pht trin Kacst.
- Thnh phn thch hc v ho hc ca .
- Tnh thm nc, chiu dy, tnh nt n trong , diu kin th nm v s tun
hon nc.
- Thnh phn ho hc ca nc, mc khong ho, nhit nc
- c tnh v a hnh ca vng Kacst, v tr sng sui
- c tnh thc vt
- Tnh hnh thu vn ca vng Kacst.
8.6.2. a mo vng Kacst.
C cc dng sau:
- Lung rng lc: Gm h thng rnh c chiu rng v chiu su khc nhau trn
mt c khe nt.
- ng ht nc: l cc ging, hm c ng knh t 1 - 10m, su 10-20m c th
thu ht rt nhiu nc.
- Hang ng l cc hang hc ln ngm di t trong cc lp Kacst. Trong
thng thy cc khong vt kt ta nh thch nh pha trn hoc pha di.
- Sng ngm v h ngm
- Cc phu Kacst
hn ch s pht trin v nh hng ca hin tng Kacst c th dng cc
bin php k thut nh sau:
- phng ho tan ca t di tc dng ca nc mt v nc ngm ch
tnh thm nc ca t dic h mng cng trnh.
- Tng bn ca vng c hin tng Kacst bng cch bm vo khe nt v cc
l hng cht thu tnh lng, xi mng, dung dch st hoc bi tum nng.
8.7. Ct chy
8.7.1. Khi nim
Ct chy l hin tng cc lp t bo ho nc, thng l ct, khi b l ra ct
s chuyn ng v mang c tnh ca vt th chy.
Khi o h mng, p lc thu ng ca nc to ra do kt qu ca vic gim p
lck nc trong t l nguyn nhn cn bn dn n hin tng ct chy.
8.7.2. Phn loi
Ct chy c chia ra lm hai loi:
- Ct chy gi: Khi t khng c lin kt kin trc nh ct v sn c kch
thc khc nhau, chuyn sang trng thi ct chy di tc dng do p lc thu ng ca
dng nc. c tnh c bn ca ct chy gi l rt d b mt nc, khi mt nc s to
thnh cc khi ct xp v lin kt yu. Nhn dng ct chy gi l khi o h mng ct
chy h mng c nc trong hoc hi c, nu ly ct quay vi nc trong th s to
thnh hp th c, nhng sau 2, 3 ngy th trn mt s xut hin lp nc trong.

- Ct chy tht: Khi t c lin kt ngng t hoc lin kt hn hp nh xt,

ct, lin kt kin trc vi iu kin c cc ht st v ht keo c tnh chng thm tt.
Chng chuyn sang trng thi ct chy khi p lc thu ng khng ln. c tnh c bn
ca ct chy tht l tnh thot nc rt yu. Nhn dng ct chy tht l khi o h mng
ct chy vo h mng c nc c, nu ly ct quay vi nc trong s to ra hn
hp c rt kh lng.
8.8 t trt
8.8.1. Khi nim
t trt l s di chuyn ca t trn sn dc xung chn dc theo kiu trt
di tc dng ca trng lc.
t trt xy ra t t v c khi lng ln, t sp xy ra rt nhanh v c khi
lng nh
Hnh dng khi trt sn dc ph thuc vo c im ca t , iu kin v
th nm cu t v cc yu t khc. Khi nghin cu cc khi trt cn ch cc c
trng sau (hnh 8.5)
- Mt trt: L mt xy ra s t
gy v di chuyn ca khi t
Chiu su khi trt
- Chn trt (hoc gc trt) l
ng xuyn qua mt hn hp ca sn dc
- Chiu su khi trt l khong
Mt trt
Chn trt
cch thng ng tnh t b mt khi
trt n mt trt.
- Cung trt l vt c dng lm
to thnh sn do khi t trt gy ra

8.8.2. Du hiu trt

Thng hay gp cc du hiu sau:
- Khe nt trt: Loi ny to thnh
Khi trt
trong giai on u ca hin tng trt,
cc khe nt lc u b v ngn, c phn
b ri rc.
- Di trt: l mt on di t
b trt
- Mt ph hoi ca t to ra khi thn
trt c tch ra
- gn khi trt c to thnh
Hnh 8.5
dc theo chn khi trt do khi t trt
dch chuyn y t dn ln.
- Hin tng c nc ng ging nh mt vng ly nh
- Hin tng cy ci ti thn trt b nghing ng
- Th nm ca t b thay i
8.8.3. Nguyn nhn gy ra t trt
Hin tng t trt thng do cc nguyn nhn sau:

Cung trt

- Do xi mn ca cc dng nc mt to ln nhng mng rnh trn sn dc,

gy xi mnh chn dc lm b ri t .
- Do dng nc ngm li ko cc ht t sn dc
- D tng ti trng sn dc
- Do nc ma thm vo sn dc
- Do qu trnh phong ho lm t sn dc b vn nt
8.9. Khi nim v kho st a cht cng trnh, mt ct a cht
8.9.1 Kho st a cht cng trnh
Trc khi thit k cng trnh Cu ng cn phi c cc ti liu v iu kin a
cht cng trnh chung ca mt vng rng v dc theo tuyn ng nh xy dng.
Nhng ti liu c th thu thp c bng cch tin hnh kho st a cht cng trnh. C
s tin hnh kho st a cht cng trnh l bn a cht ca khu vc xy dng
cng trnh. Da vo bn a cht khu vc tin hnh vic o v a cht cng trnh
theo l trnh. Trong qu trnh kho st a cht cng trnh phi m t, ghi chp vo nht
k chuyn mn v thnh phn, c im ca t , iu kin phn b v th nm cng
nh chiu dy ca cc lp t .
Kho st a cht cng trnh cn gii quyt cc vn sau:
- Nghin cu hnh dng a hnh, xc nh ngun gc pht sinh v mc n
nh ca a hnh, v kh nng c th xy dng cng trnh trn .
- Nghin cu v nh du trn bn cu to a cht ca vng kho st bng cc
cch:
+ Nghin cu vt l t nhin v a ln bn a hnh, v mt s mt ct a
cht c th
+ Tin hnh cng tc thm d (bng cc l khoan, l o)
+ Ly mu t v mu nc th nghim trong phng
- Phn tch v nghin cu qu trnh a cht v nhng hin tng a vt l, phn
on kh nng pht sinh ca chng khi xy dng v khai thc cng trnh.
- Tm kim m vt liu thin nhin nh: , cui si, ct, t...
Trong kho st a cht cng trnh phi ch n trng thi ca t , s c mt
ca cc khe nt v c tnh ca khe nt, mc kh d trong khi thio cng cng nh s
tc ng ca qu trnh thi cng v khai thc cng trnh sau ny.
8.9.2. Mt ct a cht
Mt ct a cht l mt mt thng ng qua a hnh, trn th hin chiu dy,
phm vi, phn b ca cc tng t , v tr cc l khoan thm d.
Mt ct a cht c th hin nh hnh 8-7
CU HI N TP

1- Khi nghin cu tc dng phong ho vi quan im a cht cng trnh phi bao
gm cc ni dung g?
2- Khi nghin cu kho st vng mng xi phi lm cc ni dung g?
3- Khi nghin cu kho st dng sng phi nm vng vn g?
4- Ly pht sinh do cc nguyn nhn no?
5- C cc dng Kacst no?

6- Th no l ct chy gi v ct chy tht? Cch nhn bit cc dng ct chy.

7- Hy nu cc du hiu nhn bit c s trt t?
8- Kho st a cht cng trnh cn gii quyt nhng vn g?

L khoan, h o
Cao

30.0

29.0

28.0

Khong cch

40.0

Lp th nhng

15.4

t st mu nu
Hnh 8-7

30.0

st

50.0

Sa thch

Bng 3-3: H s kg
l/b
z/b
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.6

4.0

5.0

0.2500
0.2486
0.2401
0.2229
0.1999
0.1752
0.1516
0.1308
0.1123
0.0969
0.0840
0.0732
0.0642
0.0566
0.0502
0.0447
0.0401
0.0361
0.0326
0.0296
0.0270
0.0247

0.2500
0.2489
0.2420
0.2275
0.2075
0.1851
0.1626
0.1423
0.1241
0.1083
0.0947
0.0832
0.0734
0.0651
0.0580
0.0519
0.0467
0.0421
0.0382
0.0348
0.0318
0.0291

0.2500
0.2490
0.2429
0.2300
0.2120
0.1911
0.1705
0.1508
0.1329
0.1172
0.1034
0.0917
0.0813
0.0725
0.0649
0.0583
0.0526
0.0477
0.0433
0.0395
0.0362
0.0333

0.2500
0.2491
0.2434
0.2315
0.2147
0.1955
0.1758
0.1569
0.1396
0.1241
0.1103
0.0984
0.0879
0.0788
0.0709
0.0640
0.0580
0.0527
0.0480
0.0439
0.0403
0.0371

0.2500
0.2492
0.2437
0.2324
0.2165
0.1981
0.1793
0.1613
0.1445
0.1294
0.1158
0.1039
0.0934
0.0842
0.0761
0.0690
0.0627
0.0571
0.0523
0.0479
0.0441
0.0407

0.2500
0.2492
0.2439
0.2329
0.2176
0.1999
0.1818
0.1644
0.1482
0.1334
0.1202
0.1084
0.0979
0.0887
0.0805
0.0732
0.0668
0.0611
0.0561
0.0516
0.0474
0.0439

0.2500
0.2492
0.2441
0.2335
0.2188
0.2020
0.1849
0.1685
0.1530
0.1389
0.1263
0.1149
0.1047
0.0955
0.0875
0.0801
0.0735
0.0677
0.0624
0.0577
0.0535
0.0496

0.2500
0.2492
0.242
0.2338
0.2194
0.2031
0.1865
0.1705
0.1557
0.1423
0.1300
0.1191
0.1092
0.1003
0.0923
0.0851
0.0786
0.0727
0.0674
0.0626
0.0588
0.0543

0.2500
0.2492
0.2443
0.2340
0.2198
0.2037
0.1873
0.1718
0.1574
0.1443
0.1324
0.1218
0.1122
0.1035
0.0957
0.0887
0.0823
0.0765
0.0712
0.0664
0.0620
0.0581

0.2500
0.2492
0.2443
0.2341
0.2199
0.2040
0.1878
0.1725
0.1584
0.1455
0.1339
0.1235
0.1142
0.1058
0.0982
0.0913
0.0850
0.0793
0.0741
0.0694
0.0650
0.0610

0.2500
0.2492
0.2443
0.2341
0.2200
0.2042
0.1882
0.1730
0.1590
0.1463
0.1350
0.1248
0.1156
0.1073
0.0999
0.0931
0.0870
0.0814
0.0763
0.0717
0.0674
0.0634

0.2500
0.2492
0.2443
0.2342
0.2202
0.2044
0.1885
0.1735
0.1598
0.1474
0.1363
0.1264
0.1175
0.1095
0.1024
0.0959
0.0900
0.0847
0.0799
0.0753
0.0712
0.0674

6.0

10.0

0.2500 0.2500
0.2492 0.2492
0.2443 0.02443
0.2342 0.2342
0.2202 0.2202
0.2045 0.2046
0.1887 0.1888
0.1738 0.1740
0.1601 0.1604
0.1478 0.1482
0.1368 0.1374
0.1271 0.1277
0.1184 0.1192
0.1106 0.1116
0.1036 0.1048
0.0973 0.0987
0.0916 0.0933
0.0864 0.0882
0.0816 0.0837
0.0773 0.0796
0.0733 0.0758
0.0696 0.0724

4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0

0.0227
0.0209
0.0193
0.0179

0.0268
0.0247
0.0229
0.0212

0.0306
0.0283
0.0262
0.0248

0.0343
0.0317
0.0294
0.0274

0.0376
0.0348
0.0324
0.0302

0.0407
0.0378
0.0352
0.0328

0.0462
0.0430
0.0402
0.0376

0.0507
0.0474
0.0444
0.0417

0.0544
0.0510
0.0480
0.0451

0.0574
0.0540
0.0509
0.0480

0.0597
0.0564
0.0533
0.0504

0.0639
0.0606
0.0576
0.0547

0.0662
0.0630
0.0601
0.0573

0.0692
0.0663
0.0635
0.0610