Abraham Gonzalez

Kasun Perera
Kieran Vanderslice
Joseph Voss
WE ARE NOT LIABLE FOR MISSED TEST ANSWERS. READ AT YOUR OWN RISK.
Jerusalem Test Review (with timeline included)
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Located on jerusalemtimeline.weebly.com in the ABOUT section
1. Julian Constantines nephew who was anti-Christian. He was fearful of the Parthian
empire in the east so in order to gain support from the Jews he promises to rebuild the temple in
363 CE, as well as promoting Jewish sacrifices. (331-363 CE)
2. Eudocia The exiled wife of Theodosius II that was exiled in 443-460 CE to Jerusalem.
While there she expands the walls of the city, builds a basilica, and she also builds a palace for
her and the patriarch of Jerusalem. Was protective of the Jews.
3. Nea Church Church of Mary, Mother of God. Built by Emperor Justinian in 543 CE and
was destroyed during the Persian conquest of the city in 614 CE. It was built with the remnants
of the Second Temple. This was the first major church not tied to a specific location but rather to
a persons name.
4. Madaba Map A floor mosaic depicting the Holy Land. It is the oldest surviving original
cartographic depiction of the Holy Land dating from 6th Century CE. First art that demonstrates
the shift in attitude towards Jerusalem. Signals that is a holy site.
5. Heraclius The byzantine emperor who in 629 CE he invades the Persian Empire and wins.
During this time period is when Jerusalem was under Persian control until 629 CE after they
captured it in 614CE. (575-641 CE)
6. Umar Muslim caliph who reigned from 634 644 CE. He conquers Jerusalem in 638 CE
and while doing so makes a spiritual journey to the Temple at the current location of the al-Aqsa
mosque making Jerusalem an important Muslim holy site.
7. Madinat Bayt al-Maqdis Alternate name for the Temple Mount/Jerusalem when the city
was captured by Umar in 638 CE. The rest of the city was called Iliya.
8. Muawiya I In 660-681 CE he was the original governor of Syria that rebuilt the Temple
Mount walls and establishes the Umayyad Dynasty. He names the mosque on the Temple Mount
to the Al-Aqsa mosque and by doing so links the Temple Mount to Mohammed and Quran. He
also permits Jews back into the city.
9. Masjid al-Aqsa The mosque that stands on top of the Haram al-Sharif. Finished by alWalid in 705 CE.

10. Haram al-Sharif The Temple Mount which holds the al-Aqsa mosque, the Dome of the
Rock and the Dome of the Chain. One of the most sacred sites of the Muslim world.
11. Khalif Abd al-Malik The Umayyad caliph that made the Dome of the Rock in 685-705 CE.
Turned Jerusalem into an important state center. (646-705)
12. Al-Abbas A person who argued that the true descendant of Mohammed was Abd alMuttalib. He kills Abu-Moslem and ends the Umayyad caliphate in 750 CE. He is the founder of
the Abbasid dynasty. (750-754 CE)
13. Haroun al-Rashid Was the third Abbasid caliph that allowed Charlemagne to create a
Christian quarter within the Holy city due to Charlemagnes gifts and money. (9th Century)
14. Fadail al-Quds Praises of Jerusalem that was a piece of Islamic Literature in about
1000 CE. Reflects the holy view of Jerusalem in the time period during the Fatimid caliphate.
15. Al-Hakim Was the sixth Fatimid caliph. Had intense religious discrimination with many
restrictions on Jew and on Christians. In 1009 he ended up destroying the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre as well as many other christian and jewish holy sites within the city. (996-1021 CE)
16. Fatimid The Muslim caliphate that lasted from 909-1171. Founded by Abdullah al-Mahdi
Billah, it arose in Algeria and it rhetoric was that it was related to Fatima, Muhammad's daughter.
This caliphate captured Jerusalem in 973 CE and was relatively tolerant at first.
17. Seljuks Was a Turkish tribe that rose in the late 10th century. They captured Jerusalem in
1070 CE but lost control of it multiple times to the Fatimid caliphate. They end up rebuilding
Jerusalem walls along contemporary lines.
18. Godfrey of Bouillon The leader of the crusader forces within the first crusade in 1096 CE.
During this crusade Jerusalem is captured in 1099 CE from the Fatimid Empire. He ends up
becoming the Protector of the Holy Sepulcher which was renovated in 1149 CE. Later leads
the Knights Templar and builds St. Annes church.
19. Templum Domini - 1142 Dome of the Rock was consecrated as the Templum Domini
during the first crusade
20. Al-Sulami Wrote the book of Holy War in 1105 CE. He saw the Islamic conflict as the
main reason for the decline in power within the Levant. Brings up the earlier concept of jihad
stating that it was necessary and just. Used as a basis for Saladins plans to push out the crusader
forces.
21. Horns of Hattin The decisive battle that Saladin won on the western shores of the Sea of
Galilee in 1187 CE.
22. Balian of Ibelin The leader of Jerusalems defenses after surviving the battle of Hattin in
1187 CE. He threatens that he will destroy Jerusalem and fight to the last man if Saladin didnt
let the crusaders surrender.

23. Ayyubids Founded by Saladin in 1171 CE. The caliphate that practiced religious
tolerance. Splits in 1238 CE when al-Kamil dies. (1171-1341 CE)
24. Nachmanides The rabbi that moved to Jerusalem in 1267 CE and established a synagogue
which revitalized the Jewish communal life in Jerusalem. (1194-1270 CE)
25. Richard I the Lionheart Leader of the crusader forces from Christendom who assisted
stopping the siege of Acre during the preliminary months of arriving to Jerusalem in 1191. HE
signs a three year truce with Saladin allowing pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1192.
26. Al-Kamil ruler and Ayyubid caliph who signed Treaty of Jaffa with Frederick II to give
Jerusalem to the crusaders in 1229 CE but kept Muslim control over the Haram al-Sharif. With
his death came the dissolution of the Ayyubid caliphate.(1177-1238CE)
27. Mamluks - Former slave-soldiers that ascended to the Egyptian Ayyubid sultanate In 1260
defeated Genghis Khan with regards to Jerusalem and rule for 1300-1516 without threats, instead
spent time embellishing Jerusalem
28. Rebellion of 1703 Also known as the Naqib Al- AShraf Revolt. The Qadi (religious judge)
lead by Mustafa called for a revolt against Governor Pasha and his heavy taxations.
29. Napoleons Letter to the Jews A letter that offers Palestine to the Jews as a homeland with
French protection written in 1799. Was significant because it was the first time that a leader
acknowledged a jewish state.
30. Holy Sepulchre Fire of 1808: Fire Breaks out in the Holy Sepulcher (burns it to the ground).
Not clear whether started by the Greeks or the Armenians. Rebuilding begins in 1819 and is
resisted by the Muslim population in Jerusalem which leads to rebellion in city.
31. Samuel Clemens (aka Mark Twain) - Visited Jerusalem in 1867 as part of tour of the Holy
Land and Near East. Recorded his travels in a series of newspaper columns that were later
collected and republished in 1869 as Innocents Abroad, or, The New Pilgrim's Progress. His
account of Jerusalem was very different from what people thought at the time. Was shocking to
the public.
32. Russian Compound - In the 19th century, the increase in pop of the city as well as increased
pilgrimage, lead to settlements being founded outside the city walls including a Russian
Compound for Russian Orthodox on the North West side of the city. (19th Century)
33. Moses Montefiore Was a philanthropist who revitalized the outer of the city through
building Jewish residential settlements and almshouses. His work lead to the first settlement of
the New Yishuv. He also rebuilt Rachels tomb and made remi moshe. (1784-1885)
34. Palestine Exploration Fund A British society intent on carrying out surveys of topography
and ethnography of Ottoman Palestine. In this fund the Warren Shaft was found in 1867. (1865)

35. Theodor Herzl Organized the First Zionist conference. Popularized Zionism within the
1890s. With the election of Luger (mayor of Vienna) and the Drafus trial, it made Herzl start the
Zionist movement. (1860-1904 CE)
36. David Lloyd George - Was hired by Herzl to draft a proposal to the British Government
requesting either Cyprus or El Arish in the Sinai be designated as spots for a Jewish state. In
1916 he becomes Prime Minister of England and Arthur Balfour becomes foreign secretary. In
1917 sends Gen. Allenby to capture Jerusalem.(1917)
37. Second Aliyah - Approximately 40,000 Jews settled in Ottoman Palestine - including David
Ben Gurion - mostly from Russia with some from Yemen. Influx caused the Jewish population in
the region to increase by over 50%. (1904 - 1914)
38. Filastin - Arabic word for Palestine, was the title of a paper in the 1910s that represents
Arab nationalism which grew in response to suppression of their Arab identity by the Ottoman
Empire. (1910s)
39. General Edmund Allenby - General Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby is given command of
British Forces in Middle East in June 1917 by PM David Lloyd George. Attacks Jerusalem
initially between November 17-24 with 18,000 infantrymen, 8000 cavalry and 172 guns. LArge
amounts of life lost. Successfully captures the city in a second attack from Dec 8-9. Allenby
enters the city on Dec. 11th. (1917)
40. David Ben-Gurion Was the primary founder and the first prime minister of Israel. He was
also a Zionist leader as the head of the Jewish Agency. Reads the Israeli Declaration of
Independance at 4pm on May 14th, 1948.
41. Sykes-Picot Agreement - Secret agreement, officially known as the Asia Minor Agreement.
Negotiated by Sir Mark Sykes and French Diplomat Francois Georges-Picot between Nov 1915
and March 1916. Britain was to gain control of the coastal strip between the sea and River
Jordan, Jordan, southern Iraq, and a small area including the ports of Haifa and Acre, to allow
access to the Mediterranean and the French were to ascertain control of south-eastern Turkey,
northern Iraq, Syria and Lebanon. (1915-1916)
42. Sherif Hussein- British want Sherif Hussein of Mecca to lead a revolt against the Ottoman
Empire and in return Hussein request that they be given all of Arabia, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq
in return. The British agree with no intention of actually doing so.(~1910-1915)
43. Sir Herbert Samuel Wrote The Future of Palestine in 1914 argued that Palestine should
be a home for the Jewish state. Appointed al-Husseni as the grand mufti of Jerusalem once he
was the high commissioner of Jerusalem in 1920.
44. Haj Amin al-Husseini Inflames the riots in 1920. Appointed grand Mufti of Jerusalem by
Samuel. Forms the Arab Higher committee in 1936 in reaction to zionist organizations like
Jewish Agency. Leader of the 1936 riots. Is exiled but leads the revolt within Lebanon.

45. The Arab Revolt of 1936 The significant uprising of the Arab population against the
British and Jewish population. Led and initiated by al-Husseini. Widespread jewish deaths,
including at Hebrew University. Ends in 1939. Causes the peel commission to be made.
46. Peel Commission British government reacted to the Arab revolt. Sent Lord Peel who
concludes that the unrest is due to conflicting national aspirations and the concern over the
Zionist movement. Lord Peel proposes that there should be two separate states. Embraced by the
Jewish Agency but rejected by the Arabs. Done in 1937. Largest two state offer of land to
Palestinians.
47. King David Hotel Bombing The British government used a wing in the hotel for
administrative offices. Irgun planted several hundred pounds of explosives underneath it. The
resulting explosion killed British, Arabs, and Jews indiscriminately. Prompts the British
government to declare open season on the Irgun, i.e. shoot on sight. Also brought criticism
from the Haganah (National Military of Israel). (1946)
48. Deir Yassin massacre Was when the irgun and lechi attached Deir Yassin and supposedly
killed 100-250 men, women and children. Reports of mutilation, raping, and looting. Became
rallying cry for displaced Arabs in Palestine. (1947)
49. Mount Scopus Convoy Massacre The event when a convoy was attacked on its way to the
Hadassah hospital killing over 77 unarmed medical personnel. British were responsible for their
protection, but only intervened 6 hours after the attack began. (1948)
50. Yitzhak Rabin The leader of the Haganah/Palmach forces during the 1948 war. Later
became Prime Minister of Jerusalem in the 1970s.
51. Burma Road - Road carved by hand to bypass Arab-controlled villages (Laturn) and allow
re-supply of Jerusalem. Also installed pipeline bring water to Jerusalem. On average there was
100 tons of supplies every 24 hours. (1948)
52. Operation Nachshon A Jewish military operation in the 1948 war tasked with taking back
Jerusalem. Briefly resupplied the city before supply lines were cut.
53. King Abdullah He was the Hashemite King of Jordan that annexed the west bank and East
Jerusalem following the 1948 war. Replaced al-Husseini as Grand Mufti of Jerusalem in the
same year. Abullah I was assassinated in 1951 by a Palestinian militant while leaving the al-Aqsa
mosque.. Thought that this assassination was supported by al-Husseini and the ruler of Egypt.

Short Answer:
1.What impact did Helena, Constantines mother, have on Jerusalem?:
Convinces Constantine to locate and build churches in the east at prominent Christian
holy sites (created the culture of Christian pilgrimage to these sites). Oversees the construction of
the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and the Church of St. Sion. Bans Jews from Jerusalem

2. What impact did Muawiya I have on Jerusalem?

He built up the Temple Mount walls so that he could expand and start to built the al-aqsa
mosque. He named the mosque on the temple mount the al-aqsa linking the site to Mohammed
and let the city become an important holy site within the Muslim caliphate
3. Describe the significant features of the Dome of the Rock?
Builds on the format of a Byzantine martyrium. Employs nearly perfect architecture such
as the central dome is 67 feet in diameter which is also the length of the walls. the shrine is
surrounded by the foundation stone. It is placed on where it was thought that Abraham was going
to sacrifice his son as well as the point in which Mohammed go on his night journey.
4. Name at least four factors that led to the Crusades?

Al-Hakim's destruction of the Holy Sepulchre in 1009

Massacre of 1077 when the Seljuks killed over 3,000 people

Land for second and later sons.

The concept of a Holy War that was brought up by Pope Urban II.

The desire to open international trade routes so that Europe could be connected to
Asia through the Silk Road.
5. What led Saladin to challenge Crusader power in the Near East? With the release of The Art
of Holy War by al-Sulami early in 1105 CE, Saladin took those ideas and thought to take
control of area by getting rid of the crusaders.
6. What impact did Suleiman the Magnificent have on Jerusalem? Suleman ended up rebuilding
the walls out of fear of Charles V. He also renovates the Temple Mount by tiling the exterior of
the Dome of the Rock with porcelain tiles. He also allows access to the wailing wall for the Jews.
With all of these additions, this allowed a large influx of people increasing the population to
about 16,000 people.
7. What led to increased European interest in Jerusalem in the 18th and 19th centuries? The
increased interest in the area was due to Napoleon wanting trade routes to India. Also through
this there was increased artistic and architectural interest. Also with the influx of european
settlers, the area was becoming more of a pilgrimage area
8. What were the significant features of British policy towards non-Turkish groups in the
Ottoman Empire during World War I? During the Ottoman time, the British started Arab revolts
against the Ottomans as well as promising support to the Saudis, and Sherif Hussein. Also in this
time period, the British and French develop the Sykes Picot agreement which tried to stop
sovereign arab powers.
9. What factors led to Arab unrest in mandatory Palestine during the 1920s? With the release of
the Balfour Declaration by the British and the plan to implement it in 1917, unrest started to
occur. Also, al-Husseini agitated the arabic population against the British and the Jews. Also
there were feuds between the Jews and Arabs over Jewish access to the Western wall.
10. What happened to Jerusalem after the 1948 war? After the war of 1948 King Abdullah
replaces al-Husseni. However, soon after in 1951 he was assassinated in Also in 1956 there was
the Suez crisis of 1956 where Egypt didnt let Israel access to the Suez canal leading to tensions.

11. What were the major features of Arab national policy (by Jordan and Egypt in particular)
toward Palestine in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s?
Late 40s: Jordan and Arab League do not support Palestinian nationalism; West Bank is
annexed by Jordan; Gaza occupied by Egypt; Arab countries are anti-Israel
50s: Egypt frequently threatens West's access to Suez Canal and invasion of Israel;
supports fedayeen terrorist activities against Israel
60s: Egyptian General Nasser consolidates Arab military command and control; he also
creates the Palestinian Liberation Organization and influences the Palestine National
Charter which is clearly supportive of Pan-Arabism