Cc nguyn t nhm Halogen

Chuyn mc: L thuyt v c

1. Cu to nguyn t
Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca X l ns2np5. D dng thc hin qu trnh :
X2 + 2e -> 2XTh hin tnh oxi ho mnh.
S oxi ho: Flo ch c s oxi ho 1, cc halogen khc c cc s oxi ho 1, +1, +3,
+5 v +7.
T F2 I2: tnh oxi ha gim, tnh kh tng, m in gim.
2. Tnh cht vt l
F2, Cl2 l cht kh, Br2 l cht lng, I2 l cht rn. Kh flo mu lc nht, kh clo mu vng
lc, cht lng brom mu nu, tinh th iot mu tm en. Cc halogen u rt c.
F2 khng tan trong nc v n phn hy nc rt mnh; Cc halogen khc tan tng
i t trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c nh: C6H6, CCl4,.
3. Tnh cht ho hc Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca cc halogen l tnh oxi ha mnh
a. Phn ng vi hiro: Xy ra vi mc khc nhau:
H2 + F2 -> 2HF phn ng xy ra ngay trong bng ti, k thng,
n
H2 + Cl2 -> 2Cl phn ng xy ra khi chiu sng hoc c t nng,
n
H2 + Br2 -> 2HBr phn ng xy ra khi t nng
H2 + I2 2HI
phn ng xy ra nhit cao, thun nghch
b. Phn ng mnh vi kim loi
2Fe + 3Cl2 -> 2FeCl3Phn ng to thnh hp cht kim loi c s oxi ho cao (nu
kim loi c nhiu s oxi ho nh Fe, Sn)
c. Phn ng vi H2O: Khi cho halogen tan vo nc th:
Flo phn hu nc:
F2 + H2O -> 2HF + 1/2O2
Clo to thnh hn hp 2 axit:
Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO
Brom cho phn ng tng t nhng tan km clo.
Iot tan rt t.
d. Phn ng vi phi kim khc2P + 3Cl2 -> 2PCl32P + 5Cl2 -> 2PCl5
Cl2, Br2, I2 khng phn ng trc tip vi oxi.
e. Phn ng vi dung dch kim
Clo tc dng vi dung dch kim long v ngui to thnh nc Javen:
+ NaOH + H2O
Clo tc dng vi dung dch kim c v nng to thnh mui clorat:
+ NaOH + H2O
Clo tc dng vi vi ti to thnh clorua vi:
+ Ca(OH)2 bt m, huyn ph + 2H2O

Nc Javen, clorua vi l nhng cht oxi ho mnh do Cl+ trong phn t gy ra.
Chng c dng lm cht ty mu, st trng.
f. Halogen mnh y halogen yu ra khi hp cht:
2Cl2 + NaBr -> 2NaCl + Br2g.
Oxi ha cc hp cht c tnh kh:
Cl2 + 2FeCl2 2FeCl3
Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O
2HBr + H2SO4
I2 + 2Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
4. ng dng v iu ch clo
Clo c dng :
+ Dit trng trong nc sinh hot cc thnh ph
+ Ty trng vi si, giy
+ Sn xut nc Javen, clorua vi, axit HCl
+ Sn xut cc ho cht trong cng nghip dc phm, cng nghip dt
Trong phng th nghim, clo c iu ch t axit HCl:
4HCl + MnO2
MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2 O16HCl + 2KMnO4
2KCl + 2MnCl2 +
5Cl2 + 8H2 O Trong cng nghip: clo c iu ch bng cch in phn dung dch
mui clorua kim loi kim. Khi clo thot ra ant theo phng trnh.
2NaCl +
2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl25. Trng thi t nhin
Trong lp v tri t, clo ng
th 11 trong tt c cc nguyn t ha hc v ng th nht trong cc halogen. Clo t
nhin tn ti hai dng ng v: (75,77%) v (24,23%). Do hot ng ha hc mnh, clo
ch tn ti trong t nhin dng hp cht, ch yu l mui clorua (trong nc bin, m
mui, khong vt: cacnalit KCl. MgCl2.6H2O v xinvinit NaCl. KCl).6. Hp chta.
Hiro halogenua_ axit halogenhiric (HX) u l cht kh, tan nhiu trong H2O thnh
nhng axit mnh (tr HF l axit yu v gia cc phn t c to lin kt hiro), in li
hon ton trong dung dch:
HX + H2O -> H3O+ + X-HCl l cht kh khng mu,
mi xc, nng hn khng kh (d = 1,26). Trong khng kh m n to thnh cc ht nh
nh sng m. Nng cho php trong khng kh l: 0,005mg/l. Axit halogenhiric c
y cc tnh cht ha hc c trng ca mt axit:
+ Lm i mu cht ch th: qu
tm ha
+ Tc dng vi baz v oxit baz to thnh mui v nc
HCl
+ NaOH -> NaCl + H2O
2HCl + CuO -> CuCl2 + H2O
+ Tc dng vi kim
loi mnh (trc H trong dy in ha) gii phng H2
2HCl + Zn -> ZnCl2 +
H2
+ Tc dng vi mui to thnh mui mi v axit mi (mui mi phi t tan hoc
axit mi phi d bay hi):
2HCl + CaCO3 -> CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O Ring
HF c tnh cht c bit: n c th tc dng c vi SiO2 (thy tinh)
4HF +
SiO2 -> SF4 + 2H2O
2HF + SF4 -> H2[SF6]
Do vy ngi ta khng ng
dung dch HF trong cc l thy tinh m ng trong cc l bng cht do. - Ngoi tnh
axit, cc HX do c cha X-1 nn chng cn th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi cc cht
oxi ha mnh. T HF -> HI tnh kh tng dn V d:
16HCl + 2KMnO4 ->
2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O Phn ln cc mui clorua tan nhiu trong H2O, tr mt
s t tan nh AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2, Cu2Cl2,Tnh tan ca cc mui bromua v ioua
tng t mui clorua.- iu ch cc HX:
+ Tng hp trc tip:
H2 + X 2
-> 2HX
+ Dng phng php trao i ion:
NaClrn + H2SO4 c HCl +

NaHSO4 Cch nhn bit ion Cl (Br, I): Bng phn ng to mui clorua (bromua)
kt ta vi Ag+ (AgNO3)
AgNO3 + NaCl -> NaNO3 + AgCl
Trng
AgBr kt ta mu vng, AgI kt ta mu vng m
b. Axit hipoclor (HClO)
L axit yu, km bn, ch tn ti trong dung dch.
Axit HClO v mui ca n l hipoclorit (nh NaClO) u c tnh oxi ho mnh v c
cha Cl+ :
Cl+ + 2e -> Cl-1c. Axit cloric (HClO3)
L axit kh mnh, tan nhiu trong H2O, ch tn ti trong dung dch nng di
50%.
Axit HClO3 v mui clorat (KClO3) c tnh oxi ho mnh.
- Mui clorat l nguyn liu iu ch Oxi trong phng th nghim
KClO3
KCl + 3/2O2d. Axit pecloric (HClO4)L cht lng khng mu, bc khi trong khng kh,
l axit mnh nht trong cc axit, tan nhiu trong H2O, HClO4 c tnh oxi ho mnh.Axit
pecloric c iu ch bng phn ng:
2KClO4 + H2SO4 2HClO4 + K2SO4T HClO
-> HClO4 tnh bn, tnh axit tng v kh nng oxi ha gim.