NGUYEN LY THIET KE

KIEN TRUC DAN DUNG

PHAN M AU: MUC CH VA YEU CAU CUA MON HOC .

CHNG I : KHAI NIEM VE KIEN TRUC VA PHAN LOAI KIEN TRUC .

CHNG II : CAC AC IEM VA YEU CAU CUA KIEN TRUC .

CHNG III : PHNG PHAP LUAN VA T DUY TRONG THIET KE KIEN TRUC

CHNG IV : KHONG GIAN CONG NANG VA CAC NGUYEN TAC THIET KE .

CHNG V : CAC NGUYEN TAC TO HP KHONG GIAN MAT BANG

VA CAC GIAI PHAP BO CUC MAT BANG KIEN TRUC .

CHNG VI : CAC NGUYEN TAC THIET KE TO CHC GIAO THONG BEN TRONG
VA BEN NGOAI CONG TRNH .

CHNG VII : CAC NGUYEN TAC TO HP HNH KHOI KHONG GIAN

VA THIET KE MAT NG KIEN TRUC .

CHNG VIII : CAC NGUYEN TAC THIET KE AN TOAN THOAT NGI

TRONG CONG TRNH KIEN TRUC .

CHNG IX : CAC NGUYEN TAC THIET KE NEN DOC CHO PHONG KHAN GIA
VA KHAN AI CONG TRNH TDTT .

CHNG X : CAC VAN E KY THUAT TRONG THIET KE KIEN TRUC .

CHNG I :

NHNG KHAI NIEM VE KIEN TRUC

VA PHAN LOAI KIEN TRUC
I. NHNG KHAI NIEM CHUNG
I.1 Kien truc la nghe thuat va khoa hoc thiet ke , xay dng cac cong trnh va cac to hp cong
trnh theo nhng tieu chuan tham my va chc nang ,
I.2 Thiet ke kien truc la viec lap cac ban ve the hien ket qua nghien cu khoa hoc ky thuat
va nghe thuat kien truc e thc hien viec xay dng cong trnh .
I.3 Nguyen ly thiet ke kien truc la nhng nguyen tac , ly luan c ban c dung lam c s e
thiet ke cong trnh kien truc .
I.4 Mon hoc nguyen ly thiet ke se cung cap cho ngi thiet ke nhng nguyen tac c ban e
sang tac kien truc , tc la nhng nguyen tac ve to chc khong gian , bo cuc quy hoach ,hnh thc
ben ngoai va ben trong cua notrong moi quan he chat che vi ket cau , vat ly kien truc va cac he
thong ky thuat cong trnh phuc vu cho nhu cau s dung .
I.5 Thiet ke kien truc la mot hoat ong sang tao cua con ngi e tao ra moi trng mi
nham thoa man nhng yeu cau cua i song con ngi ve mat vat chat va tinh than .
- Mot tac pham kien truc c tao nen bi s ket hp chat che gia chc nang s dung va
tac dung tham my . No khong ch n thuanla mot san pham ng dung KHKT. ma con la mot sang
tao nghe thuat
- Tac pham kien truc khong ch la nhng cong trnh rieng le , ma con co the la mot tap hp
nhieu cong trnh phoi hp vi nhau va vi moi trng xung quanh tao nen mot to hp , mot tong the
kien truc : ng pho , lang xom , trung tam , o th ...
I.6 Kien truc s : Theo Le Corbusier Kien truc s la ngi co tam hon cua nha thi s , co oi
ban tay cua ngi nghe si , va co bo oc cua nha khoa hoc .
- Ngi kien truc s hanh nghe thiet ke kien truc phai nam vng nhng nguyen tac , ly luan
c ban c dung lam c s e thiet ke cong trnh kien truc
- Kien truc s phai co kha nang ieu hp c cac chuyen gia cua cac chuyen nganh ky
thuat khac cung tham gia thiet ke va xay dng cong trnh .
- Kien truc s phai co kha nang bao quat toan diencong viec t luc mi bat au cho en khi
cong trnh c a vao s dung .
II. PHAN LOAI KIEN TRUC : Cac cong trnh kien truc c phan thanh 3 loai :
1. KIEN TRUC CAC CONG TRNH DAN DUNG .
.
2. KIEN TRUC CAC CONG TRNH CONG NGHIEP.
3. KIEN TRUC CAC CONG TRNH NONG NGHIEP.
KIEN TRUC CAC CONG TRNH DAN DUNG C PHAN THANH 2 LOAI
KIEN TRUC NHA & KIEN TRUC CONG TRNH CONG CONG
A. Phan loai theo chc nang s dung .
Kien truc cac cong trnh nha : Nha nho , chung c thap & cao tang , nha tap the
Kien truc cac cong trnh trng hoc : Trng mam non , trng hoc pho thong ....
2

Kien truc cac cong trnh trng trung hoc chuyen nghiep , day nghe
Kien truc cac cong trnh trng ai hoc va cac vien nghien cu
Kien truc cac cong trnh y te : Tram xa , trung tam y te , benh vien , nha ieu dng ,...
Kien truc cac cong trnh thng mai dch vu : Ch , sieu th , trung tam mua ban ...
Kien truc cac cong trnh cong s , hanh chnh , van phong lam viec .
Kien truc cac cong trnh the duc the thao : Nha thi au , ho bi , san van ong
Kien truc cac cong trnh giao thong : Ben tau , ben xe , nha ga cang hang khong ,
cang bien ...
Kien truc cac cong trnh van hoa :
- Cau lac bo , nha van hoa , cung van hoa , th vien .
- Cac cong trnh bieu dien : nha hat , rap chieu phim , rap xiec ,
- Cac cong trnh trng bay : Nha truyen thong , trng bay , trien lam , bao tang ...
- Cac cong trnh ky niem : Tng ai quang trng , cong vien , lang mo ...
- Cac cong trnh ton giao : nh , chua , nha th ...

B. Phan loai theo tuoi tho cua cong trnh : Co 4 cap o .

Cong trnh cap I : Rat kien co , tuoi tho at t 50 70 nam ,

cong trnh ac biet hn 100 nam

Cong trnh cap II : Kien co , tuoi tho at t 25 50 nam

Cong trnh cap III : Ban kien co , tuoi tho t 10 25 nam

Cong trnh cap IV : Nha tam , tuoi tho di 10 nam .

C. Phan loai theo quy mo cua cong trnh

Cong trnh cap Quan Huyen , Tnh thanh pho , Quoc gia

Cong trnh thap tang , cao tang , nhieu tang ...

Cong trnh co sc cha ln hoac nho .

..

CHNG II

CAC AC IEM VA YEU CAU CUA KIEN TRUC

I. CAC AC IEM CUA KIEN TRUC :
1. KIEN TRUC LA KET QUA CUA S TONG HP GIA KHOA HOC KY THUAT VA
NGHE THUAT .
- Khoa hoc ky thuat va vat chat la c s , la phng tien e thc hien muc ch cua kien
truc , thoa man yeu cau s dung va tham my cua con ngi . Qua trnh tao thanh cong trnh kien
truc la qua trnh san sinh ra cua cai vat chat , ong thi cung la sang tao ra tac pham nghe thuat .
- Mot tac pham kien truc ra i , c cong nhan la co gia tr trc het no phai ap ng
c yeu cau s dung cua con ngi , tiep en la phai ng dung c tot cac tien bo cua khoa hoc
ky thuat ang ngay cang phat trien manh me , con ngi ngay cang co mc song cao hn cang oi
hoi cao ve tien nghi sinh hoat va nhu cau tham my .
V vay , oi hoi ngi kien truc s phai t mnh trang b kien thc khoa hoc ky thuat , nghe thuat ,
ong thi phai phoi hp chat che vi cac chuyen gia cua cac bo mon ky thuat khac cung phat huy
tr tue trong suot qua trnh lam viec t khau thiet ke , cho en khi thi cong xay dng cong trnh ,
hoan thien a vao s dung .
2. KIEN TRUC PHAN ANH XA HOI VA MANG TNH T TNG .
- Thong qua cac tac pham kien truc co the tao nen mot hnh tng khai quat , suc tch ve
mot xa hoi qua tng giai oan lch s, sc bieu hien cua kien truc co the cho ta cam nhan c :
- Kha nang kinh te, toc o phat trien cua xa hoi .
- Trnh o van minh, van hoa cua xa hoi .
- C cau to chc, luat phap cua nha nc .
- Nep song, phong tuc tap quan cua dan toc .
- Phng thc san xuat cua xa hoi .
V vay, nen kien truc cua moi quoc gia eu phan anh rat ro net bo mat chung ve i song
vat chat, van hoa, tinh than cua xa hoi

- Tng ng vi lch s xa hoi, moi che o eu anh hng en noi dung va hnh thc cua
kien truc . Trong xa hoi co giai cap do ieu kien kinh te, quyen lc cua tng ang cap ma
cac giai cap co he t tng rieng , t tng o co anh hng trc tiep en suy ngh, y tng
sang tac cua kien truc s . Cho nen kien truc cung mang tnh t tng va tnh giai cap .
3. KIEN TRUC CHU ANH HNG RO RET CUA IEU KIEN T NHIEN VA MOI
TRNG .
Bao gom : - Moi trng a ly t nhien
- Moi trng canh quan va kien truc
a Moi trng a ly t nhien : Gom kh hau, thi tiet, nang ma, gio, o am khong kh ,
a hnh, a chat, thuy van ni xay dng cong trnh eu co tac ong va anh hng rat ln en viec
nghien cu cac giai phap kien truc va ky thuat cho cong trnh .
- Cho nen tuy thuoc vao ieu kien moi trng a ly t nhien cua tng ni tng vung ma
kien truc phai co cac giai phap phu hp ve hng mat bang , bo cuc khong gian , vat lieu ,
trang thiet b ky thuat va trang tr mau sac .
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b Moi trng canh quan va kien truc : Ni cong trnh c thiet ke va xay dng cung la
mot yeu to quan trong co tac ong va anh hng rat ln trong qua trnh nghien cu la chon giai
phap kien truc sao cho kien truc mi phai hai hoa vi tong the canh quan cua khu vc, tranh pho
trng, kech cm, hay lac long kieu cach.
4. KIEN TRUC MANG TNH DAN TOC .
Tnh cach dan toc thng c phan anh rat ro net qua cong trnh kien truc ve hnh thc
va noi dung :
a Ve hnh thc : Phong cach kien truc trong viec nghien cu la chon to hp hnh khoi,
mat ng, ty le , chi tiet trang tr, mau sac, vat lieu c phoi hp nhuan nhuyen e thoa man yeu
cau tham my cua dan toc .
b Ve noi dung : Bo cuc mat bang phai phu hp vi phong tuc tap quan, tam ly dan toc ;
+ Kch thc ty le cua kien truc va trang thiet b s dung phai ty le vi con ngi
+Phai tan dung c cac yeu to thien nhien e phuc vu tot cho con ngi .

- Noi dung va hnh thc cua kien truc co the thay oi theo tng giai oan phat trien cua lch
s, cua thi ai, song van co tnh truyen thong va ke tha sau sac cua dan toc.
- Moi dan toc eu co phong tuc tap quan sinh hoat rieng, truyen thong van hoa rieng cung
nh nhng kinh nghiem ve cac giai phap kien truc rieng cua mnh . Cho nen ngay ca trong thi ky
hien ai, kien truc de b pha tap, tnh dan toc van c phan anh trong kien truc .
- Kien truc trong mot nc co nhng net chung, nhng tng vung, tng a phng, tng
dan toc lai co nhng ac iem va tnh cach rieng .
II CAC YEU CAU CUA KIEN TRUC
Kien truc luon gan bo chat che vi di song cua con ngi va no cung phat trien theo tien
trnh phat trien lch s loai ngi . Tac pham kien truc ra i la nham ap ng nhu cau cap thiet cua
con ngi, cua xa hoi . V vay kien truc co cac yeu cau chu yeu sau :
1 Yeu cau thch dung ..
2 Yeu cau vng ben .
3 Yeu cau my quan
4 Yeu cau kinh te .
1 YEU CAU THCH DUNG :
- Bat c mot cong trnh kien truc nao cung phai ap ng c yeu cau quan trong nhat la
thch dung, tc la phai phu hp, tien li cho viec s dung cua con ngi .
- Yeu cau thch dung cua con ngi thng a dang bi nhu cau hoat ong a dang : an,
, hoc tap, i lai, lam viec , ngh ngi, vui chi giai tr vv
- Xa hoi phat trien th nhu cau cuoc song ngay cang cao hn, tien nghi hn, oi hoi kien
truc ngay cang a dang ve the loai va phong phu ve hnh thc .
- yeu cau thch dung phu thuoc vao phong tuc tap quan cua tng dan toc, ton giao, tn
ngng, tng vung, tng quoc gia, va phu thuoc vao la tuoi, gii tnh
e am bao c yeu cau thch dung, khi thiet ke cong trnh can chu y :
- Bo cuc mat bang phai am bao day chuyen hoat ong hp ly nhat, giao thong i lai hp
ly, ngan gon, khong chong cheo nhau .
- Kch thc cac phong phu hp vi eu cau hoat ong ,thuan tien cho viec bo tr o ac ,
trang thiet b ben trong gon gang , ep mat .
- Tuy theo mc o s dung cua tng loai phong, can am bao ieu kien ve sinh: u anh
sang, thong hi, thoang gio, chong on, chong nong tot, tranh c nhng bat li cua ieu kien kh
hau.
5

- am bao moi quan he va s hai hoa cua cong trnh vi moi trng xung quanh.
2 YEU CAU VNG BEN.
Cong trnh kien truc phai an toan , lau ben vi moi ieu kien tac ong cua con ngi va t
nhien. Cac tac ong en cong trnh kien truc c phan thanh hai loai: tac ong cua lc va tac ong
khong phai bang lc.
a. Cac tac ong cua lc gom:
- Nhng tac ong thng xuyen: do trong lng ban than cua cac bo phan cong trnh.
- Nhng tac ong lau dai do trong lng cua trang thiet b, hang hoa, o dung sinh hoat.
- Nhng tai trong ngan han: do trong lng cua thiet b di ong nh can truc trong nha
xng, do trong lng cua ngi va o ac trong nha, do tac ong cua gio.
- Nhng tai trong ac biet: (bat thng) nh ong at, tac ong do s co h hong thiet b
b. Cac tac ong khong phai bang lc gom:
- Tac ong cua nhiet lam gian n vat lieu va ket cau se gay ra tac ong cua noi lc trong
CT.
- Tac ong cua nc ma va nc ngam, hi nc trong khong kh gay ra s thay oi ac
tnh ky thuat c ly cua vat lieu .
- Tac ong cua khong kh chuyen ong gay ra tai trong gio va s xam nhap cua khong kh
lam thay oi che o nhiet va che o am trong cong trnh.
- Tac ong cua nang chieu tao ra tac ong nhiet lam thay oi ac tnh ky thuat vat ly cua
lp mat vat lieu ket cau, lam thay oi che o nhiet, quang trong cong trnh.
- Tac ong cua cac tap chat hoa hoc co trong khong kh xam thc lam h hai vat lieu ket
cau.
- Tac ong sinh hoc do moi, mot, con trung pha huy cac vat lieu hu c .
- Tac ong cua tieng on, lam anh hng en che o am thanh trong cong trnh.
Tom lai, o vng ben cua cong trnh bao gom :

- o vng chac cua cau kien chu lc.

- o on nh cua ket cau nen mong.

- o ben lau cua cong trnh theo thi gian.

3- YEU CAU MY QUAN.
-Ngoai nhu cau vat chat, con ngi con khat khao oi hoi yeu to tinh than hay my cam: con
ngi trang iem cho mnh ep, ngam mot khung canh ep, trong ngoi nha ep Kien truc s
la ngi sang tao ra cong trnh hoa vao khung canh ay khong the khong lam ep ua con tinh
than cua mnh.
- Cai ep trong tac pham kien truc cung nh cai ep trong tac pham nghe thuat khong
phai la cai co hu, bat bien, ma no thay oi theo s phat trien cua xa hoi loai ngi.
- F.HEGEL a noi: Cuoc song vn len pha trc va mang theo cai ep hien thc cua no
nh dong song chay mai.
Yeu cau my quan oi vi tac pham kien truc
-My quan tong the : Tac pham kien truc c tao ra phai hai hoa vi canh quan, moi
trng xung quanh no, tao nen mot tong the khong gian ep.
- My quan cua cong trnh kien truc : Vi tac pham kien truc th cam quan tham my la yeu
to au tien tac ong vao moi ngi, du bang quan iem tham my nao hay trnh o nhan thc cai
ep ra sao th tham my kien truc cung phai thoa man yeu cau tinh than cua so ong quan chung.
4- YEU CAU KINH TE .
- Trong viec thiet ke va xay dng mot cong trnh kien truc co the at c s hp ly ve
kinh te trc het la bang cach s dung ung nhng nguyen tac, tieu chuan va phng tien tao
nen chat lng tham my cua cong trnh ma khong trang tr pho trng lang ph.
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- Yeu cau kinh te cua cong trnh kien truc c bieu hien trong khau thiet ke o an kien
truc , thi cong xay dng va s dung cong trnh .
a. Kinh te trong thiet ke o an kien truc :
- Tuan thu cac quy nh cua luat xay dng, quy hoach tong the khu vc; ch gii xay dng,
ng o, cac he so ch tieu quy nh ve s dung at, mat o xay dng,so tang cao.
- Tan dung tot a hnh, a mao khu at xay dng.
- Chon hng nha e co nang gio tot, tranh hng nang xau, gio bat li.
- Dien tch, khong gian s dung cua cac phong phu hp vi tieu chuan va nhu cau s dung.
- Bo cuc mat bang; sap xep cac khoi chc nang theo day chuyen hoat ong ngan gon chat
che
- To chc giao thong trong cong trnh ngan gon hp ly
- La chon giai phap, bo tr cac he thong ky thuat toi u (ket cau, ien, cap thoat nc
.vv..)
- La chon vat lieu trang tr hoan thien, trang thiet b ky thuat phu hp vi the loai cong
trnh, cap cong trnh, tranh pho trng hnh thc , cau ky , gay lang ph .
b. Kinh te trong thi cong xay dng :
- La qua trnh bien cac y o sang tao cua kien truc s t ban ve thanh cong trnh thcthe
vat chat.
- Kien truc s phai ket hp vi cac ky s thuoc cac chuyen nganh cung tnh toan phoi hp
vi nhau lap ke hoach tien o thi cong xay dng cong trnh theo mot trnh t hp ly.
- Ngoai ra con phai chu y ti cac nguon cung cap vat t, nguyen lieu, cac phng tien thiet
b may moc va nguon nhan cong ni xay dng cong trnh .

CHNG 3

PHNG PHAP LUAN VA T DUY TRONG

NGHIEN CU THIET KE KIEN TRUC
Muon co mot o an thiet ke kien truc tot, ngi kien truc s phai trai qua mot qua
trnh nghien cu, phan tch, t duy sau sac va nghiem tuc cac van e : Gom 4 bc
1 - Phan tch khai niem .
2 - Phan tch ve thch dung .
3 - Phan tch ve moi trng .
4 - Phan tch ve ky thuat , kinh te .
I . PHAN TCH VE KHAI NIEM .
1 Khai niem :

Khi bat tay vao cong viec thiet ke kien truc, trc tien phai hnh thanh nhng y
niem chung va tong quat, tc la nhng khai niem c ban. phan tch ve khai niem se
giup ta nam c nguyen ly chung ch ao ca qua trnh sang tao, neu bat c nhng
van e tong quat, nhng muc ch va yeu cau ma chung ta can phai at c .

Ket qua phan tch ve khai niem la ket tinh cua nhng quan iem co c nh vao
nhng kinh nghiem, qua kha nang suy ngh, phan tch, qua s phat trien cua y thc, t
tng e ap dung nhng quan iem o vao cac trng hp cu the cua tng cong trnh se
thiet ke .

Phan tch ve khai niem rat quan trong. No cho phep ta co u kha nang giai quyet
nhng van e rong ln va phc tap trong qua trnh sang tao ra tac pham kien truc .

2 Ban nang va kinh nghiem :

- Ban nang la giai phap t phat e oi pho vi tnh hnh thc te ang xay ra .
- Kinh nghiem la viec s ly cac tnh huong, van e tng t c lap i lap lai nhieu
lan .Viec tch luy, uc rut kinh nghiem va m rong kinh nghiem thng cho ket qua
ung hn, tot hn . ay la mot van e rat quan trong va can thiet .
- Phan tch khoa hoc la kha nang t duy logic, phan tch cac van e can giai quyet mot cach
ung an nhat, hieu qua nhat .
Ban nang, kinh nghiem va phan tch khoa hoc la ba mc o khac nhau cua hoat
ong sang tao cua loai ngi. Kien truc s rat can ti ban nang va kinh nghiem, nhng
ch co the bang phng phap phan tch khoa hoc mi co the hieu ro e sang tao ra tac
pham kien truc thc thu ap ng c nhu cau oi hoi cua xa hoi .
3 S hnh thanh nhng khai niem :
Viec nghien cu thiet ke mot cong trnh kien truc can phai theo mot nguyen ly ch
ao e thoa man c nhng yeu cau, oi hoi ma ban nhiem vu thiet ke at ra.
V vay ngi kien truc s trc khi thiet ke can phai nam vng cac van e sau :
8

a Nhan thc va hieu biet ve the loai e tai cong trnh se thiet ke .
b Quan sat va nhan xet thc te ( khong theo cam tnh ma phai bang ly tnh ) .
c Tm hieu ve qua trnh phat trien theo tng giai oan lch s, ve quan niem va y thc
d S t duy tru tng : la giai oan phat trien cao cua qua trnh nhan thc, i sau
vao ban chat va phat hien ra nhng quy luat cua s vat bang nhng hnh thc nh bieu
tng, khai niem, phan oan va suy ly. oi vi thiet ke kien truc o con la s sang tao
o nhay cam va ket hp vi nang khieu tham my ...

4 Van e hnh thc va noi dung .

Noi dung la cai ben trong s vat, c hnh thc cha ng hoac bieu hien. Hnh thc
la cai vo be ngoai cua s vat, cha ng hoac bieu hien noi dung .
- Trong kien truc noi dung c tao thanh bi toan bo nhng ket luan c phan tch
ma ban thiet ke the hien cu the. Con hnh thc la thc the cua cong trnh c bieu hien
bang khoi, hnh, ng net, mau sac, vat lieu c phoi hp vi nhau e tao nen cam
xuc nghe thuat cho ngi xem cung nh khong gian ben trong cong trnh o .
- Chu ngha thc dung va chu ngha hnh thc la hai trao lu xau, eu tac hai en
cong viec sang tao kien truc :
Chu ngha thc dung the hien s ngheo nan ve tng tng, ve nghe thuat, va xa
ri gia tr van hoa tinh than cua con ngi .
Chu ngha hnh thc la s suy tng, mu quang, bao bien, phi ly, thoi phong
hoac go ep mot cach gia doi .
S anh gia phien dien , mot chieu ve nhng van e hnh thc va noi dung eu
lam anh hng ln en tac pham kien truc trong nhieu trng hp .
V vay khi thiet ke cong trnh kien truc chung ta can phai suy ngh sau sac, can
nhac can than nhng van e ve hnh thc va noi dung e tm ra nhng nguyen tac phu
hp vi xa hoi ang phat trien, nhng van e cu the con ngi oi hoi nham tao nen mot
moi trng tot khong nhng cho cac hoat ong phong phu, ma con thoa man s mong
muon ve mot nen kien truc ep, hien ai, dan toc .
Le Corbusier Kien truc s noi tieng ngi Phap, co noi :Kien truc la s ket hp
ung an va tuyet dieu nhng noi dung, hnh khoi di anh sang.
II. PHAN TCH VE THCH DUNG .
- Moi cong trnh kien truc ra i eu phai ap ng nhng yeu cau cua cac hoat ong
cua con ngi, nham thoa man nhng nhu cau cua cuoc song. Kien truc ket hp vi moi
trng xung quanh e bao ve con ngi, chong lai ma gio,nong lanh,... tao ra moi trng
hoat ong tot phuc vu con ngi .
- Phan tch ve thch dung la viec nghien cu cac hoat ong cua con ngi, o ac va
trang thiet b trong khong gian kien truc e phuc vu cho moi hoat ong co hieu qua nhat
ca ve sinh ly, tam ly cua con ngoi . No c the hien ba van e :
Khong gian v tr quan he hu c .
- Khong gian :La ban than tng khong gian s dung co hnh dang, kch thc phu hp vi
viec bo tr trang thiet b, vi moi trng, vi tam sinh ly hoat ong cua con ngi trong o
- V tr : La cho at hp ly cua cac khong gian trong cong trnh kien truc .
- Quan he hu c : La moi lien he gia cac khong gian theo quy luat cua s hoat ong .
e viec thiet ke cac cong trnh kien truc c tot chung ta can tm hieu ky cac van e:
1 Cac chc nang hoat ong cua cong trnh .
9

2 Ngi s dung, oi tng s dung cong trnh .

3 Cac trang thiet b phuc vu cho s hoat ong cua cong trnh .
4 Thi gian, tan xuat va chu ky hoat ong cua cong trnh .
5 Cac yeu cau ve ve sinh moi trng .
6 Thiet lap cac moi quan he ve khong gian s dung, day chuyen va loi i lai .
7 Xac nh kch thc theo cac tieu chuan quy pham .
III. PHAN TCH VE MOI QUAN HE VI MOI TRNG .
Mot cong trnh kien truc c thiet ke xay dng va ton tai trong mot thi gian dai
e con ngi s dung, luon co moi quan he chat che va chu anh hng ro ret cua ieu
kien t nhien va moi trng xung quanh .V vay cac yeu to moi trng se la mot trong cac
ieu kien quyet nh en s la chon giai phap kien truc toi u.
Trc khi nghien cu thiet ke can phai ieu tra va phan tch ky cac ac iem cua
moi trng ni xay dng cong trnh. Cac ac iem va moi quan he o la :
1 Moi trng t nhien :
- La thc the vat chat von co cua t nhien nh : Song ngoi, oi nui, a hnh a mao
cua khuon vien khu at, ni xay dng cong trnh .
- La a iem, v tr cua cong trnh tren ban o hien trang, quy hoach. Trac ac toa
o o ban ve cac ranh gii, hng toa o, hng giao thong lien he cua cong trnh vi cac
khu vc xung quanh .
- Cac thong so ve kh hau : Nhiet o, lng ma, nang, gio, khong kh, o am, cao
nhat, thap nhat va trung bnh hang nam .
- Cac so lieu ve a chat, thuy van, mc nc ngam, lu lut, trieu cng hang nam .
- Canh quan t nhien, sinh thai moi trng t nhien, cay xanh, mat nc ...
2 Moi trng xa hoi :
- La nhng cai do con ngi tao nen : Nha ca, ng sa, cau cong, quang trng,
cong vien...Canh quan kien truc xung quanh ni xay dng cong trnh .
- Cac quy nh ve quy hoach xay dng : mat o xay dng, so tang cao, ch gii XD .
- Cac quy nh ve phap luat, c cau to chc xa hoi, an ninh, quoc phong..
IV. PHAN TCH VE KY THUAT VA KINH TE .
- Vai tro cua ky thuat va kinh te rat quan trong va lien quan chat che ti cong viec
nghien cu thiet ke, sang tac cua kien truc s .
- No co tnh chat xuyen suot ca mot qua trnh dai va lien tuc trong ca ba giai oan :
Thiet ke , thi cong xay dng, s dung va bao quan cong trnh .
1 Khoa hoc ky thuat :
- Khoa hoc ky thuat ngay cang tien bo va phat trien manh me moi lnh vc noi
chung, rieng nganh kien truc va xay dng no a gop phan nang cao chat lng thiet ke,
thi cong xay dng cong trnh at hieu qua s dung cao nhat .
- Cong nghe che tao vat lieu xay dng, cau kien cho viec xay dng cong trnh, cac
trang thiet b phuc vu cho cong trnh ngay cang a dang ve chung loai, ve hnh thc, chat
lng, oi hoi ngi thiet ke phai phan tch, la chon ky lng hn trong cac giai phap
kien truc, ky thuat .
- Cong nghe tin hoc phat trien manh me cung gop phan ay nhanh qua trnh nghien
cu thiet ke kien truc. Cac phan mem tr giup cho thiet ke, Cac t lieu, d lieu c cap
nhat thng xuyen va lu tr ay u, chnh xac, giup cho viec phan tch s ly la chon
chnh xac cac giai phap kien truc, ky thuat khi thiet ke, cung nh khi thi cong xay dng
cong trnh .
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- Cac trang thiet b va cac he thong ky thuat trong cong trnh e phuc vu cho nhu
cau hoat ong, s dung cua con ngi : Thang may, ieu hoa khong kh, an ninh, cu hoa,
thong tin lien lac, ien, cap thoat nc ...ngay cang co nhieu chung loai, a dang ve mau
ma, yeu cau oi hoi mc o ngay cang cao hn
2 Ky thuat kinh te .
Gia thanh va chat lng cong trnh la bai toan kinh te e anh gia hieu qua au t xay dng
cong trnh, no rat quan trong oi vi chu au t .
Trong thiet ke: Van e nay c the hien ngay t giai oan nghien cu lap o an thiet ke
- La chon at xay dng, khai thac s dung cac ieu kien t nhien, xa hoi e cong trnh co
hieu qua s dung cao nhat .
- To chc khong gian, bo cuc mat bang hp ly, day chuyen giao thong ngan gon .
- La chon cac giai phap ky thuat phu hp vi quy mo, tnh chat s dung cua CT.
- Can chu y en cac ac iem , ieu kien cua a phng ni xay dng cong trnh .
- Can phoi hp vi cac ky s cua cac chuyen nganh lap ra s o he thong KT toi u .
Trong thi cong xay dng cong trnh: Can lap ra o an, ke hoach thi cong xay dng :
- Lap bieu o tien o thi cong ,the hien thi gian thc hien, vat t, nhan lc, phng tien may
moc, cong cu, va ke hoach phan bo kinh ph xay dng .
- La chon giai phap, phng tien thi cong tuy theo tnh chat, ac iem cong trnh XD
- Phoi hp chat che, ong bo vi viec thi cong cac he thong ky thuat .
- Luon kiem tra chat lng thi cong, x ly kp thi cac s co ky thuat thay oi thiet ke
Ap dung cong nghiep hoa xay dng :
- ien hnh hoa, tieu chuan hoa, thong nhat hoa, bang viec s dung tot he moun .
- S dung cac phng phap, ky thuat thi cong theo hng cong nghiep hoa: phng phap lap
ghep cau kien, lap ghep block khong gian, phng phap van khuon trt ...

11

CHNG IV

KHONG GIAN CONG NANG

VA CAC NGUYEN TAC THIET KE
IV.1. KHONG GIAN CONG NANG .
Trong mot cong trnh kien truc thng cha ng rat nhieu khong gian, moi khong gian
o lai co nhng chc nang phuc vu cho nhu cau s dung khac nhau cua con ngi .
- Tuy theo nhu cau s dung ma cac khong gian co hnh dang kch thc va cach to chc, bo
tr khac nhau .
- Phan loai cac khong gian trong cong trnh kien truc :
1- Khong gian n thuan .
2- Khong gian chc nang rieng .
3- Cac khong gian ac thu .
4- Khong gian chc nang ac biet .
5- Khong gian chc nang hon hp .
IV.1.1.- Khong gian n thuan :
- La loai khong gian n gian nhat, nhieu khi khong xac nh ro, hoac the hien mot cach cu
the : Mot choi ngh chan trong cong vien, cho ch xe bus, ban cong, logia,...hoac cac phan nho ra
cua cac mai hat, che ma nang, ...
- khong gian n thuan thng co chc nang s dung cu the, xong oi khi cung khong co chc
nang ro rang, viec tao dng cac khong gian nay thng sinh ong, phong phu ve hnh thc .

IV.1.2. Khong gian chc nang rieng .

- La loai khong gian n thuan, n gian, nhng co chc nang s dung rat ro rang:
Khong gian lp hoc, khong gian phong ngu, phong khach, phong lam viec,
phong kham benh, phong th nghiem.
- Loai khong gian nay khi can co the thay oi chc nang s dung nhng khong phu
hp lam v cac thong so ky thuat cua moi khong gian thiet ke co khac nhau nh :
o ac va trang thiet b s dung cua moi loai khong gian chc nang rieng co kch
thc hoan toan khac nhau, kch thc cua khong gian: chieu dai, rong, cao, ca so,
ca i, rat khac nhau .
IV.1.3. Khong gian ac thu .
- Trong cac cong trnh kien truc thng co cac khong gian rat ac thu ca ve kch
thc, kieu dang, va cach bo tr nh : Bep, khu ve sinh, cau thang,
- Cac loai khong gian nay khong the thay oi chc nang s dung c va ch s
dung theo ung chc nang a c thiet ke.
IV.1.4. Khong gian chuyen biet .
- La loai khong gian co chc nang s dung rat ac biet, nhieu khi rat a dang, rat
khac nhau ca ve hnh dang, kch thc, va nhat la cac giai phap ky thuat ket cau,
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cac trang thiet b phuc vu cho nhu cau s dung . Cac loai khong gian nay pho bien
trong cac cong trnh cong cong nh : cac khan phong bieu dien, cac khan ai cong
trnh TDTT, cac khong gian trng bay bao tang, trien lam
IV.1.5. Khong gian chc nang hon hp .
- Thng la khong gian ln ma ben trong cha ng nhieu khong gian nho co cac
cong nang s dung khac nhau v du nh sanh cua cac khach san, cac cao oc van
phong: Trong khong gian ln o bao gom : Khong gian on tiep, khong gian tiep
khach, Bar ca phe, khong gian trien lam, ban o lu niem
IV.2 . CAC NGUYEN TAC THIET KE .
1 Nhan to quan trong nhat e tao nhng ieu kien toi u la kch thc cua khong
gian can thiet ke (chieu dai, rong, cao) . V vay can phai xac nh ro :
- Chc nang s dung cua khong gian .
- Cac trang thiet b, tien nghi can bo tr phuc vu cho nhu cau s dung .
- Cac yeu cau ve ky thuat phuc vu cho cac thiet b s dung .
2 Can tm hieu ky cac tieu chuan thiet ke : trong o co cac tieu chuan ve dien
tch, the tch khong gian, cac tieu chuan ve vat ly kien truc nh chieu sang, che
chan nang, moi trng e xac nh kch thc cua ca i, ca so sao cho phu
hp vi yeu cau s dung .
3 Can nghien cu nhieu giai phap bo tr sap xep o ac, thiet b e co nhieu
phng an thiet ke t o la chon c kch thc khong gian phu hp nhat .

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14

CHNG V

NGUYEN TAC TO HP KHONG GIAN

VA BO CUC MAT BANG CONG TRNH KIEN TRUC
V.1. Y NGHA CUA BO CUC MAT BANG .
Tac pham kien truc la ket qua nghien cu tong hp cua nhieu yeu to, trong o to
hp khong gian va bo cuc mat bang kien truc la yeu to quan trong hang au, no ong
vai tro quyet nh hoac co anh hng trc tiep en chat lng, s dung cua cong trnh
Tac pham kien truc rat a dang ve the loai, trong moi the loai lai rat phong phu ve
chc nang s dung. Cac bo phan chc nang co moi quan he vi nhau theo mot trat t
nguyen tac nhat nh .
Mot cong trnh co bo cuc mat bang tot se :
1- Thuan li cho hoat ong cua cac khoi chc nang ; giao thong ngan gon,
khong chong cheo, hieu qua s dung cao, giam nhe sc lao ong, tiet kiem thi gian..
2- Tao c thoi quen, nen nep hoat ong cua con ngi theo phong cach
khoa hoc, van minh .
3- De dang quan ly va bao quan cong trnh .
4- De la chon viec to hp sap xep cac loai khong gian, he ket cau, he moun
bo tr cac he thong ky thuat, de bieu at hnh khoi, mat ng cong trnh kien truc .
V.2. CAC C S E LAP BO CUC MAT BANG .
Muon tao c bo cuc mat bang hp ly phai da vao cac c s sau :
1- Tnh chat s dung, quy luat va trnh t hoat ong cua cong trnh .
2- Tieu chuan dien tch, the tch, chieu cao cua cac khong gian s dung .
3- Yeu cau phan cap s dung cua cong trnh .
4- Hnh dang kch thc, hng cua khu at xay dng va cac c s ha tang ;
ng giao thong, cac he thong ky thuat o th ; ien, cap thoat nc, thong tin.
5- Cac quy nh ve ve sinh moi trng,
6- Phong tuc tap quan cua dan toc, cua a phng ni xay dng cong trnh .
V.3. CAC NGUYEN TAC TO HP KHONG GIAN VA BO CUC MAT BANG .
V.3.1.- Nhom cac khong gian chc nang .
Bat c cong trnh kien truc nao, du nho hay ln, du n gian hay phc tap, cung gom
nhieu khong gian s dung vi cac chc nang khac nhau . Tnh chat s dung cua moi
khong gian lai co nhng oi hoi rieng kha phc tap bi nhieu yeu to, va luon co moi
quan he mat thiet khi s dung ; moi quan he nay c dien ra thng xuyen hoac co
tnh oc lap tng oi vi nhau. V vay e de to hp khong gian can thc hien cac bc
- Phan loai, nhom cac khong gian co chc nang giong nhau, hoac gan giong
nhau thanh tng khoi chc nang
- Phan tch ve quan he gia cac khong gian trong khoi chc nang s dung e
co khai niem s bo ve s hoat ong cua khoi chc nang,
V.3.2.- Phan tch ve quan he gia cac khong gian va cac khu vc chc nang .
e tong quat hoa, khai quat hoa cac moi quan he gia cac khong gian va cac khu
chc nang s dung trong mot cong trnh kien truc ta thng thiet lap s o quan he:
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- S o quan he tong the : Dien at tong the cac khoi chc nang cua cong trnh.
Nhn vao s o tong quat, mat bang , mat cat, ngi kien truc s de hnh dung ra
quan he gia cac khu vc e tm ra v tr phu hp cua nhieu phng an .
- S o quan he chi tiet : Dien at bang hnh ve hay ky hieu t cac khong gian
trong mot khoi chc nang . Nhn vao s o chi tiet, mat bang, mat cat nay ngi
kien truc s cung hnh dung c v tr cua cac phong, cac khong gian s dung va
moi quan he cua chung vi nhau .
- Y ngha cua viec phan tch ve quan he chc nang .
1 De so sanh e tm ra phng an bo cuc mat bang toi u, va yeu cau s
dung, ky thuat, ket cau cong trnh, va hnh khoi tham my .
2 Co the dung s o lam c s d lieu e a vao may vi tnh e phan tch,
la chon phng an .
3 Phan tch cac loai giao thong : oi noi, oi ngoai, tnh toan c tan xuat,
chu ky, thi gian hoat ong cua con ngi trong cong trnh kien truc .
4 Xac nh v tr cac khong gian, cac khoi chc nang mot cach chnh xac .
5 Da vao s o c cau bo cuc mat bang, mat cat, ngi thiet ke de hnh
dung ra hnh khoi, mat ng, tam nhn kien truc t trong ra ngoai, t cac tuyen giao
thong ben ngoai ti cong trnh e quyet nh yeu to tham my cua cong trnh
V.3.3.- Cac giai phap to hp khong gian mat bang kien truc .
Trong thiet ke kien truc thng s dung cac giai phap to hp khong gian sau :
1- To hp theo tuyen hanh lang : Khong gian s dung c bo tr, sap xep ve mot
ben cua hanh lang giao thong ( Hanh lang ben ), hoac hai ben cua hanh lang (hanh
lang gia ) .
2- To hp kieu chum tia, tan xa : Cac khong gian s dung c sap xep xung
quanh khong gian chnh trung tam, hoac mot khong gian em, tao s gan bo, am
cung trong quan he s dung gia cac khong gian .
3- To hp kieu hon hp ( Khong gian trong khong gian ) : Nhieu khong gian s
dung c bo tr sap xep trong mot khong gian ln, tuy theo yeu cau va chc nang
s dung ma ta co nhieu giai phap bo tr, to chc khong gian hon hp khac nhau .
4- To hp hon hp theo tang cao : Nhieu cong trnh cong cong co cac khong gian
chuyen biet ( co nen doc, hoac co thiet dien mat cat phc tap : Nha hat, cac cong
trnh TDTT, Trien lam ) Khi to hp khong gian, khong ch nghien cu tren mat bang
ma con can nghien cu ket hp vi thiet dien mat cat e khai thac o cao s dung .
5- To hp kieu phong thong nhau : Loai nay khi s dung phai rat chu y, ch co cac
khong gian thong nhau khi s dung khong lam anh hng en nhau th mi to hp
theo kieu nay, v du : Lien thong gia cac phong trng bay cua bao tang, trien lam ;
phong th ky va giam oc ; phong kham benh ; phong ngu va ve sinh .
V.4.- CAC NGUYEN TAC BO CUC MAT BANG KIEN TRUC .
e co c nhng tac pham kien truc co gia tr ma t no co sc truyen cam manh me,
ngi kien truc s phai da vao nhng nguyen tac ve bo cuc e t nhng thc the vat chat
a dang c to hp theo mot quy luat nao o co the gay cam xuc cho moi ngi .
V.4.1. Cac nguyen tac bo cuc tao hnh :
- Mot to hp gom nhieu khoi c sap xep theo mot quy luat, hoac lien ket chat
che vi nhau e tao thanh mot khoi mi the hien mot hnh tng nghe thuat goi la bo
cuc tao hnh .
- Mot to hp bo cuc c anh gia tot phai ap ng cac yeu to :
16

- To hp bo cuc phai trang thai can bang ( Trong tam ). Ngha la khong qua nang ,
hoac qua nhe ve mot ben so vi truc to hp ( Truc can bang trong tam ) .
- To hp bo cuc phai co s lien ket gia cac khoi vi nhau mot cach chat che :
* Neu la hp khoi : Lay khoi giang khoi, ( cac khoi fai ngam chat vao nhau )
* Neu phan tan khoi : Lay khong gian giang khoi ( la khoang cach gia cac
khoi vi nhau va vi ranh gii cua khuon vien bo cuc ).
- To hp bo cuc hoan chnh se khong them vao, hoac bt i bat c mot n v khoi nao
v se lam to hp mat can bang, hoac mat lien ket .
- Trong mot so the loai cong trnh kien truc, to hp bo cuc khoi con the hien mot hnh
tng nghe thuat e gay cam xuc cho noi dung can bieu at cua cong trnh ( y tng
mang tnh bieu tng
V.4.2. Bo cuc mat bang cong trnh kien truc phu thuoc cac yeu to :
- ac iem, tnh chat cua cong trnh ma ban nhiem vu thiet ke a yeu cau .
- a hnh, a mao khu at ni xay dng cong trnh .
- Cac quy nh cua quy hoach chi tiet, canh quan cua khu vc .
- Cac he thong giao thong lien he khu vc ( Truc giao thong chnh, phu )
- Cac hng, tam nhn, goc nhn (chu yeu, th yeu )
- Cac ieu kien ve ky thuat xay dng .
- Cac yeu cau ac biet khac .
V.4.3. Cac nguyen tac to hp bo cuc mat bang kien truc .
1 _ am bao cac nguyen tac ve bo cuc tao hnh
2 Can chu y nghien cu ky cac yeu to anh hng e la chon giai phap bo cuc
cho phu hp vi yeu cau cua cong trnh .
3 Can phan tch, xac nh ro vai tro nhiem vu cua cac khoi chc nang chnh, phu
e co che o u tien trong viec sap xep to hp bo cuc .
4 Can phan biet ro ve the loai cong trnh thiet ke e la chon giai phap hnh the
cua to hp bo cuc ( khoi, dang, tnh, ong ..) cho phu hp vi chc nang s
dung cua cong trnh .
5 La chon v tr cua khoi chc nang chnh, no phai thc s la iem nhan quan
trong, thu hut s tap trung, chu y t moi hng, cac khoi chc nang phu khong
c che chan lam khuat lap cac khoi chc nang chnh .
V.5. CAC GIAI PHAP TO HP BO CUC MAT BANG KIEN TRUC .
Trong qua trnh nghien cu thiet ke kien truc, co rat nhieu kieu bo cuc mat bang khac
nhau va san pham la cac cong trnh co nhieu hnh thc rat khac nhau, song ngi ta
co the khai quat thanh ba dang c ban :
1- Giai phap to hp bo cuc mat bang tap trung .
2- Giai phap to hp bo cuc mat bang phan tan .
3- Giai phap to hp bo cuc mat bang hon hp .
V.5.1. Giai phap to hp bo cuc mat bang tap trung .
To hp bo cuc mat bang tap trung ( hay hp khoi )la : Toan bo cac khu chc nang, cac khong
gian s dung c sap xep trong mot khoi hoac mot to hp gom nhieu khoi lien ket vi nhau chat
che, tao thanh mot khoi ln o so .
* u iem :
- Mat bang gon, giao thong ngan, chiem t at ai xay dng .
- Cac he thong ky thuat ( ien, nc, thong gio ) ngan gon, tiet kem .
- Hnh khoi, mat nha de bieu at hnh o so, hoanh trang, gay c cam xuc manh.
-De quan ly, bao ve cong trnh .
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* Nhc iem :
- Nen mong, ket cau phc tap, nhat la cong trnh co nhieu loai khong gian, hnh
dang kch thc khac nhau .
- Che o anh sang, thong gio t nhien kem, de gay on bi cac khong gian gan nhau
- Thi cong xay dng kho, kho phan t xay dng .
* Pham vi ap dung :
- Thng c dung cac o th cu ang phat trien, tai trung tam thanh pho v at
ai xay dng quy hiem .
- Dung khi thiet ke, xay dng xen cay vao ni co cac cong trnh cu c gi lai .
- Dung cho cac loai cong trnh ac biet can hnh khoi o so, hoanh trang nham gay
s chu y, nhan manh, nham ong gop cho tham my cua o th .
V.5.2. To hp bo cuc mat bang phan tan .
- To hp bo cuc mat bang phan tan la cac khoi chc nang c phan bo cach xa
nhau va lien he vi nhau bang he thong giao thong ( hanh lang, cau noi ..) .
* u iem :
- Cac khu vc hoat ong c phan chia khu vc ro rang, tng oi oc lap .
- Giao thong lien he mach lac, n gian, de thoat hiem .
- Nen mong, ket cau de x ly, de phan dt xay dng .
- Chieu sang va thong gio t nhien tot, co the xen ke cay xanh, san vn vao cac
khu chc nang s dung, tao canh quan quanh cong trnh ep .
* Nhc iem :
- Mat bang b trai rong, chiem nhieu at xay dng .
- Giao thong b keo dai, ton den tch phu, kho bao ve cong trnh .
- Cac he thong ky thuat ( ien, nc, thong hi ..) b keo dai, gay ton kem .
- Hnh khoi, mat ng b keo dai, khong cho hnh khoi o so, hoanh trang .
* Pham vi ap dung :
- Thng c dung nhng ni at ai rong rai nh vung ngoai o thanh pho, cac
o th ang m rong, ni co quy hoach o th mi .
- Loai bo cuc mat bang nay rat thch hp vi mot so loai cong trnh nh : Trng hoc
Benh ven , Nha ngh mat , Nha van hoa .
- Loai bo cuc nay rat phu hp vi nhng vung co kh hau nhiet i nong am, cac
vung co a hnh phc tap nh trung du, mien nui co ng ong mc, cao trnh
khac nhau .
V.5.3. To hp bo cuc mat bang hon hp .
To hp bo cuc mat bang dang hon hp la dung giai phap hp khoi vi cac bo phan
chc nang s dung gan bo chat che va thng xuyen, ket hp vi giai phap phan tan
vi khoi chc nang co tnh oc lap tng oi hoac quan he khong thng xuyen vi
cac khoi khac .
* u iem :
- S dung at ai xay dng va phai, de ap dung cac ni .
- Giao thong ro rang, mach lac, t ton den tch phu va ng ong ky thuat .
- Giai quyet c mot phan chu yeu ve anh sang, thong gio t nhien, san trong cai
tao vi kh hau tot, canh quan ep, phu hp vi kh hau nhiet i nong am nh VN .
- Hnh khoi, mat ng de at c heu qua tham my v bo cuc the hien ro khoi
chnh, phu .
* Nhc iem :
18

- Giai quyet nen mong, ket cau cong trnh con phc tap, nhat la cho tiep giap gia cac
khoi co khong gian kch thc ln nho khac nhau .
- Phan t xay dng cong trnh phai tuy theo ac thu ve at ai xay dng, von au
t, va s phat trien cua cong trnh trc mat va lau dai .
- To hp hnh khoi, mat ng cong trnh phai chu y s thong nhat, hai hoa gia
khoi chnh va khoi phu, tranh tnh trang chap va kien truc .
* Pham vi ap dung :
- Do s phoi hp mot cach linh hoat gia kieu bo cuc tap trung va kieu bo cuc phan
tan nen ap dung c rong rai moi loai a hnh va cac vung kh hau .
- Thng c van dung e thiet ke cac cong trnh cong cong nh : Nha van hoa,
Cau lac bo, cac cong trnh the duc the thao .

19

CHNG VI

CAC NGUYEN TAC TO CHC GIAO THONG BEN

TRONG VA BEN NGOAI CONG TRNH KIEN TRUC
VI.1. Y NGHA CUA VIEC TO CHC GIAO THONG
Trong cac cong trnh kien truc, he thong giao thong la mot trong nhng nhan to
quyet nh chat lng cua cong trnh. He thong giao thong trong cong trnh ngan
gon, hp ly th day chuyen s dung mi tao cho con ngi s thoai mai, thuan ten.
Viec giai quyet giao thong cho cac cong trnh kien truc tr mot so trng hp i
lai trc tiep theo kieu xuyen phong, con phan ln i lai eu to chc khong gian giao
thong .
VI.2. CAC LOAI KHONG GIAN GIAO THONG .
Co the chia lam 3 loai theo chc nang sau :
1- Giao thong theo hng ngang .
2- Giao thong theo hng ng .
3- Cac au moi, nut giao thong .
VI.2.1. Giao thong theo hng ngang : Dung lien he gia cac phong, cac bo phan
trong cung mot khu chc nang, hoac e lien he cac khu chc nang vi nhau .
a - To chc giao thong kieu hanh lang, cau noi ..
- Kieu hanh lang ben : Khong gian s dung c bo tr ve mot ben cua hanh lang
( Trng hoc, benh ven, nha van hoa, nha tro ..)
- Kieu hanh lang gia : Khong gian s dung c bo tr ve hai ben cua hanh lang
( Khach san, benh ven, tru s van phong lam viec )
- Cau noi : Hanh lang co mai che, tuynel khac cot dung lien he cac khu chc nang.
b - Kieu tan xa (Kieu tia) : Cac khong gian s dung c bo tr xung quanh mot
khong gian chnh trung tam hoac mot khong gian em la au moi giao thong .
( Biet th, bao tang, khach san, ngan hang ..)
c - Kieu xuyen phong : Kieu phong thong nhau, muon vao phong nay phai i qua
mot phong khac . Loai nay khi s dung phai rat chu y, ch co cac khong gian thong
nhau khi s dung khong lam anh hng en nhau th mi dung kieu giao thong nay
v du: Lien thong gia cac phong trng bay cua bao tang, trien lam ; Gia phong th
ky va giam oc ; Gia phong ngu va phong ve sinh ..
VI.2.2. giao thong theo chieu ng :
- Bo phan giao thong nay tao s lien he gia cac tang cao trong mot cong trnh .
- Cac loai giao thong ng gom co : Thang bo, thang may, thang cuon (thang t
chuyen), ng doc thoai (ramp doc) .
1 Thang bo :
- Thang bo la phng ten giao thong chu yeu trong cac cong trnh kien truc co so
tang cao t 5 tang tr xuong . Thng c s dung cho tat ca cac loai cong trnh .
- ac iem : De dang bo tr moi v tr trong cong trnh, hoac ngoai cong trnh, lo
20

thien hay ban lo thien, de thiet ke, de thi cong, tien s dung .
- Phan loai thang bo va pham vi s dung :
Co rat nhieu kieu dang thang bo khac nhau, song co the phan thanh cac nhom
chnh nh sau : Thang 2 ve, thang 3 ve ch U, ch T, thang tron, thang xoay tron oc.
2 Thang may :
- Cac cong trnh kien truc co tang cao t 6 tang tr len eu phai bo tr thang may .
- Ch co mot so t cong trnh thap tang co bo tr thang may: Benh vien, Khach san.
- Do viec tang o cao, phai s dung thang may lam phng ten giao thong thang
ng ben trong cong trnh la chu yeu, cho ten li, an toan va kinh te .
- ac iem :Do cau tao cua thang may oi hoi khong gian hoat ong (gieng thang)
can co o chnh xac cao va on nh, nen gieng thang thng c thiet ke bang be
tong cot thep, ong thi e tang o on nh cho cac cong trnh cao tang, nen gieng
thang ong vai tro nh mot loi cng .
V vay, he thong thang may co anh hng to ln trong vec to hp khong gian va
bo cuc mat bang kien truc cua cac cong trnh cao tang .
- Phan loai va pham vi s dung : Theo cach s dung co the chia lam nhieu loai ;
1 - Thang may ch ngi .
2 Thang may ch ngi nhng co hang hoa mang theo ngi .
3 - Thang may ch hang hoa .(ieu khien ngoai cabin)
4 - Thang may va ch hang nhng thng co ngi i kem
5 - Thang may chuyen dung trong y te (ch bang ca, xe lan)..
- Tuy theo quy mo cua cong trnh se tnh toan so lng thang may can thiet ke .
- Xuat phat t kha canh an toan, thang may thng c bo tr thanh cum thang,
toi thieu moi cum co t nhat 2 thang may .
- Khi thiet ke can la chon loai thang va tm hieu ky cau tao va nguyen tac van
hanh, cua moi loai thang eu khac nhau ve: Kch thc, Tai trong, Toc o, may thang
3 Thang cuon ( Thang t chuyen ) :
- Thang cuon co hnh thc gan giong mot ve thang bo, nhng bac thang co cau
tao hnh rang lc, c gan vi he thong dan ong dung moter en, hoat ong nh
mot si sen chay lien tuc .
- Do hoat ong lien tuc nen thang cuon co lu lng van chuyen ln va khong mat
thi gian ch i nen rat thch hp cho cac cong trnh cong cong co ong ngi di
chuyen nh : Sieu th, ch, nha ga, cac trung tam van hoa, thng mai, TDTT ..
- Van toc nh mc cua thang cuon :
- 0,75 m/s cho thang co goc nghieng 30*
- 0,50 m/s cho thang co goc nghieng 35*
- Tai trong at len moi bac thang 0,6m 1,1m : T 60kg 120kg
- Thang cuon co cau tao rat ac biet, v vay khi thiet ke bo tr thang cuon can tm
hieu ky cac tnh nang ky thuat e co s la chon bo tr cho phu hp vi yeu cau s
dung .
4 ng doc thoai ( ramp doc ) :
- La cac mat phang doc nghieng c bo tr trong cong trnh dung cho xe co co
the len xuong cac o cao khac nhau trong cong trnh .
- ng doc cho xe c gii len xuong tang e xe , co o doc : 12 15%
- ng doc cho bang ca trong benh ven, co o doc : 10 12%
- ng doc cho ngi tang tat i xe lan, co o doc : < 10
VI.2.3 au moi giao thong Sanh :
1 - au moi giao thong : Trong cong trnh kien truc au moi giao thong co tac
21

dung rat quan trong trong viec phan phoi luong ngi ra cac hng khac nhau. Cho
nen au moi giao thong thng gan lien vi luong giao thong theo chieu ngang va
truc giao thong chieu ng.
2 - Sanh : Vi cong trnh kien truc, sanh la au moi giao thong quan trong nhat.
Ngoai chc nang chu yeu la phan luong, dan hng no con co vai tro ve tham my
kien truc rat cao.
- V vay ngi thiet ke can nghien cu giai quyet viec dan hng i lai mot cach
ro rang. Can de thay ro hng giao thong chnh, phu ong thi thoa man nhu cau
tham my cao : That trang trong, long lay.
- Tuy quy mo va tnh chat cong trnh ma ta bo tr mot hay nhieu sanh:
- Sanh chnh : (ai sanh) loi vao chnh cua cong trnh .
- Sanh phu : (tieu sanh) loi vao cua cac khu chc nang, loi thoat hiem .
- Sanh tang : Co the tren moi tang, au moi giao thong se la mot tieu sanh
- Kch thc sanh tuy theo sc cha cua ngoi nha :
- Vi cong trnh co ngi ra vao o at tieu chuan: 0,25 - 0.35 m2 /ngi.
- Vi cong trnh co ngi ra vao ieu hoa :
0,15 - 0,20 m2 /ngi
- Chieu cao thiet ke sao cho t le gia ba chieu khong gian c ep, can oi va
khong gay cam giac kho chu cho con ngi . Thong thng t 3,5 - 5m, co the co
trng hp cao hn th s dung khong gian thong tang (phi ty le)
VI.2.4. Cac nguyen tac to chc giao thong trong cong trnh :
- He thong giao thong trong cong trnh kien truc phai co nh hng mach lac, ro rang .
- Cac tuyen hanh lang giao thong can n gian, tranh phc tap gay kho khan khi i lai .
- He thong giao thong can tnh toan, xac nh kch thc hp ly am bao nhu cau s
dung, (can c vao lu lng ngi di chuyen trong cong trnh) .
- He thong giao thong can am bao u anh sang, thong thoang tot (T nhien, nhan tao)
- Cac cong trnh kien truc co quy mo ln, sc cha ong ngi, ngoai he thong giao
thong chnh can bo tr he thong giao thong thoat hiem, (cau thang, ca thoat hiem) .
- Tuy moi the loai cong trnh kien truc, dien tch giao thong chiem khoang 20 25%
Den tch s dung toan cong trnh .
VI.3. TO CHC GIAO THONG BEN NGOAI CONG TRNH .
- Giao thong ben ngoai cong trnh la moi lien he oi ngoai gia cong trnh vi he thong
giao thong o th, va lien he vung .
- Cac cong trnh co den tch khuon vien khu at xay dng han che : Loi vao chnh,
sanh chnh thng lien he trc tiep vi truc ng chnh khu vc .
- Cac cong trnh co quy mo ln, den tch khuon vien rong eu phai bo tr ng xe chay
vong quanh cong trnh e thuan ten lien he cac khu vc, ong thi e xe cu hoa, cu
nan co the tiep can cong trnh de dang .(R xe cu hoa hoat ong < 40m) .
- Khi tong chieu dai cua kien truc vt qua 200m, nen bo tr ng xe cu hoa xuyen
qua cong trnh, be rong ng > 3,5m .

22

23

CHNG VII

CAC NGUYEN TAC TO HP HNH KHOI KHONG

GIAN VA THIET KE MAT NG CONG TRNH
KIEN TRUC
VII.1 Ngon ng nghe thuat va c s tao hnh kien truc
XEM HINH
VII.2.CAC NGUYEN TAC THIET KE HNH KHOI KHONG GIAN CUA CONG TRNH
KIEN TRUC
VII.2.1. Khai niem :
- Thiet ke hnh khoi khong gian cua cong trnh kien truc la thiet ke hnh thc ben
ngoai cua no, nham ap ng yeu cau tham my trong khi phai thoa man c cac yeu
cau thch dung, vng ben va kinh te .
- Chnh hnh thc ben ngoai t khoi, dang, mat ng, en cac chi tiet cua cong trnh
kien truc la nhng yeu to au tien gay cam xuc, gay an tng hay truyen cam ti moi
ngi du la mc o nao, du bang cam tnh hay ly tnh .
VII.2.2. Cac yeu cau cua hnh thc, tham my kien truc :
- Hnh khoi va mat ng cong trnh phai bieu hen c ac iem, tnh chat, cung
nh gay c an tng, cam xuc ma y o sang tac a nh trc .
24

- Thiet ke mot cong trnh kien truc la mot s tm toi toan den va tong hp cac yeu
to ky thuat, my thuat, vat leu, phng phap xay dng ..tren c s noi dung, yeu cau
s dung cua tac pham kien truc .
- Hnh khoi va mat ng cua cong trnh phai hoa nhap c vi khung canh thien
nhien va moi trng kien truc xung quanh, ong thi phai chu y en nhng ieu ken
khac nh : ac thu kien truc, phong tuc tap quan, quan nem tham my cua tng dan
toc, tng vung, tng a phng, ni xay dng cong trnh .
- Hnh khoi va mat ng cua cong trnh phai the hen trung thc c c cau mat bang,
to hp khong gian ben trong cua cong trnh, tranh pho trng, hnh thc gia doi ..
VII.2.3. Cac nguyen tac to hp hnh khoi khong gian kien truc .
VII.2.3.1. S bieu hen nghe thuat cua hnh khoi kien truc co the at c nh nam
vng cac yeu to sau :
- Ngon ng cua cac khoi c ban, tc la cac khoi c tao thanh bi kch thc theo
cac chieu hng khac nhau, moi khoi bieu hen c nhng cam xuc khac nhau .
- Ket hp cac khoi c ban vi nhau, hoac dung mot khoi c ban ket hp vi phong
canh t nhien, hay kien truc co san xung quanh lam yeu to to hp .
- Tam nhn, goc nhn ti khoi hay to hp khoi cua tac pham kien truc gay c an
tng cam xuc nhat nh .
VII.2.3.2. Nguyen tac thiet ke to hp hnh khoi khong gian kien truc :
1. Nam vng ngon ng cua cac khoi c ban .
2. La chon cac khoi c ban oc lap, hay to hp cac khoi theo luat bo cuc :
- Dung cac khoi cung mot loai khoi c ban co kch thc khac nhau hoac
giong nhau, sap xep theo cac quy luat .
- Dung cac khoi thuoc nhieu loai khoi c ban sap xep theo v tr, chieu
hng khac nhau .
3. Nam c quy luat phan chia khoi kien truc neu khoi co kch thc ln :
- Phan chia theo dang n gian hay phc tap tren cac khoi .
- Phan chia e ho tr ve chieu hng cua khoi kien truc .
4. La chon hnh khoi kien truc phai can c vao :
- Noi dung s dung cua cong trnh Bo cuc mat bang .
- Y o t tng can bieu at The loai cong trnh kien truc .
- Goc nhn va tam nhn thng xuyen cua so ong ngi .
- Khong gian cua tong the quy hoach ni at cong trnh .
5. am bao ty le gia cac khoi co tam thc hoac ap dung luat phi ty le tuy theo y
o bieu hen cua tac gia cho tng the loai khoi kien truc .
6. am bao s thong nhat, hai hoa hoac tng phan trong to hp khoi va trong
khung canh thien nhien, hoac vi cac yeu to quy hoach khu vc gan cong trnh .
VII.2.4. Cac nguyen tac thiet ke mat ng cong trnh kien truc .
VII.2.4.1. S bieu hen nghe thuat cua mat ng cong trnh kien truc .
- Hnh khoi cong trnh gay c an tng khi nhn t xa va nhn t nhieu pha .
- Khi en gan cong trnh th hieu qua nghe thuat lai the hen tren mat ng cua no .
- Do o s ly mat ng cua cong trnh se la ben phap chnh e thoa man yeu cau
my quan, truyen cam nghe thuat cua cong trnh o .
* V the sau khi a chon c hnh khoi phu hp vi y o t tng chu ao, can bieu
25

at phu hp vi day chuyen cong nang, th thiet ke mat ng co nghia la sap xep
cac mang, ng net, chi tiet, vat leu, mau sac, tren cac mat cua khoi o .
VII.2.4.2. Cac nguyen tac thiet ke mat ng cong trnh kien truc .
1 Phan chia, sap xep cac mang : Cac mang ac, rong, sang, toi, thng do tng
ac, cac mang ca, hoac do s loi, lom cua cac mang tao thanh di anh sang .
- Phan chia, sap xep cac hnh thc mang theo y o, tao s tap trung khac nhau
vao cac truc chnh phu cua mat nha, tao cam giac nang, nhe khac nhau theo cac quy
luat bo cuc, thong nhat, hai hoa, tng phan, d bien, van eu ..
2 La chon ng net , chi tiet tren mat nha : ng net, chi tiet tren mat nha
thng bieu hen ro he thong ket cau, cot, dam, mang tng, ban cong, cac loai
ca, lo thong hi .
- ng net, chi tiet la cac phan ho tr cho mang va khoi co the nhan manh chieu,
hng, hoac so sanh ty le, nham lam cho cong trnh co s hap dan bi cach nhan
manh chu e, cung nh co s thong nhat, bien hoa phong phu tren mat nha.
3 La chon chat cam, vat leu, mau sac : Chat cam, vat leu, mau sac tren mat
nha cung la nhng phng ten, yeu to quan trong anh hng ti cam thu nghe thuat
- Chung cung c nghien cu theo cac quy luat bo cuc . V du : mang tng ln op
a, soi, tao nen o xop, o mem mai, song tho moc ket hp vi cac mang ca ln
co knh, khung kim loai tao nen o tinh, thanh manh, hen ai, gay nen ot bien
manh, tng phan manh, hoac cam xuc manh .
4 thiet ke mat ng cong trnh kien truc : Phai phan anh trung thc cong nang s
dung, noi dung cong trnh, cau truc CT, tranh hnh thc gia doi, trang tr phu phiem .
CHNG VIII

NGUYEN TAC THIET KE NEN DOC CHO CAC

KHAN PHONG VA CAC KHAN AI
I THU CAM TH GIAC VA O NHN RO:
1 KHAI NIEM CHUNG :
- Khi thiet ke cac cong trnh kien truc trong o co cac khong gian phuc vu cho
vec xem bieu dien, the thao,..(nh nha hat, rap chieu bong, rap xiec, phong hoa nhac, hoi
trng, giang ng, khan ai cua san van ong,) co ong ngi d, ta phai giai quyet mot
trong nhng nhem vu quan
trong nhat la am bao nhng ieu ken toi u cho ngi xem
va o nhn ro .
- o nhn ro la kha nang mat quan sat c oi tng can quan sat .
- ieu kien e nhn ro c xac nh bi cac tham so hnh hoc (chieu dai, chieu
rong, chieu cao)
va hnh dang cua khong gian e bo tr ngi ngoi xem, va ngi trnh dien
.
- Thu cam th giac la s nhan biet cua mat ngi oi vi oi tng quan sat .No
phu thuoc vao
cac yeu to : - Khoang cach t ngi ngoi nhn en oi tng quan sat .
- o ln chi tiet cua oi tng quan sat .
- Mau sac va anh sang c chieu cua oi tng quan sat .
- Thu cam th giac va o nhn ro con c xac nh bi nhng ac iem sinh ly cua mat.
26

- e giai quyet cac nhiem vu cua kien truc, chung ta ch tm hieu ieu ken hnh hoc cho
mat
lam vec, ch khong nghien cu cac van e sinh ly va the lc .
- Trong nhng tham so hnh hoc cua s lam viec cua c quan th giac, quan trong nhat la
s tinh
mat. ay la kha nang mat co the nhn thay 2 iem gan nhau.
V du :

- Khi khoang cach AB b rut ngan, hoac a AB ra xa mat cho en mot v tr nao o ta
se nhan thay A trung B thanh mot iem, khong con phan biet c khoang cach.
- Goc tng ng vi trang thai gii han o goi la goc phan giai ( W ). ngi bnh
thng, w = 19, khi o ab = 0.005mm, gan bang ng knh cua bo phan tiep nhan
hnh anh cua vong mac.
* ay chnh la gii han dung e xac nh khoang cach toi a t khan gia en oi tng
can quan sat.
2 NHNG IEU KIEN HNH HOC CUA S THU CAM TH GIAC:
- Khoang cach t ngi nhn en oi tng quan sat phai nam trong gii han mat co
the phan biet ro cac chi tiet can thiet e cam thu sac net oi tng quan sat, hnh
thu, mau
sac, chat lieu, ke ca khi vat the di chuyen .
- Mc o phan biet cac chi tiet ma yeu cau oi hoi phu thuoc vao nhng ac iem
cua quang canh dien va tnh chat cua oi tng quan sat .
V du :
- Nha hat kch: Khan gia phai thay ro s c ong dien xuat tren tay, s dien cam tren
khuon mat, c ong cua mat dien vien v vay o ln cua cac chi tiet can phan
biet co kch thc khoang 8-10 mm . o la yeu to xac nh khoang cach toi a t ngi
xem en
san khau.
- San van ong: ngi xem khong nhat thiet phai nhn ro s dien cam gng mat cau
thu, nhng phai thay ro ong tac chan, tay va dang ngi cau thu, s chuyen ong
27

cua trai bong, v vay mc o chi tiet can phan biet c xac nh bi kch thc trai
bong d = 220mm
- Lp hoc, giang ng: can phan biet o rong ch viet tren bang = 5 mm .
- Nha thi au TDTT: can phan biet o ln cua trai bong ban = 40 mm .
- Cac oi tng quan sat ( San khau, man anh, bang en, ..) co nhng tham so hnh hoc,
va cac yeu cau oi vi s cam thu th giac rat khac nhau nen nhng ieu ken to chc
khong gian cac phong va cac cong trnh co oi tng quan sat trong o cung rat khac nhau .
- V vay oi vi nhieu phong ta co nhng quy nh, yeu cau cu the ve tam nhn, goc nhn
gii han theo phng thang ng va phng nam ngang, e tranh cac hien tng b meo dang
hnh anh .
3 CAC QUI NH VE THAM SO HNH HOC CUA MOT SO KHONG
GIAN KHAN PHONG, KHAN AI :
* RAP CHIEU PHIM :
- oi tng quan sat trong rap chieu phim la man anh, rap chieu phim bnh
thng
man anh la mat phang, con man anh c ln, man anh rong va man anh toan canh la
mat cong ( mot phan cua mat tru )
- oi vi man anh phang : Ngi ngoi xa nhat khong c qua 5 lan chieu rong cua
man anh ; Nhng khong qua 40 m .
- Con ngi ngoi gan nhat khong gan hn 1,5 lan man anh.
- oi vi man anh rong : Khoang cach toi a cua ngi ngoi hang ghe sau cung en
man anh khong qua 2 lan chieu rong man anh, va co the at
ti 50 60 m .
- Con ngi ngoi hang ghe au, khoang cach khong nen gan
hn 0,6 lan chieu rong man anh .
* NHA HAT :
- oi tng quan sat cua nha hat la san khau ( t phan trc cua san khau en toan
bo o sau vao trong cua san khau, ta thng lay bang ng knh san quay cua san
khau ) .
- Nh vay oi tng quan sat cua nha hat khong phai la mat phang nh cua man anh
cua rap chieu phim ; ma la khong gian 3 chieu .
- Viec bo tr khan gia trong nha hat cung b han che bi goc nhn theo phng nam
ngang va phng thang ng .
- Khoang cach xa nhat cua khan gia ngoi hang ghe cuoi cung en mieng san khau :
- Nha hat kch < 30 m .
- Nha hat ca kch 40 45 m .
- Phong hoa nhac 40 45 m, san khau co o m ln hn = 90 120*
* SAN VAN ONG :
- oi tng quan sat la trai banh co kch thc d = 22,8 cm .
- Khoang cach toi a t khan gia en goc oi dien cua san bong theo ng cheo c
lay bang 190 215 m .
* NHA THI AU CO MAI :
- Thi au bong ban, trai banh co d = 4 cm . C ly toi a < 45 m .
- Thi au quan vt , trai banh co d = 6 cm . C ly toi a < 60 65 m .
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II PHNG PHAP THIET KE NEN DOC .

1 C S THIET KE :
* iem quan sat thiet ke La iem nhn bat li nhat. Neu moi v tr quan sat cua
khan gia nhn thay no th co the quan sat c toan canh san khau, man anh, ..
- Rap chieu phim : iem quan sat thiet ke la iem gia, mep di cua man anh .
- Nha hat : iem quan sat thiet ke la iem gia, mep di rem keo man +50 cm
- Nha hat kch, bale, la iem gia mep di rem keo man nho ra 1.5 2 m .
- Nha thi au TDTT : la mep bien san thi au gan khan gia nhat .
- Ho bi : la tim ng bi au tien gan khan gia nhat .
* Tia nhn : La ng thang noi t iem quan sat thiet ke vi mat ngi quan sat .
* o chenh cao tia nhn : ( c ) la khoang cach tia nhn ngi ngoi sau so vi au
ngi ngoi hang ghe trc . ( chnh la khoang cach t nh au en mat )
- Neu bo tr ghe ngoi thang hang : c =12 cm, c = 15 cm (neu oi non) .
- Neu bo tr ghe ngoi so le :
c = 6 cm, c = 8 cm (neu oi non) .
2 PHNG PHAP THIET KE NEN DOC :
- Phng phap o th . (xem giao trnh)
- Phng phap giai tch . (xem giao trnh)
- Phng phap ve thc te.

CHNG IX

NGUYEN TAC THIET KE AN TOAN THOAT NGI

CHO CONG TRNH KIEN TRUC
IX.1. VAN E AN TOAN THOAT NGI .
* Viec thiet ke kien truc, ngoai nhng yeu cau chung ve quy hoach, ve cac giai phap
kien truc cong trnh, cac giai phap ky thuat cong trnh ..Mot van e rat quan trong at
ra cho ngi thiet ke la phai am bao an toan thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh kien truc
khi co s co xay ra, hoac khi ket thuc cac buoi trnh dien, het gi lam viec cua cac
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cong s, trng hoc, ..

* cac cong trnh kien truc cong cong thng co ong ngi s dung, khi ket thuc
hoat ong thng gay ra hien tng roi loan hoac un tac giao thong, nhat la khi xay ra
s co nh chay no, ..
* Do o can phai tnh toan kha nang thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh mot cach de
dang va an toan trong cac trng hp sau :
- Thoat ngi bnh thng .
- Thoat ngi khi co s co .
* Khi thiet ke an toan thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh cong cong, ta phan ra thanh hai
giai oan :
1 Thoat ngi ra khoi phong .
2 Thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh .
IX.1.1. Thoat ngi ra khoi phong .
- Trong cac cong trnh kien truc cong cong, do chc nang s dung ma co nhng
khong gian, nhng phong tap trung ong ngi .Nhng khong gian, phong nay can
phai tnh toan, bo tr he thong ca thoat hiem .
IX.1.1.1. * Cac nguyen tac thoat ngi ra khoi phong :
1 Cac phong co so lng ngi > 100 ngi, phai co t nhat 2 ca thoat ra, va
cac ca phai co canh m ra pha ngoai .
2 Ngi v tr xa nhat en ca thoat phai < 25 m .
3 Neu la cac khan phong, phai am bao khoang cach gia cac day ghe > 0.9 m
4 Cac loi thoat ve pha ca, cau thang, hanh lang phai ro rang, khong chong
cheo ; phai co tn heu, en bao, chi tiet ky heu bang mau ch hng .
5 Hanh lang thoat phai am bao u rong (theo tnh toan) .
6 Khoang cach gia cac cau thang phai < 50 m .
7 Neu la cac khan phong, hoac cac khan ai TDTT phai phan chia thanh cac lo:
- Moi lo khan phong : < 200 cho .
- Moi lo khan ai : < 300 cho .
8 Cac hanh lang, cau thang, phai co ket cau vat lieu ben chac, co o chong
chay cao hn cac khu vc khac .
9 Trong cac cong trnh hien ai ngay nay, thng thiet ke, bo tr cac he thong
bao ong t ong, hoac he thong t ong cha chay .
IX.1.1.2. * Tnh toan thoat ngi :
1 Yeu cau tnh toan :
- Xac nh thi gian thoat ngi tong cong t luc bat au thoat, ti luc thoat het
ngi ra khoi cong trnh .
- Xac nh thi gian dng chan tam thi, ch i trong khi thoat ngi .
2 C s tnh toan :
- So ngi thoat c loi i hanh lang tnh cho mot dong : 25 ngi/ dong/ phut
- Chieu rong cho mot dong ngi thoat :
0,60 m/ 1 dong .
- Van toc di chuyen cua dong ngi :
- Di chuyen tren mat phang ngang : 16 m/ phut .
- Len cau thang & mat phang doc : 8 m/ phut .
- Xuong cau thang & mat phang doc : 10 m/ phut .
- Thi gian yeu cau e toan bo ngi thoat ra khoi cong trnh : 6 7 phut .
- Trong o :Thi gian e toan bo ngi thoat ra khoi phong : 2 3 phut .
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- Dien tch dng chan (un tac ngi) tieu chuan :

0,25 0,30 m2/ ngi
3 Cac bc tnh toan :
A. Tnh thi gian thoat ngi ra khoi phong cua ngi ngoi v tr xa nhat .
To min = S max / V
( phut )
Trong o : To min la thi gian toi thieu thoat ngi, S max la khoang cach xa nhat .
B Tnh chieu rong cua ca can thiet e thoat ngi trong thi gian T o min .
B yeu cau = N / 25 To min
= ( so dong ngi )
Trong o : - B yeu cau : Chieu rong ca tnh theo so dong ngi ( 0,6 m/ dong ) .
- N Tnh toan : Tong so ngi trong pham vi can tnh toan .
- T o min
: Thi gian thoat ngi toi thieu .
* Sau khi tnh c chieu rong ca theo so dong ngi, ( se la mot so le ) . Can
la chon kch thc ca se thiet ke sao cho co ty le ep vi khong gian phong .
C Kiem tra lai kha nang thoat ngi thc te :
T Thc te = N / 25 B Thc te
= ( phut ) .
Trong o : - B Thc te : Chieu rong ca thc te quy ra kch thc so dong ngi .
- T Thc te : Thi gian thoat ngi qua B Thc te
- N Tnh toan : Tong so ngi trong pham vi can tnh toan .
V du : Khan phong rap chieu phim co quy mo 600 cho
- Bo tr 2 hanh lang doc doc khan phong Bo tr 4 ca thoat hiem
N Tnh toan = 150 ngi/ ca

\
IX.1.2. Thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh .
- Cac cong trnh kien truc cong cong tuy theo tng the loai ma co yeu cau khac nhau
ve at ai xay dng, dien tch, so tang cao, va so ngi hoat ong trong cong trnh .
- No con phu thuoc vao v tr quy hoach cac tuyen giao thong, cap cua cong trnh e
thiet ke an toan thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh .
a Thoat ngi bnh thng :
* e thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh c thuan ten, khi thiet ke can chu y :
- Phan bo cac ca thoat ngi phu hp vi khong gian, sc cha, cong suat s dung.
- To chc giao thong trong cong trnh n gian, thuan ten di chuyen, u kch thc .
- Phan bo v tr cau thang phu hp vi ban knh phuc vu .
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- Tai cac nut giao thong phai tnh toan, bo tr den tch ch i, un ngi, can bo tr
quang trng trc ca cong trnh . Tieu chuan : 0,15 0,25 m2/ ngi .
- Cac tuyen thoat ngi phai co bao hieu (he thong en ve ban em ), khong co vat
can, va phai bang vat leu an toan .
- Co vanh ai thoat ngi khi cong trnh co sc cha > 5000 ngi .Vanh ai thoat
ngi gop phan ieu hoa thoat ngi trc khi thoat ngi ra he thong giao thong chnh
cua khu vc, (thng ket hp bo tr bai xe ) .
b Thoat ngi khi co s co :
* Trong trng hp co s co nh chay, no xay ra, tam ly chung cua moi ngi la eu
muon thoat mot cach nhanh nhat ra khoi cong trnh . Luc o thng xay ra tnh trang
hoang loan, chen lan, xo ay, lon xon, nhat la tai cac ca, au nut giao thong, hanh
lang, cau thang, cau thang cu nan, va cac bo phan thoat hiem d phong,..
* V vay khi thiet ke phai chu y cac van e sau ay :
- Phai tnh toan lu lng ngi thoat, va to chc cac tuyen thoat ngi ra khoi cong
trnh .
- Phai to chc cac tuyen ngi va phng ten, xe cu hoa, cu nan vao cong trnh .
- Can bo tr san cac phng ten cap cu trong cong trnh nh cac hong cap nc
cu hoa, cau thang cu nan, ..
- Cac cong trnh cao tang :
- Ngoai he thong giao thong thong thng, can nghien cu bo tr cac cau thang
thoat hiem (xem cau tao thang ac biet), co the len mai, hoac xuong ham .
- Neu bo tr thang may thoat hiem phai s dung thang ac biet .(ong c may
thang khong dung ong c en, ma dung ong c Diezell, bnh Acquy 36v, ..

CHNG X

ANH HNG CUA CAC HE THONG KY THUAT

TRONG THIET KE KIEN TRUC
X.1. CAC HE KET CAU TRONG KIEN TRUC .
- He ket cau trong kien truc la bo phan cot loi e tao thanh hnh khoi khong gian cua
cong trnh kien truc .
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- Bo phan chu yeu nay phu thuoc vao cac ac tnh c ly, cung nh phng thc cau
tao hp ly cua cac loai vat leu , ng vi moi loai vat leu co dang cau truc tng ng
vi no .
- Do s phat trien manh me cua cong nghiep vat leu xay dng ma ngay nay vat leu
xay dng rat phong phu , a dang .
- V the, cau truc va hnh thc my thuat cua cac he ket cau cung phong phu , lam
giau them kha nang sang tao cua cac kien truc s .
X.1.1. Ket cau tng chu lc :
- ay la dang ket cau n gian nhat va co ien nhat , vat lieu chu yeu la gach, a
* ac iem chung :
- Khau o va khong gian nho, thng khong qua 4 m .
- Thi cong bang phng phap thu cong , toc o xay dng cham .
- Khong xay dng c cac cong trnh cao tang , thng < 5 tang .
X.1.2. He ket cau khung .
* Loai ket cau khung : la he gom co cot , a , sn , ban san chu lc .
* He ket cau khung cung c phan loai theo vat leu :
- Khung be tong cot thep .
- Khung thep . ( thep hnh , hoac tuyp ong hp kim ) ,
- Khung hon hp .
* Phan loai theo dang cau truc :
- Khung phang ; cot , a , dan , chu lc trong mat phang c gi bang
cac lien ket ngang (s o lam viec theo 1 phng ) .
- Khung khong gian ; Chu lc theo 2 hoac nhieu phng khac nhau . o on
nh, chu lc vng ben hn, vt khau o va khong gian ln, so tang nhieu hn .
* ac iem chung :
- Co khau o va vt c khong gian ln, so tang nhieu .
- Thi cong bang phng phap cong nghep hoa, toc o xay dng nhanh .
- Kch thc ket cau thoang nhe, thanh thoat ; Hnh thc kien truc phong
phu , a dang .
X.1.3. He ket cau vom , vo .
* He ket cau vom cuon ra i t thi ky co Hilap, Lama ( vom cuon gach a ) .
* Khi phat minh ra BTCT, ban nhng li the ve chu lc, o ben, s linh hoat , ngi
ta a nghien cu ra nhieu loai ket cau vom vo a dang vi nhng khong gian rat ln .
- Vom vo loai ban cau ; Mat bang hnh tron hoac a giac eu .
- Vom vo loai tru ; Che phu mat bang hnh ch nhat, hnh vuong , con goi la
vom mot chieu, hoac vom hai chieu .
- Vo co mui ; che phu mat bang tron, hoac a giac eu .
- Vo hnh nem, vo yen nga, vo mui ba chieu ; che phu cho cac loai mat bang
hnh nem, hnh vuong, hnh thoi, hnh tam giac ..
- Cac loai vo co gan (sn) ; hoac cac loai vom vo hon hp rat phong phu e
che phu cac loai mat bang, khong gian phc tap . Chung tao ra rat nhieu kieu
dang kien truc mi, a dang .
X.1.4. Vom ba khp .
* He ket cau vom ba khp da tren nguyen ly ve s on nh :
- Neu co ba vat (ba mieng cng) noi vi nhau bang ba khp se tao c mot
to hp rat cng va on nh (vng nh kieng ba chan) .
- Vom ba khp quy tu vao tam tao nen mat bang hnh tron hoac a giac eu .
- Vom ba khp oi xng tng cap tao thanh he xng ket cau rat vng chac
33

cho cac loai mat bang hnh vuong, ch nhat .

- Vom ba khp lech hoac ket hp a dang e giai quyet cac mat bang ,
khong gian phc tap .
X.1.5. He ket cau day treo ( day vang ) .
* o la s ket hp gia cac he ket cau gom : Cot hoac ai chu lc chnh vi he day
(thng la cac bo cap) dung e treo cac he ket cau khac nh mai, a san, cau noi
* He ket cau day treo hien nay cung rat phat trien va c s dung nhieu cho cac
cong trnh co khau o khong gian ln : cong trnh the thao, nha ga, san bay, hangar .
* Phan loai cac he ket cau day treo :
- He day n (mot he day) : Dung cho mat bang n gian , khau o nho .
- He day kep (he dan day) : Dung cho cong trnh phc tap, khau o ln .
- He dan day khong gian : Rat phc tap, khau o rat ln, o on nh cao .
- He day hoi tu : Cac he day oi xng qua tam dung cho cac mat bang tron
- He day tren sn cng .
X.1.6. He ket cau tam gap .
* Cac tam co sn cng, vi hnh gap khuc, hnh long mang, tao nen he mai, hoac
ket hp ca tng va mai, co the san xuat cong nghiep nha may, sau o mang ra
cong trng lap rap .
- Cac tam gap hnh ch V : co sn cng bang betong d ng lc c at
tren he dam cho khau o ln hn 20m
- Cac tam gap co tng, mai lien khoi cung co rat nhieu loai khac nhau va
cung c s dung rat pho bien .
X.2. CAC HE THONG THIET B KY THUAT PHUC VU CONG TRNH .
1 He thong ieu hoa khong kh :
- ieu hoa khong kh cuc bo .
- ieu hoa khong kh trung tam .
2 He thong thong gio :
- He thong thong gio t nhien .
- He thong thong gio nhan tao .
3 He thong cung cap en :
- He thong cap en sinh hoat .
- He thong cap en cho cac may moc thiet b .
- He thong en d phong .
4 He thong cap thoat nc :
- He thong cap nc sinh hoat .
- He thong cap nc d phong cho sinh hoat .
- He thong cap nc d phong cho cu hoa .
- He thong thoat nc sinh hoat .
- He thong thoat nc ma .
5 He thong thong tin, lien lac .
6 He thong an ninh, cac thiet b kiem tra, theo doi s hoat ong cua cong trnh .
7 He thong bao chay va cha chay t ong .

34