Bi 3

Chun ha tn hiu

Khi nim
Ch
Chun
ha
h tn
t hiu
hi l qu trnh
t h chuyn
h ha
h tn
t
hiu v cc dng c bn ph hp vi qu trnh
x
l tn
t hiu.
hi

V d

0 2 V 0.6
0.2
06V

0V5V
Signal conditioning circuit

Bng cch no????

Cc phng thc chun ha tn hiu

Thay i cng v tnh phn cc ca tn
hiu (signal level and bias changes)
Tuyn tnh ha (linearization)
Chuyn ha tn hiu (conversions)
Lc tn hiu (filtering)
Cn bng
g ti v p
phi p
php
p tr khng
g ((Load
balance and impedance matching)

Thay i cng v tnh phn cc tn

hiu
L qu trnh thay i mc bin v mc
khng (zero value) ca in p tn hiu

Tuyn tnh ha
Thng thng,
thng ng
chun ca sensor l phi
tuyn.
tuyn
tuyn tnh ha:
Dng
D mchh tuyn
t tnh
t h
S dng phn mm my
t h tuyn
tnh
t tnh
t h ha
h tn
t
hiu.

Chuyn i tn hiu
L qu trnh chuyn ha tn hiu mang tnh
cht in t dng ny sang dng khc.
V d:
Chuyn ha t tr khng sang in p
Chuyn ha t tn hiu dng sang tn hiu p
Chuyn ha t tn hiu v tn s sang tn hiu p

Lc tn hiu
Tn hiu u vo gm rt nhiu tn s (mong
mun v khng mong mun)
->
> phi lc tn hiu ph hp x l
v d:
Cc thit
b in cng nghip hot ng 50 Hz
Tn s hot ng ca motor: di KHz

Lc tn hiu
Cc mch lc tn hiu:
Lc thng thp (Low pass filter)
Lc thng cao (High pass filer)
Lc thng di (Band Pass Filter)
Lc
L chn
h di (Band
(B d rejected
j t d Filter)
Filt )

Phi hp tr khng
Khi cc khi c tr khng khc nhau m kt
ni vi nhau th s gy ra hin tng phn x
tn hiu.
hiu
=> Cn c s phi hp tr khng

Cn bng ti
Khi kt ni cm bin vi mch in t hay vi
ti s gy ra s st p nh hng ti kt qu o

Cn bng ti
in p ra:

=> in p u ra b nh hng bi in p
trn ti
=> khc phc th

Cc mch chun ha tn hiu thng

dng
Mch khuch i/suy gim
Mch s dng linh kin th ng

MCH KHUCH

Mch khuch i
Mch khuch i l mch khng th thiu
trong bt k mch in t no
Mch khuch i dng transistor
Mch khuch i dng op-amp

H s khuch i
H s khuch i l t s gia bin tn hiu u ra vi
bin tn hiu u vo.
Nu tn hiu u ra ngc pha tn hiu vo l khuch i
o.
Nu tn hiu u ra cng pha tn hiu vo l khuch i
kh o
khng

I
Inverting
ti

Non inverting
Non-inverting

H s khuch i
H s khuch i thng c tnh bng n v
Decibels (dB)
Gain in dB = 10 log10(Pout/Pin)
Gain in dB = 20 log10(Vout/Vin)

A1

A2

Total gain (in dB) = 20 log10(A1A2)

= 20 log10(A1) + 20 log10(A2)

Mch khuch i dng transistor

C 3 loi mch khuch i:
Khuch i dng:
Khuch i p:
Khuch i cng sut

Cc cch mc mch c bn
Mch mc C chung
U v =U
U e +U
U BE

U ra =U e

K ra
Ku =
<1
Kv

+E

Rb

C1

U v= I b
I ra = I e

K ra
Ki =
>1
Kv

C2
Re

Uv

Rt

Cc cch mc mch c bn
Mch mc B chung:
Iv =Ie
I r =Ic

=U

U r =U EC

Ir
K i = <1
Iv
BE

Ie

Ur
Ku =
>1 UV
Uv

+1
R ra =R c +
h 22

Ie

RC
Ur

Cc cch mc mch c bn
Mc mch E chung

I v =I B
I r =Ic

U v =U BE
U r =U
U EC

Ir
K i = >1
Iv
Ur
Ku =
>1
Uv

H s khuych i cng sut Kp >1

RC

E
IC
Ur

UV

Ch lm vic
Cc ch hot ng ca mch khuych i l
ph thuc vo ch phn cc cho Transistor,
tu theo mc ch s dng m mch khuych
i c phn cc K ch A, ch B
, ch AB hoc ch C

 Ch A:
Transistor hot ng ch
A
A, ta phi thin p sao cho
in p UCE ~ 60% 70%
Vcc.
Mch khuych i ch A
c s dng trong cc mch
trung gian nh khuych i
cao tn, khuych i trung tn,
tin khuych i vv..

Ch B:
Mch
khuych
y
i
ch B l
mch ch khuych
i mt na
chu k ca tn hiu
Khuych i na chu k
dng ta dng transistor
NPN
khuych i na chu k m
ta dng
d transistor
i
PNP
Mch khuych i ch
B khng c thin p

Mch khuych
i ch B
thng c s dng trong
cc mch khuch i cng
sut
y
ko nh cng sut

m tn, cng xut mnh ca

Ti vi

 Ch AB:
Mch khuych
i ch AB l mch tng t khuych

i ch B , nhng c thin p sao cho in p UBE xp

x 0,6V, mch cng ch khuych i mt na chu k tn
hiu v khc
phc hin tng mo giao im
ca mch
khuych i ch B, mch ny cng c s dng trong
cc mch cng xut y ko.

Ch C:
L mch khuych i c in p UBE c phn cc
ngc vi
i mc
chh ch
h l
ly tn
hiu
hi u
ra l mt
phn
h
nhh
ca tn hiu u vo, mch ny thng s dng trong cc
mch tch tn hiu : Th d mch tch xung ng b trong
tii vii mu.

Ch D: Ch ng ct

Khuch i thut ton

Op-amp
+

vS
v+

v-

vout

v S-

Khuch i thut ton

c im:
in tr rt ln c hng trm M n G
in tr ra rt nh c hng chc
in p chnh lch u vo rt nh c vi nV
H s
kh
khuch
h ii h mch
h rt
t ln,
l c
hng
h triu
t i
ln
Di tn lm vic rng
H s CMRR ln c 90 dB

Khuch i thut ton

Cu to:

v+
vv S+
v Svout

u vo khng o
u vo o
Ngun
ip p dng
Ngun in p m
u ra

vout = AV(OL) (v
( + - v-)

B khuch i thut ton l linh kin in t tch cc dng

thc hin cc php ton nh cng, tr, nhn, chia, vi phn, tch
phn.

Khuch i thut ton

M hnh tng ng:

vd = v2 v1

vo = Av
A d

B khuch i o l tng

Cc mch chun ha tn hiu dng

Opamp

Mch lp in p (Voltage follower)

Khuch i o
Khuch i khng o
Mch khuch i vi sai o lng (Differential
instrumentation amplifier)
Mch chuyn i p sang dng (Voltage-to-current
converter)
Mch chuyn i dng sang p (Current-to-voltage
converter)
M h tch
Mch
t h phn
h (Integrator)
(I t
t )
Mch vi phn (Differentiator)
Mch
tuyn
y tnh ha ((Linearization))

Mch lp in p

Mch khuch i o
Tn hiu u ra ngc pha
tn hiu vo
Thay i cu trc mch
khuch i o s to ra
mch cng tn hiu

Mch khuch i khng o

Tn hiu u ra
cng pha vi tn
hiu vo

Mch khuch i vi sai

c dng tnh sai
lch gia hai tn hiu u
vo

Common Mode Rejection

Mch
khuch i
vi sai l tngg ch khuch i
sai lch

gia hai u vo ca b khuch i thut ton.

Vout = A(V2 V1) = 0 nu V1 = V2

Trong thc t, th in p u ra vn khc khng l do in tr

ngun gy nn.

Vout

Va + Vb
= A(Va Vb ) + Ac

Common Mode Rejection

Ad
CMRR =
Ac

CMRR cng ln cng tt

Mch khuch i o lng

L mch khuch i vi sai c tr khng u

vo ln v tr khng
g u ra nh

Mch khuch i o lng

Nhc im ca mch trn l thay i
h s khuch i phi thay i c hai cp in
tr do ngi ta bin i thnh mch nh
sau:

Mch khuch i o lng

u im ca mch l chng ta ch cn thay
i gi tr RG ca mch.
Vout

2 R1 R3
= 1 +
(V2 V1 )
RG R2

Mch chuyn i p sang dng

 in p ti cc i:
Vsat

( R4 + R5 ) R3
Im

Rml =
R3 + R4 + R5

Trong :
Rml: in tr ti cc i
Vsat: in p bo ha
Im: dng cc i

Mch chuyn i dng sang p

Vout = IR

Mch tch phn

Mch vi phn

Mch tuyn tnh

Opamp cng c th c s dng tuyn tnh

h mi
ha
i quan h gia
i u
ra v u
vo
bng
b
cch thay th mch hi tip bi mt phn t phi
tuyn

 Ta c dng tng cng l:

Vin
+ I (Vout ) = 0
R

Vin = input voltage

R = input resistance
I (Vout ) = nonlinear variation of current with voltage

Vy
V Vout
V t l:
l

Vout

Vin
= G
R

Vi G(Vin/R) l hm ngc ca I(Vout) chnh l

hm tuyn tnh.

I (Vout ) = I 0 eVout

Vin
+ I 0 eVout = 0
R
Vout

Vout

Vin
=
RI 0
Vin
= ln

RI 0
1

MCH S DNG LINH KIN

TH NG

Khi nim
L cc mch chun ha tn hiu s dng cc
linh kin th ng L,R,C bao gm cc mch
nh sau:
Mch chia p
Mch cu
Mch lc

Mch chia p

c dng nh cc mch chuyn i t in

tr sang
g in p
p

Mch phn p
Vs

R1
VD
R2

Mch phn p
Ch :
S bin thin ca in p u ra l phi tuyn
Tr khng u ra hiu dng ca mch tng ng
vi tr khng tng cng R1//R2
dng in chy qua c R1 v R2 do cng sut
tiu th trn c hai in tr.

Mch cu

M
Mch
h cu
c

s
dng
d
chuyn
h i s bin
bi
thin v in tr thnh s bin thin v in p

Mch cu Wheatone
Cu Wheatstone
thng c s dng
trong cc mch o
nhit , lc, p sut,
t trng...
t
Cu
C gm

bn in tr R1, R2,
R3 c nh v R4
thay i (mc nh
hnh) hot ng nh
cu khng cn bng
da trn vic pht
hin in p qua
ng cho ca cu.

D : voltage detector

 xc nh in p chnh lch, ngi ta s

dng Gavanometer

 Ta c:

Vth
IG =
Rth + RG

Trong :
Vth = Thevanin eqivalent voltage of the Wheatsone bridge
=V

R3 R2 R1 R4
( R1 + R3 )( R2 + R4 )

Rth = Thevanin eqivalent resistance of the Wheatsone bridge

R1 R3
R2 R4
=
+
R1 + R3 R2 + R4

 phn gii
phn gii ca mch cu c xc nh bi
phn gii ca Galvanometer.
phn gii c ng dng xc nh gi tr
thay i nh nht ca in tr trn mt nhnh
mch cu

Mch cu cn bng dng in

Mch
cu loi
nyy c
thi gian t trng thi
cn bng l ngn
1 nhnh
h h in
i tr
t c

phn thnh R4 v R5
Dng
g in
c a
qua in tr R5
k: R4 >> R5

 Khi :

=>

=>

V ( R4 + R5 )
Vb =
+ IR5
R2 + R4 + R5

V = Va Vb

V ( R4 + R5 )
VR3
=

IR5
R1 + R3 R2 + R4 + R5

Which shows that the null can be achieved

by adjusting magnitude and current I

 Cch o in p s dng mch cu

Mch cu
c th s dng o in p bng
cch
mc ni tip ngun p cn o vi ng h o

 Ta c in p im C l: Vc = Vx + Va
Vy in p t trn vn k l:
V = Vc Vb = Vx + Va Vb
in p cn o Vx c th xc nh bng cch
iu chnh sao cho V = 0 nh th ta c:
R3V
VR4

=0
Vx +
R1 + R3 R2 + R4

Nu s dng
g cu cn bng
g dngg ta c:
V ( R4 + R5 )
VR3

IR5 = 0
Vx +
R1 + R3 R2 + R4 + R5

Mch lc

Thng thp
Thng cao
Thng
h di
Chn di

Tn s ct
Tn s ct ca b lc l tn s m u ra ca
n suy gim 3dB
B lc thng thp cho ton b cc tn s nh hn
tn s ct i qua
B lc thng thp cho ton b cc tn s ln hn
tn s ct i qua

Mch lc thng thp

 The cut off frequency is the frequency for

which
hi h th
the ratio
ti off the
th output
t t to
t the
th input
i
t
voltage is 0.707
1
fc =
2 RC

The output to input ratio is determined by

Vout
1
=
2 1/2
Vin
f
1 +
f c

Mch lc thng cao

 Cut off frequency:

1
fc =
2 RC
Output-to-input
Output to input voltage ratio:

(
Vout
f / fc )
=
2
Vin
1 + ( f / fc )

 Cc bc la chon fc:
La chn gi tr t chun
trong di (F pF)
Tnh ton gi tr ca in tr sao cho nm trong di
t (1 k - 1 M).
M) Nu nm ngoi di ny,
ny chn li
t C
Ch sai s ca t v in tr

Cc ch :
Khng nn s dng in tr c gi tr qu nh do
khi lm cho dng ln v sinh ra cc hiu ng ti
Nu tr khng u vo ca mch lc nh ta phi
dng mch lp in p
Cn ch n vn phi hp tr khng

Mch lc thng di

Vout
=
Vin

fH f

(f

fH fL

RH 2
+ f L + 1 +
fH f
RL

fH =

1
2RL C L

1
fL =
2RH C H

Mch lc chn di

 Cut off frequency:

f n = 0.785 f c

1
fC =
2 RC

f L = 0.187 f c

f H = 4.57 f c

Grounding resistor and capacitor:

R1 =

NH

R
10

C1 =

BMCC 4743 Signal Conditioning

10 C

73