You are on page 1of 306

TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP.

HCM
KHOA IEN
BO MON: C S KY THUAT IEN
------------0----------GVC-ThS.NGUYEN TRONG THANG
GVC-ThS.NGO QUANG HA

GIAO TRNH

MAY IEN I

TP. HCM Thang 12 / 2005

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

http://www.hcmute.edu.vn

LI NOI AU
Giao trnh MAY IE N I la mot cuon sa ch trong bo GIAO TRNH MAY IEN gom 2
tap nham giu p sinh vien ba c ai ho c hoa c cao ang nganh ien Cong Nghiep , ien
T on g cu a trn g a i Hoc S Pham Ky Thua t TP.HCM lam tai lieu ho c tap, hoa c
co the dung lam ta i lieu tham khao cho sinh vien nganh Cong nghe ien- ien t,
Cong nghe ien t Vien tho ng va cac nganh khac lie n quan en lnh v c ien ien
t.
Giao trnh may ie n trnh bay nh ng ly thuyet c ban ve: cau tao; nguyen ly lam
vie c; cac quan he ien t ; cac a c tnh cung nh cac hien tng vat ly xay ra trong:
May ien mo t chieu; Ma y bien ap; May ien kho ng o ng bo va May ien ong bo.
Toan bo giao trnh ma y ien c chia lam 2 tap:
Tap I gom 2 phan : Ma y ien mo t chieu va Ma y bien ap.
Tap II gom 3 phan : Nhng van e ly lua n chung cua ca c ma y ien xoay chieu (dang
may ien quay); May ien khong ong bo ; May ien ong bo.
M
. HC
P
T
e giup sinh vien de dang tiep thu kien thc mon hoc, giaohtrnh
uat trnh bay noi dung
yhot a, ca u ho i va ba i tap e
K
mot ca ch ngan gon , c ban. moi chng co v duhaminh
p m
ua
S
H
sinh vien co the hieu sau hn nhng van e
mnh
ho c.
ng D
o
u
r
T
yen
u
q
Ban
Cac tac ga

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

http://www.hcmute.edu.vn

MUC LUC
M au
Phan I: Ma y ie n mot chie u (MMC)
Chng 1: ai cng ve may ien mot chieu
Chng 2: Mach t luc khong tai cu a MMC
Chng 3: Day quan phan ng cu a MMC
Chng 4: Quan he ien t trong MMC
Chng 5: T trn g luc co tai cu a MMC
Chng 6: o i chieu
Chng 7: May pha t ien mot chie u
Chng 8: on g c ien mo t chieu
Chng 9: May ien mot chie u ac biet con g sua t nho

Trang
01
07
13
22
40
48
56
68
83
96

P. HC
uat T

Phan II: Ma y bien a p (MBA)


h
Ky t
Chng 1: Kha i niem chung ve MBA
m
a
h
Su p
H
Chng 2: To no i day va mach t cu a MBA
D
ng
Truo
Chng 3: Quan he ien t trongnMBA

quye
Chng 4: Che o lam vie
Banc tai xac lap o i x ng cua MBA
Chng 5: Ca c loa i may bien ap ac biet

107
116
125
138
149

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

http://www.hcmute.edu.vn

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1- Vu Gia Hanh, Tran Khanh Ha, Phan T Thu, Nguyen Va n Sau, May ien I,II .
NXB khoa ho c va ky thua t - 1998 .
2- Nguye n Trong Thang, Nguyen The Kie t, Cong nghe che tao va tnh toan s a ch a
May ien , NXB Gia o du c, 1995 .
3- A.E. Fitzerald, Charles kingsley . Electrical Machines. Mc. Graw - Hill, 1990 .

4- Jimmie J. Cathey . Electric machines Analysis and Design Applying Matlab . Mc.
Graw - Hill - 2001 .

HCM

P.
5- E.V.Armensky, G.B.Falk, Fractional Horsepower Electrical
uat T machines, Mir

h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p Machines with Power Electronic
H
Electric
6- Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Principle of
D
uong
Tr
Applications, Prentice-Hall, e1986.
n
quy
Ban
Electrical machines, vol.1,2, Mir Publishers Moscow,
7- M.Kostenko, L.Piotrovsky,
1974.
Publishers, Moscow, 1985.

8- Stephen J. Chapman, Electric machinery and Power System fundamental, Mc


Graw Hill, 2002.

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP. HCM


KHOA IEN
BO MON: C S KY THUAT IEN
------------0----------GVC-ThS.NGUYEN TRONG THANG
GVC-ThS.NGO QUANG HA

GIAO TRNH

MAY IEN I

TP. HCM Thang 12 / 2005

LI NOI AU
Giao trnh MAY IEN I la mot cuon sach trong bo GIAO TRNH MAY
IEN gom 2 tap nham giup sinh vien bac ai hoc hoac cao ang nganh ien
Cong Nghiep, ien T ong cua trng ai Hoc S Pham Ky Thuat
TP.HCM lam tai lieu hoc tap, hoac co the dung lam tai lieu tham khao cho
sinh vien nganh Cong nghe ien- ien t, Cong nghe ien t Vien thong
va cac nganh khac lien quan en lnh vc ien ien t.
Giao trnh may ien trnh bay nhng ly thuyet c ban ve: cau tao; nguyen ly
lam viec; cac quan he ien t; cac ac tnh cung nh cac hien tng vat ly
xay ra trong: May ien mot chieu; May bien ap; May ien khong ong bo va
May ien ong bo.
Toan bo giao trnh may ien c chia lam 2 tap:
Tap I gom 2 phan
: May ien mot chieu va May bien ap.
Tap II gom 3 phan : Nhng van e ly luan chung cua cac may ien
xoay chieu (dang may ien quay); May ien
khong ong bo; May ien ong bo.
e giup sinh vien de dang tiep thu kien thc mon hoc, giao trnh trnh bay
noi dung mot cach ngan gon, c ban. moi chng co v du minh hoa, cau
hoi va bai tap e sinh vien co the hieu sau hn nhng van e mnh a hoc.

Cac tac gia

M AU
1. Cac loai may ien va vai tro cua chung trong nen kinh te quoc dan
ien nang ngay cang c s dung rong rai trong san xuat va i song cua
nhan dan. Viec ien kh hoa, t ong hoa trong cong nghiep, nong nghiep, giao
thong van tai ngay cang oi hoi cac thiet b ien khac nhau. Trong o cac loai may
ien chiem mot vai tro chu yeu e bien c nang thanh ien nang va ngc lai hoac
e bien oi dang ien nang nay thanh dang ien nang khac (xoay chieu en mot
chieu).
Bien oi c nang thanh ien nang nh cac may phat ien co ong c s cap
keo nh tuoc bin hi, tuoc bin nc, ong c ot trong.
Bien oi ien nang thanh c nang dung trong truyen ong ien ngi ta dung
cac loai ong c ien.
Viec truyen tai va phan phoi ien nang xoay chieu t tram phat ien en cac
ho tieu thu ien, viec bien oi ien ap c thc hien nh may bien ap.
Trong san xuat thng dung ca dong ien xoay chieu va mot chieu nen
ngi ta chia cac loai may ien thanh hai loai may ien xoay chieu va may ien
mot chieu. Co the c mo ta bang mot s o tong quat sau:
May ien

May ien tnh

May ien quay

May ien AC

May ien KB

May
bien
ap

ong
c
ien
KB

May
phat
ien
KB

May ien DC

May ien B

ong
c
ien
B

May
phat
ien
B

ong
c
ien
DC

May
phat
ien
DC

Ngoai ra do cac yeu cau khac nhau cua nganh san xuat, giao thong van tai nen
xuat hien cac loai may ien ac biet nh may ien xoay chieu co vanh gop, may
khuech ai ien t, cac may ien cc nho ...
2. ai cng ve cac may ien: Nguyen ly lam viec cua cac may ien da tren c
s cua nh luat cam ng ien t (e = -d / dt). S bien oi nang lng trong may
ien c thc hien thong qua t trng. e tao c nhng t trng manh va
1

tap trung ngi ta dung vat lieu sat t e lam mach t. cac may bien ap mach
t la mot loi thep ng yen, con trong cac may ien quay mach t gom hai loi thep
ong truc: Mot quay va mot ng yen va cach nhau mot khe h. Theo tnh chat
thuan nghch cua cac nh luat cam ng ien t mot may ien co the lam viec
che o may phat ien hoac che o ong c ien. Nhng v ac tnh ky thuat ngi
ta ch tnh toan thiet ke e lam viec mot che o nhat nh. Trong cac may ien,
nang lng c bien oi vi hieu suat cao t 93% en 95%. Khi lam viec do ton
hao cua dong Fuco (Foucault) tren loi thep va tac dung Joule tren day quan nen
may nong, ta co the lam nguoi may bang nhieu cach.
3. Phng phap nghien cu may ien
Nh a noi tren s bien oi nang lng trong cac may ien c thc hien
thong qua t trng trong may. Nh vay viec nghien cu cac may ien co the xuat
phat t ly thuyet trng ien t. Song do cau truc vat ly va hnh hoc phc tap cua
cac bo phan trong may ien, viec xac nh cng o ien trng E va cng o t
trng H khe h khong kh t he phng trnh Maxwell gap rat nhieu kho khan.
V vay khi nghien cu cac may ien ngi ta khong dung trc tiep ly thuyet trng
ma dung ly thuyet mach e nghien cu.
4. Cac n v: Trong may ien thng s dung hai loai he n v
- He n v tuyet oi la cac n v co th nguyen. Hien nay thng s
dung hai loai n v tuyet oi la CGS0 va SI.
Quan he gia cac n v cua he MKSA, SI va CGS0
Ten cac ai

Ten va k hieu

Ten va k hieu

lng

cac n v cua

cac n v cua

he MKSA va SI

he CGS0

n v MKSA
bang bao nhieu
n v cua
he CGS0

Thi gian

Giay

Giay

Tan so

Hertz

Hz

Hertz

Hz

Chieu dai

Met

centimetre

cm

102

Toc o dai

Met tren giay m/ s

cent. tren giay cm/s

Gia toc

Met tren giay2 m/s2

cent.tren giay2 cm/s2 102

Khoi lng

Kilogramme

Kg

Gramme

103

T thong

Weber

Wb

Maxwell

Mx

108

T cam

Weber/met2

Wb/m2 Gauss

104

(he MKSA)
Tesla (he SI)

ien dung

Farad

ien tr

Ohm

102

- Trong khi nghien cu, tnh toan, thiet ke cac may ien e tien li ngi
ta con dung he n v tng oi.
I* =
Trong o:

U* =

Im

U
U m

P* =

P
Pm

I: Dong ien co n v la A
U: ien ap co n v la V
P: Cong suat co n v W
Im, Um, Pm : La cac ai lng nh mc cua dong ien, ien ap, cong suat.
5. S lc ve cac vat lieu che tao may ien.
Cac vat lieu dung trong che tao may ien gom co:
- Vat lieu tac dung: Bao gom vat lieu dan ien va vat lieu dan t dung chu yeu e
che tao day quan va loi thep.
- Vat lieu cach ien dung e cach ien cac bo phan dan ien va khong dan ien
hoac gia cac bo phan dan ien vi nhau.
- Vat lieu ket cau dung e che tao cac chi tiet may va cac bo phan chu lc tac
dung c gii nh truc, vo may, khung may, o bi... no bao gom gang, sat thep va
cac kim loai mau, hp kim cua chung. Ta xet s lc ac tnh cua vat lieu dan t,
dan ien cach ien dung trong che tao may ien.
a. Vat lieu dan t.
Ngi ta dung thep la k thuat ien, thep la thong thng la thep uc , thep ren
e che tao mach t.
Cac thep la k thuat ien (ton silic) thng c dung co cac ma hieu: 11, 12,
13, 21, 22, 32, 310..
Trong o

- ch thep la k thuat (lektrotexnik)


- So th nhat ch ham lng silic cha trong thep, so cang cao ham
lng silic cang nhieu thep dan t cang tot, nhng don de gay.
- So th hai: Ch chat lng cua thep ve mat ton hao, so cang cao th
ton hao cang t.
- So th ba: So 0 ch thep can nguoi (thep dan t co hng), thng
s dung trong che tao may bien ap.

Ngoai ra con cac loai thep ky thuat ien mang ma hieu 3404, 3405, ...,
3408 co chieu day 0,3 mm, 0,35 mm
e giam ton hao do dong ien xoay, cac la ton silic tren thng c phu
mot lp sn cach ien mong sau o mi c ghep chat lai vi nhau, t o sinh ra
mot he so ep chat Kc: La t so gia chieu dai cua loi thep thuan thep vi chieu dai
3

thc cua loi thep ke ca cach ien sau khi ghep.


b. Vat lieu dan ien
Dung chu yeu la ong (Cu) va nhom (Al) v chung co ien tr be, chong an
mon tot. Tuy theo yeu cau ve cach ien va o ben c hoc ngi ta con dung hp
kim cua ong va nhom. Co cho con dung ca thep e tang sc ben c hoc va giam
kim loai mau nh vanh trt.
c. Vat lieu cach ien
Vat lieu cach ien dung trong may ien phai at cac yeu cau:
- Cng o cach ien cao.
- Chu nhiet tot, tan nhiet de dang.
- Chong am tot, ben ve c hoc.
Cac chat cach ien dung trong may ien co the the hi nh khong kh, the long
(dau may bien ap) va the ran.
Cac chat cach ien the ran co the chia lam 4 loai:
- Cac chat hu c thien nhien nh giay, vai, lua ..
- Cac chat vo c nh mi ca. amiang, si thuy tinh ...
- Cac chat tong hp.
- Cac chat men, sn cach ien, cac chat tam say t cac vat lieu thien nhien va tong
hp.
Tuy theo tnh chu nhiet, cac vat lieu cach ien c chia thanh cac cap sau:
- Cap Y: Nhiet o gii han cho phep 900 C, lam bang vat lieu si xen lu lo hay lua
go, cac tong khong tam hay khong quet sn.
- Cap A: Nhiet o gii han cho phep 1050 C, lam bang vat lieu cach ien cap Y co
tam sn cach ien.
- Cap E: Nhiet o gii han cho phep 1200 C, lam bang cac si po ly me.
- Cap B: Nhiet o gii han cho phep 1300 C, lam bang cac san pham mi ca, a mi
ang, si thuy tinh.
- Cap F: Nhiet o gii han cho phep 1550 C, lam bang vat lieu cap B dung ket hp
vi cac chat tam say tng ng.
- Cap H: Nhiet o gii han cho phep 1800 C, lam bang vat lieu mi ca khong chat on
hoac on bang vat lieu vo c, vai thuy tinh tam sn.
- Cap C: Nhiet o gii han cho phep tren 1800 C, lam bang vat lieu gom mi ca, gom
thuy tinh, thach anh dung ket hp vi cac chat vo c.
Cap cach ien

t0 cao nhat cho phep (0 C)

90

105

120

130

155

180

>180

o tang nhiet t (0 C)

50

65

80

90

115

140

>140

o tang nhiet o t co the tnh: t = t1 - t2


Trong o: t1: Nhiet o cua may.
t2: Nhiet o moi trng.
Theo TCVN: Nhiet o moi trng la 400c con cua may ien ta o bnh quan.
Hien nay thng dung cac cap cach ien A, E, B.
Chu y: Tren nhiet o cho phep 10% th tuoi tho cua may giam i 1/2 nen khong
c cho may lam viec qua tai trong thi gian dai.
6. Cac nh luat ien t c ban dung trong may ien
a. nh luat cam ng ien t:
. Trng hp t thong bien thien qua vong day
Nam 1833 nha vat ly hoc ngi Nga la Lenx a

phat hien ra qui luat ve chieu s.. cam ng. nh


luat cam ng ien t c phat bieu nh sau: Khi
t thong i qua mot vong day bien thien se lam

xuat hien mot s.. trong vong day, goi la s..


cam ng. Sc ien ong cam ng co chieu sao

Hnh1.1 Qui c chieu dng cho

cho dong ien do no sinh ra co tac dung chong lai vong day co t thong xuyen qua.
s bien thien cua t thong sinh ra no. Chieu quay cua can van nut chai se la
chieu dng cua vong day. Sc ien ong cam ng trong vong day se c xac
nh theo cong thc Macxoen
d
dt
Neu cuon day co W vong, sc ien ong cam ng trong cuon day se la:
wd
d
e=
=
dt
dt
Trong o = w
la t thong moc vong cua cuon day.
e=

tnh bang Wb (vebe), e tnh bang (V).


. Trng hp thanh dan chuyen ong thang trong t trng
Khi thanh dan chuyen ong thang trong t

trng, trong thanh dan se cam ng s.. e co tr so


la

e = B.l.v

v
B

e: S.. cam ng (V); B: T cam (T); l: Chieu dai


thanh dan trong t trng (m).
Chieu cua s.. c xac nh bang qui tac ban tay
phai: Cho ng sc t i vao long ban tay phai.
Ngon tay cai choai ra ch chieu chuyen ong cua day
dan, th chieu t co tay ti ngon tay ch chieu s...
5

Hnh1.2 Qui tac ban tay phai.

b. nh luat lc ien t

Lc ien t co ng dung rat rong rai trong


ky thuat, la c s e che tao may ien va kh cu
ien. Trng hp n gian nhat la lc cua t trng
tac dung len day dan thang mang dong ien. Neu

F
B

mot day dan thang co dong ien vuong goc vi


ng sc cua t trng, thanh dan se chu tac
ong cua lc ien t la:
F = B.i.l (N)

Hnh1.3 Qui tac ban tay trai.

B: T cam (T); i: Dong ien chay trong thanh dan


(A); l: Chieu dai thanh dan (m).
Chieu cua lc ien t c xac nh bang qui tac ban tay trai: Nga ban tay trai
cho ng sc t (hoac vec t t cam B) xuyen qua long ban tay, chieu t co tay
en ngon tay ch chieu dong ien th ngon tay cai choai ra ch chieu lc ien t.
c. Cac nh luat ve mach t.
Cac phan t lam bang vat lieu sat t ghep vi nhau e t thong khep kn
trong mach c goi la mach t. V thep ky thuat ien co t dan nho hn nhieu
so vi cac vat lieu khac, nen t thong tap trung chu yeu trong mach t. Phan t
thong chay ra ngoai mach t goi la t thong tan. e tao ra t thong trong mach
can co nguon gay t, thong thng la cuon day quan tren mach, goi la cuon day
t hoa. Khi cuon day co dong ien I i qua, no tao ra s.t. F = IW, W la so vong
cua cuon day.

i =1

j =1

Hdl = I = i L i = W

PHAN MOT

MAY IEN MOT CHIEU


Chng 1
AI CNG VE MAY IEN MOT CHIEU
Trong nen san xuat hien ai may ien mot chieu van luon luon chiem mot v
tr quan trong, bi no co cac u iem sau:
oi vi ong c ien mot chieu: Pham vi ieu chnh toc o rong, bang phang
v vay chung c dung nhieu trong cong nghiep det, giay , can thep, ...
May phat ien mot chieu dung lam nguon ien mot chieu cho ong c ien
mot chieu, lam nguon kch t cho may phat ien ong bo, dung trong cong nghiep
ma ien vv ...
Nhc iem: Gia thanh at do s dung nhieu kim loai mau, che tao va bao quan co
gop phc tap.
1.1 NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC C BAN CUA MAY IEN MOT CHIEU
Ngi ta co the nh ngha may ien mot chieu nh sau: La mot thiet b ien
t quay, lam viec da tren nguyen ly cam ng ien t e bien oi c nang thanh ien
nang mot chieu (may phat ien) hoac ngc lai e bien oi ien nang mot chieu
thanh c nang tren truc (ong c ien)
M,n

Phan cam

U-...I-

MF

Phan ng

Choi than

M,n

U-...I-

Phien gop

Hnh 1.1. S o khoi ch che o lam


viec cua may ien mot chieu

Tai
Hnh 1.2. S o nguyen ly cua may ien mot chieu

1. May phat ien

May gom mot khung day abcd hai au noi vi hai phien gop, khung day va
phien gop c quay quanh truc cua no vi mot van toc khong oi trong t trng
cua hai cc nam cham. Cac choi than A va B at co nh va luon luon t sat vao
phien gop. Khi cho khung quay theo nh luat cam ng ien t trong thanh dan se
cam ng nen sc ien ong theo nh luat Faraday ta co:
e = B.l.v (V)
B: T cam ni thanh dan quet qua. (T)
l: Chieu dai cua thanh dan nam trong t trng. (m)
v: Toc o dai cua thanh dan (m/s).
7

Chieu cua sc ien ong c xac nh theo qui tac ban tay phai nh vay theo hnh
ve sc ien ong cua thanh dan cd nam di cc S co chieu i t d en c, con
thanh ab nam di cc N co chieu i t b en a. Neu mach ngoai khep kn qua tai
th sc ien ong trong khung day se sinh ra mach ngoai mot dong ien chay t
A en B. Neu t cam B phan bo hnh sin th e bien oi hnh sin dang song sc ien
ong cam ng trong khung day nh hnh 1.3a . Nhng do choi than A luon luon tiep
xuc vi thanh dan nam di cc N, choi than B luon luon tiep xuc vi thanh dan
nam di cc S nen dong ien mach ngoai ch chay theo chieu t A en B. Noi
cach khac sc ien ong xoay chieu cam ng trong thanh dan va dong ien tng
ng a c chnh lu thanh sc ien ong va dong ien mot chieu nh he thong
vanh gop va choi than, dang song sc ien ong mot chieu hai choi than nh
hnh 1.3b. o la nguyen ly lam viec cua may phat ien mot chieu.
2. ong c ien
Neu ta cho dong ien mot chieu i vao choi than A va ra B th do dong
ien ch i vao thanh dan di cc N va i ra cac thanh dan nam di cc S, nen
di tac dung cua t trng se sinh ra mot mo men co chieu khong oi lam cho
quay may. Chieu cua lc ien t c xac nh theo qui tac ban tay trai. o la
nguyen ly lam viec cua ong c ien mot chieu.

B, e

a. T cam hay s.. hnh sin trong khung


day trc chnh lu
e, i

b. S.. va dong ien a c chnh lu nh vanh gop


Hnh 1.3 Cac dang song s..

Hnh 1.4. Qui tac ban tay phai va


qui tac ban tay trai
Trong o:
B: T cam
E: Sc ien ong cam ng
I: Dong ien
F: Lc ien t

1.2 CAU TAO CUA MAY IEN MOT CHIEU


Ket cau cua may ien mot chieu co the phan lam hai thanh phan chnh la phan
tnh va phan quay.
1. Phan tnh hay stator
ay la phan ng yen cua may no gom cac bo phan chnh sau:
a. Cc t chnh
La bo phan sinh ra t trng gom co loi sat cc t va day quan kch t long
ngoai loi sat cc t.Loi sat cc t 1lam bang thep la ky thuat ien hay thep cac
8

bon day 0,5 en 1mm ghep lai bang inh tan.


Loi mat cc t 2 c keo dai ra (lom vao) e
tang them ng i cua t trng.Vanh cung cua
cc t thng bang 2/3 (: Bc cc, la khoang
cach gia hai cc t lien tiep nhau). Tren loi cc
co cuon day kch t 3, trong o co dong mot
chieu chay qua, cac day quan kch t c quan
bang day ong moi cuon eu c cach ien ky
thanh mot khoi, c at tren cac cc t va mac
noi noi tiep vi nhau. Cuon day c quan vao
khung day 4, thng lam bang nha hoa hoc hay
giay bakelit cach ien. Cac cc t c gan chat
vao than may 5 nh nhng bu long 6.
b. Cc t phu

Hnh 1.5. Cc t chnh


1) Loi cc
2) Mat cc
3) Day quan kch t
4) Khung day
5) Vo may
6) Bu long bat chat cc t vao
vo may

c at gia cc t chnh dung e cai


thien oi chieu, triet tia la tren choi than. Loi
thep cua cc t phu cung co the lam bang thep
khoi, tren than cc t phu co at day quan, co
cau tao giong nh day quan cua cc t chnh. e
mach t cua cc t phu khong b bao hoa th khe
h cua no vi rotor ln hn khe h cua cc t

Hnh 1.6. Cc t phu


1) Loi; 2) Cuon day

chnh vi rotor.
c. Vo may (Gong t)
Lam nhiem vu ket cau ong thi dung lam mach t noi lien cac cc t. Trong may
ien nho va va thng dung thep tam e uon va han lai. May co cong suat ln
dung thep uc co t (0,2 - 2)% chat than.
d. Cac bo phan khac
- Nap may: e bao ve may khoi b nhng vat ngoai ri vao lam h hong day
quan. Trong may ien nho va va nap may co tac dung lam gia o bi.
- C cau choi than: e a ien t phan quay ra ngoai hoac ngc lai.
Hnh 1.7. C cau choi than
1) Hop choi than
2) Choi than
3) Lo so ep
4) Day cap dan ien

2. Phan quay hay rotor

a. Loi sat phan ng:

e dan t thng dung thep la ky thuat ien


day 0,5 mm co sn cach ien cach ien hai mat roi
2

ep chat lai e giam ton hao do dong ien xoay gay


nen. Tren cac la thep co dap cac ranh e at day
quan. Ranh co the hnh thang, hnh qua le hoac hnh
ch nhat... Trong cac may ln loi thep thng chia
thanh tng thep va cach nhau mot khoang h e lam

1
Hnh 1.8. La thep phan ng
1) Truc may
2) Lo thong gio doc truc
3) Ranh
4) Rang

nguoi may, cac khe h o goi la ranh thong gio ngang truc. Ngoai ra ngi ta con
dap cac ranh thong gio doc truc.
b. Day quan phan ng
La phan sinh ra sc ien ong va co dong ien chay qua. Day quan phan
ng thng lam bang day ong co boc cach ien. Trong may ien nho thng
dung day co tiet dien tron, trong may ien va va ln co the dung day tiet dien
hnh ch nhat. Day quan c cach ien can than vi ranh va loi thep. e tranh
cho khi quay b vang ra ngoai do sc ly tam, mieng ranh co dung nem e e
chat va phai ai chat cac phan au noi day quan. Nem co the dung tre go hoac
ba ke lt.
c. Co gop
Day quan phan ng c noi ra co gop. Co gop
thng c lam bi nhieu phien ong mong c
cach ien vi nhau bang nhng tam mi ca co
chieu day 0,4 en 1,2 mm va hp thanh mot
hnh tru tron. Hai au tru tron dung hai vanh ep
hnh ch V ep chat lai, gia vanh ep va co gop
co cach ien bang mi ca hnh V. uoi co gop
cao hn mot t e han cac au day cua cac phan
t day quan vao cac phien gop c de dang.
d. Choi than

Hnh 1.9. Hnh cat doc cua co gop


kieu tru
1) Phien gop
2) Vanh ep hnh V
3) Mi ca cach ien hnh V
4) Ong cach ien
5) au han day

May co bao nhieu cc co bay nhieu choi than. Cac choi than dng c
noi chung vi nhau e co mot cc dng duy nhat. Tng t oi vi cac choi than
am cung vay.
e. Cac bo phan khac
- Canh quat dung e quat gio lam nguoi may.
- Truc may, tren o co at loi thep phan ng, co gop, canh quat va o bi. Truc may
thng c lam bang thep cac bon tot.
10

1.3 CAC TR SO NH MC
Che o lam viec nh mc cua cac may ien la che o lam viec trong
nhng ieu kien ma nha che tao a qui nh. Che o o c ac trng bi nhng
ai lng ghi tren nhan may goi la cac ai lng nh mc.
- Cong suat nh mc: Pm (W hay KW) la cong suat au ra cua may ien
- ien ap nh mc: Um (V hay KV):
La ien ap hai au tai che o nh mc (may phat)
La ien ap at vao ong c che o nh mc (ong c)
- Dong ien nh mc Im (A):
La dong ien cung cap cho tai che o nh mc (may phat)
La dong ien cung cap cho ong c che o nh mc (ong c)
- Toc o nh mc: nm (vong / phut).
- Hieu suat nh mc: m
Ngoai ra con ghi kieu may, cap cach ien, phng phap kch t, dong ien kch t,
che o lam viec vv ...

Hnh 1.10. Nhan may cua mot ong c ien mot chieu

11

Cau hoi
1. Hay nh ngha may ien mot chieu?
2. Trnh bay nguyen ly lam viec cua may phat ien va ong c ien mot chieu?
3. Neu cau tao cua may ien mot chieu?
4. Neu cac ai lng nh mc cua may ien mot chieu va y ngha cua chung?
Bai tap
1. May phat ien mot chieu co cong suat nh mc Pm = 85KW; Um = 230 V;
nm= 1470v/phut; m = 0.895. Tnh dong ien va Moment cua ong c s cap
che o nh mc.
2. May phat ien mot chieu co Pm = 95 Kw, Um =115V; nm = 2820v/ph; m =
0,792. che o nh mc, tnh:
a. Cong suat c cua ong c s cap keo may phat P1.
b. Dong ien cung cap cho tai.
c. Moment c cua ong c s cap keo may phat M1.

12

Chng II
MACH T CUA MAY IEN MOT CHIEU KHI KHONG TAI.
2.1 ai cng
Chng nay nham trnh bay cac phng phap xac nh sc t ong can
thiet cua cc t chnh F0 e tao ra t thong chnh 0 trong khe h khong kh gia
stator va rotor khi khong tai.

r r

hrang
hg hC


Hnh 2-1. Mach t cua may ien mot chieu khi khong tai

Trong o:

: Chieu rong khe h khong kh

hg: Chieu cao cua gong stator .

hrang: Chieu cao rang phan ng.

h: Chieu cao cua lng phan ng .

hc: Chieu cao cua cc t .

Lg: Chieu dai trung bnh ng sc t cua gong t .


L: Chieu dai trung bnh ng sc t cua lng phan ng .
Tren hnh 2-1 ve s lc mot phan cua may ien mot chieu 4 cc va ve
hnh t thong do cac cc chnh gay nen. T thong i t cc N qua khe h va phan
ng roi tr ve 2 cc S nam ke ben. Do may hoan toan oi xng, nen t thong do
moi cc tao nen b chia oi vi ng truc cc thanh hai phan tao thanh hai
mach vong t giong nhau, at oi xng ca ve hai pha oi vi ng truc cc a
cho. So mach vong bang so cc cua may, nhng khi tnh sc t ong ch can xet
mot trong cac mach vong o. Phan t thong i vao phan ng goi la t thong chnh
hay t thong khe h 0. T thong nay cam ng nen s.. trong day quan khi phan
ng quay va tac dung vi dong ien trong day quan e sinh ra momen.
Mot phan t thong khong i qua phan ng goi la t thong tan . No khong
cam ng nen sc ien ong trong phan ng nhng no van ton tai lam cho o bao
hoa t trong cc t va gong t tang.
Neu c la toan bo t thong do cc t gay nen th:


c = 0 + = 0 1 + = t . 0
0

(2-1)

t la he so tan t cua cc t chnh. t = 1,15 - 1,28.


Sc t ong F0 can thiet e tao ra t thong chnh la sc t ong chnh.
13

Theo nh luat toan dong ien:


n

Hdl = HiLi = F = IW

(2-2)

n =1

Trong o:
Li: Chieu dai trung bnh cua ng sc t tren oan th i.
Hi: Cng o t trng tren oan th i.
W: So vong day cua mot oi cc t.
I: Cng o dong ien chay qua day quan kch t.
ng cong t khep kn la s noi tiep cua cac oan ng sc t, cac oan nay i
qua cac phan mach t co o t tham khac nhau, trong may ien mot chieu gom 5
oan: Khe h khong kh, rang phan ng, phan ng, cc t va gong t. Cac oan
nay c ky hieu tng ng bang cac ch so: , rang, , c va g.
Ta co: F0 = 2H + 2Hranghrang + HL + 2Hchc + HgLg.
F0 = F + Frang + F +Fc +Fg.

(2-3)

Do o e tnh sc t ong tong cua mot oi cc t Fo ta phai tnh sc t ong


tren tng phan mach t tren.
T phng trnh (2-3) ta thay muon tnh S.t. oi vi moi oan trong 5 oan can
phai tm cng o t trng H tng ng va nhan no vi chieu dai mach t o.
Neu a biet t thong va kch thc hnh hoc cua cac oan th co the tnh B t

cam cua cac oan mach t theo cong thc B =


. Trong o S la tiet dien cua
S
cac phan mach t.
Trong khong kh o = 410-7 H/m. Nhng trong sat t = Cte nen ta khong
trc tiep tnh H c ma tm H theo ng ac tnh t hoa cua vat lieu B = f(H) khi
biet B.
Sau khi phan oan tnh c s.t. tren cac oan co the tm c s.t. tong
di moi oi cc t F0.
2.2 Tnh sc t ong khe h F
Khe h la tr lc chnh oi vi t thong. do o S.t. khe h F thng chiem
khong di 60% s.t. chnh Fo. e tnh F ta tien hanh :
- Trc tien ta gia s be mat phan ng phang khong co ranh va rang, khe h gia
cc t la be nhat th s phan bo t cam di cc t co dang nh hnh 2-2. Hnh
dang cua no phu thuoc vao be rong cua mat cc t va chieu dai cua khe h. gia
t cam B ln nhat, hai mep cc th nho i nhieu va bang khong ng trung
14

tnh hnh hoc (TTHH). e de tnh F chung


ta n gian hoa ng phan bo t cam theo
phng phap ang tr, ngha la coi ng
TTHH

phan t cam la hnh ch nhat co chieu cao

TTHH

B = Bmax , chieu ay la b' = . sao cho


dien tch hnh ch nhat bang dien tch ng
cong. Trong o:
D
=
la bc cc: khoang cach gia 2
2p
cc t

TTHH

b =

TTHH

D :ng knh phan ng ; p : so oi cc t


: he so tnh toan cung cc t; b/ chieu dai Hnh 2-2. ng phan bo thc te (1) va ang

tr (2) cua t trng trong khe h khong kh

tnh toan cung cc t. Trong cac may ien tren tiet dien ngang cua phan ng nhan
mot chieu khong co cc t phu = 0,7 0,8. Cac may ien mot chieu co cc t phu
= 0,62 - 0,72.

- Tren thc te mat cc t con co rang va ranh, nen t trng trong khe h
phan bo cang khong eu, tren rang ng sc t day, con ranh th tha tht hn.
Kch thc cua rang va ranh co anh hng en ng i cua ng sc t. V vay
khi tnh toan F can phai dung chieu dai khe h tnh toan : ' = k . . Trong o:
k: he so khe h, c cho trong cac so tay thiet ke may ien. oi vi ranh ch
nhat ta co the dung cong thc:

k =

t1 + 10
br1 + 10

(2-4)
br1

t1 : bc rang theo chu vi phan ng.


br1 : chieu rong cua nh rang.
- oi vi may ien cong suat ln, theo
knh nen t cam doc truc cung phan bo khong
eu.

Max

chieu dai loi sat co cac ranh thong gio hng

Thay ng cong phan bo t cam thc te bang


hnh ch nhat co chieu rong B = Bmax va chieu
dai l = 0,5(lC + l).

Hnh 2-3. T cam trong khe h khong


kh khi phan ng co rang va ranh

15

Trong o :

lC

l la chieu dai tnh toan cua phan ng .


lC la chieu dai cua cc t theo hng doc truc.
l

l = l ng.bg chieu dai thc cua loi sat

bg

phan ng khong tnh en ranh thong gio.


l

l chieu dai thc cua loi sat.


ng , bg : so ranh va chieu rong ranh thong gio.

Hnh 2-4. Hnh that va hnh tnh oi

Nh vay vi 1 t thong chnh 0 nao o th t cua t trng trong khe h tren tiet
dien doc cua phan ng
cam la :

B =

. .l

Va sc t ong trong khe h khong kh la:

F =

2
B . k .

(A/oi cc)

(2-5)

2.3 Tnh sc t ong rang


Ranh phan ng co nhieu kieu. e n gian ta lay mot kieu ranh la hnh ch
nhat (rang se la hnh thang).T thong 0 sau khi i qua khe h khong kh th phan
lam 2 mach song song i vao rang va ranh. Do t dan cua thep ln hn khong kh
nen ai bo phan 0 i vao rang.
t1

brang x branhx
brangtb

brang2

/rang x

t2
Hnh 2-5. Sc t ong rang

T thong trong khe h oi vi mot bc rang (ch can tnh S.t. cua cac rang oi
vi 1 bc rang la u v tat ca cac rang eu dan t thong song song vi nhau va
tat ca chung eu nam trong nhng ieu kien t trng giong nhau, tren chieu dai
cua cung cc b) bang:
16

t = B.t1.l

(2-6)

Lay mot tiet dien ong tam vi mat phan ng cach nh rang mot khoang x
e xet, th t thong t i qua tiet dien o gom 2 phan:
- rang x i qua rang.
- ranhx i qua ranh.
Ta co:
(2-7)
t = rang x + ranh x
Chia hai ve cua (2-7) cho tiet dien mat cat cua rang, ta co:
rangx ranhx
t
=
+
Srangx Srangx Srangx

(2-8)

t
/
= Bra
ngx :Goi la t cam tnh toan cua rang. Y ngha cua no la coi nh toan bo
Srangx
t thong eu i qua rang. Khi B/rang x > 1,8T th do mach t tren rang tng oi bao
hoa nen t thong trong ranh khong the bo qua c, phai phan biet B/rang x va Brangx
rangx
Srangx

= rangx : t cam thc te trong rang.

Co the viet:

ranhx ranhx Sranhx


=
.
Srangx Sranhx Srangx
= Branhx .krangx = 0 .Hranhx .krangx

Trong o:

(2-9)

Sranhx: Tiet dien ngang cua ranh.


Branhx: t cam tiet dien trong ranh a cho.
Hranhx: cng o t trng trong tiet dien ranh a cho.
krangx: he so rang.
krangx =

t x .l
Sranhx Stx - Srang x
-1
=
=
brangx .l.k c
Srang x
Srangx

(2-10)

Trong o:
Stx: Tiet dien bc rang o cao x.
tx: Bc rang o cao x.
l: Chieu dai loi thep thuan ng (khong ke ranh thong gio hng kn).
kc: He so ep chat loi thep (ty so gia chieu dai thuan thep cua loi thep vi
chieu dai thc cua loi thep).
17

Thng kc = 0,91 - 0,93 (khi gia cac la thep co boi sn cach ien).
Nh vay cong thc (2 - 8) tr thanh:
B/rangx = Brangx + Branhx . krangx = Brangx + o.Hranhx.krangx

(2 - 11)

Gia thiet cac mat hnh tru cat ngang rang va ranh cac o cao x khac nhau
la nhng mat ang the. Trong trng hp nay t ap ri theo chieu cao cua rang va
ranh bang nhau, do o:
Hranhx = Hrangx va cong thc (2 - 11) tr thanh:
B/rangx = Brangx + oHrangx.krangx

(2 - 12)

Muon dung c cong thc tren e tnh sc t ong cua cac rang ta tien
hanh nh sau:
- Ve ng cong t hoa cua thep dung lam phan ng.
- Tnh he so krang theo (2 - 10).
- Cho trc t cam thc trong rang Brang xac nh Hrang theo ng 1.
- Tnh tr so o Hrangx.krangx .
- Dung cong thc (2-12) tnh B/rangx. tien hanh tnh toan nh the oi vi nhieu tr so
Brang ta ve c ng 2 la quan he B/rangx = f(Hrangx ) vi nhieu tr so krangx a cho.
rang x

0.Hrangx.krangx

B/rangx

Brang x

Hrang x

Hrang x

Hnh 2-6. Cac ng cong B/rang x = f(Hrang x)

Vi nhng tr so krang khac nhau ta c ho ac tuyen B/rangx = f(Hrangx )/krangx nh hnh


B/rang
2-7:

krang

krang

Hrang (A/cm)
Hnh 2-7. Cac ng cong B/rang x = f(Hrang x) oi vi thep ky thuat ien 11, 12, 13

18

Biet nhng ng cong o ta co the s dung chung theo trnh t ngc lai, tc la
au tien tnh t cam tnh toan B/rangx va krangx , sau o ta co the tm ra Hrangx va Brangx
t ng 2 va 1.
T cam tnh toan cua rang B/rangx cac o cao x co the tnh:

/ rangx =

(2-13)

t1l
brangxlkc

Khi tnh toan sc t ong cua rang ch can tnh t cam 3 v tr au, gia va chan
rang:

B/ rang1 =

B .t1.l
brang1.l.k c

tnh krang1

Dung ng cong hnh (2 - 7) ta tm c Hrang1.

/ rangtb =

t1l
brangtb lk c

tnh krangtb

Dung ng cong hnh (2 - 7) ta tm c Hrangtb.

/ rang2 =

t1l
brang2 lk c

tnh krang2.

Dung ng cong hnh (2 - 7) ta tm c Hrang2.


Tr so tnh toan cua cng o t trng trung bnh:
Suy ra:

Hrang = 1/6 (Hrang1 + 4Hrangtb +Hrang2)

(2 - 14)

Frang = 2Hrang.hrang (A/oi cc)

(2 - 15)

Thng e tnh toan n gian ngi ta ch xac nh t cam va cng o t trng


tng ng trong mot tiet dien cach chan rang 1/3 chieu cao. luc o:
Frang = 2Hrang1/3.hrang(A/oi cc)

(2 - 16)

2.4. Tnh sc t ong lng phan ng


Trong trng hp chung t thong lng phan ng la :

(Wb)
= 0
2
Tr so t cam trung bnh tiet dien trung bnh cua lng phan ng la :
B =

Trong o

0
=
S 2h .l.k c

(T)

S = h.l.kc la tiet dien lng phan ng .


h : chieu cao cua lng phan ng
h =

D d
2
h r m a2 .d a2
2
3

19

D , d : ng knh ngoai va trong cua phan ng.


hrang : chieu cao cua rang.
ma2 : so lp lo thong gio hng truc theo chieu cao cua lng phan ng
(thng ma2 = 1)
da2 : ng knh lo thong gio. Khi khong co lo thong gio th 2/3ma2.da2 = 0.
Biet B (T) da vao ng cong t hoa, suy ra H (A/m).T o ta co sc t ong
tren lng phan ng :
F = H .L

(A/oi cc)

L : chieu dai trung bnh ng sc t cua lng phan ng

L =

(D - 2hrang - h )
2p

+ h

(m)

2.5 Sc t ong cua cc t va gong t

Khi tnh toan phan nay ta phai xet en anh hng cua t thong tan
1. Tnh S.t. tren cc t FC :

T thong c loi cc ln hn o 1 lng bang t thong tan : c = o +


= t.o , (t = 1,15 - 1,28).
T cam trung bnh cc t :

thng Bc = 1,2 -1,6 (T)


Bc = c = t 0
Sc
Sc
Trong o : Sc = bc .lc .kc tiet dien loi cc t. (m2)
T Bc da vao ng cong t hoa cua thep che tao cc t suy ra Hc.
Sc t ong cua 1 oi cc la :
Fc = 2Hc.hc (A/oi cc)
Trong o hc: Chieu cao cc t (m).
2. S.t. gong stator (Fg) :

T thong gong Stato la t 0 . Tr so t cam trung bnh gong Stator


2
lay tiet dien trung bnh cua gong la :

Bg = t 0 (T);
lg: Chieu dai gong t
Sg = hg.lg (m2);
2Sg
Thng Bg = 0,8 1,4 Wb/m2 neu gong lam bang thep, bang khoang 1/2 tr so
tren neu gong lam bang gang.

T ng cong t hoa cua vat lieu che tao gong t ta suy ra Hg.
S.t. tren gong t Fg = Hg.Lg
Trong o Lg chieu dai ng sc t trung bnh tren gong stator:

Lg =

(D + 2 + 2hc + hg )
2p
20

+ hg

(m)

2.6 ng cong t hoa cua may ien

Muon sinh ra 1 t thong o nao o can phai co S.t. Fo khi Fo bien thien th
o bien thien theo. ng bieu dien quan he gia o va Fo goi la ng cong t
hoa cua may ien. Ta cho rang tr so nh mc cua t thong chnh om = 1 tng
ng vi tr so ien ap nh mc : Um . T cho mot loat tr so cua t thong chnh, v
du : 0,5 ; 0,8 ; 1,1 ; 1,2 ta co the tnh Fo oi vi moi gia tr o, va c quan he o
= f(Fo ). Trong phan au ng cong t hoa thc te co tnh chat ng thang v
ng vi cac tr so o nho thep cua may t bao hoa nen sc t ong cua mach t
hau nh tieu hao tren khe h. Khi o tang len loi thep bat au bao hoa, ng
cong t hoa nghieng ve ben phai. Keo dai phan ng thang cua ng cong t
hoa ta c quan he F = f ( ) khi 0 = m th sc ien ong khe h bang oan
ab. oan bc ch sc ien ong ri tren cac phan sat cua mach t.
Ty so k =

F0 ac
=
la he so bao hoa cua mach t.
F ab

Trong nhng may thong thng, ien ap nh mc cua may thiet ke oan bat
au cong vi k = 1,1-1,35.
0

T thong di moi oi cc

Fg Fc

Fr
F0= f (0)

F0

A/oi cc

Hnh 2-7. ng cong t hoa cua may ien mot chieu

Cau hoi

1. Muc ch cua viec tnh toan mach t cua may ien mot chieu khi khong tai.
2. Phng phap nay co the ap dung cho viec tnh toan mach t luc khong tai oi
vi cac loai may ien quay khac khong? c s cua viec tnh toan mach t?
Bai tap

Cho may ien mot chieu co D = 200mm; 2p = 4; l = 180 mm; = 1,5 mm; so
ranh phan ng Z = 33; = 0,65; chieu rong ranh ch nhat branh = 8 mm; ng = 2; bg
=10 mm. Tnh t thong chnh trong khe h khong kh 0 va sc t ong F.
Biet ; l = lc; B = 0,8T; 0 = 4 10 -7 H/m.
21

Chng 3
DAY QUAN CUA MAY IEN MOT CHIEU
3.1. ai cng

Day quan phan ng la phan day ong at trong cac ranh cua phan ng va
tao thanh mot hoac nhieu mach vong kn. No la phan quan trong nhat cua may
ien v no trc tiep tham gia cac qua trnh bien oi nang lng t ien nang thanh
c nang hay ngc lai. Ve mat kinh te, gia thanh cua day quan cung chiem t le
kha cao trong gia thanh cua may.
Yeu cau oi vi day quan la :
- Sinh ra mot sc ien ong va mo men ien t theo yeu cau thiet ke, ong
thi bao am oi chieu dong ien tot.
- Tiet kiem vat lieu, ket cau n gian, lam viec chac chan va an toan.
Day quan phan ng co the chia thanh cac loai:
- Day quan xep n va xep phc tap.
- Day quan song n va song phc tap.
- Day quan hon hp la s ket hp cua hai day quan xep va song, thng
dung trong cac may ien mot chieu cong suat ln.
1. Cau tao cua day quan phan ng
a. Phan t day quan (boi day): Day quan phan ng gom nhieu phan t day quan

noi vi nhau theo 1 qui luat nhat nh. Phan t thng la 1 boi day gom 1 hay
nhieu vong day ma 2 au cua no noi vao 2 phien gop.Moi phan t co hai canh tac
dung, o la phan at vao ranh cua loi thep. Phan noi 2 canh tac dung nam ngoai
loi thep goi la phan au noi (hnh 3.1).
b.Ranh thc va ranh nguyen to: Ranh thc nam hai rang ke nhau. Neu trong

ranh phan ng goi la ranh thc ch at 2 canh tac dung (1 canh nam lp tren va
1 canh nam lp di ranh) th ta goi ranh o la ranh nguyen to (hnh 3.2a).
u=1
2

Hnh 3.1 V tr cua phan t trong ranh


1. Canh tac dung
2. Phan au noi

u=2

u=3

Hnh 3.2 Ranh thc co 1, 2, 3 ranh nguyen to

22

Neu trong 1 ranh thc at 2u canh tac dung (trong o u = 1, 2, 4, n ) th ta


co the chia ranh thc o ra lam u ranh nguyen to (h3.2 b, c) : Znt = u.Z.
Moi quan he gia Znt, S, G: Trong o S la so phan t, G la so phien gop,
moi phan t co 2 au noi vi 2 phien gop ong thi moi phien gop lai noi 2 au
cua 2 phan t khac nhau nen S = G.
Mat khac trong moi ranh nguyen to at 2 canh tac dung ma moi phan t
cung co 2 canh tac dung nen ta co:

Znt = S = G

2. Cac bc day quan.

c)

a)
a. Day quan xep tien

d)

G
G

b)

Hnh 3.3 Cac bc day quan


b. Day quan xep lui
c. Day quan song trai

d.Day quan song phai

Qui luat noi cac phan t day quan co the xac nh bang 4 loai bc day quan sau
(hnh 3.3):
a. Bc day quan th nhat y1: La khoang cach gia hai canh tac dung cua 1 phan
t .
b.Bc day quan th hai y2: La khoang cach gia canh tac dung th 2 cua phan t
th nhat vi canh tac dung th nhat cua phan t th hai ke tiep no.
c. Bc day tong hp y: La khoang cach gia hai canh au cua hai phan t ke tiep
nhau .
Ca ba loai bc day quan tren c tnh bang so ranh nguyen to.
d. Bc co gop yG: o la khoang cach gia hai phien gop co hai canh tac dung cua
mot phan t noi vao, o bang so phien gop.
3.2 Day quan xep n
1. Bc day quan.
a.Bc day quan th nhat y1.

Bc day quan th nhat phai chon sao cho sc ien ong cam ng trong
phan t ln nhat. Muon the th hai canh tac dung cua phan t phai cach nhau 1
bc cc v luc o tr so tc thi sc ien ong cua hai canh tac dung bang nhau
ve tr so va ngc chieu nhau. Do trong mot phan t uoi cua hai canh tac dung
noi vi nhau nen sc ien ong tong cua 1 phan t bang tong so hoc cua hai sc
23

ien ong cua hai canh tac dung. Neu bieu th sc ien ong cua moi canh tac
dung bang 1 vec t nh hnh 3.4 va so ranh nguyen to di moi bc cc :
Z
y1 = = nt Neu y1 = Znt / 2p khong phai la so nguyen th phai chon y1 bang so
2p
nguyen gan bang Znt / 2p.
///

///

Hnh 3.4 Sc ien ong khi bc u (a), bc ngan (b), bc dai (c)

Tong quat ta co :
y1 =

Znt
= So nguyen
2p

Z
Z
Znt
y1 = nt + bc dai.
bc u, y1 = nt bc ngan,
2p
2p
2p
Day quan c che tao bc ngan hay bc dai th S.. cua phan t cung hi

y1 =

nho hn so vi bc u. Thc te day quan c che tao theo bc ngan e ton


day ong.
b.Bc day tong hp y va bc vanh gop yG

ac iem cua day quan xep n la 2 au cua 1 phan t noi lien vao 2
phien gop oi chieu ke nhau nen oi vi day quan xep tien yG = 1, oi vi day
quan xep lui yG= -1. T o ta thay bc tong hp y cung phai bang 1 :

y = yG = 1
c.Bc day th hai y2.

Theo nh ngha cac bc day quan, ta co the xac nh y2 theo y1 va y


y2 = y1 y
T hnh ve ta thay do ac iem ve bc day cua kieu day nay nen cac phan
t noi tiep nhau eu xep len nhau goi la day quan xep.
2. Gian o khai trien cua day quan.

La hnh ve khai trien cua day quan khi cat be mat phan ng theo truc roi trai ra
thanh mat phang. Can c vao kieu day quan va cac bc day tnh c, ta ve s
o khai trien cua day quan. e hieu ro cach phan tch hn co the xet mot th du
sau. Th du : Ve s o khai trien cua day quan xep n Znt = S = G = 16, 2p = 4
a.Cac bc day quan.

Znt
16
=
=4
2p
4
y2 = y1 y = 4 1 = 3
y1 =

24

y = yG = 1

b.Th t noi cac phan t.

Can c vao bc day quan co the bo tr cach noi cac phan t e thc hien
day quan. anh so cac ranh t 1 - 16. Phan t th nhat co canh tac dung 1 (coi
nh at nam tren ranh) at vao ranh nguyen to 1 th canh tac dung th 2 at vao
pha di ranh nguyen to 5 (v y1 = 5 1 = 4), 2 au cua phan t noi vao 2 phien
gop 1 va 2. Canh tac dung au cua phan t 2 phai at vao ranh nguyen to th hai
va nam lp tren (v y2 = 5 2 = 3) c tiep tuc nh vay cho en khi khep kn mach.
Ta co the bieu th bang s o sau :
Lp tren

1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 Mach ien kn

Lp di

5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4

c. Gian o khai trien:

Da vao s o th t noi cac phan t ta ve gian o khai trien day quan (h3.5)

Chieu quay phan ng (may phat ien)

A1

B1
A

A2
B

B2

Hnh 3.5 Gian o khai trien day quan xep n

-Theo cc tnh cua cc t va chieu quay cua phan ng khi lam viec che o may
phat suy ra chieu sc ien ong.
- V tr cua cc t phai oi xng, thng bc (0,65 - 0,75). Trong o bc be rong
cua cc t.
- V tr cua choi than tren co gop ien cung phai oi xng, trong day quan xep n
chieu rong cua choi than co the lay bang chieu rong cua 1 phien gop.
- Choi than phai at v tr nao e lay ra sc ien ong trong mot mach nhanh
song song la ln nhat, mat khac e dong ien trong phan t b choi than ngan
mach la nho nhat. Dong ien trong phan t ngan mach nho nhat khi 2 canh cua
phan t nam v tr trung vi ng trung tnh hnh hoc cua phan ng va nh vay
v tr cua choi than tren vanh gop phai trung vi truc cc t.
25

3. So oi mach nhanh.

Gia thiet 1 thi iem nao o day quan phan ng quay en v tr nh trong
gian o khai trien tren, ta thay sc ien ong cua cac phan t gia 2 choi than
cung chieu va choi than A1, A2 cung cc tnh (cc +). B1, B2 cung cc tnh (cc am)
v vay thng noi A1, A2 va B1, B2 lai vi nhau. T o ta thay day quan la 1 mach
ien gom 4 mach song song ghep lai nh hnh 3.6. Khi phan ng quay v tr cua
cac phan t thay oi nhng nhn t ngoai vao van la 4 mach song song. v du
tren may co 4 cc nen co 4 mach nhanh song song. Neu so cc la 2p th so mach
nhanh song song la 2p. V vay oi vi day quan xep n: So mach nhanh song
song bang so cc t : 2a = 2p hay so oi mach nhanh song song: a = p.

Gian o k hieu cua day quan xep


A2

A1

i1
1 2 3
8 i2 7

i3 11

12

,i

,i
E

B1

,i

I A
1

9
10

9 10
16

,i
E

A2

B2

i4

15

14

13

B1

13

B2

14

Hnh 3.6 S o k hieu day quan xep n


_ +
Sc ien ong cua may E la sc ien ong cua 1 mach nhanh song song.

Dong ien phan ng I la tong dong ien cac mach nhanh song song.
I = i1 + i2 . . . + i4.
4. Dung a giac sc ien ong nghien cu day quan phan ng:

Gia thiet t cam di cc t phan bo hnh sin, nh vay cac phan t cua day
quan khi quet qua t trng th sc ien ong cam ng trong phan t cung bien
oi hnh sin. Trong toan hoc ngi ta co the bieu dien 1 ai lng hnh sin bang
mot vec t quay ma tr so tc thi cua no la hnh chieu cua vec t len truc tung.
Nh vay co the bieu th sc ien ong cua tat ca cac phan t bang hnh sao sc
ien ong. V c qua 1 oi cc, S.. bien oi 1 chu ky tc 360o va so ranh
nguyen to di moi oi cc la Znt /p nen neu coi cac phan t day quan phan bo
eu tren be mat phan ng th goc o ien gia 2 ranh nguyen to (cung la goc o
3600 p3600
=
ien ve sc ien ong cua 2 phan t ke nhau) se la : =
Znt / p
Znt
Theo th du tren : p = 2, Znt = S = G = 16 th ta co:
2.360 o
=
= 45 o . Do phan t 1 nam tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc nen chon
16
vec t S.. cua phan t 1 lam chuan va co v tr nam ngang. T o ta ve o th
26

hnh tia sc ien ong cua day quan. T hnh ve ta thay ranh 1 8 phan bo di 1
oi cc (chiem 3600 ien), con ranh 9 16 phan bo di 1 oi cc khac. Hai to vec
t trung nhau nh hnh ve (nh vec t 2 va 10, 3 va 11, 4 va 12...). S d nh vay
v chung co v tr tng oi giong nhau di cc t nen sc ien ong hoan toan
giong nhau.
Khi a co hnh tia sc ien ong neu theo cach au cua cac phan t e noi
tiep cac vec t cua chung lai th c a giac sc ien ong. Theo th du tren cac
vec t 1, 2, 3 . . . noi tiep nhau nen ve ra ta thay day quan nay co hai a giac sc
ien ong trung nhau.

6, 14

7, 15

A1

9 10

8, 16

1,9

2,10
3,11

7,15

= 450

6,14

4,12
5,13

2, 10
3, 11

Hnh 3.7 Hnh tia s.. cua day quan


xep n hnh 3.4

8,16

1, 9

5, 13
4, 12

A2

14 13
B2

6 5
B1

Hnh 3.8 a giac s.. cua day quan xep n hnh 3.4

Dung a giac s.. co the nhan thay c cac van e sau :


- Neu a giac s.. khep kn th chng to tong sc ien ong trong mach vong phan
ng bang 0 trong ieu kien lam viec bnh thng khong co dong ien can bang.
- Muon cho s.. lay ra 2 au choi than la cc ai th choi than phai at cac phan
t ng vi cac vec t nh va ay cua a giac s... Khi phan ng quay hnh chieu
cua a giac tren truc tung co hay oi t theo chu ky. V vay ien ap phan ng lay t
choi than co ap mach.
- C moi a giac s.. tng ng vi 1 oi mach nhanh song song.
- Nhng iem trung nhau tren a giac la nhng iem ang the cua day quan. Do o
ta co the noi day can bang ien the nh noi iem 1-9, 2-10, 3-11 . . .
5. S ap mach cua ien ap cac choi than :

Hnh 3.9 S ap mach cua ien ap choi than vi so phan t chan trong nhanh day quan phan ng

27

Khi roto quay th a giac quay, ta thay hnh chieu cua a giac tren truc tung
co the thay oi chut t theo chu ky. Neu so canh cua a giac S.. khong nhieu th
S.. lay ra choi than ap mach trong gii han t U1(hnh 3.9 a) en U2 mot cach
chu ky.T hnh ve U1 = U2.cos 2
Tr so ien ap trung bnh tren choi than :
U1 + U2 1

= U2 (1+ cos )
2
2
2
Hieu so ien ap gia U1 hay U2 vi Utb
1

U2 (1+ cos )
U = U2 Utb = Utb U1 =
2
2
Utb =

S ap mach cua ien ap c xac nh bi quan he :

1
U (1 cos )
U 2 2
2 = tg2
=
Utb 1 U (1+ cos )
4
2
2
2

p.3600 1800
=
S
G / 2p
Trong o: G/2p : so phien gop / 1 cc t.
Ta biet

o ap mach cua ien ap phu thuoc vao so phien gop tren cc t. Neu G/2p
cang ln th cang giam, nh vay s ap mach cang t.
G/2p

U
100
Utb

100

17

7,2

2,5

0,97 0,28 0,07

15

30

Khi G/2p = 8 th s ap mach a nho hn 1% nen kho nhan thay va ien ap


cua may ien coi nh khong oi.
3.3. Day quan xep phc tap
1. Bc day quan :
Day quan xep phc tap la day quan co bc tren vanh gop yG = m vi m = 2,
3 ..,so nguyen. Thng day quan xep phc tap ch thc hien vi m = 2 oi vi cac
may that ln ngi ta mi dung m>2. Khi y = yG = 2 th canh cuoi cua phan t th
nhat khong noi vi canh au cua phan t th hai ke tiep no ma noi vi canh au
cua phan t th ba va c nh vay cho en khi khep kn mach.
Neu Znt va m co c so chung ln nhat la t th day quan co t mach kn oc
lap.
28

2. Gian o khai trien :

e thay ro cac bc xay dng gian o khai trien cua day quan ta neu mot th du e
phan tch.
Th du : day quan xep phc tap 2p = 4 , S = G = Znt = 20, day quan bc dai.
a. Cac bc day quan :
y = yG = 2 ,

y1 =

b. Th t noi cac phan t :

Znt
20
=
+ 1= 6 ,
2p
4

y2 = 6 2 = 4

Lp tren

Khep kn

Lp di
Lp tren

Khep kn

Lp di

c. Gian o khai trien


Theo s o th t noi cac phan t ta co the ve gian o khai trien cua day
quan. Cach bo tr cac cc t, choi than nh day quan xep n, ch co khac la be
rong choi than t nhat la bang 2 lan be rong phien gop e co the ong thi lay ien
ca 2 day quan ra c.
Day can bang loai 2

Day can bang loai 1


Hnh 3.10 Gian o khai trien day quan xep phc tap

3. So oi mach nhanh :

Day quan xep phc tap thc te do 2 hay m day quan xep n hp lai cung
au chung vi choi than do o t pha ngoai nhn vao so mach nhanh song song
cua day quan xep phc tap gap oi hay m lan so mach nhanh song song cua day
quan xep n. V vay ta co so oi mach nhanh song song cua day quan xep phc
tap bac m la
a = mp
29

Ta cung co the dung hnh tia S.. va a giac S.. e nghien cu day quan xep
phc tap. Vi th du tren ta co :
p.3600 2.3600
=
=
= 360
Znt
20

Hnh 3.11 a. o th hnh tia S.. canh cua cac phan t


b. Vec t S.. cua phan t
c. a giac S.. cua cac phan t.

3.4. Day quan song n


ac iem cua day quan song la 2 au cua phan t noi vi 2 phien gop cach
rat xa nhau va 2 phan t noi tiep nhau cung cach xa nhau nen nhn cach au gan
giong nh lan song (hnh 3.3).
1. Bc day quan :
Z
y1 = nt
2p
G1
yG =
p

Trong o: Dau " +" ng vi day quan song phai


Dau " -" ng vi day quan song trai
Thng s dung day quan song trai e ton day ong

y2 = yG y1
2. Gian o khai trien :
e hieu c cac bc xay dng gian o khai trien cua day quan ta xet mot th du
sau: Day quan song n S = G = Znt = 17 , 2p = 4.
a. Bc day quan.
y1 =

Znt
17 1
=
=4
2p
4 4

yG =

17 1
=8
2

y2 = 8 4 = 4
30

b. Trnh t noi cac phan t


Lp tren

Khep kn

Lp di

c. Gian o khai trien

Chieu quay cua phan ng

Hnh 3.12 Gian o khai trien day quan song n

3. So oi mach nhanh :

Ve o th hnh tia va a giac S.. ta nhan thay day quan song n ch co 1


a giac S... Do o so oi mach nhanh song song : a =1.
Goc o ien gia 2 ranh nguyen to ke nhau.
=

p.3600 2.3600
=
= 42,30
Znt
17

Hnh 3.13 o th hnh tia va a giac S.. cua day quan song n hnh 3.12

3.5. Day quan song phc tap

Trong day quan song neu cac phan t noi noi tiep nhau i 1 vong quanh be
mat phan ng, khong tr ve v tr gan phan t au ma cach 2 hay m phien gop th
c goi la day quan song phc tap.
31

1. Cac bc day quan


Z
y1 = nt
2p

yG =

G m
p

y2 = yG y1

2. Gian o khai trien :

e ve gian o khai trien cua day quan ta xet mot th du sau: Day quan song
phc tap S = G = Znt = 18 , 2p = 4 , m = 2
a. Cac bc day quan :
y1 =

Znt
18 2
=
=4
2p
4 4

yG =

18 2
=8
2

y2 = 4

b. Trnh t noi cac phan t.


Lp tren
Lp di
Lp tren
Lp di

c. Gian o khai trien :

Hnh 3.14 Gian o khai trien cua day quan song phc tap.

3. So oi mach nhanh a giac S.. :

Day quan song phc tap co the coi gom m day quan song n gop lai. Do
o so oi mach nhanh a = m.
Goc o ien gia 2 phan t ke nhau, th du tren :
=

p.3600 2.3600
=
= 400
Znt
18

o th hnh tia S.. va a giac S.. nh sau :

32

7, 16

12, 3
14

-9//

)400

6, 15

a)

16
7

11, 2

8, 17

10,1

9, 18

9//

13, 4

5, 14

8
17

15

1
13

11

3
12

18

10

b)

Hnh 3.15
a. Vec t s.. cua mot phan t
b. o th hnh tia s.. cua phan t day quan.
c. o th a giac s...

c)

3.5. Day can bang ien the

Day quan MDC tng ng nh 1 mach ien gom 1 so mach nhanh song
song ghep lai. Trong ieu kien lam viec bnh thng, S.. sinh ra trong cac
mach nhanh la bang nhau, khi co tai dong ien phan bo eu tren cac mach
nhanh. Neu v nguyen nhan nao o dong ien trong cac mach nhanh phan bo
khong eu nhau th s lam viec cua may khong co li. e tranh tnh trang o ta
noi day can bang ien the e bao am phan phoi eu an dong ien trong cac
mach nhanh.
Trong tat ca cac loai day quan tr day quan hon hp, khi a > 1 eu phai at
day can bang ien the.
Co 2 loai day can bang :
Day can bang loai 1 : dung cho day quan xep n
Day can bang loai 2 : dung cho day quan xep phc va song phc.
1. Day can bang loai 1 :

Khi khe h khong kh eu, S.. trong cac mach nhanh bang nhau. V du
E = 100V va dong ien co cung tr so chay trong cac manh nhanh, v du la 200A
th dong ien tren choi than la 400A phan phoi eu, may lam viec bnh thng
(hnh 3.16a).
33

Hnh 3.16 S phan bo dong ien trong day quan phan ng


a. Khi S.. cua cac mach nhanh oi xng
b. Khi S.. cua cac mach nhanh khong oi xng

Tren thc te, do che tao lap ghep khong tot hoac lam viec lau ngay o bi b mon
dan en khe h gia cac cc khong bang nhau v vay t thong gia cac cc t
khac nhau, S.. khac nhau dan en s khong can bang s.. trong cac mach
nhanh lam cho trong day quan sinh ra dong ien can bang Icb. V ien tr day
quan rat nho nen khi co s khong can bang rat nho cua S.. cung u gay ra Icb
ln lam cho may khi co tai dong ien trong cac mach nhanh khong oi xng lam
tang ton hao ong may nong. Ngoai ra do dong ien qua choi than khong oi
xng, co the choi than qua tai lam oi chieu kho khan (tia la sinh ra tren choi
than qua ln).
Ta khao sat day quan xep n 2a = 2p = 4. Neu tat ca cac mach nhanh day
quan eu lam viec oi xng th trong cac mach nhanh day quan co s.. ong
nhat v du E = 100V va co dong ien cung tr so chay theo moi mach nhanh v du
I = 200A th dong ien tng ng trong choi than la 400A va dong ien mach
ngoai la 800A. Gia s khe h khong kh khong eu, khe h tren rong hn khe h
di ta co: S.. E 2 mach nhanh tren la 99V, s.. E 2 mach nhanh di la
101V, s chenh lech ien ap gia choi than dng la 2V. Gia s ien tr cua
mach nhanh song song cua phan ng r = 0,01 ien tr cua na day quan phan
ng 2r = 2. 0,01 cho nen tren moi na day quan phan ng co Icb = 2/2.0,01 =
100A. Choi than tren b giam tai con 200A. Choi than di tang tai la 600A, lam
sinh ra tia la co gop. e tranh cac hien tng tren ngi ta noi cac iem ve l
luan la ang the lai vi nhau.Ta co khoang cach gia hai iem ang the canh
nhau goi la bc the, bc the yt c xac nh bang so phien oi chieu di moi
G G
= . Trong thc te ngi ta ch
oi cc. Trong day quan xep n a = p nen yt =
P a
noi chng 3 - 4 day can bang oi vi cac may nho. oi vi cac may trung bnh noi
1/4 en 1/3 day so day can bang ien the co the co. Noi toan bo day can bang
ien the oi vi may ln.
34

Tac dung cua day can bang loai 1 lam mat s khong oi xng cua mach t trong
may ien e can bang ien the trong cac mach nhanh cua day quan xep nam
di cac cc t co cung cc tnh.
oi vi day quan song n ch co 1 oi mach nhanh nen khong co cac iem ang
the. Thc te day quan song n cung khong can noi day can bang ien the v cac
phan t noi tiep e lam thanh 1 mach nhanh song song eu phan bo eu di
cac cc t nen du t thong di cac cc t khac nhau th S.. trong 2 mach
nhanh van bang nhau.
Th du : Gian o k hieu day quan song n 3.4

2. Day can bang loai 2:


Trong day quan xep va song phc co a > 1, co nhieu mach ien kn lam viec song
song vi nhau thong qua cac choi than. Do van e che tao nen ien tr tiep xuc
cua choi than vi cac mach ien kn cua cac mach nhanh song song cung khong
giong nhau, do o se xuat hien dong ien can bang. e thay ro ieu nay ta khao
sat day quan song phc tap co hai mach ien kn oc lap hnh 3.17 la s o thay
the cua day quan hnh 3-14.
Trong o:

E1, E2 : S.. cua moi mach nhanh day quan (E1 = E2)
i1, i2 : dong ien cua moi day quan

rtx1 i1 i2

r : ien tr cua 1 mach nhanh day quan


rtx1 - rtx4 : ien tr tiep xuc cua choi than vi vanh gop.
ien ap gia 2 au A va B c tnh :
UAB = E1 i1(rtx1 + rtx3 + r)
UAB = E2 i2(rtx2 + rtx4 + r)
35

E1 E2
rtx3

E2 E1

i1 i2
B

rtx2

rtx4

Hnh 3.17 S o thay the cua


day quan h3.14

V E1 = E2 nen :

i 1 rtx2 + rtx4 + 21 r
=
i 2 rtx1 + rtx3 + 21 r

Do o i1 = i2 khi rtx1 + rtx3 = rtx2 + rtx4


Thc te ieu nay kho co the xay ra nen i1 i2 lam xuat hien s chenh lech
ien ap gia cac phien gop canh nhau va lam xau s lam viec cua may . e khac
phuc nhc iem nay can noi day can bang loai 2 . Bc the
S G
yt = =
.
a a
Day can bang ien the dung e lam mat s phan bo khong oi xng cua ien ap
tren vanh gop goi la day can bang loai 2.
T a giac s.. cua day quan song phc tap hnh 3-14, ta co:
Bc the cua day can bang loai 2 :
S G 18
yt = = =
=9
a a
2

Day can bang loai 2

oi vi day quan xep phc tap:


Trong day quan phc tap th cac day quan n phai dung day can bang loai 1
va gia cac day quan xep n o phai dung day can bang loai hai e phan phoi ong
eu dong ien gia cac day quan song n. e am bao s phan bo ung ien ap
gia cac phien canh nhau day can bang loai 2, can noi iem gia cua phan t 1 nam
phan au noi vi au phan t 2.

Hnh 3.18 Cach at day can bang loai 2

36

3.6 Day quan hon hp

Trong may ien mot chieu cong suat ln oi khi ngi ta dung day quan hon
hp hoac goi la day quan kieu ech do La tua (LATYROM) phat hien nam 1910, no
la ket hp cua cac day quan xep n gian va song phc tap, o khong can che
tao cac day noi can bang . Ca hai day quan cung noi len cac phien oi chieu chung
, v vay day quan nay moi phien oi chieu co 4 thanh dan noi vao. Trong day
quan xep n gian co a = p oi mach nhanh song song, nen day quan song phc
tap phai c thc hien vi cung mot so oi mach nhanh song song a = p
y1x
yGx

Hnh 3.19 a.Phan t cua day quan hon hp


b. cach at phan t trong ranh

y1s
yGs

Hnh 3.20 Day quan hon hp

ieu kien e noi day quan xep va song thanh day quan hon hp:
a. Cac day quan song va xep co so mach nhanh nh nhau
2ax = 2as = mx (2p) = 2 ms
mx, ms: Bac cua day quan xep va song
b. Co so thanh dan nh nhau e am bao co s.. nh nhau
Nx = Ns
c. am bao ieu kien oi xng cua day quan t nhat phai co z/p va G/p la so
nguyen
d. S.. trong mach kn hp thanh do day dan noi cac choi than cung ten va cac
phan t cua day quan xep va song phai bang khong.
Trong cac cong thc tren, cac k hieu nho "x" va "s" la e ch day quan xep va
song.
Muon thc hien ieu kien th nhat th khi day quan xep la xep n th day quan
song phai la song phc:

yG = ms = mxp

Thng day quan hon hp gom day quan xep n va day quan song phc. So oi
mach nhanh cua day quan hon hp bang:
ahh = ax + as
e khong co dong ien can bang trong mach day quan can phai thoa man
z
y 1x = y 1s = nt
2p
y 2 x = y 2s
z
y x = y s = nt
p
37

yGs can phai chon sao cho day quan song la mot mach kn. Trong day quan hon
hp day quan song co tac dung nh day noi can bang cho day quan xep va ngc
lai day quan xep la day noi can bang cho day quan song.
Mac du day quan hon hp co mot so khuyet iem nh che tao, sa cha
kho khan, he so lap ay ranh thap, ieu kien lam nguoi kem nhng van c ap
dung trong cac trng hp sau;
- Khi can nang cao cong suat va toc o quay cua may ien mot chieu.
- Trong cac may ien co ng knh phan ng can thu nho lai va khong co day can
bang.
- Trong cac may ien co toc o cao, ng knh phan ng tng oi nho va viec bo
tr day can bang kho khan.
Th du: Day quan hon hp co Znt = S = G = 24, 2p = 6

Chon day quan xep n


yGx = + 1
y 1x =

yx

y1x
y2x

y1s

y2s

Z nt
24
=
=4
2p
6
2

y 2x = y1x yGx = 4 1= 3
Day quan song ba trai

G m 24 3
=7
=
p
3
Z
24
y1s = nt + =
=4
2p
6
y2s = yGs y1s = 7 4 = 3

yGs =

ys
yx

ys

ys

Hnh 3.21 Day quan hon hp Z = 24

Cau hoi

1. Qui luat noi cac phan t day quan xep va song co nhng iem nao khac nhau.
Quan he gia oi mach nhanh cua chung nh the nao?
2. Neu mot may 4 cc day quan xep n oi thanh song n ma so thanh dan va
nhng ieu kien khac khong thay oi th ien ap va dong ien cua may sau khi thay
oi se nh the nao? cong suat nh mc cua may co thay oi khong?
3. S khac nhau chnh gia day quan xep n va xep phc tap, song n va song
phc tap nh the nao?
4. Day can bang ien the dung e lam g? Tac dung cua day can bang ien the loai
1 va loai 2 khac nhau nh the nao?

38

Bai tap

1. Mot day quan xep n quan phai, co cac so lieu sau: S = G = Znt = 24, p = 3, u
= 1, co lap 1/3 tong so day can bang ien the. Ve gian o khai trien day quan.
2. Mot may phat ien kch thch ngoai, cong suat 10Kw, ien ap nh mc la 6V, so
oi cc 2p = 4. Hoi neu dong ien trong moi mach nhanh khong c vt qua
300A th phai s dung day quan g?
ap so: Day quan xep phc vi m = 2 hay song phc vi m = 3
3. Mot day quan song n, quan trai co cac so lieu sau: Znt = 19 p = 2. Hoi:
a. Cac bc day quan y1, y2, y va yG
b. Ve gian o khai trien.
c. Ve hnh tia va a giac s...
d. So oi mach nhanh
ap so: y1 = 5, y2 = 5, y = yG = 10; a = 1
4. Mot may ien mot chieu vi S = G = Znt = 16, p = 2. Hoi neu chon m 2
th co the quan theo loai day quan nao? Luc o tm:
a. Cac bc day quan y1, y2, y va so mach nhanh
b. T so ien ap va dong ien nh mc cua cac loai day quan o.
ap so: Xep n hoac xep kep
a. y1 = 4, y2 = 1 hoac 2, y = 3 hoac 2; a = 2 hoac 4.
b. T so ien ap bang 2, dong ien bang 1/2
5. Phan ng cua may ien mot chieu co cac so lieu sau: Tong so thanh dan N =
96; so vong day cua moi phan t ws = 3, 2p = 4, day quan xep n tien:
a. Tnh cac bc day quan y1, y2, y va yG
b. Thanh lap s o th t noi cac phan t
c. Ve o th khai trien cua day quan. Ve o th hnh tia va a giac sc ien ong
6. Phan ng may ien mot chieu co cac so lieu sau: Znt = S = G = 22; 2p = 4. Day
quan xep oi (m = 2).
a. Tnh cac bc day quan y1, y2, y va yG
b. Thanh lap s o th t noi cac phan t
c. Ve gian o khai trien cua day quan. Ve hnh tia va a giac s...
7. Ve gian o khai trien cua day quan phan ng may ien mot chieu co Znt = S = G
= 13; 2p = 4. Day quan song n trai.
8. Ve gian o khai trien cua day quan phan ng may ien mot chieu co Znt = S = G
= 20; 2p = 4. Day quan song oi trai.
9. Ve gian o khai trien cua day quan phan ng may ien mot chieu co Znt = S = G
= 20; 2p = 6. Day quan xep n.
39

Chng 4
QUAN HE IEN T TRONG MAY IEN MOT CHIEU
4.1. Sc ien ong cam ng trong day quan phan ng
Cho mot dong ien kch thch vao day quan kch thch th trong khe h sinh
ra 1 t thong . Khi phan ng quay vi 1 toc o nhat nh nao o th trong day
quan se cam ng 1 sc ien ong. Sc ien ong o la sc ien ong cua mot
mach nhanh song song va bang tong sc ien ong cam ng cua cac thanh dan
noi tiep trong 1 mach nhanh o.
Sc ien ong cam ng cua 1 thanh dan:
e x = Bx .l .v

Bmax

l : Chieu dai tac dung cua thanh dan.

Btb

Trong o: Bx T cam ni thanh dan x quyet qua.

v: Toc o dai cua thanh dan.


Neu so thanh dan cua 1 mach nhanh la N th
2a
N / 2a

Hnh 4.1 Xac nh S.. phan ng

E = e1 + . . . . . + e N / 2a = e x
x =1

= (B1 + . . . . + B N / 2 a ).l .v = Bx .l .v
x =1

N / 2a

Neu so thanh dan u ln th

B
x =1

N / 2a

bang tr so trung bnh Btb nhan vi tong so

thanh dan trong 1 mach nhanh :


N / 2a

B x =

x =1

vi

N
B tb
2a

E =

nen

N
N
Btb l v = E tb
2a
2a

v : toc o dai cua phan ng.

D
D n
2 p. .n
.
n = 2p
=
60
2 p 60
60
t thong di moi cc t trong khe h khong kh: = B . l .
v=

T o :
Trong o:

E =

N
2 p . .n
pN
B tb .l .
=
. .n
2a
60
60 a

p: So oi cc t kch thch
N Tong so thanh dan cua phan ng
n: Toc o quay cua phan ng (vong/phut)
a: So oi mach nhanh song song

40

(4-1)

at: CE = pN : He so ket cau cua may ien


60a
Ta co
E = CE n
(4-2)
4.2. Mo men va cong suat ien t
Khi may ien lam viec, trong day quan phan ng se co dong ien chay qua.
Tac dung cua t trng len day dan co dong ien se sinh ra mo men ien t tren
truc may. Theo mh luat Faraday, lc ien t tac dung nen thanh dan mang dong
ien la:

f = Bil

Trong o: B: T cam ni thanh dan quyet qua


i : Dong ien trong thanh dan (cung la dong ien trong 1 mach nhanh
song song).
l : Chieu dai tac dung cua thanh dan
Vi

I
2a
I : Dong ien phan ng
i =

N: Tong so thanh dan cua phan ng


D : ng knh ngoai cua phan ng
Th mo men ien t cua may ien mot chieu la:
D
Mt = fN
2
I
D
Mt = B lN
2a
2
Vi
2p

D =
B =

l
Thay vao cong thc tnh mo men ien t ta c:
pN
I
2a
Trong o: tnh bang weber (wb)
Mt =

(Nm)

I tnh bang Ampe (A)


Neu chia hai ve cua bieu thc tren cho 9,81 th Mt tnh bang Kgm
at: CM = pN he so ket cau may
2a
Ta co:
Mt = CM I

(4-4)

41

Cong suat ien t cua may ien mot chieu


Pt = Mt
2n
(rad/giay)
60
Vi n tnh bang vong /phut. Thay vao bieu thc tnh Pt ta co
=

pN
2n
I
2a
60
(4-5)
Pt = E I
Pt =

Trong o: E tnh bang volt (V)


I tnh bang Ampe (A)
May ien 1 chieu co the lam viec hai che o :
oi vi may phat ien: Mt ngc vi chieu
S

Mt

Chieu cua E, I

Hnh 4.2 Xac nh E va Mt trong may


phat ien mot chieu

quay cua may nen khi may cung cap cho tai
cang ln th cong suat c cung cap cho may
phai cang tang v Mt luon co chieu ngc vi
chieu quay cua phan ng.
Chieu cua E, I phu thuoc vao chieu cua
va n, c xac nh bang qui tac ban tay
phai. Chieu cua Mt xac nh bang qui tac ban

Mt
n

Chieu cua I

Hnh 4.3 Xac nh E va Mt trong ong


c ien mot chieu

tay trai.
oi vi ong c ien khi cho dong ien
vao phan ng th di tac dung cua t trng,
trong day quan se sinh ra 1 Mt keo may quay,
v vay chieu quay cua may cung chieu Mt.

4.3 Qua trnh nang lng va cac phng trnh can bang
I. Ton hao trong may ien mot chieu.
1. Ton hao c pc : bao gom ton hao o bi, ma sat gia choi than va vanh gop,
cua khong kh vi canh quat v.v Ton hao nay phu thuoc chu yeu vao toc o
quay cua may, thong thng pc = (2 4)% Pm
2. Ton hao sat pFe : Do t tre va dong ien xoay trong loi thep gay nen. c
xac nh bang cong thc :

f
(watt/kg)
p Fe = k .P (1 / 50 ). .B2 .G c
50

k: he so kinh nghiem xet en s tang them ton hao thep do gia

42

cong, lap ghep loi thep, t thong phan bo khong eu v.v . . . thng chon k = 3,6
p ( 1 50) : suat ton hao cua thep khi B = 1T, f = 50 Hz
f : Tan so dong ien ; B t cam tnh toan (1T = 104 Gauss)
GC : Trong lng cua sat tnh bang kg
: so mu oi vi thep hp kim thap = 1,5 ; oi vi thep hp
kim cao th = 1,2 1,3.
Hai loai ton hao tren khi khong tai a ton tai nen goi la ton hao khong tai
Po = pc + pFe
No sinh ra mo men khong tai mang tnh chat ham
P
M0 = 0

3. Ton hao ong pcu : ton hao ong bao gom 2 phan :
- Ton hao ong trong mach phan ng pcu bao gom ton hao ong trong

2
day quan phan ng I r, cc t phu I 2 rf, ton hao tiep xuc gia choi than va vanh

gop ptx:
ptx = 2UtxI
pcu = I 2 R
R = r + rf + rtx
r : ien tr phan ng
rf : ien tr cua day quan cc t phu
rtx : ien tr tiep xuc cua choi than vi vanh gop
- Ton hao ong trong mach kch t pcut:
Pcut = Ut.It
Ut : ien ap at tren mach kch thch
It : dong ien kch thch
4. Ton hao phu pf : sinh ra trong thep cung nh trong ong cua may ien.
Ton hao phu trong thep co the do t trng phan bo khong eu tren be mat
phan ng, anh hng cua rang va ranh lam xuat hien t trng ap mach doc
truc.

43

Ton hao phu trong ong : dong ien phan bo khong eu tren choi than, khi oi
chieu, t trng phan bo khong eu trong ranh lam cho trong day quan sinh ra
dong ien xoay, ton hao trong day noi can bang v.v . . . Thng trong may ien
mot chieu lay
pf = 1% Pm neu may khong co day quan bu.
= 0,5% Pm neu may co day quan bu.
Tong ton hao trong may la :
p = pc + pFe + pcu + pcut + pf
Neu goi P1 la cong suat a vao may
P2 la cong suat a ra cua may th
P1 = P2 + p

P2 = P1 p

Hieu suat cua may c tnh theo %


% =

p
P p
P2
P2
100
100 =
100 = 1
100 = 1

P
P1
P2 + p
P1
1

II. Qua trnh nang lng trong may ien mot chieu va cac phng trnh can
I 2
bang :
1. May phat ien:
Ta hay xet qua trnh bien oi nang lng. V du nh cua may phat ien mot
chieu kch thch oc lap c quay vi toc o n = Cte. Khi kch thch oc lap th ton
hao trong mach kch thch khong tnh vao cong suat P1 a t ong c s cap
vao may phat ien. Khi bien oi nang lng 1 phan P1 tieu ph vao cac ton hao
pc , pFe, pf va phan con lai bien thanh nang lng ien t, do o:
Pt = E.I = P1 (pc + pFe+ pf )
Cong suat co ch P2 = U.I do may phat ien a vao li nho hn Pt mot
tr so bang ton hao ong trong may :
P2 = Pt pcu = E.I

.R = U.I

Chia 2 ve tren cho I ta co :


U = E I.R
o la phng trnh can bang sc ien ong cua may phat ien

44

Gian o nang lng cua may phat ien mot chieu

P1

Ta co the viet cong thc :


P1 = Pt + Po
hay
M1 = Mt + Mo
Chia 2 ve cho

pc

Pt

pFe+ pf

P2

pt

pcu

Hnh 4.4 Gian o nang lng cua may


phat ien mot chieu

M1 = Mt + Mo

o la phng trnh can bang mo men cua may phat ien mot chieu vi M1:
Momen c a vao truc may phat ien; Mt: momen ien t phat ra cua may
phat.
2. ong c ien :
Xet mot ong c ien mot chieu kch thch song song lam viec n = Cte. Cong suat
ien ma ong c nhan t li vao: P1 = U(I + It)
Mot phan cong suat o bu vao ton hao ong tren mach kch t : pt = U.It va ton
hao tren mach phan ng pcu con ai bo phan chuyen thanh Pt
P1 = Pt + pcu + pcut

Pt = P1 - pcu - pcut

(1)

P2 = Pt - pc - pFe - pf
2
T (1) ta co: E.I = U(I + It) U.It I 2 .R = U.I I .R

nen

U.I = E.I + I 2 .R
U = E + I.R

o la phng trnh can bang s.. cua ong c ien mot chieu.
Gian o nang lng cua ong c ien mot chieu c trnh bay tren hnh 4.5.
Phng trnh can bang momen xuat phat t
P2 = Pt Po
M2 = Mt Mo
M2 = Mt Mo
o la phng trnh can bang mo men cua ong
c ien mot chieu
M2: Momen a ra au truc
Mo: Momen khong tai
Mt: Momen ien t

45

Hnh 4.5 Gian o nang lng cua ong


c ien mot chieu

4.4 Th du
1. Mot may phat ien mot chieu luc quay khong tai toc o n0 = 1000 V/ph th
s.. phat ra E0 = 222 V .Hoi luc khong tai muon phat ra s.. nh mc E0.m
= 220 V th toc o n0m phai bang bao nhieu khi gi dong ien kch t khong
oi ?
Giai
Gi dong ien kch t khong oi ngha la t thong khong oi .
Theo cong thc tnh s.. (4-2) ta co :
E0
C n
n
= E 0 = 0
E0m CE n0m n0m
Do o khi E0m = 220 V, toc o tng ng se la :

n0m = n0

E0m
220
= 1000
= 990V / ph
E0
222

2. Mot ong c ien mot chieu kch thch song song cong suat nh mc Pm
= 5,5 kW, Um = 110 V, Im = 58 A (tong dong ien a vao bao gom dong ien
phan ng I va kch t It ), nm = 1470 V/ph. ien tr phan ng R = 0,15, ien
tr mach kch t rt = 137, ien ap ri tren choi than 2 U tx = 2 V .Hoi s.. phan
ng ,momen ien t cua ong c.
Giai
Dong ien kch t :

It =

U
110
=
= 0 .8 A
rt
137

Dong ien phan ng :

It = Im It = 58 0,8 = 57 ,2A
S.. phan ng :

E = U IR 2Utx = 110 (57,2x0,15 ) 2 = 99,4V

Momen ien t :

M=

99 , 4 x 57 , 2
EI EI
=
=
= 36 ,9Nm
2 x1470
2n

60
60

Neu tnh ra kGm th : M = 36,9 = 3,76kG.m


9,81

46

Cau hoi

1. S.. trong may ien phu thuoc vao nhng yeu to g ?


2. T phan tch gian o nang lng cua may phat va ong c ien mot chieu, t
o dan ra cac quan he ve cong suat, mo men, dong ien va s...
Bai tap

1. Mot ong c ien mot chieu kch t song song co so lieu sau: Um = 220 V, R
= 0.4 , dong ien nh mc cua ong c Im = 52 A, ien tr mach kch t rt =
110 va toc o khong tai ly tng n0 = 1100 V/ph.
Tm :
- S.. phan ng luc tai nh mc .
- Toc o luc tai nh mc
- Cong suat ien t va mo men ien t luc tai nh mc, biet Im = Im + Itm
ap so: Em = 200V; nm = 1000 vg/ph
Pt = 10Kw; Mt = 95,5 Nm
2. Mot ong c ien mot chieu kch t song song co so lieu sau: Pm = 96 Kw,
Um = 440 V, R = 0.078 , Im = 255 A, dong ien mach kch t It = 5 A, nm = 500
V/ph. Tm:
- Mo men nh mc au truc M2
- Mo men ien t khi tai nh mc
- Toc o quay luc khong tai ly tng (I = 0), biet Im = Im + Itm
ap so: M2 = 1833,5 Nm
Mt = 2007,7 Nm
n0 = 523 vg/ph
3. Mot may phat ien mot chieu kch thch oc lap co : Um = 220 V, nm = 1000V/
ph.Biet rang toc o n = 750 V/ph th s.. luc khong tai E0 = 176 V.Hoi s.. va
dong ien phan ng luc tai nh mc cua may la bao nhieu, biet rang ien tr
phan ng R = 0,4 .
ap so: Em = 234,6 V
Im = 36,5 A

47

Chng 5
T TRNG LUC CO TAI CUA MAY IEN MOT CHIEU
5.1. ai cng

Khi may lam viec khong tai, trong may ch ton tai sc t ong cua cac cc t
chnh va sinh ra t thong o .
Luc co tai, sc t ong phan ng sinh ra do dong ien chay trong day quan phan
ng tac dung vi sc t ong cua cc t chnh tao nen sc t ong tong trong khe
h khong kh. Tac dung cua sc t ong phan ng vi sc t ong cc t chnh goi
la phan ng phan ng. Khi co tai ngoai t trng phan ng con co t trng cc t
phu va day quan bu. Khi phan tch cac hien tng o ngi ta thng dung phng
phap xep chong cac t thong. Noi dung cua no la: Thanh lap rieng re s phan bo
t trng cc t chnh, t trng phan ng, t trng cc t phu va t trng day
quan bu sau o ket hp chung lai, ta c t trng tong trong khe h khong kh
khi co tai.

5.2. T trng cc t chnh

Khi khong tai t thong chnh c sinh ra bi dong


ien trong day quan kch t. Hnh ve cua t trng do
may 2 cc c bieu th tren hnh 5-1. T trng co
Trung
tnh hnh tnh chat oi xng vi truc cua cc t chnh.
hoc
Khi phan ng cua may phat ien quay ngc
chieu kim ong ho vi van toc n th trong day quan
phan ng se sinh ra s.. co chieu nh hnh ve. cac
Hnh 5.1 T trng cc tnchnh

thanh dan pha tren s.. co chieu i ra va cac thanh

dan pha di s.. co chieu i vao. ng thang goc vi truc cc t va i qua


iem co t cam bang 0 c goi la ng trung tnh hnh hoc (TTHH).
5.3. T trng phan ng
1. Chieu cua t trng phan ng

Gia s may khong c kch thch va khong quay


(It = 0, n = 0). Ta at cac choi than tren ng
trung tnh hnh hoc va a dong ien vao phan ng

sao cho chieu dong ien trong cac thanh dan cung
chieu vi s.. hnh 5-1. T trng do cac dong
ien o sinh ra phan bo oi xng vi cac iem nam
tren ng TTHH (h5-2). Ro rang la na ben phai
48

Hnh 5.2 T trng cua phan ng

cua phan ng la cc bac (N), con na ben trai cua phan ng la cc nam (S).
Nh vay truc t trng phan ng trung vi truc choi than hay trung vi ng
trung tnh hnh hoc.
2. S phan bo cua t trng tren be mat phan ng

e phan tch nh lng cua t trng phan


ng can phai xac nh s.t. cua phan ng.
Vi muc ch o ta a phan ng co rang,
ranh that ve phan ng nhan mat co lp thanh

dan phan bo eu, nhng co khe h tnh toan

Bx

e giong nh may thc.

Goi N la tong so thanh dan cua phan


ng, i = I la dong ien trong thanh dan (I
2a
la dong ien phan ng) th so ampe thanh
dan tren n v chieu dai cua chu vi phan
ng c goi la phu tai ng A :
N.i
A=
A/m
D
Theo nh luat toan dong ien neu lay
mach vong oi xng vi iem gia cua 2 choi
than th mot iem cach goc mot khoang x,
S.t. phan ng se la:
Fx = A.2x (A/oi cc).
Mat khac ta co:

Fx = Hdl = ik = A2x = Hx 2
k

(bo qua s.t. tren cac oan sat t). S.t.


khe h khong kh:
1
Fx = Hx / = Ax
2

Hnh 5. 3 Cac ng cong t cam


cua phan ng:
a. Trong may khong co cc t phu
khi cac choi than ng trung
tnh hnh hoc.
b. cung nh vay khi choi than di
chuyen khoi ng trung tnh.
c. Trong may co cc t phu khong
c kch thch khi cac choi than
at ng trung tnh hnh hoc.

Fx = 0 . Tai x =
ta co Fx = A . S phan bo s.t. phan ng
2
2
2
2
c bieu dien nh ng 1 - 1- 1 cua hnh 5-3. T cam phan ng di mat cc t

Tai x = 0 ta co
bang:

Bx = o.Hx = o. Fx = o. A .x
'
2

49

(1)

T cong thc (1) ta thay t cam phan ng di mat cc giong nh ng


cong s.t. nhng gia hai cc t, t cam giam i rat nhieu do chieu dai ng t
trong khong kh tang len, cho nen ng cong t cam co dang hnh yen nga
(ng 2 hnh 5-3).

Fd
Fq

Hnh 5.4 Sc t ong ngang truc va


doc truc cua phan ng khi xe dch
choi than khoi ng trung tnh hnh
hoc.

Neu choi than khong tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc ma lech i mot goc tng
ng vi mot khoang cach b tren chu vi phan ng (hnh 5.4) th di moi bc
cc trong pham vi 2b dong ien sinh ra s.t. doc truc Fd va trong pham vi ( 2b)
dong ien sinh ra sc t ong ngang truc Fq do o ta co:
Fd = 2A.b
Fq = A( 2b)
3. Phan ng phan ng trong may ien mot chieu.
a. Khi choi than at tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc.

S phan bo cua t thong tong do t trng

cc t chnh va t trng phan ng hp lai nh


hnh 5-5, cung co the dung hnh khai trien cua no
nh hnh 5-6 e phan tch s thay oi cua t thong
khi co phan ng phan ng.

ng
Tru at ly
v
h
t n

ng cong 1 the hien s phan bo cua t trng


cc t chnh.
ng yen nga 2: Ch s phan bo cua t trng
phan ng
Khi mach t khong bao hoa = Cte th theo nguyen

S
Hnh 5.5 S phan bo t trng tong
cua may khi cac choi than at tren
ng trung tnh hnh hoc

ly xep chong ng 3 la s phan bo cua t trng tong. Do o t thong tong


bang t thong chnh o. Khi mach t bao hoa dung nguyen ly xep chong khong
chnh xac na (v khong tang t le vi s.t.) nen ng 4 la ng phan bo t
trng tong khi ke en s bao hoa cua mach t.

50

Trung tnh
Vat ly

Trung tnh
hnh hoc

Ket luan:
- Khi choi than nam tren ng trung
tnh hnh hoc th phan ng phan ng ngang
truc (F = Fq) lam meo t trng trong khe

Mom
ra

h. Neu mach t khong bao hoa th t trng

Mom
vao

tong khong oi v tac dung tr t va kh t


nh nhau. Neu mach t bao hoa th t thong
di moi cc giam i mot t, ngha la phan
ng phan ng ngang truc cung co mot t tac
dung kh t.
- T cam ng trung tnh hnh hoc
khac 0, do o ng ma tren o be mat
phan ng co t cam bang 0 goi la ng
trung tnh vat ly (ng i qua iem a va b
tren hnh 5-6).
b. Khi xe dch choi than lech khoi ng
trung tnh hnh hoc.

Luc o S.t. phan ng co the chia lam 2


thanh phan:
- Thanh phan ngang truc Fq lam meo
t trng cua cc t chnh va kh mot t t
neu mach t bao hoa.

Hnh 5.6 Cac ng phan bo t


trng cua may khi choi than cac
v tr khac nhau.
ng 1: T trng cc t chnh
ng 2: T trng phan ng.
ng 3: T trng tong khi mach
t khong bao hoa.
ng 4: T trng tong khi mach
t bao hoa.

- Thanh phan doc truc Fd trc tiep


anh hng en t trng cua cc t chnh
va co tnh chat tr t hay kh t tuy theo
chieu xe dch cua choi than.
Neu xe dch choi than theo chieu quay cua
may phat (hay ngc chieu quay cua ong
c) th phan ng doc truc Fd co tnh chat
kh t va ngc lai neu quay choi than ngc
chieu quay cua may phat va thuan chieu
ong c th Fd co tnh chat tr t.

5.4. T trng cc t phu

Cc t phu c at gia hai cc t chnh va nam tren ng trung tnh


hnh hoc. Cac choi than cung c at co nh tren ng TTHH bat ky khi
khong tai hay co tai. Tac dung cua cc t phu la sinh ra mot s.t. triet tieu s.t.
51

phan ng ngang truc Fq ong thi tao ra mot t


trng ngc chieu vi t trng phan ng khu
vc oi chieu. V vay cc tnh cua cc t phu phai
trung vi cc tnh cua cc t chnh ma phan ng
se chay vao neu may lam viec che o may
phat. e triet tieu Fq vi bat ky tai nao th t
trng cua cc t phu phai t le vi I nen day
quan cua cc t phu phai c noi noi tiep vi

Hnh 5.7 Cach bo tr va au day cua


cc t phu trong may ien mot chieu

day quan phan ng va mach t cua no khong b


bao hoa. Xet 3 anh hng cua cc t phu en cc
F

t chnh hnh 5-8:


a. Khi choi than nam tren ng trung tnh hnh

a)

hoc:Cc t phu khong anh hng en t trng


cc t chnh v trong pham vi 1 bc cc tac

b)

dung kh t va tr t cua cac cc t phu bang


c)

nhau nen bu cho nhau.


b. Neu xe dch choi than khoi ng trung tnh
hnh hoc, v du theo chieu quay cua phan ng
che o may phat (hay ngc chieu quay oi vi

Hnh 5.8 Anh hng cua t trng


cc t phu en t trng chnh.

ong c) th trong pham vi mot bc cc tac dung kh t cua cc t phu ln hn


tac dung tr t cua no, lam cho may b kh t.
c. Neu xe dch choi than ngc chieu quay cua may phat (thuan chieu quay cua
ong c) th cc t phu co tac dung tr t.
Tom lai: Anh hng cua t trng cc t
phu oi vi t trng cc t chnh nh phan
ng phan ng doc truc Fd.
S phan bo cua t trng tong khi co cc t
phu khong co day quan bu:
S phan bo t trng tong khi co ca t
trng cc t phu nh hnh 5.9, trong o
ng 1, 2, 3 hnh 5.9a la ng phan bo
cua s.t. cua cc t chnh, cc t phu va s.t.
phan ng; Hnh 5.9b la ng phan bo s.t.t
tong; Hnh 5.9c la ng phan bo t cam tong
trong khe h khong kh.
52

Hnh 5.9 S.t. va ng cong t


trng tong cua may mot chieu co
cc t phu.

5.5. T trng cua day quan bu


Muc ch cua day quan bu la lam giam en
mc o cao nhat s bien dang cua t trng
chnh do phan ng phan ng. Muon vay day
quan bu c at vao trong cac ranh cac
mat cc chnh va quan theo s o hnh 5-10.
e co the bu c bat c mot phu tai nao
th phai noi day quan bu noi tiep vi day quan
phan ng sao cho s.t. cua hai day quan
ngc chieu nhau. Khi co tai e khong co s
bien dang cua t trng chnh tren pham vi
be mat cc t th phai bu hoan toan s.t.
phan ng trong pham vi di mat cc t
b = . .
Muon the phai thc hien day quan bu
sao cho oan kL = tS = Fb phai bang vi
oan ml = rs = .Fq, ngha la sao cho :

Hnh 5.10 Cac ng S.t. va t trng


tong cua may mot chieu co cc t phu
va day quan bu.

Fb = .Fq = . .A = b.A
Hnh ch nhat adch bieu th cho S.t. cua cac cc phu khi may khong co day quan
bu. Khi co day quan bu th Ff = Ff Fb , ngha la nho hn nhieu trong cac may
khong co day quan bu, Ff bieu th bang hnh acfh. Luc o phan bieu th bang hnh
ch nhat bcfg cua s.t. e bu vao phan con lai cua hieu so Fq Fb trong khong
gian gia cac cc, con hnh ch nhat abgh xac nh s.t. oi chieu Fc can thiet e
thanh lap t thong oi chieu c tao nen s.. oi chieu trong cac thanh dan
vung oi chieu.

53

5.6 Th du

Mot may phat ien mot chieu co p = 2, so phan t S = 95. So vong cua moi
phan t ws = 3. ng knh ngoai phan ng D = 17cm, dong ien nh mc Im =
36A, choi than mam tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc.
1. Neu day quan phan ng la day quan song n, tnh phu tai ng A va s.t.
ngang truc luc tai ay.
2. Neu day quan phan ng la xep n, tnh phu tai ng A va s.t. ngang
truc luc tai ay.
3. Neu choi than dch khoi ng trung tnh hnh hoc 160 (goc o ien), dong
ien phan ng van la 36A, tnh s.t. ngang truc va doc truc cua hai loai day quan
song n va xep n.
giai

1. Tong so thanh dan : N = 2ws S = 2 x 3 x 95 = 570.


Vi day quan song n, luc tai ay dong ien trong moi mach nhanh bang :
i = Im / 2a = 36 / 2x1 = 18A.
(Trong day quan song n a = 1 ).
Phu tai ng khi tai ay vi day quan song n :
A = Ni / D = 570X18 / x17 = 191 A/cm.
Bc cc = D/ 2p = x 17/4 = 13,35cm.
s.t. ngang truc :
Fq = A. = 191x 13,35 = 2560 A/ oi cc.
2. dong ien trong moi mach nhanh cua day quan xep n :
i = Im / 2a = 36 / 2x2 = 9 A
( Trong day quan xep n a = p = 2).
Phu tai ng khi tai ay vi day quan xep n :
A = Ni / D = 570x9 / x17 = 95,5 A/cm.
s.t. ngang truc : Fq = A = 95,5x13,35 = 1280 A/oi cc.
3. Chieu dai tren chu vi phan ng ng vi 160 goc o ien bang :
b = 160/1800 x D / 2p = 16/ 180 x x17/ 2x2 = 1,19cm.
Neu dong ien phan ng van bang 36A th ta co :
oi vi day quan song n :
Fd = Ax2b = 191x2x1,19 = 456 A/oi cc.
Fq = A( - 2b) = 191(13,35 - 2x1,19) = 2104 A/oi cc.
oi vi day quan xep n :
Fd = Ax2b = 95,5x2x1,19 = 228 A/oi cc.
Fq = A( - 2b) = 95,5(13,35 - 2x1,19) = 1052 A/oi cc.
54

Cau hoi

1. Tnh chat cua t trng phan ng?


2. Khi nao th phan ng phan ng ngang truc co tnh chat kh t? tai sao?
3. Neu choi than khong tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc va dong ien kch t luc
co tai khong oi, hoi khi may phat quay thuan va quay ngc th ien ap au cc
may phat co bang nhau khong? co the dung phng phap nay e tm ng trung
tnh vat ly khong?
Bai tap

1. Mot ong c ien kch t song song co cac so lieu sau: Pm = 550kw, Um =
600v, Im = 1000A, p = 3, nm = 500vg/ph. Dong ien kch t It = 19 A, phu tai
ng A = 270 A/cm. ng knh ngoai phan ng D = 92 cm. Day quan xep phc
tap vi m = 2. ien ap ri tren phan ng I R = 40 v.
a) Tnh s.t. phan ng khi choi than nam tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc (TTHH).
b) Tnh t thong cua may.
c) Tnh Fd,Fq khi xe dch choi ien 100 (goc o ien) khoi ng TTHH.
(s.. cua ong c ien mot chieu co the tnh theo cong thc :E = U - IR
va ong c ien mot chieu kch thch song song Im = Im + It).
ap so: a. F = 13000 A
b. = 0.14 Wb
c. Fd = 1441.8 A; Fq = 11564,2 A
2. Mot may phat ien mot chieu co cac so lieu sau: Pm = 24 Kw, Um = 230 V, Im
= 104,5A, It = 1,5 A, n = 1300vg/ph, 2p = 4. Day quan song n, tong so thanh
dan N = 556, so vong day cua moi phan t Ws = 2; D = 294 mm, IR =19,4 V.
Trong o I = Im + It. Tnh:
a. E, , A
b. F khi choi than nam tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc.
c. Fq va Fd khi xe dch choi ien i mot goc 100 goc o ien.
ap so: a. E = 249.4 A; = 0.01Wb; A = 319 A/cm
b. F = 7362,2 A
c. Fd = 818,53 A; Fq = 6523,16 A
3. Mot may phat ien mot chieu co cac so lieu sau:Pm = 13,3kw, Um = 230v, Im
= 58A, 2p = 4, tong so thanh dan N = 834, D = 24,5 cm, day quan xep n. Tnh
s.t. phan ng khi choi than tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc va khi xe dch i mot
phien gop cho biet G = 139.
ap so: F = 3019 A
Fd = 172,7 A; Fq = 2841,7 A
55

Chng 6 : OI CHIEU
6.1. ai Cng

Khi may ien mot chieu lam viec phan ng quay tron, cac phan t day quan
se lan lt i vao vung trung tnh di choi than, dong ien trong cac phan t se
lan lt thay nhau oi chieu khi chuyen t mach nhanh nay sang mach nhanh kia.
Qua trnh oi chieu cua dong ien khi phan t di chuyen trong vung trung
tnh va b choi than noi ngan mach c goi la s oi chieu.
e co khai niem cu the hnh 6-1 trnh bay qua trnh oi chieu dong ien
trong phan t b cua day quan xep n.

Hnh 6.1 Qua trnh oi chieu

t=0
i1 = 2i
i2 = 0
i = + i

0 < t <Tc

t = Tc

i1 0

i1 = 0

i2 0

i2 = 2i
i = - i

Sau 1 thi gian Tc goi la chu ky oi chieu cua phan t, dong ien trong phan t b
thay oi t + i cho en i ngha la thay oi 2i. Qua trnh o goi la qua trnh oi
chieu.
ng bieu dien dong ien cua phan t
Tc
+i
-i

Tn

Hnh 6. 2 ng bieu dien


dong ien cua phan t

56

Tn : la thi gian ma sau khi ket thuc oi chieu phan t chuyen t choi than a biet
en choi than khac dau ben canh (thng Tc 0,001s , Tn 0,02s) cho nen ng
bieu dien dong ien trong phan t khi phan ng quay co dang nh hnh 6-2.
Chu ky oi chieu Tc: la khoang thi gian can thiet e vanh gop quay i 1 goc ng
vi be rong choi than ngha la :
bc
(6 - 1)
VG
bc: be rong choi than; VG : toc o dai cua vanh gop

Tc =

Goi DG la ng knh cua vanh gop

DG
bc gop (be rong cua phien gop)
G
VG = DG.n = bG.G.n; n: Toc o quay cua phan ng.

bG =

bc
,
bG
Th chu k oi chieu cua day quan xep n co dang :

at

G =

bc
bc
(6 - 2)
=
= 1
G
VG
b G .G.n
G.n
oi vi day quan xep phc tap co bc vanh gop yG = m (m khac 1) th gia au va

Tc =

cuoi moi phan t co (m-1) phien. V the phan t se b choi han noi ngan mach
trong khoang thi gian e vanh gop quay i mot cung bc - (m-1)bG, do o

bc (m 1)bG
vG
Thay bc = GbG, m = a/p va vG = bG.G.n ta c
T=

a
G 1
p
Tc =
G.n

(6 - 3)

Qua trnh oi chieu tuy xay ra rat ngan (Tc 0,001s) nhng neu oi chieu khong
tot thng sinh ra tia la ln di choi than hoac tao thanh vong la gia hai choi
than anh hng xau en qua trnh lam viec cua may.
b

6.2. Qua trnh oi chieu

Ta hay nghien cu qui luat oi chieu xay ra phan t cua


day quan xep n tren hnh 6-3. Theo nh luat kirkhoff2
viet cho mach vong cua phan t abc ta co :

a c

i.rpt + i1(rd + rtx1) i2(rd + rtx2) = e


Neu tnh gan ung ta gia thiet rpt = 0, rd = 0 ta co:
i1rtx1 i2rtx2 = e

Hnh 6.3

(6-4)

Trong o:
i : dong ien ngan mach chay trong phan t oi chieu.
57

i1 , i2 : dong ien chay qua day noi vi cac phien gop 1,2.
rpt : ien tr cua phan t. rd : ien tr cua day noi.
rtx1 , rtx2 : ien tr tiep xuc cua choi than vi phien oi chieu1 va 2.
e : tong cac s.. cam ng trong phan t oi chieu bao gom :
S.. t cam eL: phan t oi chieu co he so t cam Lc do o khi oi chieu, trong

phan t sen cam ng nen mot sc ien ong.


eL = Lc di
dt
Khi oi chieu dong ien thay oi t i = + i (khi t = 0) en i = i (khi t = Tc), t
o suy ra di < 0 suy ra eL > 0. Theo nh luat Lenzt eL co xu hng lam cho s
dt
oi chieu cham lai.
Gia tr trung bnh cua s.. t cam :
i
1
di
L
2i
Lc
= c i | + ii = Lc
eLtb =

Tc + i
dt
Tc
Tc
S.. ho cam eM : Do anh hng cua s oi chieu ong thi cua cac phan t khac
nam trong cung mot ranh. Sc ien ong ho cam eM
n
di
eM = eMn = en n
Suy ra gia tr s.. ho cam trung bnh trong phan t oi
dt
n=1
chieu la:
2i
eM tb = Mn
Tc
S.. oi chieu ec : Sinh ra khi phan t oi chieu chuyen ong trong t trng

tong hp tai vung trung tnh.


S.. eL va eM co tac dung vi qua trnh oi chieu va cach tnh toan nh nhau va
tong cua chung c goi la s.. phan khang epk = eL + eM

2i
Tc
e qua trnh oi chieu c tien hanh thuan li th ec luon luon phai ngc vi epk.
epk tb = (Lc + Mn )

Theo nh luat kirkhoff1, co the viet phng trnh dong ien lan lt tai cac iem
nut a va c nh sau :
Nut a:

i + i i1 = 0

Nut c:

i i i2 = 0

(6-5)

Thay cac gia tr cua i1, i2 vao bieu thc (6-1) ta co :


r rtx1
e
(6-6)
i = tx2
i +
rtx1 + rtx2
rtx2 + rtx1
Neu gia thiet qua trnh oi chieu bat au t t = 0 va ket thuc khi t =Tc vi ieu kien
58

bc = bG ta co:

Tc t
S
Tc
t
=
S
Tc

Stx1 =
Stx 2

Trong o

(6-7)

Stx1 , Stx2 : dien tch tiep xuc gia choi than va phien gop 1, 2.
S : la dien tch be mat tiep xuc toan phan gia choi than va phien oi gop.
V rtx1 , rtx2 t le nghch vi Stx1 , Stx2 nen:
Tc
S
rtx =
rtx
rtx1 =
S tx1
Tc t
(6-8)
T
S
rtx 2 =
rtx = c rtx
Stx
t
rtx : ien tr tiep xuc toan phan ng vi mat tiep xuc toan phan Stx .
Thay (6-8) vao (6-6) ta co quan he gia i va t nh sau :

2t
e
i +
i = 1
Tc
T
T

rtx c + c
t
Tc t
2t
).i
at ic = (1 (6-9)
Tc
e
Va
if =
T
T
rtx c + c
t
Tc t
ic : goi la dong ien oi chieu chnh hay la dong ien oi chieu ng thang

if : dong ien oi chieu phu hay dong ien oi chieu ng cong.


1. Dong ien oi chieu ng thang :
i
Xay ra khi ec = epk (tong e = 0)

2t
).i = ic (6-10)
Tc
ng bieu dien dong ien i = f(t) trong trng

Khi o : i = (1 -

+ i
Tc/2

Tc - t

- i

Hnh 6.4 oi chieu ng thang

T o th ta nhan thay :

hp nay la ng thang nh h6- 4.

Tc

Neu goi J1 , J2 la mat o dong ien be mat


tiep xuc pha i ra va pha i vao choi than th:
Tc i1
i
J& 1 = 1 =
Stx1 S(Tc t )

T i
i
J& 2 = 2 = c 2
Stx 2
S t
i1
i2
= tg 1 va
= tg 2
Tc t
t
59

(6-11)

Ma 1 = 2 nen J1 = J2 = const. co ngha la mat o dong ien phan bo di phan


tiep xuc cua choi than giong nhau.
Khi choi than ri khoi phien gop 1 tc la i = i ma i1 = i + i nen i1 = 0
Do vay khi ri khoi phien 1 khong phat sinh tia la tren choi than.
2. Dong ien oi chieu ng cong :

Tren thc te ec + epk 0 co ngha la e 0 cho nen trong phan t oi chieu


se xuat hien dong ien oi chieu phu xac nh theo so hang th 2 cua bieu thc
(6-9) luc nay i = ic + if khien cho quan he i = f(t) khong con la ng thang na, ta
co oi chieu ng cong.
a. Neu epk > ec hay e > 0: gia s rtx = const. t bieu thc (6-9) ta thay:
if =

Trong o:

Tc
T

rtx c +
Tc t
t

Rtx, rf

e
=
Rtx

1(Rtx)
2 if=f(t) khi e>0

Rtx : La ien tr tiep xuc cua choi than oi vi dong


ien oi chieu phu if tng thi iem. Khi t = 0 va t
= Tc th Rtx = va khi t = Tc th R tx = 4r tx.
2
ng bieu dien Rtx = f(t) la ng 1 tren hnh 6.5.

3 if=f(t) khi e<0

Neu e = Cte va e > 0 th if bien oi


theo ng cong 2 hnh 6.5 va dong ien oi chieu

Hnh 6.5 ng cong 1: Rtx = f(t)

i = ic + if bien oi theo ng cong tren h6-6.

ng cong 2: if = f (i) khi e > 0

trng hp nay oi chieu mang tnh chat

ng cong 3: if = f (i) khi e < 0

tr hoan, ngha la dong ien i thay oi cham hn so


i

vi oi chieu ng thang.
th i 0
t = Tc
2
th i = 0
Tai
t > Tc
2
S d co s tr hoan o la do tac dung cua epk
Tai

chong lai s bien oi cua dong ien i. T h 6-6 ta


thay 1 > 2 va J1 > J2 mat o dong ien au ra ln
hn au vao lam tia la xuat hien au ra cua choi
than.

+ i

0
t

- i
Tc - t

Hnh 6.6 oi chieu cham sau(e > 0)

60

b. Neu epk < ec hay e < 0 th if oi dau va co

dang nh ng cong 3 tren h6-5. ng bieu


dien cua dong ien oi chieu i tng ng c

+ i

trnh bay tren h 6-7. i = 0 khi t < Tc /2 s oi


chieu mang tnh chat vt trc. Khi oi chieu

i2

Tc - t

0 i

- i

i1

vt trc 1 < 2 do o J1 < J2 mat o dong ien

au ra nho hn mat o dong ien au vao cua


choi than v J2 > J1 nen co tia la au vao choi

Hnh 6.7 oi chieu vt trc (e < 0)


than.
3. Xac nh cac S.. trong phan t oi chieu :

a.S.. t cam eL: (xac nh trong trng hp bc = bG)

Ta a biet s.. t cam co dang :


eL = Lc di va
dt

eLtb = Lc

2i
Tc

(6-12)

T thong tan L sinh ra s.. t cam eL trong phan t oi chieu bao gom :
T thong tan ranh r

T thong tan nh rang r

n
r + r

T thong tan phan au noi n

T thong tan L chu yeu i vao

khong kh (h6-12) nen rat t phu

thuoc vao s bao hoa cua rang. Ma

L = Sc t ong x suat dan t


L = ws.i.L1
Trong o:

Hnh 6.8 T thong tan cua phan t oi chieu

ws : so vong cua 1 phan t


L1: Dan suat t tan cua 1 phan t (co tr so bang t thong moc
vong cua 1 vong day khi co dong ien i = 1A chay qua).

T thong moc vong cua toan bo boi day :


L = ws.L = L1. w s2 .i
Suat dan t theo 1 n v chieu dai (ch tnh t thong tan cua 2 canh tac dung)
L1
2l
L = L.2 l . w s2 .i

Lc = 2 L. l . w s2

(6-13)

L =

Do o

61

L = Lc.i

ta co:

Thay (6-13) vao (6-12) va chu y en bieu thc cua Tc


2i
eLtb = 2 w s2 .L. l .
Tc
bG
b
b
Ma ws = N = N va Tc = c = G =
VG VG VG
2S 2G

D
DG
D
DG

bG

D
DG

V
V

= G
D DG

D , DG : ng knh cua phan ng va co gop


V , VG : toc o dai cua phan ng va co gop
2 i
V
Do o
eLtb = 2ws. l .L N
D
2G b G DG
Thay : GbG = .DG vao bieu thc tren ta co:
N iu
eLtb = 2ws. l .L
V

.D
Vi

eLtb = 2ws. l .L.A.V

Ni
: Phu tai ng
A=
D

(6-14)

b. Sc ien ong ho cam:

eM =

e
1

Mn

d in
dt

M
1

Trong o
Mn : he so ho cam gia phan t ang xet va phan t th n
in : dong ien trong phan t th n.
Tng t nh eL ta co :
eMtb =

2 i
Tc

va bieu thc cuoi cung la


(6-15)

eMtb = 2 ws. l .A.V. M

M : suat dan t do ho cam tren n v dai cua canh tac dung cua phan t.
c. Sc ien ong phan khang.

Theo nh ngha s.. phan khang trung bnh co dang


epktb = eLtb + eMtb = 2ws. l .L.A.V(L +
= 2wslAV/

(6-16)

d. Sc ien ong oi chieu ec: Sc ien ong oi chieu co dang tong quat:

e = B.l.V
62

Khi phan t i vao vung oi chieu, sc ien ong oi chieu ec bang:


ec = 2.ws.Bc.lc.V

(6-17)

Trong o:
Bc: T cam tong hp cua t trng cc t phu va t trng phan ng
vung trung tnh.
lc: Chieu dai cua thanh dan cat ng sc cua t trng oi chieu.
6.3 Nguyen nhan sinh ra tia la va phng phap cai thien oi chieu
1. Nguyen nhan sinh ra tia la :

Tia la sinh ra di choi than co the do nguyen nhan c hoac nguyen nhan
ien t.
Nguyen nhan c: Vanh gop khong ong tam vi truc, s can bang cac bo
phan quay khong tot, be mat vanh gop khong nhan, lc ep choi than khong thch
hp hoac choi than at khong ung v tr v.v . . .
Nguyen nhan ien t: Do s.. oi chieu khong triet tieu c s.. phan
khang lam oi chieu vt trc hoac cham sau gay ra tia la au vao hoac au
ra cua choi than.
2. Cac phng phap cai thien oi chieu :

e tao ieu kien tot cho s oi chieu, trc het can phai gi ung nhng
ieu qui nh ve trang thai cua vanh gop va c cau gi choi than sao cho bao am
loai tr c nhng nguyen nhan c sinh ra tia la. Di ay ta xet nhng bien
phap chong tia la co tnh chat ien t.
a.Cc t phu:

Tac dung cua cc t phu la phai sinh ra s.t. Ff co chieu ngc lai phan ng
ngang truc Fq va co o ln sao cho ngoai viec trung hoa c anh hng cua Fq
con tao ra c t trng phu e sinh ra s.. oi chieu ec va lam triet tieu c
epk e if = 0 hay:
e = ec + epk = 0

Tc la 2wsVlcBc = 2wslAV/ suy ra

Bc =

l
A
lc

S.t. can thiet cua cc t phu :


Ff = A. +

2
B . . k
o c f f

63

(6-18)

Trong o:

f: Chieu rong khe h khong kh gia cc t phu va rotor

t1 + 5 f
he so khe h cc t phu, thng f > va k > k

f
b r1 + 5 f
So vong day cua 1 cc t phu :
F
wf = f
2.I
Hoac s.t. can thiet cua mot cc t phu :
k f =

1
B . . k
Ff = 1 A. +
o c f f
2

(6-19)

Ff
I
Day quan cc t phu c noi tiep vi day quan phan ng va mach t cua

do o wf =

cc t phu khong c bao hoa. Muon vay ta phai tang khe h di cc t phu so
vi khe h di cc t chnh.
b.Xe dch choi than khoi vung trung tnh hnh hoc.

Trong cac may ien khong co cc t phu, t trng oi chieu can thiet e
sinh ra s.. ec can bang vi epk c tao nen bang cach xe dch choi than khoi
ng trung tnh hnh hoc. e chng to phai xe dch cac choi than nh the nao ta
gia s may ang lam viec che o may phat va cac choi than A-B at tren trung
tnh hnh hoc (h6-9a). Ta bieu th s.. e trong phan t a trc luc oi chieu bang
oan thang hng t truc hoanh len (h6-9b). Khi may lam viec nh may phat,
chieu cua i trung vi chieu cua e va tao nen khu vc oi chieu 1 t trng
ngang cua phan ng ch ro trong h6-9a bang 2 ng net cham. ng dung qui tac
ban tay phai ta thay rang khi phan t a i vao di choi than A va bat au oi
chieu th t trng phan ng tao nen trong phan t o eq cung dau vi S.. e.
Cho nen eq cung c bieu th nh e h6-9b.

e q

Trung tnh
hnh hoc

epk
i

Trung tnh
vat ly

ec

Hnh 6.9 Xe dch choi than khoi vung trung tnh e cai thien oi chieu

64

Trong thi gian oi chieu Tc dong i bien oi t + i en i va trong phan t oi


chieu sinh ra mot s.. epk luon ngc chieu vi s bien oi cua dong ien trong
phan t tng ng no c bieu th giong nh e , eq. Chung ta thay eq tac dung
cung chieu vi epk ngha la lam oi chieu cham lai. e triet tieu eq ta xe dch choi
ien i 1 goc en ng trung tnh vat ly tai o eq = 0. Ngoai ra con phai kh
epk bang cach tao ra 1 ec co chieu ngc vi epk, do o ec phai c bieu th
bang 1 oan thang ngc xuong di. So sanh e va ec th no khac dau. Noi
khac i neu trc luc oi chieu s.. e c tao nen trong t trng cc Bac th
trong luc oi chieu s.. ec phai c tao nen trong t trng cc Nam. e thoa
man c ieu o phai xe dch them cac choi than khoi ng trung tnh vat ly 1
goc nao o theo chieu quay cua phan ng ng vi may phat hoac ngc chieu
quay cua ong c.
Ket luan nay mang tnh chat tong quat; ngha la e cai thien oi chieu cua
mot may khong co cc t phu lam viec theo che o may phat ta phai xe dch choi
than mot goc = + t ng trung tnh hnh hoc theo chieu quay cua phan
ng (oi vi ong c th ngc lai).
c.Day quan bu

Day quan bu do Menghes e ngh t nam 1884 la mot trong nhng bien
phap hieu lc nhat e triet tieu t trng cua phan ng trong pham vi di mat
cc t chnh lam cho t trng cua cc t chnh hau nh khong b bien dang. e
co the bu c t trng cua phan ng tai bat ky th day quan bu phai c noi
noi tiep vi day quan phan ng. may co day quan bu bao gi cung co cc t
phu.
Khi co day quan bu s.t. cua cc t
phu se c giam nho, mach t cua
cc t phu t bao hoa hn. Hieu qua
cai thien oi chieu se tang.
S.t. can thiet cua day quan
bu di 1 mat cc :
Fb = .Fq = .A. = b.A

Hnh 6.10 Day quan bu

So vong cua day quan bu di 1 cc:

wb =

65

Fb
2I

Th du tnh toan

Mot may phat ien kch thch song song day quan song n co nhng so lieu sau:
Pm = 10 kW, Um = 115 V, nm = 1040 V/ph, p = 2, D = 24,5 cm, l = 12cm, Z = 35,
G = 105, ws = 1, lc = 8,5cm,L = 7.10-6 H/m. Chieu rong khe h khong kh cua cc
t phu f = 2,5mm, he so khe h khong kh cua cc t phu kf= 1,33. .Tnh s.. epk
va so vong day can thiet moi cc t phu e ec triet tieu epk.

Vi ieu kien G = 1, a = p,

GIAI
= 0 ta co :

epk = 2w s l V A

Trong o

D n .24,5.1040
=
= 1336cm / s
60
60
N..i
A=
= 119A / cm
.D
V =

N = 2w s G = 210
i =

Im
P
= m = 43,5A
2a 2Um

(bo qua dong ien It)

Vay epk = 2.1.12.1336.10-2.119.7.10-6 = 0,267 V


Sc t ong can thiet cua mot cc t phu
1
1
A +
Bc f k f
0
2

Ff =

Trong o: =

.D
.24,5
=
= 19,3cm
2p
2 .2

= 4.10 7 H / m
Bc =

l
12
A =
7.10 6.119 .10 2 = 0,1175 Wb / m2
lc
8,5

(theo ieu kien epk= ec)

1
1
.119 .10 2.19,3.10 2 +
0,1175 .2,5.10 3.1,33 = 1456 A / cc
7
2
4.10
vi : Ff = w f .Im
Ff =

wf =

F
Im

1456
= 17 vong
87

66

Cau hoi

1. Cho biet anh hng cua toc o phan ng en oi chieu ?


2. Bc day quan co anh hng g en oi chieu ?
3. So sanh cac phng phap dung e cai thien oi chieu va noi ro hieu qua va
ng dung cua tng phng phap o
4. S.t. cua cc t phu phai am bao triet tieu phan ng cua phan ng va sinh
ra t trng oi chieu can thiet.Trong hai thanh phan o,thanh phan nao ln
va no chiem ty le khoang bao nhieu phan tram s.t. cua cc t phu ?
5. Ve cach noi day cua cac day quan bu va day quan cua cc t phu vi day
quan phan ng.
Bai tap

1. Tnh so vong day cua cc t phu cua may phat ien mot chieu e co oi
chieu ng thang.Cho : N = 834, I = 59 A, a = p =1, ws = 3, D = 24.5 cm, n =
1460 vg/ph, ' = 8,5. 10 -6 H/m, l = lc = 8 cm, f = 3 mm, k

= 1,3.

ap so: wf = 119 vong.

67

CHNG 7
CAC MAY PHAT IEN MOT CHIEU
7.1. ai cng

Tren thc te cac tram phat ien hien ai ch phat ra ien nang xoay chieu 3
pha, phan ln nang lng o c dung di dang ien xoay chieu trong cong
nghiep, e thap sang va dung cho cac nhu cau trong i song. Trong nhng trng
hp do ieu kien san xuat bat buoc phai dung ien 1 chieu (x nghiep hoa hoc,
cong nghiep luyen kim, giao thong van tai v.v) th ngi ta thng bien ien xoay
chieu thanh mot chieu nh cac bo chnh lu hoac chnh lu kieu may ien, cach
th hai la dung may phat ien mot chieu e la nguon ien mot chieu.
Phan loai cac may phat ien mot chieu theo phng phap kch thch. Chung
c chia thanh:

I
It

Ut

It

I
It

Hnh 7.1 S o nguyen ly cua may phat ien mot chieu

a.May phat ien mot chieu kch thch oc lap.


b.May phat ien mot chieu t kch
Trong o:
-May phat ien mot chieu kch thch oc lap gom
+ May phat ien mot chieu kch thch bang ien t: dung nguon DC, ac
qui... v.v.
+ May phat ien mot chieu kch thch bang nam cham vnh cu.
- Theo cach noi day quan kch thch, cac may phat ien mot chieu t kch
c chia thanh:
+ May phat ien mot chieu kch thch song song
+ May phat ien mot chieu kch thch noi tiep
+ May phat ien mot chieu kch thch hon hp

68

7.2. Cac ac tnh c ban cua cac MFDC

Ban chat cua may phat ien c phan tch nh nhng ac tnh quan he gia
4 ai lng c ban cua may :
- ien ap au cc may phat ien: U
- Dong ien kch t : It
- Dong ien phan ng I
- Toc o quay : n
Trong o n = Cte con 3 ai lng tao ra moi quan he chnh va cac ac tnh chnh la:
c ac tnh phu tai (ac tnh tai): U = f(It) khi I = Im = Cte , n = nm = Cte . Khi

I = 0 ac tnh phu tai chuyen thanh ac tnh khong tai Uo = Eo = f(It). ac tnh nay
co y ngha quan trong trong viec anh gia may phat va e ve cac ac tnh khac
cua may phat ien.
d ac tnh ngoai: U = f(I) khi Rc = Cte (It = Cte)
e ac tnh ieu chnh : It = f(I) khi U = Cte . Trong trng hp rieng khi U =

0, ac tnh ieu chnh chuyen thanh ac tnh ngan mach It = f(In).


Chung ta hay xet cac ac tnh cua may phat ien theo phng phap kch t va coi
o la nhan to chu yeu e xac nh cac ban chat cua cac may phat ien.
7.2.1 Cac ac tnh cua may phat ien kch thch oc lap
1. ac tnh khong tai Uo = f(It) khi I = 0 va n = Cte. s o lay ac tnh o trnh bay

tren hnh 7-2a, ac tnh c bieu th tren h7-2b.

Rt

Um + U0max
- It

+ It

Rmm

It

Rc

Rc
I

Ut
I

KT

Rc

It

Hnh 7.2 S o lay cac ac tnh va ac tnh khong tai cua MFMCKTL

69

V trong may thng co t thong d nen khi It = 0 tren cc cua may phat co ien
ap U/oo = OA (h7-2b), thng U/oo = (2 3)% Um. Khi bien oi It t It = 0 +Itmax =
OC ien ap U se tang theo ng cong 1 en + Uomax = Cc. Thng Uomax = (1,1
1,25) Um. Luc khong tai phan ng cua MFKTL ch noi vi voltmet nen :
Uo = Eo = Ce.n. = Ce.
Nen quan he Uo = f(It) lap lai quan he = f(It) theo 1 thc t le nhat nh.
Bay gi chung ta hay bien oi It t + Itmax = OC It = 0 sau o oi noi ngc
chieu dong ien trong mach kch thch roi tiep tuc bien oi It t It = 0 - Itmax = Od
ve c ng cong 2.
Lap lai s bien oi cua dong ien theo th t ngc lai t Itmax = Od
+Itmax = OC th ta ve c ng 3.
ng cong 3 va 2 tao thanh chu trnh t tre xac nh tnh chat thep cua
cc t va gong t.
Ve ng 4 trung bnh gia cac ng tren chung ta c ac tnh khong
tai e tnh toan.
2. Cac ac tnh phu tai U = f(It) khi I = Cte, n = Cte.

Khi MF co dong ien tai I th ien


- ien ap ri tren phan ng IR.

ap tren au cc b ha thap do :

I = 0
I = Cte

- Phan ng phan ng .
Cac ng 1, 2 tren h7-3
bieu th cac ac tnh khong tai va
phu tai. Neu cong them ien ap
ri IR vao ng cong phu tai th
ta co ac tnh phu tai trong

I
t
Hnh 7.3 ac tnh phu tai cua MFDCKTL

U + IR = E = f(It)
Khi I = Cte , n = Cte la ng cong 3.
ac tnh phu tai cung vi ac tnh khong tai cho phep thanh lap ac tnh
cua may phat ien mot chieu. Tam giac nay mot mat cho phep anh gia anh
hng cua ien ap ri va phan ng phan ng oi vi ien ap cua may phat ien
mot chieu mat khac co the dung e ve ac tnh ngoai va ac tnh ieu chnh cua
may phat ien mot chieu.
70

Cach ve ac tnh nh sau : Qua iem D lay tuy y tren truc hoanh, ve 1 ng
thang // vi truc tung cat cac ng cong 2, 3 va 1 cac iem C, B va F. Theo
cach ve o oan BC = IR. Luc khong tai vi It = OD ta co Uo = FD cho nen toan
bo ien ap ri CF khi co dong ien tai I se ln hn ien ap ri BC = IR 1 tr so BF
do phan ng phan ng sinh ra. Luc khong tai E = BD = AG la do dong ien Ito =
OG sinh ra co tr so nho hn OD 1 oan DG = OD OG. T o ta thay tr so S.t.
phan ng phan ng bieu th theo thc o dong ien kch thch bang GD. e ve
c ac tnh ch can ke qua B 1 oan BA = GD // vi truc hoanh.
3. ac tnh ngoai U = f(I) khi It = Cte (Rc = Cte) , n = Cte.

ac tnh ngoai c lay theo s o 7-2a luc


cau dao P c ong mach. ien ap Ut tren
au cc kch thch c gia thiet la khong ln,
do o :

It =

Ut
= Cte
Rt

e lay ac tnh ngoai chung ta quay


MF en n = nm va thiet lap dong ien kch
thch Itm sao cho I = Im = 1 va U = Um = 1
(h7-4). Sau o giam dan phu tai cua MF en

Hnh 7.4 ac tnh ngoai cua MFDCKTL

khong tai. ien ap cua MF tang theo ng


cong 1 v phu tai giam ien ap ri tren phan ng IR va phan ng phan ng
giam luc khong tai Uo = OA, do o :
U% =

U Um
OA OB
100 = 0
100
OB
Um

V R = Cte nen IR = f(I ) bieu dien bang ng thang 2.


ng cong 3 la quan he cua U + IR = E = f(I ) goi la ac tnh trong cua
may phat ien.
T ac tnh khong tai Uo = f(It ) va ac tnh ve ac tnh ngoai vi gia thiet
cac canh cua bien oi t le vi dong ien I.
Trc het ta lay Um = 1 ve tren o th AmBmCm tng ng vi Im = 1
sao cho nh Am nam tren ng ac tnh khong tai, con canh AmBm va BmCm
song song vi truc hoanh va truc tung, v tr cua iem Cm xac nh bang cach o
tng ng vi ien ap Um = 1. Keo dai canh BmCm ta c Itm = OCn = 1 va
iem Ao tng ng ien ap khong tai Uo. Ta em iem Cm sang ben trai truc tung
c iem Dm tng ng vi dong ien Im = 1 con
71

iem AI th en iem Do tren truc ng.


e co ac tnh ngoai tng ng vi I = Im th ac tnh co cac canh = cac
canh AmBmCm.
Am

Dm

Bm
Cm

Cn

It

Hnh 7.5 Dng ac tnh ngoai cua MFKTL


t ac tnh khong tai va tam giac ac tnh

4. ac tnh ieu chnh It = f(I) khi U = Cte, n = Cte

V khi It = Cte th U tren cc may phat ha thap


khi I tang va ngc lai (h7-4). Neu muon U =

It

Cte th phai tang It khi I tang va giam It khi I


giam. S o th nghiem nh h7-2a, cho may
phat lam viec va mang tai en nh mc I =
Im , U = Um , It = Itm sau o giam dan tai
nhng phai gi cho n = Cte va ieu chnh It e
cho U = Um lan lt ghi cac tr so cua I va It ta
co dang ac tnh ieu chnh nh h7-6.
Xay dng ac tnh ieu chnh bang ac tnh
khong tai va ac tnh : vi v tr xac nh Uo

Hnh 7.6 ac tnh ieu chnh cua MFKTL

Am

= Um = 1 = Aoao khi I = 0 ta c iem ao

Cm

tng ng v i I to = oao. Neu at 1 =

Um=1

AmBmCm tng ng vi tai I = Im sao cho

Itm

iem Am nam tren ng ac tnh khong tai

Bm

It

va nh Cm nam tren ng thang DC ng


vi U = Um = Cte. Ha ng thang ng BmCm
ta c Itm = oa tng ng vi Im ta c
iem N.Muon co iem M tng ng vi I =
Im th cac canh cua A1B1C1 = cac canh
cua AmBmCm vi iem A1 trt tren ng
ac tnh khong tai, C1 trt tren ng DC.
Noi 3 iem aoMN ta c ac tnh ieu chnh.

72

Hnh 7.7 Dng ac tnh ieu chnh cua


MFKTL t ac tnh khong tai va tam giac
ac tnh

5. ac tnh ngan mach In = f(It ) khi U = 0 , n = Cte


In
Noi ngan mach cac choi than qua ampe met

In =f(It)

cho may chay vi n = Cte, o cac tr so It va In


tng ng ta c ac tnh ngan mach. Khi

In = Im

ngan mach :
U = E IR = 0
E = IR do R << va R = Cte nen
khi ieu chnh In = Im th E << va S..

It

It

Hnh 7.8 ac tnh ngan mach

khong vt qua vai phan tram cua Um It << mach t cua may khong bao hoa
ac tnh ngan mach la mot ng thang.
7.2.2 Cac ac tnh cua may phat ien kch thch song song
1. ieu kien va qua trnh t kch cua may
a. ieu kien: May phat ien kch thch song song lam viec t kch va khong can

co nguon ien ben ngoai e kch t nen can co cac ieu kien sau :
- May phai co t d e khi quay co d = (2 3)% m.
- Noi mach kch thch ung chieu e t thong kch thch cung chieu vi d
.

- Rt < Rth
- n = nm

b. Qua trnh t kch :

Khi quay may phat en nm do co d trong day quan phan ng se cam ng


c 1 s.. E va tren cc may thanh lap c 1 ien ap Ud = (2 3)%Um.
U0
Neu noi kn mach kch thch th trong o co
dong ien I t =
kch thch.

U d
Rt

, Rt la ien tr cua mach

Ket qua la sinh ra s.t. Itwt . Neu s.t.

Lt

nay sinh ra t thong co cung chieu vi d th


may se tang kch t, ien ap au cc se tang
va c tiep tuc nh vay may se t kch c.
Ta hay giai thch gii han cua qua trnh
t kch (ta cho rang may phat ien lam viec
khong tai I = 0).

73

ItRt

dIt
dt

It

Hnh 7.9 ien ap xac lap cua MFKT//


ng vi cac Rt khac nhau.

Khi t kch phng trnh S.. trong mach kch t co the viet :
d(L tIt )
dI
U0 = ItRt +
hay U0 ItRt = L t t
dt
dt
vi Uo: ien ap bien oi tren au cc MF va cung la tren au mach kch t.
Rt: ien tr cua mach kch t.
Lt: ien cam cua mach kch t.
Neu Rt = Cte th ien ap ri ItRt bien oi t le thuan vi It , o th cua no c
ItRt
= Rt
bieu th bang ng thang 2 va lam vi truc ngang 1 goc tg =
It
Cho nen moi gia tr cua Rt th co 1 ng thang tng ng xac nh bi cong
thc tren. Tren h7-9 ng cong 1 cho ta ac tnh khong tai. Cac oan thang gia
dIt
ng cong 1 va 2 la hieu so U0 ItRt = L t
dung e tang cng qua trnh t
dt
kch. Qua trnh o ket thuc khi U0 ItRt = 0 , noi khac i cac ng 1 va 2 cat
nhau.
Neu chung ta tang Rt ngha la tang goc th iem M se trt tren ng ac
tnh khong tai ve O. Vi 1 ien tr nhat nh goi la Rth th ng thang 2 se tiep xuc
vi oan au cua ac tnh khong tai (ng thang 4 tren h7-9). Trong cac ieu
kien o may khong t kch c.
2. ac tnh ngoai U = f(I) khi Rt = Cte , n = Cte.
U
te
U
Khi KTL th It = t = C
con khi KT// th
Rt
U
U
Um
I.t = t =
U
Rt Rt
Sau khi may a phat c ien ap

Um

viec thanh lap ac tnh ngoai c tien hanh


nh may phat ien kch thch oc lap.
ac iem ac biet MFKT// la
dong ien tai ch tang en 1 tr so nhat
nh I = Ith = (2 2,5)Im. Sau o neu tiep

b
In

Im

Imax

Hnh 7.10 ac tnh ngoai cua MFDCKT//


(1) va KHTL (2)

tuc giam Rt cua tai mach ngoai th I khong tang ma giam nhanh en tr so Io xac
nh bi t d cua may.
Cach thanh lap ac tnh ngoai t ac tnh khong tai va ac tnh tien hanh nh
may phat ien kch thch oc lap.
ieu khac nhau c ban la may phat ien kch thch oc lap It = Cte, con ay It
phu thuoc vao U va ng ItRt la ng thang OP i qua goc toa o. ac tnh ABC
ay se tnh tien trong vung gii han gia ac tnh khong tai va ng OP. goc
phan t th 2 ta co ac tnh ngoai. Vi cac trng hop I = Im ; I = Im ; I = 0 vi
ieu kien

74


D0

D1
Dm

Am

Um

Bm
Cm

At h

Ith

A0

A1

C1

Cth

I0
Im

Im

It

It

Hnh 7.11 Dng ac tnh ngoai cua MFDCKT// bang


ac tnh khong tai va tam giac ac tnh

cac canh cua I. e co Ith ta ke tiep tuyen MN vi ac tnh khong tai va song
song OP. T iem tiep xuc Ath ta ke AthCth // AC cua ac tnh c ban ABC ng vi
dong I th = I m A th C th .
AC
3. ac tnh ieu chnh It = f(I) khi U = Cte , n = Cte
Giong nh ac tnh ieu chnh cua may phat ien kch thch oc lap.
7.2.3 ac tnh cua may phat ien kch thch noi tiep

Trong may phat ien kch thch noi tiep: It = I = I cho nen ch co the lay
c cac ac tnh khong tai, ac tnh phu tai, va ac tnh ngan mach. Theo s o
KTL (h7-2a), cac ac tnh co dang nh may phat ien kch thch oc lap. Khi may
phat ien kch thch noi tiep lam viec n = Cte ch con 2 ai lng bien oi U va I
nen may phat ien nay ve thc chat co 1 ac tnh ngoai U = f(I) khi n = Cte.
Rt
U

4 Am
A1

B1
C1

Bm

Cm

Hnh 7.12 S o MFDCKTNT

0,5

Hnh 7.13 Cach ve a c tnh ngoa i cu a


MFDCKTNT

Cach thanh lap ac tnh ngoai theo ac tnh khong tai va ac tnh: au
tien ve ABC tng ng vi I = Im, tnh tien ABC en v tr A1B1C1 sao cho A1
nam tren ac tnh khong tai th iem C1 se nam tren ac tnh ngoai. Thay oi cac
canh cua t le vi I ta ve c ac tnh ngoai cua may.

75

7.2.4 ac tnh cua may phat ien kch thch hon hp

may phat ien kch thch hon hp co ong thi 2 day quan kch thch song
song va noi tiep cho nen no tap hp cac tnh chat cua ca 2 loai may nay. Tuy theo
cach noi, s.t. cua 2 day quan kch t co the cung chieu hoac ngc chieu nhau.
Cach noi cac day quan kch t ngc chieu nhau thng c dung trong cac s
o ac biet, th du trong 1 so kieu cua may phat han ien. Khi noi thuan 2 day
quan kch t th day quan song song ong vai tro chnh con day quan noi tiep ong
vai tro bu lai tac dung cua phan ng phan ng va ien ap ri IR . Nh o ma may
co kha nang ieu chnh ien ap trong 1 pham vi tai nhat nh.
Rt

m
m

Itn

F
Its

Rc

It
Hnh 7.15 Cach ve ac tnh phu tai cua may phat

Hnh 7.14 S o MFDCKTHH

ien kch thch hon hp

Cac ac tnh :

- ac tnh khong tai cua may phat ien kch thch hon hp: Uo = f(It ) khi I = 0, n =
Cte giong may phat ien kch thch song song v trong trng hp o Itn = 0.
- ac tnh phu tai cua may phat ien kch thch hon hp : U = f(It ) khi I = Cte , n =
Cte cung co dang nh may phat ien kch thch song song nhng khi day quan noi
tiep u manh th chung co the cao hn cac ac tnh khong tai v day quan noi tiep
lam t hoa t le vi I nen tac dung cua day quan o xem nh phan ng t hoa cua
phan ng (ngha la s.t. cua no sinh ra triet tieu c s.t. phan ng phan ng va
con tha s.t. e tr t) nen canh AB se nam ben phai canh BC.
Neu ta xe dch ABC // vi ban than no sao cho nh A trt doc ac tnh khong
tai th nh C ve thanh ac tnh phu tai nh may phat ien kch thch oc lap (h715) thay oi cac canh ABC t le vi I ta co the ve c 1 loat ac tnh phu tai v
du I = Im va I = 0,5Im.

76

- Ta co the dung ac tnh khong tai va ac tnh e ve ac tnh ngoai U = f(I) khi
Rt = Cte.
m
m

m
m

Um
m

n m

0,5Im

m
m

It

Hnh 7.16 Cach ve ac tnh ngoai cua MFKTHH

U
U . at A1B1C1
Rt
tng ng vi I = 0,5Im trng hp bu tha (phan ng phan ng tr t) goc toa

Ke ng thang OA t goc toa o bieu th cho quan he It =

o, roi tnh tien o en v tr A1B1C1 doc theo ng 1 sao cho A1 nam tren ac
tnh khong tai, C1 tren ng thang OA th C1G1 se xac nh ien ap cua may phat
khi I = 0,5Im, cung bang phng phap o ta co the ve oi vi dong ien I = Im
(AmBmCm va AmBmCm)
Co the tnh day quan noi tiep sao cho iem Cm cua AmBmCm trung vi
iem A th ta co trng hp Uo = Um. Noi cac iem DoD1Dm bang 1 ng cong ta
se co ac tnh ngoai cua may.
7.3. May phat ien mot chieu lam viec song song

Trong thc te nham am bao an toan cho cung cap ien va s dung kinh te
nhat cac may phat th hau het cac nha may ien eu ghep cac may phat lam viec
song song vi nhau.
Sau ay ta se xet cac ieu kien can thiet e ghep cac may phat ien lam
viec song song va s phan phoi cung nh chuyen cong suat gia cac may.
1. ieu kien lam viec song song cua cac MFDC :

Gia s ta co 2 MFDC I va II, trong o may phat ien I ang lam viec vi 1
phu tai I nao o va phat ra 1 ien ap u tren hai thanh ong au. Muon ghep MFII
vao lam viec // vi MF I can phai gi ung cac ieu kien sau :
1) Cc tnh cua MF II phai cung cc tnh cua thanh ong au.
2) S.. cua MF II tren thc te phai bang ien ap u.
3) Neu MF lam viec // thuoc MFKTHH th can co ieu kien th 3 : noi day
77

a
E2
I 2

E1
I1

It1

I t2

I t2

It1

Hnh 7.18 S o lam viec // cua cac MFKTHH

Hnh 7.17 S o lam viec // cua cac MFKT//

cb gia 2 iem a va b nh hnh 7.18.


Giai thch cac ieu kien tren :
ieu kien 1: Can phai am bao chat che neu khong 2 may phat ien se b
noi noi tiep vi nhau gay nen tnh trang ngan mach cua ca 2 may.
ieu kien 2 : Neu khong thoa th sau khi ghep vao may 2 hoac phai nhan
tai ot ngot nen E > u va lam cho li ien thay oi hoac lam viec theo che o
ong c E < u.
ieu kien 3 : Co the c giai thch nh sau, gia s toc o quay cua mot
trong cac may phat v du may phat I tang th nI tang EI tang va chu y rang day
quan kch thch // cua may phat I sinh ra 1 con day quan noi tiep sinh ra 2 va 2
= C2I1 trong trng hp o :

I1 =

E 1 u C e n (1 + 2 ) u C e n (1 + C 2 I1 ) u
=
=
R 1
R 1
R 1

C e n 1 u
R 1 C e C 2 n
V vay nen khi E1 = Cen 1 tang I1 tang 1 tang E1 tang I1 tang. C
t o I1 =

nh vay may phat I se gianh lay het tai va b qua tai va buoc may phat II chuyen
t che o may phat sang che o ong c (vi cach noi ngc cac day quan // va
noi tiep). Tai ot ngot tang may phat I lam toc o quay cua ong c s cap noi
vi no giam do o dan en s chuyen toan bo phu tai sang may phat II va may
phat I lai chuyen sang lam viec che o ong c. Sau o ong c s cap cua
may phat I lai tang toc o va no lai nhan toan bo phu tai v.vNh vay co the xuat
hien qua trnh dao ong chuyen oi tuan hoan dong ien phu tai t may
78

nay qua may kia do o cac may phat ien khong the lam viec on nh c.
Khi co day noi can bang, cac day quan kch t noi tiep c noi song song (h718). Do o cac dong ien cua chung thay oi theo cung mot t le xac nh bi ien
tr cua cac day quan o. Neu v 1 ly do nao o I1 tang I2 tang theo cung mc
o lam cho s.. va dong ien phu tai cua 2 may tang ong thi khong co hien
tng tren.
Cach ghep may phat song song: Quay may phat II khong kch t en nm va
ong cau dao 4, neu bo qua t d cua may th V2 ch ien ap u. Bat au kch t
may II, neu cc tnh cua may khong cung vi cc tnh cua thanh ong au th V2
ch ien ap u + E II , khong the ong 5. Neu cc tnh cua no ung cc tnh cua
thanh ong au th V2 ch u E II va khi hieu so nay bang 0 th ta co the ong 5
e ghep may II vao lam viec // vi may I. Muon cho may II mang tai th tang kch
t.
2. Phan phoi va chuyen phu tai :

T cac phng trnh s.. c ban cua may phat ien mot chieu ta co :

E I I I R I = E II I II R II = u
Neu Rc la ien tr cua mach ngoai

u = (I I + I II ) R c
Giai cac phng trnh o oi vi I I va I II ta co :

I I =

E I (R c + R II ) E II R c
R c (R I + R II ) + R I R II

I II =

E II (R c + R I ) E I R c
R c (R I + R II ) + R I R II

(1)
(2)

R c (E I R II + E II R I )
(3)
R c (R I + R II ) + R I R II
T cac cong thc tren ta thay neu a biet R I , R II , Rc th s phan phoi
u=

Do o

dong ien phu tai gia cac MF phu thuoc vao s.. E I va E II , ngha la vao toc o
quay cua cac MF: n , n va t thong tong cua chung , ( E = Cen ).
I

II

II

Neu chung ta muon phan phoi lai phu tai gia cac may vi u = Cte th phai
ong thi thay oi toc o quay hoac kch thch cua ca 2 MF theo chieu ngc
nhau sao cho tong so E I R II + E II R I t so cua cong thc (3) khong oi.
Neu chung ta muon tach 1 trong cac MF, th du MF I th phai giam kch
thch cua no va ong thi tang kch thch cua MF II cho en khi dong ien II = 0.

79

Th du 1

Cho mot may phat ien kch thch song song 25kW , 230V,1800V/ph,R =
0,09, ien ap giang tren choi than U tx = 2V phan ng phan ng luc tai ay (I
= Im bo qua It) tng ng vi dong ien It = 0,05A.ng cong t hoa tng
ng vi toc o nh mc nh sau :
It , A

1,5

U0, V

134

180

209

237

256

268

279

Tnh :
a) ien tr cua mach kch t
b) ien ap khong tai (ien tr mach kch t gi khong oi)
Giai
a. Khi tai ay
Im I =

25000
= 108,7A
230

E = U + IR = 230 + 108,7x0,09 + 2 = 241,8 V


T ng cong t hoa suy ra: It = 3,25 A. Tuy nhien e khac phuc phan ng
phan ng tren thc te phai co:
It/ = 3,25 + 0,05 = 3,3A

Vay:

Rt =

U 230
=
= 69 ,6
It/
3, 3

b)ien ap luc khong tai U0 la giao iem cua ng thang U0=Rt.It = 69,6 It va
ac tnh khong tai.Bang phng phap ve ta suy ra giao iem o ng vi It= 3,56
A va U0 = 247,6 V
Th du 2

Cho mot may phat ien kch thch oc lap co cac so lieu luc tai ay U =
220 V, It = 2,5 A =Cte, I = 10 A, n = 1000 V/ph. So vong day cua day quan kch
thch wt = 850.
ng t hoa 750 Vg/ph co cac tr so :
It , A

1,6

2,5

2,6

3,6

4,4

U0, V

78

120

150

176

180

193,5 206

225

Tnh :
a) ien ap khong tai n = 1000 V/ph
b) So ampe vong kh t cua phan ng phan ng khi tai ay
c) ien ap au cc khi qua tai 25%
Giai

a) V s.. ty le vi toc o nen :


80

E(1000 )
E( 750 )
E(1000 ) = 176

1000
750

1000
= 235V
750

b. S.. cua may phat khi tai ay toc o 1000 vg/ph


E = U + IR = 220 + 10x0,4 = 224 V
Va toc o 750 vg/ph
E( 750 ) = 750

224
= 168V
1000

T ng cong t hoa tm c dong ien kch t tng ng It = 2,35 A. Vay so


am pe vong kh t bang:
850.(2,5 - 2,35) = 127,5 A.vg
c. Khi qua tai 25% phan ng phan ng se tang 25% tng ng vi:
It = (2,5 - 2,35).1,25 = 0,1875 A
Va dong ien kch thch co hieu qua bang:
It = 2,5 - 0,1875 = 2,315 A.
T ng t hoa suy ra E(750) = 165 V. Do o:
E(1000 ) = 1000

165
= 220V
750

ien ap au cc se bang:
U = E - IR = 220 - (10x1,25).0,4 = 215 V
Cau hoi

1. Khi lay ac tnh khong tai, trong qua trnh tang ien ap co nen giam dong ien
kch t roi tang tiep tuc khong? tai sao?
2. Vi mot ien tr nho hn ien tr ti han rt(th) neu n<nm th trong qua trnh t
kch cua may phat ien kch thch song song, ien ap au cc may phat se ra sao?
Trong trng hp nh the nao may se khong t kch c?
3. Tm cac nguyen nhan khien may phat ien kch thch song song khong the t
kch va tao ra c ien ap.
4. Neu may phat ien kch thch song song khong t kch thch c do mat t d
th giai quyet nh the nao e tao ra c ien ap?
5. Khi tai chung khong oi neu tang kch thch cua may phat I ma khong giam kch
thch cua may phat ien II lam viec song song vi may phat ien I th tai se phan
phoi lai gia hai may nh the nao? ien ap cua li luc o ra sao?

81

Bai tap

1. Cho mot may ien mot chieu co :Pm = 215kW,Um = 115 V va n = 450 v/ph
.ien tr cua day quan phan ng va cc t phu bang 0,002 , 2Utx = 2V.Cac so
lieu cua ac tnh khong tai va ac tnh ngan mach nh sau:
It , A

10

15

20

U0, V

49

87

108

119,3 125,2 129,5 135

It , A

Inm, V

Im

25

30

35

a. Ve tam giac ngan mach.


b. Dung kch thch ngoai sao cho may ay tai U = Um, I = Im, n = nm. Neu bo tai
i tnh U%.
c. Dung kch thch ngoai khien cho khi khong tai U = Um, gi cho It = Cte th khi I
= Im, U% bang bao nhieu?
ap so : b. 20%; C. 5%
2. Hai may phat ien song song lam viec song song vi nhau U = 220 V, U1 =
4,8%, U2 = 5,5%. Hoi may phat ien nao chong ay tai, luc mot may ay tai th
may kia co tai bang bao nhieu ?
ap so: May I chong ay tai, khi o may II co
tai bang 0,87 tai nh mc.
3. Hai may phat ien song song co cac so lieu sau :
May

Pm, Kw

n, vg/ph

U0, V

Um, V

20

1000

230

210

II

15

1200

240

210

Gia th quan he U = f(I) la ng thang.Tnh :


a) Cong suat cua moi may khi tai tong la 20 kW va ien ap luc o ?
b) Tai tong ln nhat vi ieu kien khong may nao b qua tai .
ap so: P1 = P2 =10Kw

P = 35Kw

82

CHNG 8
ONG C IEN MOT CHIEU
8.1. ai cng

ong c ien mot chieu c dung rat pho bien trong cong nghiep, giao
thong van tai va noi chung cac thiet b can ieu chnh toc o quay lien tuc trong
mot pham vi rong rai.
1. Nguyen tac nghch ao cua cac may ien :

Gia s may ang lam viec che o may phat tren li ien co U = const va
sinh ra Mt la mo men ham oi vi mo men quay M1 cua ong c s cap keo may
phat. Luc o, dong ien phan ng cua may phat:
E U
I =
R
Neu giam hoac n cua may phat th s.. cua no se giam. Khi giam mot
cach thch ang vi E < U. Luc o I se oi dau va co chieu ngc vi chieu ban
au (h8-1b). Nhng v U = const nen chieu cua It trong day quan kch thch hay la
ten cua cac cc t chnh se khong oi. Nh vay Mt se oi dau va may chuyen
sang lam viec che o ong c. Tach ong c s cap keo may phat ien ra ta co
ong c ien mot chieu. Trong qua trnh chuyen oi nh vay, tren truc may co 2
ong c: ong c s cap va ong c ien mot chieu co the gay ra h hong cho
bo may. Cho nen trong s o cua cac may phat ien khi lam viec song song eu
co kh cu ien t ong cat may phat ien ra khoi li ien khi dong ien cua may
phat ien oi chieu.
May phat
M1 MtF

ong c
Mt Mc

I
It

It

wt

wt

Hnh 8.1 Chuyen oi may ien mot chieu kch thch


song song t che o may phat sang che o ong c

2. Phan loai cac ong c ien mot chieu : Cung nh may phat ien, ong c

ien mot chieu c phan loai theo cach kch thch thanh cac ong c ien mot
chieu kch thch oc lap, kch thch song song, kch thch noi tiep va kch thch hon
hp. Can chu y rang ong c ien mot chieu kch thch oc lap I = I; ong c

ien mot chieu kch thch song song va hon hp I = I + It; ong c ien
kch thch noi tiep I = I = It. S o noi day cua chung tng t nh may phat
c trnh bay hnh 8.2
83

- +

S1

I
+

A1

A2

S2
S1

Ut

I
+

A1

I
It

It

F1

A2

U
S1

It

S2
+

A1

A2

It

S2
+

A1

I
It

F2

A2
F1
F2

Hnh 8.2 S o nguyen ly cac ong c ien mot chieu

8.2 M may ong c ien mot chieu

Qua trnh m may la qua trnh a toc o ong c ien t n = 0 en toc o


n = nm.
Yeu cau khi m may :
- Dong ien m may (Imm) phai c han che en mc thap nhat.
- Moment m may (Mmm) phai u ln.
- Thi gian m may phai nho.
- Bien phap va thiet b m may phai n gian van hanh chac chan.
T cac yeu cau tren chung ta co cac phng phap m may sau ay:
- M may trc tiep (U = Um).
- M may bang bien tr.
- M may bang ien ap thap at vao phan ng (U < Um).
Trong tat ca moi trng hp khi m may bao gi cung phai bao am t
thong = m ngha la bien tr mach kch t Rc phai tr so nho nhat e sau khi
ong ien, ong c c kch thch toi a va M = CM I ln nhat. Phai am bao
khong e t mach kch thch v trong trng hp o = 0 , M = 0 ong c khong
quay c va do o sc phan ien ong E = 0 I = U / R rat ln lam chay day
quan va vanh gop.
Muon oi chieu quay cua ong c co the dung mot trong hai phng phap
hoac oi chieu dong ien phan ng I hoac oi chieu dong ien kch thch It.
Thong thng tren thc te ch oi chieu I v day quan kch t co nhieu vong day
nen he so t cam Lt rat ln va s thay oi It dan en s thay oi s.. t cam rat
ln gay ra ien ap anh thung cach ien cua day quan.
1. M may trc tiep : Phng phap nay c thc hien bang cach ong thang

ong c vao nguon ien vi ien ap nh mc. Nh vay ngay luc khi ong rotor
84

cha quay n=0 nen E = 0 va


I = I mm =

U m E U m
=
R
R

Trong thc te R * = 0.02 0.1 =


th dong I se rat ln:

Imm = I = (50 10)Im

R . .I m
U m

nen vi ien ap nh mc U* = 1

hay

mm
= mm* = 50 10
m

Dong ienm may qua ln lam h hong co gop, xung lc tren truc lam h
hong truc may.Nen phng phap nay ch ap dung oi vi nhng ong c cong suat
nho khoang vai tram watt tr xuong v c cong suat nay may co R ln. Do o khi
m may I = Imm (4 6)Im.
2. M may nh bien tr :

I, M, n

Rmm
T m

Um

Rc
It

Imm1
I

n
I

Imm2

Hnh 8.3 S o m may ong c ien mot


chieu kch thch song song bang bien tr

MC
t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

Hnh 8.4 Cac quan he I , M, n theo thi gian


khi m may ong c.

e tranh nguy hiem cho ong c ngi ta phai giam dong ien m may Imm
bang cach noi bien tr m may Rmm vi phan ng. Dong ien phan ng cua ong
Um E
c c tnh theo bieu thc: I =
R + Rmmi
Trong o: i la ch th bac cua cac bac ien tr.
Trc khi m may phai e Rmm max, Rc min. Gat tay gat T ve v tr 1 ta co dong
U m
ien m may Imm1 bang: I mm1 =
,V khi m may n = 0 nen E = Ce .n = 0
R + R mm
Do day quan kch thch c noi trc tiep vi nguon nen t thong = m. Neu mo
men do ong c sinh ra ln hn mo men can tren truc M > Mc th n E
I M . Khi I = Imm2 = (1,1 1,3)Im ta gat tay gat T en v tr 2 v 1 bac ien tr
b loai tr nen I en Imm1 : I M n E I M khi I en
Imm2 ta gat T en v tr 3 va lan lt en v tr 4, 5. Qua trnh tren c lap lai cho en
khi n = nm th Rmm cung b loai tr khoi mach phan ng. Neu Rmm het ma n cha
bang nm th ieu chnh Rc . Muon dng may ta keo tay gat T ve v tr ban au so 0,
toc o may cham lai cham lai, va cat nguon ien a vao ong c. Gii han tren
cua dong ien m may Imm1 c chon sao cho thoa man ieu kien oi chieu dong
85

ien (tia la) tren cac choi than. Gii han di cua dong ien Imm2 c chon sao
d
cho thoa man ieu kien: l = c = J.
>0 ;
dt
J: Moment quan tnh cua khoi quay;
:toc o goc cua roto.
Thng chon Imm1 = (1,5 1,75)Im , Imm2 = (1,1 1,3)Im.
3. M may bang ien ap thap Umm < Um

Trong cac thiet b cong suat ln, bien tr m may rat cong kenh va a lai
nang lng ton hao ln, nhat la khi phai m may luon. Nen trong mot so thiet b
ngi ta dung m may khong bien tr bang cach ha ien ap at vao ong c luc
m may. Dung to may phat - ong c (He thong WARD - LEONARD h8.5) nguon
ien ap co the ieu chnh c cua may phat cung cap cho phan ng cua ong
c, trong khi o mach kch thch cua may phat va ong c phai c at di 1
ien ap oc lap khac. Phng phap nay ch ap dung cho CKTL. Thng c
ket hp vi ieu chnh n.

phat ieu khien


ong c s cap May
May phat kch
t nho

Bus kch t
Kch t

MF ieu khien
Khp noi

ong c
s cap AC ien tr
ieu chnh
He thong MF-C
Nguon 3 pha

CDC
KTL can
ieu khien

b,

a,

Hnh 8.5 S o noi day cua he thong Ward - Leonard thay oi ien ap e ieu khien
mot CKTL (ha). He thong may phat- ong c gom 3 bo phan: May kch t nho,
ong c s cap, may phat ien DC ieu khien (hb).

8.3 ac tnh cua ong c ien mot chieu

Tuy theo cach kch t ong c ien mot chieu co nhng tnh nang khac nhau
bieu dien bang cac ng ac tnh lam viec, ac tnh c khac nhau. ac tnh quan
trong nhat la ac tnh c bieu th quan he gia toc o quay va momen : n = f(M)
I. ac tnh c va ieu chnh toc o cua ong c ien mot chieu:
1. ac tnh c
E

U I R

T bieu thc E = Ce n n =
=
C E
C E
pN
=
C
Vi
;
R = Rb + Rct + Rf
E
60a
Trong o:
R: ien tr phan ng;

R
U

I (8-1)
C E C E

Rb: ien tr day quan bu;


Rct: ien tr tiep xuc cua choi than vi vanh gop;
Rf: ien tr day quan cc t phu;
86

Phng trnh (8-1) c goi la phng trnh ac tnh toc o cua ong c:n=f(I).
V: M = CM I nen: n =

R
U

C E C E .C M . 2

(8-2)

Phng trnh (8-2) c goi la phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c: n = f(M).
T (8-1) va (8-2) ta thay khi phu tai at tren truc ong c bang 0, trng hp ly
U
= n0 : Toc o khong tai ly tng
tng I = 0 hoac M = 0 th n =
Ce
U
Tai n = 0 ta co : I =
= In
R
U
M = CM
= CM In = Mn
R
at :
R
R
= tang He so goc cua ac tnh toc o va
= tang va
C E C M 2
CE
ac tnh c.
R
R
o sut toc o cua ac tnh toc o
= n
= n va
C E C M 2
CE
va ac tnh c tai 1 gia tr dong ien
va mo men nhat nh.
ac tnh c va ac tnh toc o cua ong c co o doc khong oi con o sut toc

o bien oi theo dong ien va moment.


Phng trnh ac tnh c co the viet:
n = n0 - n
n = n0 -n
Bieu dien tren o th:

n1

n2

n2

n1

n0

n0

Mn

Hnh 8.6 ac tnh toc o cua ong c ien mot


chieu kch t oc lap

Hnh 8.7 ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot


chieu kch t oc lap

Trong truyen ong ien 1 van e tng oi quan trong c at ra la phai


co s phoi hp tot ac tnh c cua ong c ien va ac tnh c cua phu tai hoac
may cong tac. Th du : Toc o cua he thong phai khong oi hay thay oi nhieu khi
moment tai thay oi va e thoa man cac yeu cau o can phai dung cac loai ong
c ien khac nhau co ac tnh c thch hp. S phoi hp cac ac tnh c cua ong
c ien va cua tai con phai am bao c tnh on nh trong che o lam viec xac
87

lap cung nh trong qua trnh qua o. e nghien cu ieu kien lam viec on nh cua
he thong truyen ong ta xet ac tnh c M = f(n) cua ong c va Mc = f(n) cua tai
trnh bay tren hnh 8-8.

M1
MC2
M2
MC1

M2

MC2

n A1 n nA 2
A

MC1
M1

M = f(n)

a)

M = f(n)
MC = f(n)

MC = f(n)

0 b)

n B1 n B n B2

Hnh 8.8 Che o lam viec on nh (a) khong on


nh (b) cua ong c ien mot chieu

Trng hp hnh 8.8a: Gia s toc o ong c t nA giam xuong nA 1 th ong


dw
>0
c tao ra 1 moment ong lc dng : l = c = J
dt
2
GD
Trong o: J =
: Moment quan tnh cua khoi quay a quy oi ve truc ong c.
4g
D : ng knh cua khoi quay.
g : Gia toc trong trng, g=10m/s2.
Moment ong lc dng lam cho toc o quay tang len nA.
Ngc lai, gia s toc o ong c t nA tang len nA2 th ong c sinh ra
l = c < 0 lam cho toc o giam xuong nA . Do o iem A la iem lam viec
on nh.
ieu kien lam viec on nh cua ong c:

dM dM C
<
dn
dn

Trng hp hnh 8.8b: Gia s toc o ong c t nB giam xuong nB1 th ong c
tao ra mot moment ong lc am l = c < 0 lam cho toc o giam tiep
xuong n < nB1 cho en khi n = 0.
Gia s toc o ong c t nB tang len nB2 th l = c > 0 lam cho toc o
ong c tang nhanh hn na.
Do o, iem B la iem lam viec khong on nh. Ta co ieu kien lam viec khong
on nh cua ong c nh sau :

dM dM C
>
dn
dn

2. ieu chnh toc o ong c:


Da vao cac bieu thc (8-1) va (8-2) ta thay rang e thay oi toc o cua
ong c ta co the thay oi t thong , ien ap at vao phan ng U va ien tr
phu tren mach phan ng.
88

- Thay oi t thong : khi may lam viec bnh thng = m ng vi dong ien
kch t (Itm) phng phap nay ch giam ch khong tang c v khong cho
phep ien ap at vao day quan kch t vt qua gia tr nh mc. Khi giam th
n > nm tc la ieu chnh toc o n trong vung tren cua nm va gii han ieu chnh toc
o c han che bi cac ieu kien c kh va oi chieu cua may.
- Thay oi ien ap U : Phng phap nay ch cho phep thay oi c toc o
di toc o nh mc. Phng phap nay khong gay nen ton hao phu nhng oi hoi
phai co nguon ien ap rieng ieu chnh c.
- Thay oi ien tr phu tren mach phan ng Rf : Khi them Rf o doc ng
ac tnh c ong c tang len lam toc o ong c giam xuong.
u : thiet b ieu chnh n gian lam viec chac chan.
Khuyet : gay ton hao tren ien tr phu.
Sau ay ta se xet ac tnh c va phng phap ieu chnh toc o cua tng
loai ong c ien mot chieu.
A. ong c ien mot chieu kch thch song song (KTSS) hoac ong c ien
mot chieu kch thch oc lap (KTL):
a) ac tnh c : n = f(M) khi U = const, It = const

Khi M hoac I bien thien = const neu bo qua anh hng cua phan ng
phan ng, ta co the viet phng trnh ac tnh c:

n = n0 -

R
M
2
C E .C M .

n = n0 -

R
M
k

n
n0
nm

ac tnh c la mot ng thang nh a


biet. ng ac tnh c ng vi Rf = 0
goi la ng ac tnh c t nhien. ac
tnh c cua ong c ien rat cng, toc o
thay oi t khi M, I thay oi nen ong c
thng c s dung trong cac trng

Mm
(Im)

M(I)

hp n= const khi thay oi phu tai, nh Hnh 8.9 ac tnh c va ac tnh toc o cua
ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap (song
song).

may cat ngot kim loai, quat...

b) ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong :

Khi thay oi t thong ( m ) th ac tnh c va ac tnh toc o se bien


thien theo nhng qui luat khac nhau.

89

n01

R
C E

Ta thay khi giam th n0 tang va


tg ' =

nhng khi n = 0, I

n02

In

R
tang nhanh con
CeCM 2

m >1 >2

n0

Mn = CM In giam dan

n01

Ta thay khi giam th n0 tang va


tg =

Hnh 8.10 Ho ac tnh toc o cua ong c


ien mot chieu khi giam t thong.

va co gia tri n0 tang dan khi t thong giam

R
n = n0
M
CeCM 2

m >1 >2

Ho ac tnh toc o i qua iem (n=0; I=In)

oi vi ho ac tnh c, t

2
1

n0

U
= Cte
R

dan.

R
R
U

I
I = n0
CE
CE CE

- T n =

n02

Mn2

M
Mn

Mn1

Hnh 8.11 Ho ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot


chieu kch thch song song khi giam t thong.

n=

n0

U
R

M
C E C E C M 2

c) ieu chnh toc o bang thay oi ien tr phu Rf tren mach phan ng
n
U , ,M = Cte :

Rf1

Vi R = R + Rf khi Rf bien thien th


U
n=
= C te , con tg = R
CE
k

TN (Um, m, Rf=0)

Rf2

bien oi

Rf3
0

bac nhat. Vay khi Rf thay oi ta co ho

Mm R > R >R
f3
f2
f1

M (I)

Hnh 8.12 ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot


chieu kch thch song song nhng ien tr phu
khac nhau.

ac tnh c thay oi i qua iem no va


o doc tang dan (mem dan) khi Rf tang.

d) ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien ap U at vao phan ng ( m ):


n
M= Cte
n
Khi thay oi ien ap ( U U m ),
0
TN (Um, m)
n01
n0 thay oi t le thuan vi U, co n
n02
U1
R
tg =
= const .
n03
U2
k

Ta co mot ho ac tnh c song

U3

song nhau va thap dan khi U giam dan.

Um> U1>U2>U3

M (I)

Hnh 8.13 ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot chieu


kch thch song song nhng ien ap khac nhau

90

B. ong c ien mot chieu kch t noi tiep (CMCKTNT):


a) Phng trnh ac tnh c:
Trong CMC KTNT I = It = I cho nen khi Mc bien thien th I bien thien, It bien
thien (t trng cua ong c, bien thien). Theo ac tnh cua mach t th quan
he = f(It ) la tuyen tnh khi mach t cha bao hoa. Trong ong c ien kch
thch noi tiep khi M c = 0 (2 3)M cm th mach t cua chung lam viec tren 1 loat
che o khac nhau t cha bao hoa, bao hoa cho en bao hoa sau. Neu gia thiet
mach t cha bao hoa: I t , = k .I t , k = C te trong vung I < 0,8Im. Da vao
phng trnh ac tnh toc o ong c ien 1 chieu noi chung th phng trnh ac
tnh toc o cua CKTNT co dang :
n=

at: A =

U
;
CEk

U
R

I
CE k I CE k I

B=

th: n = A B
I

R
CE k

(1)

Muon co phng trnh ac tnh c ch can thay I = M = M


t o ta co:
CM CMk I
I =

M
M
=
CMk
CMk

The I vao (1) va at A. CMk = C = Cte ta co phng trnh ac tnh c:

C
(2)
B
M
T (1) va (2) ta thay ac tnh toc o va ac tnh c cua CMCKTNT co
n=

dang hyperbol vi ieu kien mach t cha bao hoa.

che tao lam viec vi mach t bao hoa

Trong thc te cac CMCKTNT c

khi Mc > Mcm. Ngha la khi Mc = 0 Mcm


th ac tnh c va ac tnh toc o tuan
theo qui luat hyperbol. Con khi Mc >

Mcm th Mc tang hau nh khong oi


co oan ac tnh gan nh ng thang.
AB : hyperbol

nm

Mcm

Mc

Hnh 8.14 ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot


chieu kch thch noi tiep.

BC : ng thang

91

b) ieu chnh toc o :


. ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong :

Wt

Rst

a)

b)

Rc

W t/

c)

Rs

d)

Hnh 8.15 Cac s o ieu chnh toc o ong c ien mot chieu kch thch noi tiep: a) mac sun cho
day quan kch thch; b) thay oi so vong day cua day quan kch thch; c) mac sun cho phan ng; d)
them ien tr vao mach phan ng

Neu dong ien kch thch luc au la I1 = It1 th sau khi noi theo hnh 8-15a,b:
It2 = k.I1 vi k la he so hieu chnh:
k=

Rst
<1
Rt + Rst

(hnh 8-15a)

Wt/
k=
<1
Wt

(h8-15b)

Trong o: w't so day quan kch thch sau khi noi theo b.
Nh vay

= k.k I 1

nen < m, n tang (ac tnh c 2). Trng hp c : mac

nh vay th tong tr giam, I = It tang, n giam ng vi ng ac tnh c 3.


. Them Rf vao mach phan ng:
- Luc mach t bao hoa coi = Cte giong nh ong c ien kch t song song.
- Luc mach t khong bao hoa t thong t le vi I. oi vi he thong co quan tnh
c u ln, ta co the viet phong chng phng trnh s.. oi vi thi gian t ngay
sau khi at them Rf va di dang:
n=

U RI

CE/ = CE k

C E

U = C/E nI/ + I / (R + Rf )

vi

C /E nI / = C E k I / n

T o ta co dong ien phan ng sau khi at Rf la:


I / =

U
C n + (R + R f )
/
E

Dong ien phan ng trc khi at bien tr:


U
I = /
CE n + R
Ta lap c t so:

I / = I

Ce/ n + R
C /E n + (R + R f )

92

Khi at ien tr vao lam dong ien


phan ng giam, mo men giam neu
Mc = Cte th Ml = M - Mc <0 lam toc
o quay giam, sc ien ong giam,
dong ien phan ng tang en tr so
ban au va lam viec on nh n2<nm
n2 U I1(R + Rf )
=
n1
U I1R

Hnh 8.14 ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot


chieu kch thch noi tiep cac trng hp ieu
chnh toc o khac nhau.

. ieu chnh toc o bang thay oi ien ap:


Ch co the ieu chnh c cac toc o n < nm. c thc hien bang cach oi
noi song song thanh noi tiep 2 ong c. Hieu suat cao khong gay ton hao phu.
C. ong c ien mot chieu kch t hon hp (CMCKTHH):
ac tnh c cua CMCKTHH bu la ac tnh trung gian gia ac tnh c
cua CMCKTSS va CMCKTNT.
Toc o cua CMCKTHH c ieu chnh
nh CMCKTSS hoac CMCKTNT.
ong c ien loai nay thng c
s dung trong cac trng hp Mmm ln, n
bien thien trong 1 pham vi rong.
ac tnh c cua ong c ien:
ng 1 ng vi hon hp bu (noi thuan)
ng 2: Hon hp ngc (noi ngc)
ng 3: Kch thch song song
ng 4: Kch thch noi tiep.
II. ac tnh lam viec cua ong c ien
mot chieu

Hnh 8.15 ac tnh c cua ong c ien


mot chieu kch thch hon hp so sanh
vi cac loai ong c ien mot chieu khac.

M, n

M = f(I ) KTNT
M = f(I ) KT//

M = f(I ) KTHH

ac tnh lam viec cua CMC


bieu th quan he : n, M, theo dong ien:
n = f(I ), M = f(I ), = f(I ) khi U = Um =
Cte.
1. ac tnh toc o: n = f(I ) khi U = Cte

n = f(I ) KT//
n = f(I ) KTHH
n = f(I ) KTNT

I
Hnh 8.16 ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot
chieu kch thch hon hp so sanh vi cac loai
ong c ien mot chieu khac.

93

n=

U
CE

R
C E

Ve can ban ac tnh toc o n = f(I) tng t nh ac tnh c a biet.


2. ac tnh mo men M = f(I ) khi U = Cte .

Bieu th quan he M = CM I
ong c ien kch thch song song:
khi U = Cte th = Cte quan he
M = f(I) la ng thang.

2
CMCKTNT: khi I th M I ng cong co dang parabol.

CMCKTHH: ng ac tnh moment la ng trung gian cua CMC


KTSS va KTNT.
3. ac tnh hieu suat = f(I ) khi U = Cte , It = Cte

T cong thc :
2
p

100 = 1
100 = 1 p0 + pcu.t + IR + ptx + pf 100
% = 1

U(I + I )
P1
U(I + It )

Trong o:
Po la ton hao khong tai (ton hao c pc, ton hao thep pFe, ton hao phu pf).
pt = Ut It ton hao tren mach kch t.
I2R ton hao ong tren day quan phan ng.

ptx = UtxI ton hao do tiep xuc gia vanh gop va choi than.

V rang cac ieu kien ta ang xet n = Cte , It = Cte, = Cte nen co the coi

2
2
nh Po + Pt = Cte. ien tr R c tnh nhiet o to = 75 oC cho nen IR I .

oi vi cac choi than Utx = 2V do o Utx.I t le vi I . Bo qua dong It


mau so cong thc (1). Lay ao ham bac nhat d/dI va cho no bang khong th
ieu kien e hieu suat cua ong c ien kch t song song la cc ai c viet
di dang:

p0 + pcu.t = I2R

Ngha la hieu suat cua ong c ien at ti tr so cc ai max cua no phu


tai ma cac ton hao khong oi bang vi ton hao bien oi theo bnh phng cua
dong ien I .
mot phu tai nhat nh phan phoi cua
ton hao nh vay ta se co hieu suat cc ai.
Tren hnh ve ta co tr so max khi P2 0,75Pm.
Thong thng oi vi cac ong c cong
suat nho = (75 85)% . oi vi cac ong

c cong suat trung bnh va ln = (85 95)%


94

Hnh 8.16 ac tnh hieu suat cua ong


c ien mot chieu

Cau hoi
1. Phan loai ong c ien mot chieu.
2. ieu kien lam viec on nh cua ong c ien. So sanh cac loai ong c ien
ve phng dien nay.
3. So sanh cac ac tnh toc o va ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot chieu.
4. Hien tng g xay ra khi m may ong c ien kch thch song song trong
trng hp mach kch t b t. Cung nh vay trong trng hp ien tr ieu
chnh tren mach kch thch Rc qua ln.
5. Cac phng phap m may va ieu chnh toc o ong c ien mot chieu cac
loai.
Bai tap
1. Cho mot ong c ien mot chieu kch thch song song co cac so lieu sau:
Pm= 95kW, Um = 220 V , Im = 470 A, Itm = 4,25 A, R = 0,0125 ,nm = 500 v/ph.
Hay xac nh:
a. Hieu suat cua ong c
b. Tong ton hao trong may, ton hao khong tai va dong ien khong tai
c. Moment nh mc cua ong c.
d. ien tr ieu chnh Rf can thiet e ong c quay vi n = nm, I = Im va t
thong giam i 40%
e. ien tr Rf can thiet e ong c quay vi n = nm, I = 0,85Im va t thong giam
i 25%
ap so:

a. 91,8%
b.

= 8,4 kW, P0 = 4753,5 W, I0 = 17,3A

c. M = 181,5 Nm.
d. Rf = 0,18
e. Rf = 0,13

95

Chng 9
MAY IEN MOT CHIEU AC BIET CONG SUAT NHO
1. ong c mot chieu khong choi than
ong c mot chieu vi cau truc bnh thng co hang loat nhc iem do
bo phan oi chieu, vanh gop gay ra lam han che pham vi s dung cua chung.
Trong thi gian gan ay a xuat hien va a vao s dung ngay cang rong rai,
nhat la trong cac he thong ieu khien t ong mot loai ong c vi ten goi la
ong c mot chieu khong choi than (Brushless-DC Motor). ong c mot chieu
khong choi than vi bo phan oi chieu ien t a thoa man cac yeu cau cao ve
o tin cay trong cac ieu kien lam viec ac biet (chan khong, nhiet o thay oi,
va ap manh, rung ong nhieu). Bo phan ao chieu co cau tao t cac linh kien
ien t thay the cho vanh gop_choi than lam cho ong c mot chieu khong choi
than mat i nhng nhc iem cua ong c mot chieu thong thng.
1.1 Cau tao:
Khac vi ong c mot chieu bnh thng, ong c mot chieu khong choi
than co phan ng bat ong nam tren stator va phan cam quay nam tren rotor.
Tren hnh 9.1 a ve mo hnh cua ong c mot chieu bnh thng va hnh 9.1b ve
mo hnh ong c khong choi than.

Hnh 9.1 Mo hnh n gian cua ong c mot chieu bnh thng
(hnh a) va ong c mot chieu khong choi than (hnh b)
V tr cac phan t cua ong c mot chieu khong choi than tren hnh 9.1b nh
sau:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Stator cua ong c.


Rotor bang nam cham vnh cu.
Day quan phan ng at tren stator.
Gia choi than.
Choi than (e n gian nen hnh 9.1b thay bo phan oi chieu bang 4 va
5).

96

Stator cua ong c mot chieu khong choi than c ghep t cac la thep
k thuat ien co xe ranh. Trong cac ranh cua Stator at cuon day phan ng nh
cac loai ong c bnh thng khac. Phan cam cua ong c khong choi than
thng c lam bang nam cham vnh cu. ac iem noi bat cua ong c la bo
phan ao chieu bang ien t ma trong hnh 9.1b c n gian hoa bang gia
choi than va choi than at tren rotor.
Ngoai stato, rotor va bo phan ao chieu bang ien t th tren vo may con
gan mot cam bien v tr. Cam bien v tr co cau tao t hai thanh phan: phan quay
goi la rotor va phan ng yen goi la stator. Rotor cua cam bien v tr co dang
hnh tron khuyet at tren cung mot truc vi rotor ong c, ay la phan t tao tn
hieu cua cam bien v tr. Stator cua cam bien v tr la cac phan t cam ng, so
lng cua cac phan t cam ng nay bang vi so pha cua ong c va v tr cua
chung tng ng vi v tr cac pha cua ong c.
Tom lai: cau tao ong c mot chieu khong choi than gom 3 thanh phan chnh
sau:
Stator va rotor, tren Stator c ghep bang cac la thep ky thuat ien co
xe ranh, ben trong co at cuon ng m pha va rotor c lam bang nam cham
vnh cu.
Cam bien v tr at cung truc vi ong c co chc nang cam nhan v tr
cua rotor va bien oi tn hieu o thanh tn hieu ieu khien xac nh thi iem
va th t oi chieu.
Bo phan oi chieu khong choi than cau tao bang cac linh kien ien t
thc hien oi chieu dong ien cua cac cuon cam tren stator ong c theo tn
hieu ieu khien t cam bien v tr.
1.2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Hnh 9.2 trnh bay s o nguyen l n gian cua ong c mot chieu khong
choi than vi ba cuon day tren stator. Ta se phan tch nguyen ly hoat ong cua
ong c mot chieu khong choi than theo s o nay.
Cuon day phan ng at tren cac ranh cua stator gom co ba pha A, B, C,
lech nhau trong khong gian mot goc 1200 va c noi hnh sao.
Bo phan oi choi gom ba transistor Q1, Q2, Q3, mac noi tiep vi cac pha
A, B, C cua ong c. Cac transistor nay lam viec che o ngat dan, ngha la
co hai trang thai lam viec: trang thai dan khi co tn hieu ien chan B cua
chung va trang thai ngat khi khong co tn hieu ien chan B cua chung. Tn
hieu ien do phan cam ng cua cam bien v tr tao ra.
Nguyen ly hoat ong cua ong c theo hnh 9.2 nh sau:
Gia s ban au v tr phan t cam bien tn hieu cua cam bien v tr nam
gan phan t cam ng pha A (phan t cam ng cua cam bien v tr at tng
ng vi cac pha cua ong c). Khi phan t cam bien tn hieu cua cam bien v tr
97

v tr tren (v tr 1 tren hnh 9.2) th se xuat hien mot tn hieu ieu khien CA, tn
hieu nay kch vao cc B cua transistor Q1 lam cho Q1 dan. Cac transistor khac
khong co tn hieu nen trang thai ngat. Khi Q1 dan trong pha A cua cuon ng
co dong ien IA chay qua. Nh s tng tac gia sc t ong FA cua cuon ng
pha A vi t thong cua t trng rotor bang nam cham vnh cu lam cho rotor
quay theo chieu kim ong ho. Do phan t tn hieu cua cam bien tn hieu gan
ong truc vi rotor cua ong c nen khi rotor quay th phan t nay cung quay
theo.

Hnh 9.2 S o nguyen ly n gian cua ong c


mot chieu khong choi than vi stato co ba cuon day.
Khi goc quay cua rotor ln hn 300 so vi v tr ban au mot t, phan t tn
hieu tac ong ong thi len hai phan t cam ng cua cam bien v tr nam tren
pha A va B (v tr 2 tren hnh 9.2). Co tn hieu ieu khien chan B cua cac
transistor Q1, Q2 lam cho hai transistor nay dan, dong ien chay trong pha A va
B cua day quan phan ng. Transistor Q3 khong co tn hieu ieu khien nen van
khong dan. Khi co them sc t ong FB th sc t ong tong se lech i khoang
600 so vi v tr ban au va tac ong vi t trng cua rotor nam cham vnh cu
lam cho rotor ong c tiep tuc quay theo chieu kim ong ho.
Khi goc quay cua rotor ln hn 900 so vi v tr ban au mot t (v tr 3 tren
hnh 9.2) phan t tn hieu ch tac ong len phan t tn hieu at tren pha B. Khi
o se co tn hieu CA lam cho transistor Q2 dan, cac transistor khac khong dan
do khong co tn hieu ieu khien. Transistor Q2 dan th co dong ien chay trong
cuon day pha B cua cuon day phan ng tao nen sc t ong FB, ay cung
98

chnh la sc t ong cua day quan stato luc nay. Do o, rotor cua ong c tiep
tuc quay theo chieu kim ong ho nh ban au. Qua trnh tren c tiep tuc tiep
dien, tn hieu ieu khien t cam bien v tr c a vao cac transistor cua bo
phan oi chieu va lam cho chung dan hoac ngng dan ung luc; cap ien hoac
khong cap ien cho cac cuon day stator tao nen sc t ong tren day quan nay
tac ong vi t trng cua rotor bang nam cham vnh cu lam cho rotor quay.
Khi tang so pha cua cuon stator, th so phan t cam ng cua cam bien v
tr va so transistor cua bo phan oi chieu cung tang tng ng va ong c van
hoat ong theo nguyen tac tren. Neu tang so phan t cam ng va so transistor
bang so boi day va so phien gop cua ong c ien mot chieu co vanh gop bnh
thng th ac tnh cua ong c mot chieu khong choi than hoan toan giong vi
ong c ien mot chieu co vanh gop. Qua trnh vat l trong ong c mot chieu
khong choi than cung c mo ta bang cac phng trnh cua ong c vanh gop
cong suat nho trnh bay phan 1.2. Tuy nhien, viec tang so lng cac pha day
quan stator keo theo s phc tap cua s o ieu khien. V vay, trong thc te so
pha cua day quan thng khong vt qua bon.
2 ong c chap hanh mot chieu :
Hau het cac ong c cong suat nho s dung trong cac he thong ieu
khien t ong va cac chc nang rieng le khac dang ong c chap hanh
(servo motor).
ong c chap hanh noi chung la loai may ien co chc nang bien oi tn
hieu ien au vao (thng la ien ap) thanh van toc goc hoac chuyen ong cua
truc ong c. Chung c che tao e ap ng hau het cac chc nang chuyen
oi tn hieu. ong c loai nay co the hoat ong che o lam viec dai han, ngan
han hay ngan han lap lai tuy theo cau truc. c s dung nh ong c chap
hanh con co ong c mot chieu kch thch oc lap, ong c bc ong bo,
Ferraris motor, amplidyne motor_generator.
ng dung cua ong c chap hanh tuy thuoc vao ac tnh cua cac he
thong ieu khien, muc ch cua he thong ieu khien, v tr van hanh va cac yeu
cau khac khi c s dung nh nhng bo phan cau thanh nen he thong.
ong c chap hanh thng ap ng cac yeu cau c ban sau:
ac tnh lam viec on nh moi van toc.
ieu chnh toc o quay de dang, bang phang kinh te va co pham vi ieu
chnh rong.
Dng tc thi (ong c phai dng ngay lap tc khi mat tn hieu ieu
khien).
ap ng nhanh.
ieu khien tai cong suat ln gan tren truc vi tn hieu ieu khien be.

99

Trong nam yeu cau tren th yeu cau th nam la yeu cau chu yeu v hau het tn
hieu ieu khien ong c loai nay eu co cong suat be (tn hieu ngo ra t cac
thiet b ien t).
2.1 Cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong cua ong c chap hanh mot chieu
cong suat nho:
Theo cau truc ong c chap hanh mot chieu gom co cac loai sau:
ong c chap hanh mot chieu quan tnh nho vi rotor rong khong t tnh.

ong c chap hanh mot chieu vi phan ng khong co ranh (rotor hnh
da), day quan phan ng c bo tr trc tiep len mat hnh tru cua rotor.
ong c chap hanh mot chieu thong thng kch thch oc lap hoac kch
thch bang nam cham vnh cu.
ong c chap hanh mot chieu co cau tao nh loai th nhat va loai th hai
t c e cap en trong cac giao trnh may ien; ong c chap hanh mot chieu
thong thng th lai co nhieu tai lieu noi en nen ay ch xin neu them ve ac
iem cau tao cua hai loai ong c chap hanh th nhat va th hai tc la ong c
chap hanh mot chieu quan tnh nho vi rotor rong khong t tnh va ong c
chap hanh mot chieu vi phan ng khong co ranh (rotor hnh da).
2.1.1 Cau tao ong c chap hanh mot chieu rotor rong khong t tnh.
Hnh 9.3 trnh bay cau tao cua ong c chap hanh mot chieu vi rotor
rong khong t tnh. ong c c cau tao vi rotor rong nham muc ch lam
giam en mc thap nhat quan tnh cua ong c khi ngng hoat ong. Rotor cua
ong c co the c chia lam hai phan nh sau: phan th nhat la mot khoi gom
co choi than, cac vanh gop va kot khoi hnh tru rong bang plastic (choi than va
vanh gop co cau tao giong nh ong c mot chieu bnh thng), phan con lai
la loi sat.
Loi sat 6 la phan nang hn va c co nh cung vi vo may, phan nay
co ten goi la stator trong, co chc nang nh mot dong ien cam ng.
Stator 3 cua ong c giong nh stator cua ong c mot chieu thong
thng co xe ranh e mang day quan phan cam 2 con c goi la stator ngoai.
Phan ng 5 la mot hnh tru rong c lam bang plastic co at day quan
trong ranh hoac mang tren be mat cua no mot lp day quan mong. Phan nay
xoay c trong khe h khong kh nam gia stator trong va stator ngoai.
Nguon ien c cung cap cho phan ng thong qua choi than 1 va vanh
gop 7.
ong c c bao boc va co nh bi vo may 4.

100

Hnh 9.3 ong c chap hanh mot chieu vi rotor rong khong t tnh.
Vi nhng ac iem cau tao nh tren th ket qua co c la ong c mot
chieu vi rotor rong se co momen quan tnh nho hn nhieu so vi ong c mot
chieu vi rotor hnh tru thong thng.
2.1.2 Cau tao ong c chap hanh mot chieu vi phan ng khong co
ranh (rotor hnh da)
ong c chap hanh mot chieu vi phan ng khong co ranh (rotor hnh
da) c mo ta hnh 9.4 co cac ac iem sau:
Rotor hnh da 1 cua ong c co hnh da det va khong co lo thong gio,
c lam t nhng vat lieu khong t tnh nh: ceramic, textolite hay aluminium,
day quan cua rotor c bo tr sat be mat nhan cua no ch rotor khong co
ranh. Day quan c bo tr eu hai mat cua rotor thong qua nhng lo khoang
gan truc ong c. ong c c kch thch bi nam cham vnh cu 5 vi au
cc 3 cua nam cham c che tao t thep khong g co dang khoi tron.
ong c chap hanh mot chieu phan ng khong co ranh (rotor hnh da)
khac vi ong c mot chieu cho rotor cua ong c khong co ranh e ac day
quan ma day quan c bo tr trc tiep tren be mat nhan cua rotor (printed
winding). Viec rotor ong c khong co ranh va day quan c bo tr nh tren
lam cho khe h khong kh gia cc t va loi phan ng tang len ong thi lam
giam ien khang phan ng.

Hnh 9.4 ong c chap


hanh mot chieu vi rotor
hnh da

101

2.2 Cac phng phap ieu khien ong c chap hanh mot chieu:
ong c chap hanh mot chieu co the c ieu khien theo mot trong hai
cach sau:
ieu khien lien tuc la phng phap ieu khien s dung tn hieu ieu
khien lien tuc theo thi gian nhng co o ln thay oi. Tn hieu ieu khien
thng la ien ap phan ng nen phng phap ieu khien nay con c goi la
ieu khien phan ng.
ieu khien cc la phng phap ieu khien khi ta a ien ap ieu khien
vao cuon kch thch.
2.2.1 ieu khien phan ng:
S o ieu khien nh hnh 9.5 cuon day kch thch noi trc tiep vao li
ien co ien ap U KT = U = const . Cuon day phan ng at vao ien ap ieu
khien co tr so thay oi U K const
Do U KT = U = const nen dong ien chay trong cuon kch t I KT = const do
o t thong cua cuon kch t KT = const .
Ta co:

KT = C .U KT

Vi C la he so khuyech ai.
Khi phan ng quay, cac day dan cua no cat t trng kch thch va trong
cuon day phan ng (cung chnh la cuon day ieu khien) se cam ng mot sc
ien ong EK, tr so cua EK c cho cong thc :
E K = C E . KT .n = C E C .U KT .n

Dong ien phan ng chnh la dong ien ieu khien co gia tr nh sau:

Hnh 9.5 S o ieu khien phan ng


ong c chap hanh mot chieu

102

Vi rK la ien tr cua mach ien phan ng.


Tng tac gia KT va I K tao ra momen quay nh bieu thc sau:
M = C M . KT .I K = C M .C .U KT .I K

Ket hp 2 cong thc tren, ta co:

M=

2
C M .C .U KT .U K C E .C M .C
.U 2KT .n
rK

Tn hieu ieu khien =

U K
la ien ap ieu khien trong he n v tng
U KT

oi.
Thay U K = .U KT vao bieu thc tren ta c :
2
C M .C ..U 2KT C E .C M .C
.U 2KT .n
M=
rK

Chung ta se thay cac gia tr thc cua M, n, UK bang cac gia tr trong he
n v tng oi e de so sanh ac tnh cua cac ong c co cong suat khac
nhau va toc o khac nhau. Vi gia tr momen trong he n v tng oi :

m=

M
M mm

Vi Mmm la momen m may cua ong c; khi ong c m may n = 0, UK


= UKT suy ra = 1 .
Bieu thc M co the c viet lai nh sau:
C .C .U 2
(9-1)
M mm = M KT
rK
Thay cac bieu thc tren vao bieu thc m ta c:
m = C E .C .n

Toc o quay trong he n v tng oi :


n
v=
n0
= 1.

Vi n0 la toc o quay khong tai ly tng; toc o nay at c khi m = 0,


Bieu thc 1.1.20 co the c viet lai nh sau:
1
n0 =
C E .C

(9-2)

Thay cac bieu thc v va n0 vao bieu thc cua m ta c:


m =v
T bieu thc tren ta rut ra nhan xet: momen quay cua ong c chap
hanh mot chieu khi ieu khien phan ng la mot ham bat nhat (tuyen tnh) cua
toc o quay v va he so tn hieu ieu khien .
103

2.2.2 ieu khien cc:


Nh a e cap en phan tren th phng phap ieu khien cc la
phng phap ma ien ap ieu khien c ac vao cuon day phan cam (cc t)
con ien ap kch t chnh la ien ap li at vao cuon day phan ng (hnh 9.6).

Hnh 9.6 S o ieu khien cc ong c chap hanh mot chieu


V ien ap kch t trong phng phap nay ln ( U KT = U Li ) nen oi vi
nhng ong c co cong suat ln hn 10 watt th ngi ta thng mac them mot
ien tr phu RP noi tiep vi mach phan ng e han che dong ien khi ong.
Tren cuon day ieu khien (cuon day cc t) ch at vao ien ap ieu
khien (ch co tn hieu ieu khien) khi co yeu cau lam chuyen ong rotor.
T thong chnh cua ong c la t thong cua cuon day ieu khien K .
Tr so cua K khi mach t cua may khong bao hoa se t le vi I K co ngha la
ty le vi U K .
K = C .U K = C ..U KT

Trong o: he so tn hieu =

U K
U
= K
U KT U Li

Khi phan ng quay, trong cuon day phan ng (cuon kch thch) cam ng mot
sc ien ong EKT:
E KT = C E . K .n = C E .C .U K .n

Dong ien kch t IKT bang:


I KT =

U KT E KT
rKT
104

Tng tac gia t thong cuon day ieu khien K vi dong ien kch t
IKT sinh ra momen quay M.
M = C M . K .I KT

Hay:

M=

C M .C ..U 2KT C M .C E .C 2 . 2 .U 2KT .n


rKT

Qui cac bieu thc tren ve gia tr tng oi ta co bieu thc momen trong he n
v tng oi la:

m = 2 .v = f (, v)
Vi: =

U K
n
M
; v=
; m=
U KT
n0
M mm

Trong o:

n 0 = n ( =1;m =0) =

1
C E .C

M mm = M ( n =0; =1)

C M .C .U 2K
=
rKT

3 May phat toc mot chieu


May phat toc noi chung la loai may ien cong suat nho lam viec che o
may phat, chung co chc nang chuyen oi tn hieu goc quay thanh tn hieu
ien. Trong trng hp nay, qui luat chuyen oi phu thuoc vao ac tnh ngo ra
cua may phat toc.
3.1 ac tnh ngo ra cua may phat toc mot chieu:
Da vao cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec, may phat toc mot chieu thc chat
la may ien mot chieu kch t oc lap hoac bang nam cham vnh cu (hnh 9.7).

Hnh 9.7 S o may phat toc mot chieu kch thch oc lap.
ac tnh ngo ra cua may phat toc mot chieu la moi quan he gia ien ap
ra hai au cc cua phan ng va toc o quay cua phan ng khi tai thuan tr Rt
co gia tr khong oi va t thong la hang so. Theo ly thuyet may ien th sc
ien ong EF cua phan ng ty le thuan vi t thong va toc o quay cua phan
ng. V vay, vi t thong la hang so th ta co bieu thc sau:
E F = C E .n.
105

Theo nh luat Ohm ta co dong ien phan ng nh sau:


U
IF = F
Rt
Phng trnh can bang ien ap cua may phat toc mot chieu:
U F = E F I F .rF U ch

Trong o:

EF la sc ien ong phan ng.


IF la dong ien phan ng.
rF la ien tr cuon ng.
U ch la ien ap ri tren choi than.

T cac bieu thc tren ta nhan c bieu thc ac tnh ien ap ra cua may phat
toc mot chieu nh sau:
C ..n U ch
UF = E
r
1+ F
Rt
Neu xem nh ien ap ri tren choi than khong ang ke va co the bo qua th
bieu thc tren co the viet lai nh sau:
C ..n
UF = E
= K.n
rF
1+
Rt
Neu t thong , ien tr phan ng rF va ien tr tai Rt khong oi th quan he
U F = f (n) la tuyen tnh vi he so khuyech ai (o doc) K c xac nh nh sau:

Khi CE, , Rt cang ln va rF cang nho th o doc cua ien ap ra cang ln.
Trong trng hp may hoat ong che o khong tai ( R t = ) th o doc cua
ien ap ra la ln nhat.

Hnh 9.8

ac tnh ra cua may


phat toc mot chieu

u iem cua may phat toc mot chieu la co trong lng va kch thc nho
nhng cong suat ln. Vi may phat toc kch t bang nam cham vnh cu khong
can co nguon nuoi.
106

PHAN II: MAY BIEN AP


Chng 1: KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE MAY BIEN AP
1.1. ai cng

e truyen tai va phan phoi ien nang i cho cac ho tieu thu ien cach xa
nha may ien c phu hp va kinh te th phai co nhng thiet b e tang va giam
ien ap au va cuoi ng day. Nhng thiet b nay goi la may bien ap (hnh1.1).
Nhng may bien ap dung trong he thong ien lc goi la may bien ap ien lc hay
may bien ap cong suat. May bien ap ch lam nhiem vu truyen tai va phan phoi
nang lng ch khong phai la thiet b bien oi nang lng.

May phat ien


10/220 KV

May phat ien

Tram bien ap
110/20 KV

Tram bien ap
220/110 KV
ng day

Sieu cao the

Cao the

Tram bien ap
20/0,4 KV

Trung the

Hnh1.1 S o mang truyen tai ien n gian.

Ho tie u
thu

1.2. Nguyen l lam viec c ban cua may bien ap

Da vao nguyen l lam viec cua MBA mot


pha gom mot loi thep co hai cuon day W1 ,
W2 vong. Khi at ien ap xoay chieu hnh
sin U1 vao day quan 1, dong ien i1 se tao
nen trong loi thep t thong moc vong vi
ca 2 day quan 1, 2 va cam ng trong 2 day
quan o s.. e1 , e2. Day quan 2 co s.. se
sinh ra dong ien i2 a ra tai vi ien ap U2
. Nh vay nang lng cua dong

Hnh1.2 Nguyen ly lam viec cua MBA


1. Day quan s cap
2. Day quan th cap
3. Loi thep

ien xoay chieu a c truyen t day quan 1 sang day quan 2.

Gia thiet ien ap at vao co dang hnh sin th t thong do no sinh ra cung co
dang hnh sin:

= m sin t

Theo nh luat cam ng ien t, sc ien ong cam ng trong cac day quan 1 va 2
se la:
d
d m sin t
= w1
= w1 m cos t
dt
dt

(1-1)
= w1 m sin(t ) = E1m sin(t )
2
2
d
d m sin t
e2 = w 2
= w2
= w 2 m cos t
dt
dt
e1 = w1

107

Tr so hieu dung:

= w 2 m sin(t ) = E2m sin(t )


2
2

(1-2)

E1 =

E1m w1 m 2f1w1 m
=
=
= 2.w1f1 m
2
2
2

(1-3)

E2 =

E2m w2 m 2f1w2 m
=
=
= 2.w2f1 m
2
2
2

(1-4)

T cac bieu thc (1-1) va (1-2) cho thay s.. trong day quan cham pha so vi t

thong sinh ra no mot goc


.
2
Da vao cac bieu thc (1-3), (1-4), ngi ta nh ngha ty so bien ap cua M.B.A 1
pha nh sau:

k=

E1 w1
=
E2 w 2

Neu khong ke ien ap ri tren day quan, k c xem nh la ty so ien ap gia day
quan 1 va day quan 2:

k=

E1 U1

E2 U2

oi vi may bien ap 3 pha:


U p 1 w1
kp =
=
- Ty so ien ap pha:
U p 2 w2
w1 so vong day pha s cap, w2 so vong day pha th cap

- Ty so ien ap day khong nhng ch phu thuoc vao t so vong day gia s cap
va th cap ma con phu thuoc vao cac noi hnh sao hay tam giac:
+ Khi noi /Y
+ Khi noi /

kd =

U p1
Ud1
w1
=
=
Ud 2
3U p 2
3w 2

kd =

U d 1 U p 1 w1
=
=
Ud 2 U p 2 w2

kd =

U d1
=
Ud2

+ Khi noi Y/Y


+ Khi noi Y/
kd =

3U p 1
3U p 2

w1
w2

3U p 1
Ud1
w
=
= 3 1
Ud 2
Up2
w2

nh ngha: MBA la 1 thiet b ien t tnh lam viec da tren nguyen ly cam ng

ien t, bien oi 1 he thong dong ien xoay chieu ien ap nay thanh 1 he thong
dong ien xoay chieu ien ap khac vi tan so khong oi.
Pha noi vi nguon goi la s cap, cac ai lng lien quan en s cap c k hieu
mang ch so 1.
Pha noi vi tai goi la th cap, cac ai lng lien quan en th cap c k hieu
mang ch so 2.
Neu U1 < U2 ta co MBA tang ap, U1 > U2 co MBA giam ap.
108

1.3. Cac lng nh mc

1. Dung lng hay cong suat nh mc Sm : La cong suat toan phan (hay bieu kien)
a ra day quan th cap MBA tnh bang VA hoac KVA.
2. ien ap day s cap nh mc U1m la ien ap day cua day quan s cap tnh
bang V ,hoac K V.
3. ien ap day th cap nh mc U2m la ien ap day cua day quan th cap khi
khong tai va ien ap at vao day quan s cap la nh mc. Tnh bang V hoac K V.
4. Dong ien day nh mc s cap I1m va th cap I2m la nhng dong ien day cua
day quan s cap va th cap ng vi cong suat va ien ap nh mc. Tnh bang
A. Co the tnh cac dong ien nh sau :
S
I2m = m
Sm
oi vi MBA 1 pha :
;
I1m =
U2m
U1m
Sm
Sm
I
=
2
m
I1m =
3U2m
oi vi MBA 3 pha :
;
3U1m
5. Tan so nh mc : fm tnh bang Hz. Cac may bien ap ien lc nc ta co tan so
cong nghiep la 50 Hz.
Ngoai ra tren nhan may bien ap con ghi cac so lieu khac nh so pha m; to noi
day quan; ien ap ngan mach Un%; che o lam viec ; cap cach ien; phng phap
lam nguoi ...
1.4 Cac loai may bien ap chnh

Theo cong dung may bien ap co the chia thanh cac loai chnh sau
1. May bien ap ien lc (hay con goi la may bien ap dau, may bien ap cong suat):
Dung e truyen tai va phan phoi ien nang trong he thong ien lc.
2. May bien ap chuyen dung: Dung cho cac lo luyen kim, cho cac thiet b chnh lu,
may han ien...
3. May bien ap t ngau: Bien oi ien ap trong mot pham vi khong ln lam, dung e
m may cac ong c ien xoay chieu.
4. May bien ap o lng: Dung e giam cac ien ap va dong ien ln a vao ong
ho o.
5. May bien ap th nghiem: Dung e th nghiem cac ien ap cao.
May bien ap co nhieu loai khac nhau, song thc chat cac hien tng xay ra
trong chung eu giong nhau. e thuan tien cho viec nghien cu, sau ay chu yeu ta
xet en cac may bien ap ien lc hai day quan mot pha va ba pha.

109

1.5 Cau tao may bien ap

May bien ap co cac bo phan chnh sau: Vo may, loi thep va day quan.
1. Loi thep

Loi thep dung lam mach dan t, ong thi lam khung e quan day quan.
Theo hnh dang loi thep ngi ta chia ra:
- May bien ap kieu loi hay kieu tru (hnh 1.3): Day quan bao quanh tru thep. Loai
nay hien nay rat thong dung cho cac may bien ap mot pha va ba pha co dung lng
nho va trung bnh

a)

b)
Hnh1.3 MBA kieu loi: a. mot pha; b. ba pha

- May bien ap kieu boc (hnh 1.4): Mach t c phan nhanh ra hai ben va " boc"
lay mot phan day quan. Loai nay thng ch dung trong vai nganh chuyen mon ac
biet nh may bien ap dung trong lo luyen kim, cac may bien ap mot pha cong suat
nho.
cac may bien ap hien ai, dung lng ln va
cc ln (80 en 100 MVA tren mot pha), ien ap
cao 220 en 400kV e giam chieu cao cho tru
thep, tien li cho viec van chuyen, mach t cua
may bien ap kieu tru c phan nhanh

Hnh1.4 MBA kieu boc

sang hai ben nen may bien ap mang hnh dang va kieu tru va kieu boc, goi la
may bien ap kieu tru - boc

b)

a)

Hnh1.5 MBA kieu tru boc: a. Mot pha va b. ba pha

110

Hnh 1.5b trnh bay mot kieu may bien ap tru - boc ba pha, trng hp nay co day
quan ba pha nhng co 5 tru thep nen con goi la may bien ap ba pha nam tru. Loi
thep may bien ap gom co hai phan: Phan tru k hieu bang ch T va phan gong k
hieu bang ch G. Tru la phan loi thep co day quan; gong la phan loi thep noi cac
tru lai vi nhau thanh mach t kn va khong co day quan.
Do day quan thng quan thanh hnh tron, nen tiet dien ngang cua tru thep
thng lam thanh hnh bac thang gan tron (hnh 1.6). Gong t v khong co quan
day, do o e thuan tien cho viec che tao tiet dien ngang cua gong co the lam
n gian: hnh vuong, hnh ch thap hoac hnh T hnh 1.7

a)

b)

Hnh1.6 Tiet dien cua tru thep


a. Khong co ranh dau
b. Co ranh dau

Hnh1.7 Cac dang tiet dien cua tru thep (pha


tren) va gong t (pha di)

2. Day quan

Day quan la bo phan dan ien cua may bien ap, lam nhiem vu thu nang
lng vao va truyen nang lng ra. Day quan thng lam bang ong hoac bang
nhom. Theo cach sap xep day quan cao ap va ha ap, ngi ta chia ra lam hai loai
day quan chnh: Day quan ong tam va day quan xen ke.
a. Day quan ong tam: day quan ong tam tiet dien ngang la nhng vong tron

ong tam. Day quan HA thng quan pha trong gan tru thep, con day quan CA
quan pha ngoai boc lay day quan ha ap. Vi cach quan nay co the giam bt c
ieu kien cach ien cua day quan cao ap, bi v gia day quan cao ap va tru a co
cach ien bi ban than day quan ha ap.
Nhng kieu day quan ong tam chnh bao gom:
. Day quan hnh tru:

b)

a)

Hnh1.8 Day quan hnh tru: a. Day quan bet hai lp; b. Day quan tron nhieu lp

111

Neu tiet dien day dan ln th dung day bet va thng quan thanh hai lp
(hnh 1.8a); neu tiet dien day dan nho th dung day tron quan thanh nhieu lp
(hnh 1.8b); Day quan hnh tru day tron thng lam day cao ap ti 35 Kw; Day
quan hnh tru day bet chu yeu lam day quan ha ap t 6KV tr xuong.
. Day quan hnh xoan: Gom nhieu day bet chap lai vi nhau quan theo ng
xoan oc, gia cac vong day co ranh h (hnh 1.9).Kieu nay thng dung cho day
quan HA cua m.b.a dung lng trung bnh va ln.

Hnh1.10 Day quan hnh xoay oc lien tuc

Hnh1.9 Day quan hnh xoan

. Day quan xoay oc lien tuc: Lam bang day bet va khac vi day quan hnh xoan
cho , day quan nay c quan thanh nhng banh day phang cach nhau bang
nhng ranh h (hnh 1.10).Bang cach hoan v ac biet trong khi quan, cac banh
day c noi tiep mot cach lien tuc ma khong can moi han gia chung, cung v the
ma day quan c goi la xoay oc lien tuc . Day quan nay chu yeu dung lam cuon
CA, ien ap 35kV tr len va dung lng ln.
b. Day quan xen ke : Cac banh day CA va HA

lan lt c at xen ke nhau doc theo tru thep


(hnh 1.11). Can chu y rang, e cach ien c
de dang, cac banh day sat gong thng thuoc
day quan HA. Kieu day quan nay hay dung trong
cac m.b.a kieu boc. V che tao va cach ien kho
khan, kem vng chac ve c kh nen cac m.b.a
kieu tru hau nh khong dung kieu day quan xen

Hnh1.11 Day quan xen ke


1. Day quan ha ap
2. Day quan cao ap

3.
keVo
. may: Vo may gom hai bo phan: thung va nap thung.
a. Thung may bien ap: Thung may lam bang thep, thng la hnh bau duc. Khi

may bien ap lam viec, mot phan nang lng b tieu hao, thoat ra di dang nhiet
ot nong loi thep, day quan va cac bo phan khac lam cho nhiet o cua chung tang
len. Do o gia may bien ap va moi trng xung quanh co mot hieu so nhiet o goi
la o chenh nhiet. Neu o chenh nhiet o vt qua mc quy nh se lam giam tuoi
tho cach ien va co the gay s co oi vi may bien ap. e bao am cho may bien
ap van hanh vi tai lien tuc trong thi gian qui nh (thng la 15 en 20 nam) va
khong b s co, phai tang cng lam lanh bang cach ngam may bien ap trong dau.
112

Nh s oi lu trong dau, nhiet truyen t cac bo phan ben trong may bien ap sang
dau, roi t dau qua vach thung ra moi trng xung quanh. Lp dau sat vach thung
nguoi dan se chuyen ong xuong pha di va lai tiep tuc lam nguoi mot cach tuan
hoan cac bo phan ben trong may bien ap. Ngoai ra dau may bien ap con lam nhiem
vu tang cng cach ien.
Tuy theo dung lng may bien ap ma hnh dang va ket cau thung dau co
khac nhau.Loai thung dau n gian nhat la thung dau phang thng dung cho cac
may bien ap dung lng t 30kVA tr xuong. oi vi cac may bien ap c trung bnh
va ln, ngi ta hay dung loai thung dau co ong (hnh 1.12) hoac loai thung co bo
tan nhiet (hnh 1.13).

Hnh1.12 Thung dau kieu ong

Hnh1.13 Thung dau co bo tan nhiet

nhng m.b.a dung lng en 10.000kVA, ngi


ta dung nhng bo tan nhiet co them quat gio e
tang cng lam lanh (hnh 1.14). cac m.b.a
dung trong tram thuy ien, dau c bm qua
mot he thong ong nc e tang cng lam lanh.
Hnh1.14 Bo tan nhiet hai hang ong
co quat gio rieng biet

b. Nap thung: Dung e ay thung va tren o at

cac chi tiet may quan trong nh:


- Cac s ra cua day quan CA va HA: lam nhiem vu
cach ien gia day dan ra vi vo may. Tuy theo ien
ap cua m.b.a ma ngi ta dung s cach ien thng
hoac co dau. Hnh 1.15 ve mot s ra 35 kV co cha
dau. ien ap cang cao th kch thc va trong lng
s ra cang ln .
- Bnh gian dau: la mot thung hnh tru bang thep at
tren nap va noi vi thung bang mot ong dan dau
(hnh 1.16). Bnh gian dau nham muc ch bao am
dau trong thung luon luon ay, phai duy tr dau
mot mc nhat nh nao o. Ngoai ra dau trong thung
113

Hnh1.15 S 35Kv co cha dau

m.b.a, nh co bnh gian dau nen c gian n t do; ong ch mc dau at ben canh
bnh gian dau dung e theo doi mc dau ben trong.
- Ong bao hiem: Lam bang thep, thng la hnh tru nghieng. Mot au noi vi
thung, mot au bt bang mot a thuy tinh hoac mang nhom mong (hnh 1.17).Neu
v mot ly do nao o, ap suat trong thung tang len ot ngot, a thuy tinh se v, dau
theo o thoat ra ngoai e may bien ap khong b h hong.
Ngoai ra tren nap con at bo chuyen mach oi noi cac au day cua day quan CA
khi can ieu chnh ien ap cua may bien ap, hoac cac r le hi e cat nguon ien
a vao may bien ap khi co s co xay ra trong may bien ap.

Hnh1.16 1. Bnh gian dau; 2. Ong bao hiem

Hnh1.17 May bien ap dau 3 pha


1. Thep dan t; 2. Ma sat ep gong
3. Day quan ien ap thap (HA)
4. Day quan ien ap cao (CA)
5. Ong dan day ra cua cao ap
6. Ong dan day ra cua ha ap
7. Bo chuyen mach e ieu chnh ien
ap cua day quan cao ap. 8. Bo phan
truyen ong cua bo chuyen mach; 9.
S ra cua cao ap; 10. S ra cua ha ap;
11. Thung dau kieu ong; 12. Ong nhap
dau; 13. Quai e nang ruot may ra; 14.
Mat bch e noi vi bm chan khong;
15. Ong co mang bao hiem; 16. R le
hi; 17. Bnh gian dau; 18. Gia goc
ay thung dau; 19. Bu long doc e bat
chat ma ep gong; 20. Banh xe lan; 21.
Ong xa dau

114

Cau hoi

1. nh ngha m.b.a ? Vai tro cua m.b.a trong he thong ien lc ? Ket cau cua
m.b.a ? Tac dung cua tng bo phan trong m.b.a?
2. Tren m.b.a thng ghi nhng ai lng nh mc nao?y ngha cua tng ai lng
nh mc, v du: Sm bieu th cong suat g, pha nao?U2m la ien ap ng vi tnh
trang nao cua m.b.a ?
Bai tap

1. Hay tnh cac dong ien nh mc cua mot m.b.a ba pha khi biet cac so lieu sau
ay :Sm = 100kVA; U1m / U2m = 6000 / 230V.
ap so: I1m= 9,62A ;I2m = 251A.
2. 1. Mot m.b.a mot pha co dung lng 5kVA co hai day quan s cap va hai day
quan th cap giong nhau. ien ap nh mc cua moi day quan s cap la 11000V va
cua moi day quan th cap la 110V.Thay oi cach noi cac day quan vi nhau se co
cac t so bien oi ien ap khac nhau.Vi moi cach noi hay tnh cac dong ien nh
mc s va th cap.
ap so: a. Day quan s cap va th cap eu noi noi tiep
I1 = 0,227 A; I2 = 22,7 A
b. Day quan s cap noi noi tiep, day quan th cap noi
song song: I1 = 0,227 A; I2 = 45,45 A
c. Day quan s cap noi song song, day quan th cap
noi noi tiep: I1 = 0,45 A; I2 = 22,7 A
d. Day quan s cap va th cap eu noi noi song
song: I1 = 0,45 A; I2 = 45,45 A

115

Chng 2: TO NOI DAY VA MACH T CUA MBA


2.1. ai cng

e may bien ap 3 pha co the lam viec c cac day quan pha s va th cap
phai c noi vi nhau theo mot qui luat nhat nh. Ngoai ra s phoi hp kieu noi
day quan s vi kieu noi day quan th cap cung hnh thanh cac to noi day quan
khac nhau. Hn na luc thiet ke viec quyet nh dung to noi day quan cung phai
thch hp vi kieu ket cau mach t e tranh nhng hien tng khong tot nh s..
pha khong sin, ton hao phu tang v.v
2.2. To noi day cua may bien ap
1. Cach k hieu au day :

Cac au tan cung cua day quan may bien ap, 1 au goi la au au, au kia
goi la au cuoi.
- oi vi MBA 1 pha th co the tuy y chon au au va au cuoi.
- oi vi MBA 3 pha, cac au au va au cuoi phai chon 1 cach thong nhat : gia s
day quan pha A chon au au en au cuoi i theo chieu kim ong ho (hnh 2.1a)
th cac day quan pha B va C con lai cung phai c chon nh vay (hnh 2.1b, c).
ieu nay rat can thiet bi v 1 pha day quan k hieu ngc th ien ap lay ra mat
tnh oi xng (hnh 2.2).

Hnh2.2 ien ap day khong oi xng luc k


hieu ngc hay au ngc 1 pha.

Hnh2.1 Cach qui c cac au au va au


cuoi cua day quan ba pha.

Cach qui c cac au au va au cuoi cua day quan MBA 3 pha :


cac au tan cung

day quan cao ap

day quan ha ap

au au

au cuoi

au trung tnh

S o k hieu day quan


N

2. Cac kieu dau day quan:

Day quan MBA co the au theo cac kieu chnh sau :


- au hnh sao (Y): Khi au sao th ba au X, Y, Z noi lai vi nhau, con ba au A,
B, C e t do (hnh 2.3a). Neu au sao co day trung tnh th goi la au hnh sao
khong (Yo hnh 2.3b ). Day quan au Y0 thong dung oi vi MBA cung cap cho tai
116

a)

b)

a)

Hnh2.3 au Y va au sao khong

b)

Hnh2.4 au tam giac day quan MBA

hon hp va dung ien ap day e chay ong c, va dung ien ap pha e thap
sang.
- au hnh tam giac () th au cuoi cua pha nay au vi au au cua pha kia: co
the au theo 2 kieu hoac theo th t AX-BY-CZ-A (hnh 2.4a) hoac theo th t
AX-CZ-BY-A (hnh 2.4b). Cach au tam giac c dung nhieu khi khong can ien
ap pha.
- au hnh tam giac h (au hnh V): Thng dung cho to MBA 3 pha khi sa cha
hoac h hong mot may.
- au hnh zic zac (Z) : Luc o moi pha day quan gom 2 na cuon day tren 2 tru
khac nhau noi noi tiep nhau.

a)

b)

Hnh2.5 au zc zac day quan MBA


a) Khi 2 na day quan noi noi tiep ngc;
b) Khi 2 na day quan noi noi tiep thuan

Kieu au day nay rat t dung v ton nhieu ong hn va thng ch gap trong cac
may bien ap dung cho cac thiet b chnh lu hoac MBA o lng e hieu chnh sai
so ve goc lech pha.
3. To noi day cua MBA:

c hnh thanh do s phoi hp kieu au day s cap so vi kieu au day


th cap. No bieu th goc lech pha gia s.. day s cap va th cap cua may bien
ap. Goc lech pha nay phu thuoc vao cac yeu to :
- Chieu quan day.
- Cach k hieu au day.
- Kieu au day quan gia s va th cap.

117

Muon xac nh va goi ten 1 to au day ta phai chap nhan cac gia thiet sau :
- Cac day quan quan cung chieu tren tru thep.
- Chieu S.. trong day quan hoac chay t au cuoi en au au hoac
ngc lai.
Ta hay xet 1 MBA 1 pha co 2 day quan s cap AX, th cap ax nh hnh 2.6.Neu 2
day quan c quan cung chieu tren tru thep,k hieu cac au day nh nhau (v du
A, a pha tren; X, x pha di nh hnh 2.6 a) th s.. cam ng trong chung khi
co t thong bien thien i qua se hoan toan trung pha nhau (hnh 2.6 b). Neu oi
chieu day quan cua 1 trong 2 day quan, v du day cua day quan th cap ax (nh
hnh 2.6 c) hoac oi k hieu au day, cung day quan th cap ax (hnh 2.6 e) th
s.. trong chung se hoan toan ngc pha nhau (hnh 2.6 d, g). Trng hp th
nhat, goc lech pha gia cac s.. ke t vec t s.. s cap en vec t s.. th
cap theo chieu kim ong ho la 3600 (I/I-12); Hai trng hp sau la 1800 (I/I-6).

a)

b)

I/I-6

I/I-6

I/I-12
c)

d)

e)

g)

Hnh2.6 To noi day cua may bien ap mot pha

MBA 3 pha con do cach au Y, vi nhng th t


khac nhau ma goc lech pha gia cac s.. day s va
th cap co the la 300, 600, . . . 3600.
Trong thc te e thuan tien ngi ta khong dung o
e ch goc lech pha o ma dung phng phap kim
ong ho e bieu th va goi ten to noi day cua MBA.
Kim dai cua ong ho ch ien ap day s cap at co
nh so 12. Kim ngan cua ong ho ch ien ap day
th cap tng ng vi cac con so : 1, 2, 3, . . . 12, tuy
theo goc lech pha la 300, 600, 900 . . . 3600.

118

Hnh2.7 Phng phap k hieu to noi


day theo phng phap kim ong
ho

Th du
a) To noi day Y/ Y:

Y/Y-12

Neu oi chieu quan day hay oi ky hieu au day cua day quai day Y/Y-6. hoan v
th t cac pha th cap, ta se co cac to noi day chan 2, 4, 8, 10.
b) To au day Y/ :

Y/ 11

Thay oi chieu quan day hay oi ky hieu au day cua day quai day Y/ -5. hoan v
cac pha th cap ta se co cac to noi day le 1, 3, 7, 9.
San xuat nhieu may bien ap co to noi day khac nhau rat bat li cho viec che
tao va s dung, v the tren thc te nc ta va lien xo cu ch san xuat cac may
bien ap ien lc thuoc cac to noi day sau: May bien ap mot pha co to I/I-12, may
bien ap ba pha co cac to Y/Y0-12, Y/-11 va Y0/-11 . Pham vi ng dung cua
chung c ghi trong bang di ay:
To noi day
Y/Y0-12

ien ap

Dung lng cua

CA (KV)

HA (V)

35

230
400

Y/-11

Y0/-11

may bien ap (KVA)

560
1800
1800

35

525
525

110

3150

3200

6 ,3

3300

7500

119

5600

2.3 Mach t cua may bien ap


1. Cac dang mach t

a ) May bien ap 1 pha : co 2 loai ket cau mach t


- May bien apkieu loi: la MBA co day quan boc cac tru cua loi thep.
- May bien ap kieu boc: la may bien ap co mach t c phan nhanh ra hai
ben va "boc" lay mot phan day quan.
b) May bien ap 3 pha : Da vao s lien quan hay khong lien quan cua cac mach t
gia cac pha ngi ta chia ra :
- He thong mach t rieng : la he thong mach t trong o t thong cua 3 pha
oc lap oi vi nhau. Nh trng hp may bien ap 3 pha ghep t 3 may bien ap 1
pha, goi tat la to may bien ap 3 pha.
- He thong mach t chung : la he thong mach t trong o t thong 3 pha co
lien quan vi nhau nh may bien ap 3 pha kieu tru, e phan biet vi kieu tren
ngi ta goi la may bien ap 3 pha 3 tru.

Hnh2.8a To m.b.a ba pha

Hnh2.8b M.b.a ba pha 3 tru

2. Nhng hien tng xuat hien khi t hoa loi thep MBA

Khi t hoa loi thep may bien ap do mach t bao hoa lam xuat hien nhng
hien tng ma 1 trong so cac hien tng o co the anh hng en tnh trang lam
viec cua may bien ap. Chung ta khao sat xem dong ien t hoa io sinh ra nh
the nao khi may bien ap lam viec khong tai.
a) May bien ap 1 pha :
ien ap at vao day quan s cap se sinh ra io, io sinh ra chay trong loi
thep. Neu ien ap at vao bien thien hnh sin theo thi gian:

U = U m sint
Va coi may bien ap khong co t thong ro, khong co ton hao ong trong day
quan va ton hao trong sat, th U = e = w d
dt
Ngha la t thong cung bien thien hnh sin theo thi gian:

= m sin t -
2

120

. Neu bo qua ton hao trong loi thep:


- io thuan tuy la dong ien phan khang
e t hoa loi thep io = iox. Do o quan

= f (t)

= f (i0)

he = f(io) chnh la quan he t hoa B =

i0

f(H). Da vao ng = f(io) ng vi


moi gia tr tc thi cua = f(t) ta de
dang tm c tr so io tng ng va ve
c ng bieu dien io = f(t).
- Ta thay do hien tng bao hoa
cua loi thep, neu la hnh sin, io se
khong sin ma co dang nhon au va trung

i0 = f (t)

i05
i03

i01

Hnh2.9 Bo qua anh hng cua t tre

pha vi . Ngha la io ngoai thanh phan song c ban io1 con co cac thanh phan
song ieu hoa bac cao io3, io5, io7, Trong o thanh phan io3 ln nhat va ang ke hn
ca, con cac thanh phan khac rat be co the bo qua. Ta co the xem chnh io3 lam cho
io co dang nhon au, cung t l luan ay ta thay neu mach t cang bao hoa io cang
nhon au.
. Neu ke en ton hao trong loi thep: th quan he = f(io) la quan he t tre B =
f(H)

Hnh2.10 Anh hng cua t tre en dong ien

T quan he = f(t) va = f(io) ta ve c ng bieu dien quan he io = f(t). T


ng cong io = f(t) cho ta thay neu la hnh sin th io co dang nhon au nhng
vt pha so vi mot goc , ln hay be tuy theo mc o t tre cua B oi vi H
nhieu hay t. Neu tng trng la 1 vec t nam ngang th io vt trc mot goc
:
iox : Thanh phan dong ien phan khang e
sinh ra trong loi thep, cung chieu vi .
ior : Thanh phan dong ien tac dung, vuong
goc vi iox la dong ien gay nen ton hao sat
t trong loi thep.
121

Hnh2.11 Dong ien t hoa va cac thanh phan


cua no

b) May bien ap 3 pha:


Khi khong tai neu xet tng pha rieng le th dong ien bac 3 trong cac pha la:
i03A = i03m sin 3t
i03B = i03m sin 3 (t - 120) = i03m sin 3t

(1)

i03C = i03m sin 3 (t - 240) = i03m sin 3t


Dong ien trung pha nhau ve thi gian, ngha la tai moi iem chieu cua dong ien
co trong 3 pha hoac hng t au au en au cuoi day quan hoac ngc lai.
Song chung ton tai hay khong va dang song nh the nao con phu thuoc vao ket
cau mach t va cach au day quan.
. Trng hp may bien ap noi Y/ Y
i03 i03 i03

b)

a)
ien ap day khong co nhng thanh phan ieu hoa
boi so cua 3 ve mat vat l, ieu nay c giai thch
la doc theo 1 trong 2 mach vong lam thanh hnh
sao s.., nhng thanh phan ieu hoa nay tac dung

ngc nhau (h a). Do o dong ien t hoa io se co c)


dang hnh sin va t thong do no sinh ra co dang vat
au (h b). Co the xem t thong tong gom song c
ban 1 va cac song ieu hoa bac cao 3 , 5 . . .
cac thanh phan ieu hoa ln hn 3 la rat nho nen

Hnh2.13 ng bieu dien t thong


(b) va s.. cua to m.b.a 3 pha noi
Y/Y

ta co the bo qua ch ve 1 va 3 (h b)

oi vi to may bien ap 3 pha v mach t cua ca 3 pha rieng le, t thong

cua ca 3 pha cung chieu tai moi thi iem se de dang khep kn nh 1. Do thep
co t tr be nen 3 = (15 20)% 1, th e3 = (45 60)% e1 do o e = e1 + e3 se co
dang nhon au nh h c. Ngha la bien o cua s.. pha tang len ro ret. S tang
vot cua s.. len nh vay hoan toan khong co li va trong nhieu trng hp rat
nguy hiem nh choc thung cach ien cua day quan, lam hong thiet b o lng
Bi v nhng l do o ngi ta khong dung kieu au Y/Y cho to may bien ap 3
pha. Cung can phai noi them rang la s.. pha co tr so va bien o bien oi i
nhieu nhng cac s.. day van luon hnh sin. V day quan noi Y th s.. day
khong co thanh phan bac 3.
oi vi may bien ap 3 pha 3 tru v thuoc he thong mach t chung nen hien
tng se khac i, t thong cung chieu va bang nhau trong 3 tru thep nen chung
khong the
122

khep mach t tru nay qua tru khac ma b ay ra ngoai


khep mach t gong nay en gong kia qua khong kh

3A

3B

hoac dau la moi trng co t tr ln, 3 khong ln lam


nen co the coi s.. pha la hnh sin. Song can chu y
3 ap mach vi tan so 3f qua vach thung, bu long
ghep . . . se gay nen nhng ton hao phu lam giam

3C
Hnh2.14 T thong ieu hoa bac 3

cua may bien ap. Do o phng phap au Y/Y oi vi trong m.b.a 3 pha 3 tru.
may bien ap 3 pha ba tru cung ch ap dung cho cac m.b.a vi dung lng han che
t 5600 kVA tr xuong.
. Trng hp may bien ap noi / Y:
Day quan s cap au nen io3 khep kn trong
o. io co io3 se co dang nhon au, nen tng t
nh may bien ap 1 pha a xet va e eu co
dang hnh sin. Khong co trng hp bat li. Cach
au nay co the s dung cho cac loai may bien
ap.

Hnh2.15 Dong ien ieu hoa bac


3 trong day quan noi /Y khi khong
tai.

. Trng hp may bien ap noi Y/ :

Hnh2.15 Dong ien ieu hoa bac


3 trong day quan noi Y/ khi khong
tai.

Hnh2.15 Dong ien ieu hoa bac


3 trong day quan noi Y/ khi khong
tai.

Do day quan s cap noi Y, io3 khong co nen co dang vat au ngha la co t thong
bac 3: 3 , 3 se cam ng trong day quan th cap s.. bac 3: E23 cham sau 3
90o. en lt E23 gay ra dong ien bac 3 trong mach vong th cap noi I23. V ien
khac (X) day quan ln nen co the xem I23 cham sau E23 = 90o. Ro rang la I23 se sinh
ra t thong th cap 3 (coi nh trung pha vi I23) gan nh ngc pha vi 3. Do
o t thong tong bac 3 : /3 = 3 + 3 gan nh b triet tieu. Anh hng cua t
thong bac 3 khong ang ke, s.. pha gan nh hnh sin. Tom lai khi m.b.a lam viec
khong tai, cac cach au /Y hay Y/ eu tranh c tac hai cua t thong va s..
ieu hoa bac 3.

123

Cau hoi

1. To noi day cua may bien ap la g? S can thiet phai xac nh to noi day.
2. Ve cac s o day quan ng vi to noi day Y/Y - 2, 4, 8, 10 va cac s o day
quan ng vi cac to noi day Y/ - 1, 3, 7, 9.
3. Dong ien t hoa cua may bien ap ln hay be, tai sao? No phu thuoc vao nhng
yeu to nao?
4. Cac ket cau mach t khac nhau va cach au day quan khac nhau anh hng
nh the nao vi dong ien va ien ap luc khong tai cua may bien ap ba pha.
Bai tap

Hay xac nh to noi day cua may bien ap tren hnh ve sau
A

ap so: /Y-9; / -10; / -4; Y/Y - 4

124

Chng 3: QUAN HE IEN T TRONG MAY BIEN AP

Trong chng nay chung ta nghien cu s lam viec cua may bien ap luc tai
cua no la oi xng. Nh vay moi van e lien quan eu c xet tren 1 pha cua may
bien ap 3 pha hay tren cac may bien ap 1 pha.
3.1. Cac phng trnh c ban cua may bien ap

e thay ro qua trnh nang lng trong may bien ap ta hay xet cac quan he
ien t trong may.
1. Phng trnh can bang s..:

Ta xet 1 MBA 1 pha. Khi at vao day quan s


cap 1 ien ap xoay chieu U1 th trong o se
co i1 chay. Neu th cap co tai th trong day
quan th cap se co i2 chay. i1 va i2 tao nen cac
s.t. F1 = i1w1 ; F2 = i2w2. S.t. F1 , F2 sinh ra
moc vong day quan 1 va 2, gay ra cac

Hnh 3.1 M. b.a mot pha lam viec co tai

e1 = w1

s..:
d
d1
=
dt
dt

e2 = w2

d
d2
=
dt
dt

(3-1)

Trong o 1 = w1, 2 = w2 la t thong moc vong vi day quan 1 va 2 ng vi t


thong chnh .
Con 1 phan rat nho t thong do F1, F2 sinh ra b tan ra ngoai loi thep, khep
kn mach qua khong kh hoac dau goi la cac t thong tan 1, 2 . 1 do i1 sinh ra
ch moc vong vi day quan s cap; 2 do i2 sinh ra ch moc vong vi day quan th
cap. Cac t thong tan cung gay nen cac s.. tan tng ng :
e1 = w1
e 2 = w2

d 1
d1
=
dt
dt

(3-2)

d 2
d 2
=
dt
dt

Trong o: 1 = w11, 2 = w22 la t thong tan moc vong vi day quan s cap va
th cap.
V cac t thong tan chu yeu i qua moi trng khong t tnh, co o t tham
= Cte (nh dau, khong kh, ong . . .) Nen co the xem 1 , 2 t le vi cac dong ien
tng ng sinh ra chung qua cac he so ien cam tan L1 ,L2 la nhng hang so:

125

1 = L1i1

(3-3)

2 = L 2i2
Do o cac S.. tan s va th cap co the viet :
e1 = L1

di1
dt

di2
dt

e 2 = L 2

Theo nh luat Kirkhoff 2 ta co phng trnh can bang s.. day quan s cap :
U1 + e1 + e1 = i1r1

(3-4)

Co the viet di dang


U1 = - e1 - e1 + i1r1
oi vi day quan th cap ta co :
e2 + e2 = U2 + i2r2

Hay

U2 = e2 + e2 - i2r2

(3-5)

Neu ien ap, S.., dong ien la nhng lng xoay chieu bien thien hnh sin
oi vi thi gian th (3-4) va (3-5) co the bieu dien di dang phc sau :
.
.
.
.
(3-6)
U1 = E1 E1+ I1 r1
oi vi day quan s :
.

oi vi day quan th :

(3-7)

U2 = E2 + E 2 I2 r2

Khi dong ien bien thien hnh sin theo thi gian th tr so tc thi cua S..
tan s cap c viet :
dI1m sin t
= I1mL1 cos t
dt

= 2I1X1 sin t
2

= 2e1 sin t
2

(3-8)

e1 = L1

Ngha la e1 cung bien thien hnh sin theo thi gian va cham pha so vi i 1
goc 90o do o tr so hieu dung cua no co the c bieu dien di dang so phc :
.

Trong o : x1 = L1

E1 = jI1 x1
goi la ien khang tan cua day quan s cap
.

Tng t ta co

E2 = jI2 x2

Trong o : x2 = L2 goi la ien khang tan cua day quan th cap


.

Thay cac tr so E1 , E2 vao (3-6), (3-7) ta co cac phng trnh can bang s..
sau :

U1 = E1+ jI1 x1 + I1 r1 = E1+ I1(r1 + jx1 ) = E1+ I1 z1


.

U2 = E2 jI2 x2 I2 r2 = E2 I2 (r2 + jx 2 ) = E2 I2 z 2
.

(3-9)

Trong o z1 = r1 + jx1 ; z2 = r2 + jx2 : Tong tr cua day quan s va th cap. Cac


.
.
thanh phan I1 z1 ; I2 z2 goi la ien ap ri tren cac day quan s va th cap.
126

2. Phng trnh can bang sc t ong:


Sc t ong chnh la so ampe vong e sinh ra .
Khi co tai : tong s.t. F = i1w1 + i2w2 sinh ra .
Khi khong tai s.t. Fo = iow1
sinh ra .
Neu bo qua ien ap ri th co the xem ien ap at vao day quan s cap bang
s.. cam ng trong no do t thong chnh gay nen: U1 = E1 = 4,44fw1m. Coi
cong suat li ien la vo cung ln U1 = Cte du co tai hay khong tai nen E1 , m =
Cte. T o ta co phng trnh can bang s.t.:
i1w1 + i2w2 = iow1
Viet di dang so phc (Khi I = f(t) la hnh sin)
.

I1 w1 + I2 w2 = I0 w1
Chia 2 ve cua phng trnh cho w1 ta co:
w2 .
= I0
w1
.
.
. w
I1 = I0 + I2 2
w1

.
.
.

(3-10)
I1 = I0 + I2

T bieu thc (3-10) ta nhan thay: luc may bien ap co tai, dong ien trong
.

I1+ I2

day quan s cap I1 nh gom 2 thanh phan. Mot thanh phan la Io dung e tao nen t
thong chnh trong loi thep va 1 thanh phan la -I'2 dung de bu lai tac dung cua dong
ien th cap. Do o khi tai tang, tc dong ien th cap I2 tang th thanh phan -I'2
cung tang ngha la I1 tang e gi sao cho Io am bao sinh ra m = Cte.
3.2. Mach ien thay the cua may bien ap
e tien li cho viec nghien cu, tnh toan may bien ap ngi ta thay cac
mach ien va mach t cua may bien ap bang mot mach ien tng ng gom cac
ien tr va ien khang ac trng cho may bien ap goi la mach ien thay the cua
may bien ap. e co the noi trc tiep mach s cap va th cap vi nhau thanh mot
mach ien, cac day quan s va th cap phai co cung mot ien ap. Tren thc te
ien ap cac day quan o lai khac nhau (U1 khac U2). V vay phai qui oi mot trong
hai day quan ve day quan kia e cho chung co cung chung mot cap ien ap. Muon
vay hai day quan phai co so vong day nh nhau. Thng ngi ta qui oi day quan
th cap ve day quan s cap, ngha la coi nh day quan th cap cung co so vong
day bang so vong day quan s cap (w2 = w1). Viec qui oi ch thuan li cho viec
tnh toan ch tuyet nhien khong c lam thay oi cac qua trnh vat ly va nang
lng xay ra trong may bien ap.
127

1. Qui oi may bien ap:

Trc tien tat ca cac lng qui oi t th cap ve s cap c goi la nhng
lng qui oi va c k hieu them mot dau phay tren au. Th du sc ien ong
th cap qui oi E 2 .
/

a) S.. va ien ap th cap qui oi E'2 va U'2 :

Do qui oi day quan th cap ve day quan s cap w2 = w1 nen E'2 = E1.
Ta a biet :

k=

w1 E1
=
w2 E2

E2/ =

E1 =

nen

w1
E2
w2

w1
E2 = kE2
w2

Tng t ta co : U'2 = k.U2.


b) Dong ien th cap qui oi I'2 :

Viec qui oi phai am bao cho P = Cte trc va sau khi qui oi, ngha la :
E
1
I2/ = 2/ I2 = I2
E2I2 = E2/ I2/ nen
E2
k

c) ien tr, ien khang, tong tr th cap qui oi r'2, x'2, z'2 :

Khi qui oi P = Cte nen ton hao ong trong day quan th cap trc va sau khi
qui oi phai bang nhau, ngha la :

I22r2 = I22r2/
2

I
r = 2/ r2 = k 2r2
I2
/
2

Tng t co ien khang th cap qui oi


Tong tr th cap qui oi

x 2/ = k 2x 2
z2/ = r2/ + jx 2/ = k 2 (r2 + jx 2 )

Tong tr cua phu tai qui oi


zt/ = k 2zt
zt = rt + jxt : Tong tr tai luc cha qui oi .
d) Cac phng trnh qui oi :

Thay cac lng qui oi vao cac phng trnh can bang s.. va s.t. tren
ta co he thong cac phng trnh o viet di dang qui oi :
.

U1 = E1+ I1 z1

& = E
& &I z
U
2
2
2
.

./

I1 = I0 I2

128

2. Mach ien thay the cua may bien ap:

Da vao cac phng trnh s.. va s.t. di dang qui oi, ta co the suy ra
mot mach ien tng ng goi la mach ien thay the cua may bien ap:

Hnh 3.2 Mach ien thay the hnh T cua m.b.a

Vi

zm = rm + jxm : tong tr t hoa.

3. Mach ien thay the n gian :

Trong thc te zm >> z1 va z'2 ; zm = 10 50 con z1* z'2* = 0,025 0,01 nen
co the coi zm = . Ngha la coi Io = 0, do o I1 = - I'2. Nh vay may bien ap co the
c thay the bang 1 mach ien rat n gian sau :

Hnh 3.3 Mach ien thay the n gian cua m.b.a

Vi : zn = rn + jxn : Tong tr ngan mach.


rn = r1 + r'2

: ien tr ngan mach.

xn = x1 + x'2 : ien khang ngan mach.


3.3. o th vec t cua may bien ap

e thay ro quan he ve tr so va goc lech pha gia cac lng vat l trong may
bien ap nh , e, I, . . . ong thi e thay ro s bien thien cua cac lng vat l o
nhng che o lam viec khac nhau ta ve o th vec t cua may bien ap.
1. o th vec t cua may bien ap trong trng hp tai co tnh chat ien cam:

Da vao cac phng trnh can bang s.. va s.t.


.

U1 = E1+ I1(r1 + jx1)


. /

. /

./

U 2 = E 2 I 2 r2/ + jx2/
.

./

I1 = I0 I2
at vec t t thong m theo chieu dng truc hoanh, dong ien khong tai I0 sinh ra
m vt trc mot goc . Cac s.. E1 va E/2 do m sinh ra cham sau no 1 goc 900.

V tai co tnh chat ien cam, dong ien I/2 cham sau E/2 mot goc 2 quyet nh bi
ien khang va ien tr cua tai va day quan th cap:
129

2 = arctg

x 2/ + x t/
r2/ + rt/

Da vao cac phng trnh can bang s.. va s.t. ta ve c cac o th vec t

a)

b)

Hnh 3.4 o th vec t cua m.b.a


a) Luc tai co tnh cam; b) Luc tai co tnh dung

2. o th vec t cua MBA luc tai co tnh chat ien dung :

Ve tren hnh 3.4b, cach ve khong co g ac biet so vi trng hp tren. Ket


qua la I/2 vt trc U/2 mot goc 2 va U/2 > E/2.
3. o th vec t cua MBA ng vi gian o thay the n gian luc tai co tnh
chat ien cam:

T gian o thay the n gian ta co:


U1 = U2/ + I1zn = U2/ + I1(rn + jxn )
T o ta ve o th vec t nh hnh 3.5

Hnh 3.5 o th vec t cua m.b.a ng vi gian o


thay the n giuan luc tai co tnh chat cam.

3.4. Cach xac nh cac tham so cua may bien ap

Cac tham so cua may bien ap co the xac nh bang th nghiem hoac bang
tnh toan.
1. Phng phap xac nh cac tham so bang th nghiem

Co hai th nghiem e xac nh cac tham so cua m.b.a la th nghiem khong


tai va th nghiem ngan mach.
a. Th nghiem khong tai:

130

Hnh 3.7 Mach ien thay the cua m.b.a


luc khong tai

Hnh 3.6 S o th nghiem khong tai


cua may bien ap 1 pha

at 1 ien ap hnh sin vao day quan s cap U1 = Um, h mach day quan th
cap, nh cac von met, am pemet, oat met ta se o c U1, U2o, Io, Po. T cac so
lieu o ta xac nh c tong tr, ien tr va en khang cua m.b.a luc khong tai:
z0 =

U1
I0

r0 =

P0
I02

x0 = z02 r02

Ngoai ra con xac nh c t so bien oi cua m.b.a


w1 U1

w2 U20

k=

Va he so cong suat luc khong tai


cos 0 =

P0
U1I0

Luc khong tai I/2 = 0 nen mach ien thay the cua m.b.a co dang nh hnh 3.7. Nh
vay cac tham so z0, r0, x0 chnh la:
z0 = z1 + zm

; r0 = r1 + rm

; x0 = x1 + xm

Trong cac m.b.a ien lc x1 va r1 rat nho nen coi zo zm, ro rm, xo xm.
Nen ngi ta coi cong suat khong tai Po thc te co the xem la ton hao sat pFe :
Po = pFe.
Khi khong tai ta co he phng trnh :
.

. /

. /

U1 = E1+ I0 (r1 + jx1)

U20 = E2
.

I1 = I0
Do o o th vec t co dang:

Hnh 3.8 o th vec t cua m.b.a luc khong tai

131

2. Th nghiem ngan mach:

Hnh 3.9 S o th nghien ngan mach cua m.b.a 1 pha

Day quan th cap b noi ngan mach va ien ap day quan s cap phai c
ha thap sao cho dong ien trong o bang dong ien nh mc In = Im. T cac may
o ta biet c Un, In, Pn :
zn =

Un
In

rn =

Pn
In2

xn = zn2 rn2

Cac ngan mach Un rat be nen t thong chnh luc ngan mach rat be ngha la Io be
do o mach ien thay the cua may bien ap coi nh h mach t hoa.

Hnh 3.10 Mach ien hay the cua m.b.a luc ngan mach.

Vi: zn = z1 + z2/

; rn = r1 + r2/

; xn = x1 + x2/

V ly do dong ien Io rat nho nen ta xem cong suat luc ngan mach Pn la cong
suat dung e bu vao ton hao ong trong day quan s cap va th cap cua m.b.a:
Pn = pcu1 + pcu2 = I12nr1 + I2/ 2nr2/

= I12n (r1 + r2/ ) = I12nrn

T mach ien thay the hnh 3.10 ta thay ien ap ngan mach hoan toan can bang
vi ien ap ri trong m.b.a, Un gom 2 thanh phan :
- Thanh phan tac dung Unr = Inrn la ien ap ri tren ien tr.
- Thanh phan phan khang Unx = jInxn la ien ap ri tren ien khang.
o th vec t cua MBA luc ngan mach :
B

Hnh 3.11 a. o th vec t cua m.b.a luc ngan mach.


b. Tam giac ien ap luc ngan mach

132

Tam giac OAB goi la tam giac ien ap ngan mach. Canh huyen bieu th
ien ap ngan mach toan phan Un, cac canh goc vuong chnh la ien ap ri tren
ien tr va ien khang:
Unr = Un cosn

Unx = Un sinn

Vi n la goc gia In va Un.


ien ap ngan mach c ghi tren nhan hieu cua may va thng c bieu
dien bang t le % so vi Um :
un % =

Un
I z
100 = m n 100
Um
Um

Cac thanh phan ien ap ngan mach :


unr % =

Unr
I r
100 = m n 100
Um
Um

unx % =

Unx
I x
100 = m n 100
Um
Um

Thanh phan ien ap ngan mach tac dung cung co the tnh nh sau :
u nr % =

I m rn I m
I2 r
100 = m n 100
U m I m
Sm

Pn (W)
10Sm (kVA)

Chu y: Ngan mach tren vi ien ap at vao rat nho e cho In = Im c goi la
ngan mach th nghiem. Trng hp m.b.a ang lam viec vi ien ap s cap nh
mc, neu th cap xay ra ngan mach (nh hai day cham nhau, cham at ...vv) th
ta goi la ngan mach s co. Luc nay toan bo ien ap nh mc at len tong tr ngan
mach rat nho cua m.b.a nen dong ien ngan mach s co se rat ln:
U
In = m
zn
Hay la:
Um
Im
In =
100 =
100
Im
znIm
zn
100
100
Im
Um
=

Im
100
un %

Th du : Mot may bien ap co un% = 10 th In s co la :


In =

Im
100 = 10Im
10

Dong ien ngan mach ln se gay nen s co h hong m.b.a. Do o trong nhng
trng hp o phai bo tr nhng thiet b r le bao ve e cat m.b.a ra khoi li ien.

133

2. Xac nh tham so bang tnh toan

Cac tham so cua mach t hoa co the xac nh t cach tnh toan mach t
cua m.b.a.
ien tr t hoa rm co the xac nh theo bieu thc: rm =
Trong o pFe xac nh theo bieu thc:

pFe
.
I02

f
pFe = p10 / 50 B2tGt + Bg2Gg

50

I0 xac nh theo bieu thc: I0 = I02r + I02x

ien khang t hoa xm xac nh gan ung theo bieu thc: xm =


Trong o I0x tnh theo bieu thc
F
I0x =
hoac
2w

I0 x =

1, 3

E1
I0x

Q0
mU1

Di ay trnh bay cach xac nh cac tham so ngan mach


a. ien tr ngan mach: Cac ien tr cua day quan s cap va th cap co the tnh

c neu biet cac so lieu cua day quan: Tiet dien day quan S1 va S2, so vong day
w1 va w2 va chieu dai trung bnh cua cac vong day Itb1, Itb2:
wl
r1 = k r 75 1 tb1 ()
S1
w l
r2 = k r 75 2 tb2 ()
Va:
S2
Trong o kr = 1,03 1,05 la he so ke en ton hao gay nen bi t trng tan.
1
1
75 =
)
la ien tr suat cua ong 750 (oi vi nhom th 75 =
29
47
Do o ien tr ngan mach:
2

w
rn = r1 + 1 r2
w2

b. ien khang ngan mach: Viec xac nh x1 va x/2 lien

quan en s phan bo t trng tan cua tng day quan.


Nhng viec xac nh mot cach chnh xac s phan bo
cua t trng nay rat phc tap, do o x1 va x/2 ch co
the tnh toan gan ung vi nhng gia thiet n gian (th
du trng hp day quan hnh tru). ien khang ngan
mach co the tnh:
xn = x1 + x 2/ = 2f

1 + 2/
i1

Dtbkr
a + a2
Hnh 3.12 ng bieu dien cng
(a12 + 1
)
o t trng
i
3
Dtb la ng knh trung bnh cua hai ong day

= 20 fw12

Trong o:

kR = 0,93 0,98 la he so qui oi t trng tan ly tng ve t trng

tan thc te. Cac tr so a1, a2, a12 nh hnh ve.

134

Th du

Cho mot m.b.a ba pha co cac so lieu sau: Sm = 5600kVA; U1 / U2 = 35000


/ 66000 V; I1 / I2 = 92,5 / 490 A; P0 = 18,5 kVA; I0 = 4,5%; Un = 7,5 %; Pn = 5
7 kW; f = 50 Hz; Y / - 11.
Hay xac nh:
a. Cac tham so luc khong tai z0, r0 va x0.
b. Cac tham so zn, rn, xn va cac thanh phan cua ien ap ngan mach.
Giai

a. ien ap pha s cap


U1f =

U1 35000
=
= 20200V
3
3

Dong ien pha khong tai


I0f = I0%.Im = 0,045x92,5 = 4,16A
Cac tham so khong tai
z0 =

r0 =

U1f 20200
=
= 4857,6
I 0f
4,16

P0
18500
=
= 356
2
3I0 f 3x4,16 2

x 0 = z 20 r02 = 48502 3562 = 4844,5


b. ien ap pha ngan mach tnh t pha s cap

U1n = U1fun = 20200x0,075 = 1520V


Cac tham so ngan mach
zn =

rn =

U1n 1520
=
= 16,4
I1f
92,5

Pn
57000
=
= 2,22
2
3I1f 3x92,52

x n = z 2n rn2 = 16,4 2 2,222 = 16,25


Cac thanh phan ien ap ngan mach
unr % =
unx % =

92,5x2,22
I1frn
100 = 1,01
100 =
20200
U1f

92,5x16,3
I1f xn
100 = 7,45
100 =
20200
U1f

135

Cau hoi

1. Tai sao khi tang dong ien th cap th dong ien s cap lai tang len? Luc o t
thong trong may bien ap co hay oi hay khong?
2. Lam the nao e xac nh c tham so t hoa cua may bien ap? Thc chat
cua dong ien khong tai, ton hao khong tai la g? Tai sao dung lng may bien
ap nho th dong ien khong tai lai ln? Khi khong tai, tang ien ap at vao may
bien ap th cos cua may bien ap thay oi ra sao?
3. Lam the nao e xac nh c tong tr s va th cap cua may bien ap? Ton hao
ngan mach la ton hao g? Khi th nghiem ngan mach tai sao phai ha ien ap
xuong, thng bang bao nhieu? Neu at toan bo ien ap nh mc vao luc ngan
mach th sao? Tr so ien ap ngan mach co y ngha g?
Bai tap

1. Mot m.b.a mot pha co dung lng 5kVA co hai day quan s cap va hai day quan
th cap giong nhau. ien ap nh mc cua moi day quan s cap la 11000V va
cua moi day quan th cap la 110V.Thay oi cach noi cac day quan vi nhau se
co cac t so bien oi ien ap khac nhau.Vi moi cach noi hay tnh cac dong ien
nh mc s va th cap.
ap so: a. Day quan s cap va th cap eu noi noi tiep
I1 = 0,227 A; I2 = 22,7 A
b. Day quan s cap noi noi tiep, day quan th cap noi
song song: I1 = 0,227 A; I2 = 45,45 A
c. Day quan s cap noi song song, day quan th cap
noi noi tiep: I1 = 0,45 A; I2 = 22,7 A
d. Day quan s cap va th cap eu noi noi song
song: I1 = 0,45 A; I2 = 45,45 A
2. Cho mot m.b.a co dung lng Sm = 20000kVA, U 1 = 126,8kV, U 2 = 11kV,
f = 50Hz, dien tch tiet dien loi thep S = 35,95 cm2, mat o t thong B = 1,35T.Tnh
so vong day cua day quan s va th cap.
ap so:

w1 = 117694 vong
w2 = 10210 vong

3. Mot m.b.a ba pha Y/Y-12 co cac so leu sau ay Sm = 180kVA,U 1/U 2=6000/
400V, dong ien khong tai Io % = 6,4, ton hao khong tai PO= 1000W, ien ap ngan
mach un %= 5,5 , ton hao ngan mach Pn= 4000W. Gia s r1= r'2 , x1= x/2,
Hay ve mach ien thay the cua m.b.a va tnh cac thanh phan cua ien ap ngan
mach.
ap so:

Unr% = 2,3; Unx% = 5


136

4. Cho mot m.b.a mot pha co cac so lieu Sm = 6637kVA, U 1/U 2 = 35/10kV,
Pn = 53500W , un % = 8.
a) Tnh zn, rn
b) Gia th r1 = r'2. Tnh ien tr khong qui oi cua day quan th cap.
ap so:

a. zn = 14,8 ; rn = 1,5
b. r2 = 0,061

137

Chng 4: CHE O LAM VIEC TAI OI XNG CUA MBA


4.1. Gian o nang lng cua may bien ap
Trong luc truyen tai nang lng qua may bien ap mot phan cong suat tac
dung va cong suat phan khang b tieu hao trong may. Ta hay xet s can bang cong
suat tac dung va cong suat phan khang trong may bien ap.
Goi P1 = U1I1cos1 la cong suat a vao 1 pha. Mot phan cong suat b tieu

2
2
hao tren ien tr cua day quan 1: p cu1 = I1 r1 va trong loi thep p Fe = I0rm .Phan

con lai la cong suat ien t truyen sang pha th cap Pt :


Pt = P1 pcu1 pFe = E2/ I2/ cos 2 (4-1)

goi la goc lech pha gia E'2 va I'2.


Cong suat au ra P2 cua m.b.a se nho hn cong suat ien t mot lng
bang to hao ong tren day quan th cap p cu 2 = I22r2 :
P2 = Pt p cu 2 = U 2I2 cos 2
(4-2)
Tng t ta co cong suat phan khang au vao :
Q1 = U1I1sin1
(n v : von - ampe - phan khang, VAR var )
Q1 tieu hao i 1 phan e thanh lap t trng tan cua day quan s cap q1 = I12x1 va
t trng trong loi thep qm = I02 x m , con lai a sang pha th cap :
Qt = Q1 q1 qm = E2/ I2/ sin 2 (4-3)
Cong suat phan khang au ra :

Q2 = Qt q2 = U2I2 sin 2

(4-4)
Trong o q2 = I x 2 e thanh lap t trng tan cua day quan th cap.
2
2

Khi tai co tnh chat ien cam (2 > 0) Q2 > 0, luc o Q1 > 0, cong suat phan
khang Q c truyen t pha s cap sang pha th cap.
Khi tai co tnh chat ien dung (2 < 0 ) Q2 < 0. Cong suat phan khang Q
c truyen theo chieu ngc lai t th cap sang s cap neu Q1 < 0 hoac toan bo
cong suat phan khang Q t 2 pha s cap va th cap en dung e t hoa mach t
neu Q1 > 0. S can bang cong suat tac dung va phan khang c bieu th:

Hnh 4.1 Gian o nang lng cua may bien ap

138

4.2. o thay oi ien ap cua m.b.a va cach ieu chnh ien ap


1. o thay oi ien ap cua may bien ap:

Khi may bien ap lam viec tr so ien ap au ra U2 thay oi theo tr so va tnh


chat ien cam hay ien dung cua dong ien tai I2. Hieu so so hoc gia cac tr so
cua ien ap th cap luc khong tai U20 va luc co tai U2 trong ieu kien U1m = Cte goi
la o thay oi ien ap U cua may bien ap. trong he n v tng oi ta co :
U* =

/
U2/ U1m U2/
U20 U2 U20
=
=
= 1 U2/ *
/
U20
U20
U1m

(4-5)

Ta co the tnh U da vao ac tnh nhng cac canh be nen xac nh


khong chnh xac. Thong thng ngi ta dung phng phap giai tch sau :
Gia s MBA lam viec 1 tai nao o vi he so
I2
tai =
va he so cong suat cos2 cho biet,
I2m
o th vec t tng ng nh hnh ve. Cac canh

tam giac ABC co tr so :


BC* =

I2/ rn I2/ mrn I2/


=
= unr*
U1m U1m I2/ m

AB* =

I2/ xn I2/ mxn I2/


=
= unx*
U1m U1m I2/ m

T A ta ha AP vuong goc U'2, goi AP =


n , CP = m ta co :
U2/ * = 1 n2 m 1

(v n << 1) Do o :

Hnh 4.2 Xac nh U cua may bien ap

n2
m
2

n2
U* = 1 U =
+m
2

(4-6)

/
2*

Theo hnh ve ta co :
m = Ca + aP = (unr* cos 2 + unx* sin 2 )
Nen

n = Ab bP = (unx* cos 2 unr* sin 2 )

2 (unx* cos 2 unr* sin 2 )


2
So hang sau cua bieu thc rat nho nen co the bo qua
U* = (unr* cos 2 + unx* sin 2 )
(4-8)

U* = (unr* cos 2 + unx* sin 2 ) +

(4-7)

Muon bieu th U* theo % cua U1m ta nhan 2 ve cua bieu thc tren vi 100 v :
U* =

U%
100

unr* =

unr %
100

139

unx* =

unx %
100

Nen bieu thc (4-8) tr thanh


U% = (unr % cos 2 + unx % sin 2 )
Ta thay o sut ap phu thuoc vao he so tai va tnh chat cua tai.
2. Cach ieu chnh ien ap

Trong thc te muon gi cho ien ap U2 = Cte khi may bien ap lam viec vi
cac tai khac nhau th phai ieu chnh ien ap bang cach thay oi so vong day. Noi
w
cach khac e thay oi t so may bien ap k = 1 . Muon vay gia hoac cuoi day
w2
quan cao ap ngi ta a ra mot so au day vi cac tr so khac nhau (hnh 4-2).
Trong thc te ngi ta co the dung 2 cach e ieu chnh ien ap:
a) BA vi thay oi so vong day trang thai ngat mach.
b) BA vi ieu chnh ien ap khi co tai: chu yeu c san xuat Nga thng
c tnh toan e ieu chnh ien ap trong pham vi 10% qua tng 1%.

Hnh 4.2 Cac kieu ieu chnh ien ap

4.3. Hieu suat cua may bien ap

Hieu suat cua may bien ap la t so gia cong suat au ra P2 va cong suat
au vao P1.
=

p = p

cu1

P2 P1 p
p
=
= 1
P1
P1
P1

+ pcu2 + pFe = pcu + pFe : Tong ton hao cua may bien ap.

100 = 1 pcu + pFe 100


% = 1
P +p +p
P1
2
cu
Fe

* Khi thiet ke may bien ap ta co the tnh c cac ton hao tren va xac nh bang tnh

toan.
* Luc van hanh cua may bien ap lam viec tai I2 va cho biet co the tnh gian tiep.
- Cong suat au ra P2 ng vi tai I2 va cos2 la :
=

I2

I2m

P2 = U2I2cos2

va coi

U2 U2m

v U2m = U20
140

Sm = U20I2m U 2I2 m

Nen:
Do o :

P2 = Smcos2

- Viec xac nh pcu va pFe cung co tnh chat gia nh :


+ Ton hao sat pFe co the xem nh khong phu thuoc vao tai va bang ton hao
khong tai Po (pFe= Po) v thc te U1 = Cte khi tai thay oi trong loi thep thay oi t.

2
+ Ton hao ong phu thuoc vao I2: pcu = rnI2 co the bieu th theo ton hao

ngan mach pn = rnI22m nh sau :


2

pcu = r I = r I
2
n2

Nh vay:

2
n 2m

I2

= 2pn
I2d9m

P0 + 2pn
100
% = 1
2
Sm cos 2 + P0 + pn

Neu cos2 = Cte th phu thuoc vao , = f( ) co tr so cc ai he so tai


nao o ng vi ieu kien:
d
=0
d

do o

P0
pn

P0 = 2pn

cuoi cung

4.4 May bien ap lam viec song song

1 tram bien ap tang hoac giam ap thng at 2, 3 hay nhieu may bien ap
lam viec song song (hnh 4.3) phu thuoc vao cong suat cua tram nham bao am:
- D tru ve cung cap nang lng cho ni tieu thu trong trng hp s co va can
thiet sa cha may bien ap.
- Giam ton that nang lng trong thi k tai nho cua tram bang cac cat 1 so may
bien ap lam viec song song i.
A

I
a

x
U1

II
A

a)

E2 I

ABC

C
U2

U1

E2II

Hnh 4.3 S o ghep song song


a. May bien ap mot pha
b. May bien ap 3 pha

ab c

b
c

Icb

II

U2

b)

Nhng may bien ap lam viec song song trong ieu kien co li nhat neu thoa man
cac ieu kien sau :
- Cung to noi day.
- ien ap nh mc s cap va th ap bang nhau hoac he so MBA k bang
nhau: U1I = U1II = . . .= U1n va U2I = U2II = . . . = U1n hoac kI = kII = . . . = kn.
141

- ien ap ngan mach bang nhau : UnI = UnII = . . . = Unn.


Trong thc te ch co ieu kien 1 phai tuan thu mot cach tuyet oi. Cac ieu
kien 2, 3 c thc hien vi mot mc o sai khac nhat nh c qui nh trong 1
gii han cho phep.
1. ieu kien cung to noi day:
Gia s trong 2 MBA lam viec // vi to noi day Y/ - 11 va Y/Y - 12 co ien
ap nh mc s va th cap giong nhau. Khi S.. th cap E2 cua cac pha tng
ng cua cac MBA nay bang nhau ve tr so chung se lech pha nhau 30o.
Trong mach noi lien cac day quan th cua 2 MBA
se xuat hien 1 s..: E = 2E2sin150 = 0 , 5 1 8 E 2 .
Ket qua la ngay khi khong tai trong cuon s va th

cbI

cua cac may bien ap co dong ien can bang:


Icb =

E
znI + znII

cbII

Th du: znI* = znII* = 0,05, th:


Icb* =

Hnh 4.4 S o ien ap va dong ien


cua cac m.b.a co to noi day khac nhau
lam viec //

0,518
= 5,18
0,05 + 0,05

Tr so dong ien can bang ln hn 5 lan dong nh mc se lam hong may bien ap.
V vay khi lam viec song song may bien ap bat buoc phai cung to noi day.
2. ieu kien cung he so bien ap:
Gia s 2 may bien ap 1 pha lam viec song song thoa man ieu kien 1 va
ieu kien 3, v du kI < kII va xem ien ap li bang ien ap nh mc cua nhng
MBA lam viec song song : U1 = U1mI = U1mII.
.

IcbI

U2

I2I

IcbII
.

I2II

ItI = ItII

Hnh 4.5 o th vec t va s phan phoi phu tai cua cac m.b.a lam
viec song song
a. Khi khong tai
b. Khi co k khac nhau

142

Khi o :

U2I =

U
U1
> U2II = 1
kII
kI

Them vao o cac vec t U2I = 0A1 ; U2II = 0A2 trung pha vi nhau v cung to
.

noi day ieu kien 1 (h4-5a). Di tac dung cua hieu ien ap U2I U2II = U = 0D
trong cac MBA 1 va 2 xuat hien Icb , s phan bo tc thi cua no trong cac may bien
ap 1 va 2 ve trong h4-3 bang nhng mui ten. Chung ta thay oi vi Icb th cac MBA
1 va 2 vao che o ngan mach va dong ien o chay trong day quan MBA theo
chieu ngc nhau nh h4-4b Icb c bieu dien bang 2 vec t Icb2 = - Icb1.
Neu goi znI va znII la tong tr ngan mach cua MBA 1 va 2 th :
.

U
Icb =
znI + znII
.

1 1
k k
U1 U1 II I
k kII
kIkII
= I
=
znI + znII
znI + znII

e bien oi cong thc o ta thay kI.kII = k2 va U1/k = U2m ay k la t so bien


oi trung bnh cua 2 MBA va U2m la tr so trung bnh ien ap nh mc th cap. v
UnrI = UnrII va UnxI = UnxII (theo ieu kien 3) nen:
U1 kII kI
k k
U2m II I 100
k =
k
Icb = k
z
I
z I
znI + znII
nI 2mI
100 + nII 2mII 100
I2mI
I2mII
.

z nII2 mI
U 2 m

k
100 z nIII2 mII 100
+
I2 mI
U 2 m I2 mII

k
UnI % UnII %
+
I2mI I2mII

kII kI
100 la hieu so t so bien oi tnh theo phan tram so vi tr so
k
trung bnh cua no. I2mI va I2mII la tr so la cac tr so dong nh mc cua MBA 1 va

Trong o: k =

2. thng dong ien Icb c bieu dien theo phan tram so vi dong ien nh mc
cua mot trong nhng MBA. Th du so vi I2mI cua MBA1. Khi o :
Icb % =

IcbI
k.100
k.100
100 =
=
I
S
I2mI
UnI % + UnII % 2mI UnI % + UnII % mI
I2mII
SmII

Th du : Cho k= 1%, UnI% = UnII% = 5,5 va SmI = 100 = 100 = 100

SmII 100 320


Khi o I = 9,1%; 14%; 18,3%.
cbI

Neu cong suat nh mc cua cac MA nh nhau ngha la SmI =SmII th khi
UnI = UnII (ieu kien 3) chung ta co znI = znII. Trong trng hp nay tam giac ngan

143

mach A1B1C va A2B2C bang nhau ve o ln va oan A1A2 c chia lam 2 phan
bang nhau tai C. Nh vay trong trng hp nay IcbI lam giam thap ien ap U2I ti
ien ap chung tren thanh gop ien ap th cap. Con IcbII lam tang ien ap U2II ti
cung ien ap ay U20 = OC. o la vai tro cua Icb trong trng hp nay.
Neu cong suat MBA khac nhau th du SmI < SmII th khi UnI = UnII th ien tr
rn va xn t le ngc vi cong suat ngha la : rnI > rnII va xnI > xnII. Tng ng vi ieu
o A1B1C h4-4a se ln hn A2B2C nhng ong dang vi no. V vay iem C
chuyen ong theo A1A2 xuong pha di. Ti gii han khi SmII >> SmI iem C trung
vi iem A2 va tam giac A1B1C trung vi v tr cua tam giac A1BA2. Trong trng
hp o U20 = U2II = 0A2.
Khi co tai, trong MBA xuat hien dong tai ItI va ItII. Dong can bang se cong
vao dong tai lam cho he so tai le ra bang nhau tr thanh khac nhau lam anh
hng xau en viec li dung cong suat cua cac MBA h4-4b.
Theo roct 404-41 khi cac MBA lam viec // trong trng hp chung cho phep
sai khac he so bien ap la k 0,5%. oi vi cac MBA co k < 3 va bien ap t dung
trong tram BA th k 1%.
3. ieu kien 3: UnI = UnII = . . . = Unn

Hnh 4.6 Mach ien thay the cua cac m.b.a lam viec song song

Xet s lam viec // cua 3 MBA co cac ien ap ngan mach UnI , UnII , UnIII. Neu bo qua
dong ien t hoa th mach ien thay the nh h4-6. ien ap ri:
.

. /

. /

. /

U = U1 U2 = U20 U2
.

tat ca 3 MBA giong nhau : U = z.I


Trong o I la dong ien tai chung va

z=

1
=
1
1
1
+
+
znI znII znIII

1
n

i=1

ni

Do o dong ien tai cua cac MBA :


.

II =

U
=
znI

I
n

znI zi

III =

U
=
znII

I
n

znII zi
i=1

i=1

144

U
=
IIII =
znIII
.

I
n

znIIIzi
i=1

(2)

Nhng trong trng hp bnh thng s dch chuyen ve pha khong ln lam nen cac
.

dong ien tai xem nh trung pha, co the coi tong dong ien II , III , I III la tong ai
so ngha la :

II = II + III + IIII

Ket luan nay co tnh chat chung co the ap dung cho bat k so MBA la bao
nhieu.
Do o tong so hoc cua cong suat toan bo cac MBA bang cong suat toan bo
cua tai :
SI = SI + SII + SIII
Ta co
V

znI* =

znIIm
Um

Un
zI
z
= n m = n = zn*
Um znmIm znm

Un* =

Ta co the thu c:

znI = zn*

V
Un % =

Um UnI % Um
=
Im
100 Im

Un
100 = 100 .Un* = 100 .zn*
Um

Tng t ta co znII, znIII. The zn vao bieu thc (2) va thay dong ien bang cong suat
toan bo t le vi no bang cach nhan (2) vi ai lng m.Um ta co :
m.UmII =

Hoac:

SI =

m.UmI
UnI % Um m
100 .Im

100 Im m Uni %.Um

Smi
UnI %

SmI i=1 Uni %


n

SmI
S
Smi UnI %

i=1 Uni %
n

Tng t ta co

SII =

SIII =

Smi
UnII %

SmII i=1 Uni %


n

S
UnIII% Smi

SmIII i=1 Uni %


n

145

SmII
S
Smi UnII %

i=1 Uni %
n

SmIII
S
Smi UnIII%

i=1 Uni %
n

Th du 1: Cho 3 MBA dau 3 pha moi cai co cong suat 100KVA, vi UnI% = 3,5 ,

UnII% = 4 , UnIII% = 5,5. Cong suat tong S = 300KVA. Tnh tai cua moi may.
Giai: Theo cong thc (3) ta co :
3

Smi 100 100 100


=
+
+
= 71,8
3,5
4
5,5
ni %

U
i=1

Do o :
SI =

300 100
x
= 119,5kVA
71,8 3,5

SII =

300 100
x
= 104,5kVA
71,8 4

300 100
x
= 76 kVA
71,8 5,5
Ngha la may bien ap th 1 qua tai 19,5%, con may 3 hut tai 24%. Giam
SIII =

phu tai ben ngoai i 16,2%, ta c s phan phoi phu tai lai gia cac may bien
ap: SI = 100kVA, SII = 87,5kVA, SIII = 63,66kVA. Trong trng hp nay may bien
ap 1 lam viec phu tai nh mc, nhng 2 may kia hut tai. ieu kien lam viec
song song nh vay khong xem la nh y c. V vay roct 401-41 qui nh cac may
bien ap dung vao lam viec song song co ien ap Un lech so vi tr so trung bnh
so hoc cua tat ca cac may bien ap khong c qua 10% va t so cong suat ln
nhat va cong suat nho nhat khong vt qua 3:1.
Th du 2:

Cho ba may bien ap 3 pha co cung to noi day quan va t so bien oi vi cac so
lieu: Sm I = 180kVA, SmII = 240kVA, SmIII = 320kVA; unI % = 5,4 , unII % = 6 ,
unIII % = 6,6. Hay xac nh tai cua moi m.b.a khi tai chung cua m.b.a bang tong
cong xuat nh mc cua chung: S = 180 + 240 + 320 = 740 kVA va tnh xem tai
tong toi a e khong m.b.a nao b qua tai la bao nhieu?
Giai:

Ta co:
3

Smi 180 240 320


=
+
+
= 121,8
5,4
6
6,6
ni %

U
i=1

Theo bieu thc :

SI =

740 180
x
= 202,5kVA
121,8 5,4

SII =

740 240
x
= 243kVA
121,8 6

SIII =

740 320
x
= 294,5kVA
121,8 6,6
146

Ta thay m.b.a I co un nho nhat b qua tai nhieu trong khi o m.b.a III co un ln b
hut tai. Tai tong toi a e khong m.b.a nao b qua tai ng vi khi =1. Luc o ta
co:

SI
=
SmI

S
S
UnI % mi
i=1 Uni %
n

=1

S
=1
5,4x121,8

hay la: S = 657,72kVA.


Ro rang phan cong suat at cua cac m.b.a khong c li dung se bang :
740 - 658 =82kVA
Cau hoi

1. Xet ve mat ket cau cua day quan, muon giam U cua m.b.a phai lam nh the
nao?
2. S lien quan cua cac th nghiem khong tai va ngan mach cua m.b.a en viec
xac nh U va nh the nao?
3. Neu xet that chat che th ton hao tong loi thep PFe khi co tai khac vi ton hao
khong tai PO nh the nao se ng vi PFe > PO va PFe < PO.
4. Cho hai m.b.a noi Y/Y-12 va Y/Y-6 co cung t so bien oi k va ien ap ngan
mach un. Muon cho chung lam viec song song vi nhau phai nh the nao? Cung
vi cac ieu kien tren neu hai m.b.a co to noi day Y/ -11 va Y/ -3?
Bai tap
1. Cho ba may bien ap lam viec song song vi cac so lieu sau:
May

Sm(kVA)

U1m(kV)

U2m(kV)

Un(%)

To noi day

1000

35

6,3

6,25

Y/ -11

II

1800

35

6,3

6,6

Y/ -11

III

2400

35

6,3

Y/ -11

Tnh :
a) Tai cua m.b.a khi tai chung la 4500 kVA
b) Tai ln nhat co the cung cap cho ho dung ien vi kien khong mot m.b.a nao b
qua tai.
c) Gia s may I c phep qua tai 20% th tai chung cua cac may la bao nhieu?
ap so
a) S1= 928kVA ; S 2 = 1582kVA ; S 3= 1990kVA
b) 4846kVA
c) 5817kVA

147

2. Tnh dong ien can bang khi hai m.b.a co so lieu sau ay lam viec song song :
Cac so lieu
Sm

kVA

U1

kV

U2

May 1

May 2

320

420

6+/- 5%

6+/-5%

230

220
4

Un

Unr

1,8

1,7

Y/ -11

Y/ -11

To noi day

ap so:

Icb = 496 A

3. Cho mot m.b.a ba pha vi cac so lieu sau:Sm = 20kVA, U 1/ U 2 = 6/0,4kV,


pn = 0,6kW, Un % = 5,5 , noi Y/Y. Tnh :
a) Un(V), Unr(V), Unx(V), (ien ap thap b noi ngan mach)
b) zn, rn, xn,cosn

c) U % luc he so tai 0,25; 0,5; 0,75; 1 va he so cong suat cos2 = 0,8(ien cam)
d ) Biet PO = 0,18kW tnh hieu suat cua may cac tai noi tren
ap so: a. U n = 3x190

; Unr = 3x104V ; U nx = 3 x159 V

b. zn = 99 ; xn = 83 ; rn = 54,3
c. U = 1,29%; 2,58%; 3,87%; 5,16%
d. = 94,84%; 96,04%; 95,86%; 95,35%
4. Cho mot m.b.a ba pha co Sm = 5600kVA, Pn = 57.500W, Un %= 5,23 Tnh:
a) Unr %, Unx %
b) U % khi m.b.a lam viec 3/4 tai nh mc vi cos 2 = 0,8
ap so: a. Unr = 1,026% ; Unx = 5,128%
c. U = 2,92%

148

Chng 5
CAC LOAI MAY BIEN AP AC BIET
Gii thieu chung ve may bien ap:
Chng nay trnh bay ve cac loai may bien ap ac biet (MBAB), cac
loai may bien ap nay khong ch chuyen oi nang lng ien nh cac loai may
bien ap thong thng ma con bien oi cac thong so cua nang lng ien ma
chung chuyen oi. Cac thong so o la: tan so, so pha hay dang song ien ap.
Ngoai ra, chung con ap ng mot so yeu cau ac biet nh: ieu chnh ien ap
mot cach lien tuc, tao ra nguon cung cap co ien ap cao, cach ly th cap cua
may bien ap vi tai tr khang, cung cap ien ap pha th cap hoac dong ien
pha th cap can xng vi ien ap hoac dong ien pha s cap.
Cac loai MBAB nay thng c ng dung trong cac thiet b o lng
va ieu khien t ong. Trong o lng chung co nhiem vu bien oi gia tr ien
ap hoac dong ien pha s cap thanh gia tr ien ap hoac dong ien ma cac
thiet b o co the chu ng c vi mot ty le chnh xac. Trong ieu khien t
ong MBAB co nhiem vu tao ra nguon ap hoac nguon dong vi cac gia tr
chuan va chat lng cao.
5.1 May bien ap o lng:
Trong thc te hau het cac he thong eu van hanh vi ien ap va dong
ien rat ln. Cac gia tr nay neu a trc tiep vao thiet b o se lam hong thiet
b o. Do o, cac thiet b o nay can phai c noi gian tiep vi ien ap hoac
dong ien can o thong qua cac may bien ap o lng. Cac may bien ap loai
nay con c dung trong ieu khien ong lc, rle an toan, va cac thiet b t
ong ieu khien khac. May bien ap o lng gom hai loai la: may bien ien ap
va may bien dong ien.
5.1.1 May bien ien ap:
May bien ien ap trong o lng hau het la may bien ap giam ap. Chung
c thiet ke e la giam ien ap cuon th cap xuong con khoang 100 (V) (ay
la gia tr ien ap thch hp vi hau het cac thiet b o). Cau tao cua may bien
ien ap nh sau:
Cau tao:
May bien ien ap la mot may bien ap cach ly vi cuon s cap co so vong
ln va cuon th cap co t vong. Mot vai hnh dang ben ngoai cua may bien ien
ap c trnh bay hnh 1.4.1. ac iem cau tao c trnh bay hnh 1.4.2.

149

Hnh 5.1 Hnh dang ben ngoai cua may bien ien ap.

Hnh 5.2 ac iem cau tao cua may bien ien ap.
Nguyen ly lam viec cua may bien ien ap:
May bien ien ap c thiet ke sao cho ien ap day quan th cap t thay
oi khi tai thay oi t luc khong tai en ay tai (tai nh mc).
Theo ly thuyet may ien ta co:

V2'

V1 .Z '
Z2 + Z'

Trong o:

V2' la gia tr ien ap th cap qui oi.

V1 ien ap hai au cuon s cap.


Z ' la gia tr tong tr qui oi.
Z 2 la gia tr tong tr th cap.

150

'
V V2

V2

(a)

V1

I2

I '2

(b)

I1

Hnh 5.3 o lech pha cua may bien ap o lng.

Khi Z >> Z2 th V2' = V1 , luc o t so gia ien ap s cap va th cap luon luon
nh nhau va c xac nh theo cong thc:

V 2 = V1 .W2 / W1 = V1 .n 21

(1.4.2)

Trong o:
W2 so vong day quan th cap.
W1 so vong day quan s cap.
n21 la t so bien ap
Trong hau het cac trng hp o lng th Z2 luon co gia tr ang ke so
vi Z khong the bo qua c do o bieu thc 1.4.2 se khong con ung. Khi o
xuat hien hai loai sai so sau:

Sai so t le (o lech ien ap V ):


Sai so t le c cho bi cong thc:
W
V2 . 1 V1
W2
.100%
V =
V1
Sai so goc pha (o lech pha V ): sai so nay phu thuoc vao goc pha

gia V1 va V2' hnh 5.3 a.


o ln cua cac sai so tren cang tang khi tong tr cua may bien ien ap Z tang.
Ca sai so nay la khong the tranh khoi nhng trong o lng va ieu khien t
ong e co mot nh lng ro rang ngi ta qui nh ca sai so nay khong c
vt qua mot so gia tr goi la cap chnh xac. Theo tieu chuan cua Nga th co 3
cap chnh xac oi vi may bien ien ap la:
Cap chnh xac 1: V = 0,5% , V = 20 '
Cap chnh xac 2: V = 1,0% , V = 40 '
Cap chnh xac 3: V = 3,0% , V khong gii han.
151

5.1.2 May bien dong ien:


Trong hau het cac thiet b o lng va ieu khien dong ien eu c qui
ve chuan 5A nen cac may bien dong ien s dung trong cac lnh vc nay
thng co dong ien ngo ra cuon th cap la 5A.
Nh a e cap en tren cuon th cap cua may bien dong thng c
noi vi cac thiet b o nh ampere ke, watt ke hoac cac thiet b t ong khac.
Co mot lu y la khi s dung may bien dong e cung cap cho nhieu thiet b th
phai mat noi tiep cac thiet b nay vi nhau.
Cau tao:
May bien dong ien cung giong nh mot may bien ap cach ly thong
thng gom co loi thep c ghep t cac la thep ky thuat ien, hai cuon day
quan s cap va th cap at tren loi thep. iem ac biet cua may bien dong
nam tiet dien va so vong day quan cuon s cap va th cap.
day.

Cuon day s cap c quan rat t vong thng ch c quan mot vong

Day quan s cap co tiet dien rat ln do may phai lam viec ieu kien
gan nh ngan mach. ng knh day quan s cap phu thuoc vao cap cong suat
cua may bien dong; may bien dong co cong suat cang ln th ng knh day
quan s cap cang ln.
Day quan th cap cua may bien dong co tiet dien nho va co rat nhieu
vong (hnh 1.4.4).
Hnh dang ben ngoai cua may bien dong ien thng la hnh tron (hnh
1.4.5). V co dang hnh tron kn nen thong thng may bien dong c lap trong
luc lap at mang ien.

Ngo
ra

Ngo
vao

Hnh 5.4 S o nguyen ly may bien dong.

152

Hnh 5.5 Hnh dang ben ngoai cua may bien dong ien
Nguyen ly hoat ong cua may bien dong:
Nh a e cap en tren, may bien dong thng xuyen hoat ong tnh
trang gan nh ngan mach. Do o, mot ieu rat quan trong khi s dung may la
khong c phep e may hoat ong che o khong tai v ien ap khong tai
pha th cap cua may bien dong ien rat ln co the gay hong lp cach ien dan
en pha huy may.
Dong ien ngo ra cua may bien dong ien c xac nh theo bieu thc
sau:

I '2 = I 2 .

W2
Z0
= I1 .
W1
Z 0 + Z '2 + Z '

Trong o:
Z0: tong tr cua may bien dong ien luc khong tai.
Z'2 : tong tr th cap qui oi.

Z' : tong tr qui oi cua may bien dong

I '2

: dong ien th cap qui oi.

Giong nh may bien ien ap, may bien dong ien cung co sai so t le va
sai so goc pha. Cac sai so nay se giam manh khi tong Z'2 + Z' giam so vi tong
tr cua may luc khong tai Z 0 . o la ly do tai sao cac nha san xuat may bien
dong ien luon tm moi cach e tang tong tr luc khong tai Z0 cua may bien ap
va giam gia tr Z'2 xuong ket hp vi viec s dung ung loai may bien dong (e
co c Z < ZR).
Sai so t le cua may bien dong ien c xac nh nh sau:
I .W / W1 I 1
i = 2 2
.100%
I1
o lech pha i c minh hoa hnh 5.3 b.
Cap chnh xac va cac gii han sai so cho phep oi vi may bien dong
ien theo tieu chuan cua Nga nh sau:
Cap chnh xac 0,2: i = 0,2% , i = 10 '
153

Cap chnh xac 0,5: i = 0,5% , i = 40 '


Cap chnh xac 1: i = 1,0% , i = 80 '
Cap chnh xac 3: i = 3,0% , i khong gii han.
Cap chnh xac 10: i = 10% , i khong gii han.
5.2 May bien ap chuyen oi so pha (MBA Scott)
Co nhieu cach e chuyen oi t hai pha sang hai pha vi hai may bien
ap. Mot trong nhng phng phap thng c ap dung nhat hien nay la mat
theo kieut hnh T hay con goi la MBA Scoot.
Cau tao:
May bien ap Scott co cau tao t hai may bien ap cach ly. Hai may nay
vi so vong day quan khac nhau se c noi vi nhau nh hnh 1.4.6. Trong o
may b c xem nh may chnh co so vong la pha s cap la W1 va may con lai
(may a) la may phu co so vong s cap la 3.W1 / 2 . Ca hai may eu co so vong
day th cap la W2.

Hnh 5.6 S o nguyen ly trong may bien ap Scott.


Nguyen ly hoat ong cua may bien ap Scott:
May bien ap Scott hoat ong da tren nguyen tac cam ng ien t giong
nh may bien ap thong thng. Khi at vao vao hai au B va C cua may b
mot ien ap bang vi ien ap day cua nguon ien 3 pha (VCB = V1). Do may
bien ap a co so vong la 3.W1 / 2 va c noi t au A en au 0 cua may bien
ap chnh (b) nen ien ap s cap cua may bien ap nay co gia tr la

3.V1 / 2 .

ien ap th cap Va va Vb cua hai may bien ap se tao thanh he thong ien ap
hai pha v chung bang nhau ve tr so:
154

MUC LUC
M au
Phan I: May ien mot chieu (MMC)
Chng 1: ai cng ve may ien mot chieu
Chng 2: Mach t luc khong tai cua MMC
Chng 3: Day quan phan ng cua MMC
Chng 4: Quan he ien t trong MMC
Chng 5: T trng luc co tai cua MMC
Chng 6: oi chieu
Chng 7: May phat ien mot chieu
Chng 8: ong c ien mot chieu
Chng 9: May ien mot chieu ac biet cong suat nho

Phan II: May bien ap (MBA)


Chng 1: Khai niem chung ve MBA
Chng 2: To noi day va mach t cua MBA
Chng 3: Quan he ien t trong MBA
Chng 4: Che o lam viec tai xac lap oi xng cua MBA
Chng 5: May bien ap ac biet

Trang
01

07
13
22
40
48
56
68
83
96

107
116
125
138
149

Vb = VCB .(W2 / W1 ) = V1 .(W2 / W1 )

Va = VA 0 .(2.W2 / 3.W1 ) = V1 .(W2 / W1 )


va lech nhau mot goc 900 ien nh VA0 va VCB.
Gian o vector cua ien ap th cap c trnh bay tren hnh 5.6

155

TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP. HCM


KHOA IEN
BO MON: C S KY THUAT IEN
------------0----------GVC-ThS. NGUYEN TRO NG THANG

GIAO TRNH

MAY IEN II

TP. HCM Thang 5/ 2006

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

http://www.hcmute.edu.vn

LI NOI AU
Giao trnh MA Y IE N II la mo t cuon sa ch trong bo GIAO TRNH MAY IE N gom
2 tap nham giup sinh vien bac ai ho c hoac cao ang nganh ie n Cong Nghie p, ien
T on g cu a trn g a i Hoc S Pham Ky Thua t TP.HCM lam tai lieu ho c tap, hoa c
co the dung lam ta i lieu tham khao cho sinh vien nganh Cong nghe ien- ien t,
Cong nghe ien t Vien tho ng va cac nganh khac lie n quan en lnh v c ien ien
t.
Giao trnh may ie n trnh bay nh ng ly thuyet c ban ve: cau tao; nguyen ly lam
vie c; cac quan he ien t ; cac a c tnh cung nh cac hien tng vat ly xay ra trong:
May ien mot chieu; May bien ap; May ien kho ng ong bo; Ma y ien ong bo va
ca c loa i may ien a c bie t.
Toan bo giao trnh ma y ien c chia lam 2 tap:
Tap I gom 2 phan : Ma y ien mo t chieu va Ma y ien mo t chieu ac bie t.
May bien ap va cac loa i may bien ap ac biet.
M
. HC
P
T
tn xoay chie u.
Tap II gom 3 phan : Nhn g van e ly luan chung cua cac mayhie
t ua
ykha
K
May ien khong ong bo va cachda
n
g
c
cu
a May ie n kho ng
p am
u
S
H
ong bo .
ng D
o
u
r
May ien onng T
bo va cac loa i may ien ong bo ac biet.
e
y
u
q
e giup sinh vien de da
g tiep thu kien thc mon hoc, giao trnh trnh bay noi dung
Bnan
mot ca ch ngan gon , c ban. moi chng co v du minh ho a, ca u ho i va ba i tap e
sinh vien co the hieu sau hn nhng van e mnh a ho c.

Tac gia
(Email: t_nguyentrong@yahoo.com)

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

http://www.hcmute.edu.vn

MUC LUC
Trang
Phan III: Cac van e ly lua n chung cua cac may ie n xoay chie u
Chng 1: Sc ien ong cu a day quan may ien xoay chieu
Chng 2: Day quan phan ng may ie n xoay chieu
Chng 3: S c t o ng cua da y quan may ien xoay chieu

2
11
30

Phan IV: Ma y ien khon g ong bo (MKB)


Chng 1: ai cng ve MKB
Chng 2: Ca c quan he ien t trong MKB
Chng 3: M may va ie u chnh to c o o ng c khong ong bo
Chng 4: May ien khon g ong bo a c bie t

47
48
54
77
90
M
. HC
P
T
Phan V: May ie n ong bo (MB)
101
uat
y th
K
Chng 1: ai cng ve MB
102
am
u ph
S
H
Chng II: Cac quan he ie n t trong MB
106
D
uong
r
T
Chng III: Ma y phat ien va o
ng c ien ong bo
116
uyen
qbo
n
Chng IV: Ma y ien o
n
g
a
c
bie
t
135
a
B

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

http://www.hcmute.edu.vn

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1- Vu Gia Hanh, Tran Khanh Ha, Phan T Thu, Nguyen Va n Sau, May ien I,II .
NXB khoa ho c va ky thua t - 1998 .
2- Nguye n Trong Thang, Nguyen The Kie t, Cong nghe che tao va tnh toan s a ch a
May ien , NXB Gia o du c, 1995 .
3- A.E. Fitzerald, Charles kingsley . Electrical Machines. Mc. Graw - Hill, 1990 .

4- Jimmie J. Cathey . Electric machines Analysis and Design Applying Matlab . Mc.
Graw - Hill - 2001 .

HCM

P.
5- E.V.Armensky, G.B.Falk, Fractional Horsepower Electrical
uat T machines, Mir

h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p Machines with Power Electronic
H
Electric
6- Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Principle of
D
uong
Tr
Applications, Prentice-Hall, e1986.
n
quy
Ban
Electrical machines, vol.1,2, Mir Publishers Moscow,
7- M.Kostenko, L.Piotrovsky,
1974.
Publishers, Moscow, 1985.

8- Stephen J. Chapman, Electric machinery and Power System fundamental, Mc


Graw Hill, 2002.

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

PHAN III
CAC VAN E L LUAN
CHUNG CUA
MAY IEN XOAY CHIEU

CHNG I: SC IEN ONG CUA DAY QUAN


MAY IEN XOAY CHIEU
1.1. AI CNG
Sc ien ong (s..) xoay chieu co 3 ac tnh c ban:
- o ln.
- Tan so.
- Dang ng cong.
Thng ngi ta mong muon co c s.. cua may ien dung trong cac
thiet b ien khac nhau co dang hnh sin. ac biet oi vi may phat ien cac
song ieu hoa bac cao khong nhng co tac hai oi vi cac may phat ien ma con
ca oi vi phu tai lam tang ton that cung nh lam xuat hien qua ien ap tren cac
oan khac nhau cua ng day. Trong chng nay chung ta nghien cu s.. cua
day quan va cac bien phap lam giam hoac triet tieu s.. bac cao a dang song
ve hnh sin.
1.2. SC IEN ONG CAM NG TRONG DAY QUAN

1. Sc ien ong cam ng trong day quan do t trng c ban:


a) Sc ien ong cua mot thanh dan:
at 1 thanh dan trong stator va nhng cc t cua rotor song song vi
truc may ien (h11). Khi ong may va cho quay vi toc o n = Cte = const khi
o tr so tc thi cua s.. cam ng trong thanh dan la:
etd = Bx.l.v (V)
vi Bx = Bmsin t (T), Bx la t cam ni thanh
dan quet qua.
Dn 2 pn
v=
=
= 2 f
(m/sec).
60
60
v: Van toc dai cua thanh dan.
D: ng knh phan ng.
Vi: =

D
(m)
2p

l: Chieu dai cua thanh dan nam trong t


trng.
2
e td = l.v.B m sin t = l...f . B m sin t

Vi = B tb l la t thong trung bnh tng

ng vi mot bc cc.
B tb =

2
Bm

Hnh 1.1 Chuyen ong tng oi


cua thanh dan trong t trng
tng oi hnh sin.

Ta co : etd = f sin t = E td sin t


Tr so hieu dung la: E td =

(1 - 1)

f = 2,22f

b) S cua mot vong day va cua mot boi day:


S cua mot vong day:
+ Trng hp bc u:
Neu vong day co 2 thanh dan 1 va 2 at cach nhau 1 khoang la
y = (day quan bc u) va goi s trong thanh dan 1 la E1, trong thanh dan 2 la
E2 th s.. cua mot vong day bc u la:
E = E 1 + E 2 = 2E td

= 2x 2,22f = 4,44f

E& v E& td 1

E& td 1

E& td 1
E& td 1
E& v

E& td 1

y =

E& td 1

Etd

y =

Etd

Hnh 1.2 Sc ien ong cua mot vong day


+ Trng hp bc ngan:
Ta k hieu la bc tng oi cua day quan va =

Z
(ranh)
2p

y
y
, =

= 4,44f sin
Th: E = 2E td sin
2
2

la he so bc ngan cua day quan th:


at: k n = sin
2
E = 4,44fk n
=

S cua mot phan t (boi day)


Neu mot boi day co Ws vong th s.. cua mot boi day la:

(1-3)

E s = 4,44Ws fk n

c) Sc ien ong cua 1 nhom boi day:


Ta tnh s.. cua 1 nhom boi day co q boi day di 1 cc: q =

Z
.
2mp

Th du: hnh 1.3: q = 4


Goc o ien gia 2 ranh ke nhau la:
2 p.3600
=
=
Zp
Z

Trong o Z/p la so ranh di mot oi cc


(Z/2p la so ranh di mot mat cc). Gia s so
ranh di 1 mat cc la

Z
= 6 th
2p

= 30 0 va neu tai thi iem ang xet boi day

1 nam tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc th tr so


tc thi cua s cam ng trong cac boi day 1,
2, 3, 4 la:
E s1 = E sm sin 0 0
E s 2 = E sm sin = E sm sin 30 0
E s 3 = E sm sin 2 = E sm sin 60 0
E s 4 = E sm sin 3 = E sm sin 90 0

Hnh 1.3 Nhom boi day q = 4

Esm: bien o s/phan t. r


Ta co the bieu dien q lech nhau 1 goc nh h1-4 (q: so ranh cua 1 pha
di mot cc). Moi mot vector bieu dien tr so bien o hay tr so hieu dung cua
s.. Es cua mot boi day vi nhng t le tng ng (h1-4a). Nhng vector gan
nhau lech nhau 1 goc = 30 . Tong hnh hoc cua 4 vector hnh thanh a giac
ABCDE (h1-4b) la vector AE bieu dien tr so hieu dung tong cua s.. Eq.
0

Hnh 1.4 Sc ien ong cua mot vong day


4

e tnh Eq ta ve ng tron ngoai tiep vi a giac ABCDE co ban knh R. Cuoi


cung ta tnh c:
Eq = q Es kr
(1-4)
Tong hnh hoc cac s..
qE s
Tong so hoc cac s..
q
q
2 R sin sin
2 =
2
: he so quan rai cua day quan.
=

Trong o: k r =

Eq

q2Rsin

Chng minh:
.

qsin

Ta co E q = E s1 + E s 2 + E s 3 + E s 4
Ve mat tr so Eq = AE = 2AF = 2R sin

q
.
2

Tnh R theo Eq , xet tam giac OO1A ta co: E s = 2R sin

Eq = 2

E s sin q
2 sin

2
E q = 4,44ws qfk n k r

qE s sin q
q sin

R=
2

2 = qE K
s
r

at kdq = knkr : la he so day quan.

Es

2 sin
2

(1-5)
(1-6)

E q = 4,44ws qfk dq

d) Sc ien ong cua day quan 1 pha:


Mot pha co n nhom boi day co v tr giong nhau trong t trng cac cc
t nen s cua chung co the cong so hoc vi nhau:
E f = 4,44nqws fk dq
= 4,44 w fk dq

Trong o: w = n.q.ws la so vong day noi tiep cua 1 pha.

2. Sc ien ong cua day quan do t trng bac cao:


Gia thiet rang ng cong cng o t cam oi xng vi truc hoanh (v tnh
chat oi xng vi truc hoanh nen ng cong ch cha cac song hai le) cung nh
oi vi truc cc. Trong trng hp nay, ng cong cng o t cam bao gom
song ieu hoa bac nhat hay song ieu hoa c ban va vo so song ieu hoa bac
cao
= 3, 5, 7, , ngha la = 2k 1. Trong o song ieu hoa bac 1 co bien o Bm1
va bc cc tng ng vi so oi cc p. Nhng song ieu hoa bac cao co bien

o Bm3, Bm5, B m va nhng bc cc


p . Tan so f = f 1 .


, , tng ng vi so oi cc 3p, 5p,,
3 5

T o t thong tng ng la:


2
.l.B m1

2
=
.l.Bm 3
3

1 = .l.B tb1 =

3 = .l.Btb 3
3

.l.B tb =
.l.B m

1 .f 1 =
.l.B tb1 .f 1 = 2 ..l.B m1 .f 1
Cac sc ien ong: E td1 =
2
2

2
E td 3 =
3f 3 =
.l. B m 3 .3f 1 = 2 ..l.B m 3 .f 1
2
23
=

E td =

.f = 2 ..l.B m .f 1

Sc ien ong hieu dung tong cua thanh dan:


E td =

E 2td1 + E 2td 3 + ... + E 2td


2

E
E
= E td1 . 1 + td 3 + ... + td
E td1
E td1
B
B
= E td1 . 1 + m 3 + ... + m
B m1
B m1
= E td1 . 1 + k 2B3 + ... + k 2B

. 1 .f 1 1 + k 2B3 + k 2B
2
B
B m3
=
,..., k B = m la t so gia bien o t cam song bac
B m1
B m1
=

Nhng he so: k B3

cao va bien o t cam song hai c ban.


Mac khac t thong tong cua moi cc t c bieu dien bang tong ai so
sau:
= 1 3 5 ...


= 1 1 3 5 ...
1
1 1

B
B
B
= 1 1 m 3 m 5 ... m
B m1
3B m1 5B m1

1
1

1
= 1 1 k B3 k B5 ... k B
5

T o ta co:

E td =

.f 1

1 + k 2B3 + ... + k 2B
1
1
1 k B3 ... k B
3

+ Bieu thc tong quat cua sc ien ong:


Hien nay day quan phan ng may ien xoay chieu c dung nhieu nhat la
loai day quan rai 2 lp bc ngan nen ta co:
oi vi song ieu hoa bac 1:
E 1 = 2 .w.k n1 .k r1 . 1 .f 1 = 2 2 ..l.w.k dq1 .f 1 .B m1 (1)
oi vi song ieu hoa bac :
E = 2 .w.k n .k r . .f = 2 2 ..l.w.k dq .f 1 .B m (2)

ay, k dq1 = k n1 .k r1 ,..., k dq = k n k r la he so day quan cho song ieu hoa bac 1, ,
bac . Khi o sc ien ong tong cua day quan la:
E td =

Trong o: k 3 =

k dq 3
k dq1

2
2

1 + (k B3 .k 3 ) + ... + (k B .k )
1
1
1 k B3 ... k B
3

w.k dq1 ..f1

,..., k =

k dq
k dq1

la tr so tng oi cua he so day quan cho

song ieu hoa bac cao.


1.3. CAC PHNG PHAP CAI THIEN DANG SONG SC IEN ONG.

1. Che tao mat cc t cua may phat ien ong bo theo quy luat.
Nguyen nhan khien cho dang song s khong sin la do s phan bo cua t
trng khac hnh sin. Thong thng B phan bo hnh thang, muon s la hnh sin
th cc t phai got vat 2 au theo hnh dang va kch thc thch hp. Thng
ngi ta che tao mat cc theo quy luat:
x =


cos x

: la khe h nho nhat gia mat cc;


max = (1,5 2,6 )

vi b = (0,65 0,75)
Tuy nhien bien phap tren cha cho
c ket qua mong muon. V vay can lam
giam hoac triet tieu cac sc ien ong bac
cao bang cac cach sau:

2. Rut ngan bc day quan:


Khi quan bc u y = biet k n = 1 , ngha la tat ca cac song hai bac cao
eu ton tai. e cho cac s bac cao b triet tieu ngi ta phai chon the nao o
e

1
neu chon = 1
2

= sin 1 . = sin ( 1)
2

Ma k n = sin

k n = 0

k n

4
5
6
Khi = 7 k n 7 = 0 E 7 = 0 tng ng vi = .
7
1
1
Ngha la ta rut ngan bc day quan i va th E 5 va E 7 = 0 . Ro rang la
5
7

Khi = 5 k n 5 = 0 E 5 = 0 tng ng vi = .

bien phap nay khong ong thi triet tieu c tat ca cac s.. bac cao nen ngi
ta chon bc day quan sao cho giam c cac sc ien ong bac cao manh bac
5, 7. Trong trng hp o thng rut ngan bt i
theo tng may.

1
. Luc o = (0,8 0,86 ) tuy
6

3. Quan rai:
Khi q = 1 th k r = 1 , tc la tat ca cac song bac cao eu ton tai.

Khi q > 1 va q cang tang th k r cang giam, song k r se lap lai tr so ban au sau
1 so song bac cao nao o theo nhng chu k tng ng. Mot so song bac cao co
k r = kr1 c goi la song ieu hoa tang ( = z vi z = 2mqk 1 va k = 1, 2,
3...). Tom lai phng an nay ch cai thien dang song c phan nao.

4. Ranh cheo:
Tac dung cua no e kh song ieu hoa rang.
T hnh ve ta thay sc ien ong co t cam B m
z

cam ng trong thanh dan co chieu ngc nhau va


b triet tieu. Bc ranh cheo can phai chon
b c = 2 z = 2
bc =

2p
zp

(vi k = 1 th z =

z
1)
p

Trong thc te, thng chon b c =

2p
la cac
z

song ieu hoa rang a giam nho i nhieu.


8

Hnh 1.5 Trng hp ranh cheo


1 bc rang

E z = 0

Cau hoi:
1. V sao yeu cau sc ien ong cua may
ien xoay chieu phai co dang hnh sin.
Lam the nao e am bao yeu cau o?
2. Hay xac nh bieu thc sc ien ong cua day quan 1 pha khi t trng khong
hnh sin?
3. Cac bien phap e cai thien dang song sc ien ong va hieu lc cua cac bien
phap o?
4. Khi dung ranh cheo th tr so sc ien ong do t trng c ban cua day quan
thay oi nh the nao?
Th du:
1. Cho 1 may phat ien co p = 2, ng knh trong cua Stator D = 0.7m t cam
trung bnh Btb1 = 0,6T, chieu dai tnh toan cua Stator l = 1,3m. Cho biet
Btb3 = 0,325Btb1; Btb5 = 0,15Btb1. Hay tnh sc ien ong E1, E3, E5 va sc ien
ong tong Etd cua 1 thanh dan (bo qua cac song bac cao hn 5), f = 50Hz.
ap so: E1 = 47,6V; E3 = 15,5V; E5 = 7,1V; E = 50,6V.
Giai:
1. Ta co: Bieu thc tong quat cua sc ien ong:
E = 2 .w.k n .k r . .f = 2 2 ..l.w.k dq .f 1 .B m

oi vi song ieu hoa bac 1:


E 1 = 2 .w.k n1 .k r1 . 1 .f1 = 2 2 ..l.w.k dq1 .f 1 .B m1

Thanh dan: E 1 = 2.l.B m1 .f1

D .0,7
=
= 0,55
2p
2.2

B m1 = B tb1
2
D
E1 = 2 .
.l. B tb1 .f 1
2p 2

Vi =

= 2

2 0,7
.
.1,3.0,6.50
4 2

= 47,63(V)

Tng t: E 3 = 2.l.B m 3 .f 3 = 0,325E1 = 15,5(V)


E 5 = 2.l.B m 5 .f 5 = 0,15E1 = 7,14(V)

Sc ien ong tong cua 1 thanh dan:


E td = E 1 1 + k 2B3 + k 2B5

= 47,63 1 + 0,325 2 + 0,15 2 = 50,6(V)

Bai tap:
1.1. Tnh he so day quan kdq cua day quan hai lp co q = 2; p = 2; z = 24;
=

5
. Biet rang moi boi day co ws = 5 vong va sc ien ong cua thanh dan Etd
6

= 5V. Hay tnh sc ien ong cua moi nhom va s.. cua moi pha cua day quan
o.
ap so: Eq = 93,3V, Ef = 93,3V.
1.2. Cho 1 may phat ien ba pha 6000kW; 6300V; 3000 vong/phut; f = 50Hz;
cos = 0,8; ng knh trong stator D = 0,7m; chieu dai stator l = 1,35m; Btb =
0,4890T; z = 36; day quan 2 lp; y = 13; so vong day noi tiep trong mot pha W =
24. Hay tnh sc ien ong pha cua may.
ap so: Ef = 3353,67V.

10

CHNG II: DAY QUAN PHAN NG MAY IEN


XOAY CHIEU
2.1 AI CNG
Day quan may ien xoay chieu co nhiem vu cam ng c sc ien ong
(s..) nhat nh ong thi cung tham gia vao viec tao nen t trng can thiet
cho s bien oi nang lng ien t trong may.
Ket cau cua day quan phai am bao cac yeu cau ky thuat sau:
+ Tiet kiem day quan (phan au noi).
+ Ben ve c, nhiet, ien.
+ Che tao n gian, lap rap, sa cha de dang.
Phan loai day quan:
+ Theo so pha: m = 1, 2, 3.
+ Theo so ranh cua mot pha di moi bc cc q.
+ Theo lp: 1 lp, 2 lp.
+ Theo hnh dang phan au noi: day quan ong khuon, ong tam, xep, song
.v.v.v...
Thng th so ranh cua 1 pha di mot cc q la so nguyen nhng trong mot
so trng hp can thiet q co the la phan so. Day quan may ien xoay chieu co
the at trong ranh thanh 1 lp hoac 2 lp va tng ng la day quan 1 lp va 2
lp. Trong thc te rat nhieu loai day quan, trong phan nay ta e cap en 1, 2 loai
pho bien thng gap va moi loai ch neu phng phap phan tch va s o noi
day.
2.2. DAY QUAN 3 PHA CO Q LA SO NGUYEN

1. Day quan 1 lp:


Thng c dung cho cac ong c ien co cong suat < 7kW. Trong moi
ranh ch at 1 canh tac dung nen so boi day S = Z/2.
Th du: Ve s o khai trien day quan kieu ong khuon tap trung 1 lp,
Z = 24, 2p = 4.
Trnh t xay dng s o day quan 1 lp vi q la so nguyen:
- Xac nh goc o ien gia 2 ranh lien tiep:
p.360 0 2.360 0
=
=
= 30 0
Z
24

Nen canh tac dung t 1 en 12 di oi cc th nhat lam thanh hnh sao


s.. co 12 tia nh hnh 2 -1a. Do v tr cac canh 13 en 24 di oi cc th 2
hoan toan giong v tr cua cac canh 1 en 12 di oi cc th nhat nen s.. cua
chung c bieu th bang hnh sao s.. trung vi hnh sao s.. th nhat.
- So ranh cua 1 pha di 1 cc:
q=

Z
24
=
=2
2mp 2.3.2

11

- So phan t day quan:


S=
- So

Z 24
=
= 12
2
2

phan t day quan trong mot pha:

- So nhom boi day trong mot pha:

S 12
=
=4
m 3
S
12
=
=2
n=
mq 3.2

S fa =

Hnh 2.1 Hnh sao sc ien ong 12 tia


So sanh vi so oi cc 2p ta suy ra day quan au cc gia.
- Pha A cach pha B la 1200 ien tng ng vi:
120 0 120 0
=
= 4 ranh.

30 0

- Bc day quan y = = 6.
- Gian o khai trien day quan:

12

Hnh 2.2 S o khai trien day quan 3 pha 1 lp ong


khuon tap trung vi Z = 24; 2p = 4; q = 2.

2. Day quan 2 lp:


La loai day quan ma trong moi
ranh at 2 canh tac dung, nen so phan
t bang so ranh cua loi thep S = Z.
so vi day quan 1 lp day quan 2 lp
co nhng u iem sau:
- Loai nay co the thc hien c
bc ngan lam giam sc ien ong
Hnh 2.3 Hnh tia sc ien ong
bac cao, cai thien c dang song sc
ien ong, ac tnh lam viec cua may
tot hn.
- au noi cua cac boi day chac
chan, gon, t choan cho, tranh c
phan au noi cham vao nap may.
Tuy nhien viec long day cung nh sa cha gap nhieu kho khan hn trong day
quan 1 lp.
Co 2 kieu day quan: Quan xep va quan song, a so dung day quan xep.
Day quan song ch dung vi rotor day quan cua ong c ien khong ong bo.
a) Day quan xep:
Th du: Ve s o khai trien day quan xep 3 pha, 2 lp vi Z = 24, 2p = 4.
Trnh t xay dng s o day quan xep 3 pha 2 lp vi q la so nguyen:
1. Ve hnh tia sc ien ong.

13

p.360 0 2.360 0
=
= 30 0
Z
24
Z
=
: bc cc
2p
y
= : he so rut ngan bc day

y: bc day
- So ranh cua 1 pha di 1 bc cc:
q=

Z
24
=
=2
2mp 2.3.2

- So phan t day quan: S = Z = 24


- So phan t trong 1 pha: S pha =
- So nhom boi day trong 1 pha:
n=

S 24
=
=8
m 3

S
24
=
=4
m.q 3.2

n = 2p au cc that (c c, - )
2. Bc day quan: Quan bc ngan y = . = 5 =

y 5.6
=
=6

AA ZZ
BB XX CC
yy
AA ZZ
BB XX CC
yy
A ZZ BB XX CC
yy
AA ZZ BB XX
CC
yy A

Hnh 2.4 Day quan xep 2 lp vi Z = 24, 2p = 2, q = 5, =5/6.


Cach ve: au tien ta phan bo cuon day theo vung pha vi q = 2 cho moi
vung. Neu ranh 1 va 2 thuoc vung pha A th vung pha B phai at ranh 5, 6 v
pha B can phai dch chuyen so vi pha A la 1200 tc 4 ranh (1 + 4 = 5, 2 + 4 = 6).
14

Pha C cung dch chuyen tng oi vi pha B va chiem cac ranh (5 + 4 = 9, 6 + 4


= 10). Con khoang ranh t 1324 cung c phan bo xen ke cac pha A, B, C vi
cung 1 quy luat nh vay (pha A: 13, 14, pha B: 17, 18, pha C: 21, 22). Nh vay
mot na vung pha va lp tren a c phan bo, con cac vung pha khac cung
c phan bo theo cac pha A, B, C va c k hieu tng ng X, Y, Z. Luc nay
vung X thuoc pha A dch chuyen so vi vung A la t = 6 tc la cac ranh (1 + 6 =
7, 2 + 6 = 8, 13 + 6 = 19, 14 + 6 = 20). Tng t vung Y thuoc pha B cac ranh
(5 + 6 = 11, 6 + 6 = 12, 17 + 6 = 23, 18 + 6 = 24). Con vung Z thuoc pha C cac
ranh (9 6 = 3, 10 6 = 4, 21 6 = 15, 22 6 = 16). S khac nhau cac vung
pha A, B, C va X, Y, Z la sc ien ong cac canh tng ng cua no.
b) Day quan song:
Trnh t xay dng s o day quan song hai lp:
Bc 1: Lay so lieu Z, 2p. Suy ra va kiem tra lai cac ieu kien Z va .
Bc 2: Chon bc quan day tong hp y
y=

( Z b)
p

Khi Z = np (n la so nguyen) chon b = 0. Trng hp nay tng ng vi Z


la boi so cua p.
Khi so canh tac dung trong ranh la 2 hay la boi so cua 2 (4, 6, 8,) ta
thng chon b = 1.
Khi trong mot ranh ch co mot canh tac dung, ta chon b = 2.
Bc 3: Goi N la tong so canh tac dung cua bo day quan.
Neu (N/6) la so chan th mot nhanh trong mot pha co (N/6) canh tac dung.
Neu (N/6) la so le th mot nhanh trong mot pha co (
nhanh con lai co (

N
1 ) canh tac dung,
6

N
+ 1 ) canh tac dung.
6

Bc 4: Lap bang so xac nh cach quan day, bang so thiet lap nh sau:
Chia bang day quan thanh 2p cot.
Lan lt ghi lp tren, lp di, lp tren, lp di, vao au moi cot bieu
th cho canh tac dung tren va di cua moi boi day. Sau o, ghi so th t
ranh vao moi o. Goi y1 la bc boi day va bc y2 tnh nh sau:
y2 = y y1.
Ta ghi so sau cach so trc mot bc y1, roi y2.
Moi khi ghi het mot dong, trc khi viet o au cua dong tiep theo, ta xem
mach co b khep kn sm hay khong. Neu co s khep kn mach sm th
phai tang hay giam bc y2 mot n v.
Neu s o quan dung cho stator th phai tien hanh bien phap va neu bnh
thng tren, ngc lai neu day quan dung cho rotor ta phai chu y cach

at au day vao moi pha cac so ranh 1; 1 +

Z
; va
3

2Z
1 +
vao v tr o
3

thch hp ng au moi nhanh (tr trng hp 2p la boi so cua 3).


15

Lap bang so qui nh au day, suy ra so thanh noi chuyen hng trong
moi pha.
Bc 5: Thc hien s o khai trien day quan. Nen ve cac thanh chuyen hng va
cac au vao ra cua moi nhom boi trc tien.
Hnh dang cua bang so xac nh cac nhom cua cac pha c mo ta trong
hnh ve sau.
Bang xac nh cach au cac pha:
Lp tren Lp di Lp tren Lp di

Lp tren Lp di

2p cot
Nhom boi day

Pha

Vao

au
Ra

CH

A
C
B
A

CH: Chuyen hng

Tong so hang cua bang xac nh cach au cho boi day gom

Z .U r
hang, vi
2p

Ur: la so canh tac dung trong mot ranh.


Chu y: Cung nh day quan xep, day quan song bc ngan cung lam cho ac tnh
ien cua may tot hn.
Th du: Day quan song 3 pha, 2 lp co Z = 24, 2p = 4.
Bc tong hp:
y=

Z 24
=
= 12
p
2

Chon bc boi day y1 la bc ngan, vi y1 = 5


Bc day y2 = 12 5 = 7.
So ranh cua 1 pha di 1 cc:
q=

Z
24
=
=2
2mp 3.4

So phan t S = Z =24.
Bang xac nh cach au cac pha:
Bang co 4 cot tng ng vi 4 cc. So hang =
+(y2 + 1)
16

24.2
= 12 (hang)
4

Lp tren Lp di
1 +y1
6 +y2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Lp tren Lp di
13 +y1
18
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

19
2
21
22
23
24
1
2
3
4
5

}
}
}
}
}
}

Nhom 1
Pha A.
Nhom 2.
Pha C.
Nhom 3
Pha B
Nhom 4
Pha A
Nhom 5
Pha C
Nhom 6
Pha B

Hnh 2.5 Day quan song 2 lp vi Z = 24, 2p = 4, q = 2, = 5 / 6

17

2.3. DAY QUAN 3 PHA CO Q LA PHAN SO


Ta co 2 phng phap bo tr day quan (khi q la phan so) o la phng phap
bo tr theo Clement va phng phap bo tr theo Py o.
oi vi phng phap Clement, ta co the bo tr day quan theo dang 1 lp
hay 2 lp. Tuy nhien dang 2 lp ch la bien dang suy ra t ket cau 1 lp.
Va phng phap Clement se khong s dung c stator hay rotor co so
ranh le, v luc o day quan 1 lp khong bo tr c nen cung khong tm ra
c dang day quan 2 lp.
Phng phap bo tr theo Py o ch thch hp cho day quan 2 lp vi Z chan
hay le eu c.
Trnh t xay dng s o day quan 1 lp, q phan so theo Clement:
Bc 1:
Xac nh Z. 2p, sau o tnh ra: , q, .
Viet q di dang sau:
q = b+

c
d

Trong o b, c, d la so nguyen (c < d va c/d la phan so toi gian khong rut gon
c).
Bc 2: Lap bang so xac nh phan bo ranh cho 3 pha.
Bang so thanh lap gom 3 cot (tng ng 3 pha A, B, C) so hang cua bang
luon luon bang 2p.
Sau khi ke xong bang, ta ien cac gia tr vao cac o cha trong bang (tong
so o trong bang la 6p o).
Gia tr cua moi o xac nh nh sau:
c
d
c
Neu > 0,5 : ta ghi gia tr (b + 1) cho moi o trong bang.
d
c
Neu = 0,5 : ta ghi gia tr b hay (b + 1) cho moi o trong bang.
d

Neu < 0,5 : ta ghi gia tr b cho moi o trong bang.

Bc 3: Bang so thanh lap trong bc 2 la bang phan bo ranh cho moi pha tren
moi khoang bc cc. Neu cong tong so cac gia tr ghi cho cac o trong bang, gia
tr nay co the:
Nho hn tong so ranh thc Z cua ong c, neu moi o ghi gia tr b.
Ln hn tong so ranh Z cua ong c, neu moi o ghi gia tr (b + 1).
Nh vay trong bc 3 ta ieu chnh cac gia tr ghi theo bang 2 e co phan
bo ranh ung theo tong so ranh thc Z ang co tren stator.
Phng phap tang hay giam so ranh phan bo trong bang phan bo ranh
bc 2 c thc hien nh sau:
18

T o au tien ta anh dau *, sau o bat au em t trai sang phai, t tren


xuong di mot khoang cach bang ung so cc 2p, dng lai tai o nao
anh tai o o; tiep tuc thc hien phep anh dau bang phng phap nay
cho en khi ve ung o m au.
Tren cung mot cot ngay hang ben di cua cac o va c anh dau, ta
anh dau tiep. Thong thng, vi phng phap tren moi lan anh dau tren
bang ta co 6 hay boi so cua 6 o c anh dau.
Tai cac o a anh dau ta ieu chnh gia tr ghi trong moi o theo qui tac
sau:
o Neu tr so ghi trong o la b ta chnh thanh (b + 1).
o Neu tr so ghi trong o la (b + 1) ta chnh thanh b.
Bc 4: Can c theo gia tr trong bang phan bo theo Clement va hieu chnh ta
xac nh phan bo ranh cho moi pha tren moi bc cc.
Sau o, tuy theo dang s o day quan 1 lp muon thc hien ta ve s o
(phng phap ve s o luc nay thc hien tng t nh a thc hien day quan 1
lp q nguyen).
Th du: Ve s o khai trien day quan cho ong c 3 pha co Z = 30, 2p = 4.
Z 30
=
= 7,5
2p 4
Z
30 5
1
q=
=
= = 2+
2pm 4.3 2
2

Ta co: =

Vay b = 2, c = 1, d = 1.
Lap bang phan bo:
A
2*
2*
2
2

C
2
2*
2*
2

B
2
2
2*
2*

A
3
3
2
2

C
2
3
3
2

B
2
2
3
3

19

Trnh t xay dng s o day quan theo Py o.


Bc 1: Xac nh Z, 2p, sau o tnh ra: , q, .
Viet q di dang sau:
q = b+

c
d

Hnh 2.6 Day quan 1 lp ong khuon tap trung, au vao 2


pha lien tiep lech 120 0
(Z = 30; 2p = 4; Phan bo theo Clement).
Trong o b, c, d la so nguyen (c < d va c/d la phan so toi gian).
Bc 2: Can c cac gia tr b, c, d ta lap nhom so th t theo qui tac sau:
Viet con so co gia tr bang (b + 1) thanh c lan.
Viet con so co gia tr bang b thanh (d - c) lan.
Sau o, tnh tong cac so hang cua nhom so th t va lap, mot cach tong
quat ta xac nh nh sau:
Tong cac so hang

= (b + 1)c + b(d c) = bc + c + bd bc
cua nhom so th t

Xac nh t so M c nh ngha la:


Z
c + bd
c bd + c
V q = b + =
d
d
M=

Hay qd = bd + c
Vay M =

3.2p
Z
Z
3Z
=
=
=
d
qd
Z

d d
3
2p

20

Theo Py o, M chnh la so lan viet lap lai nhom so th t va chuoi so tuan


hoan tm c bang cach viet M lan nhom so th t xac nh xac nh phan bo
ranh cho moi pha day quan tren stator.
Bc 3: Chon y va theo phan bo ranh nh bc 2 ta ve s o day quan 2 lp.
Th du: Day quan 3 pha vi q la phan so, Z = 15, 2p = 4.
q=

1
Z
15
=
= 1+
4
2mp 12

Tc la b = 1, c = 1 va d = 4 va q = bd + c = 4 + 1 = 5 la so ranh ng lng
(ang tr) cua 1 pha di 1 cc.

Bc cc 1:
Ranh
Pha

1
A

2
A

3
C

4
B

6
C

7
C

8
B

Bc cc 2:
Ranh
Pha

5
A

Hnh 2.7 Day quan 3 pha 2 lp

Bc cc 3:
Ranh
Pha

9
A

10
C

11
B

14
C

15
B

1
4

vi Z = 15, 2p = 4, q = 1 + ,

12
B

phan bo theo py o

Bc cc 4:
Ranh
Pha
-

13
A

1
4

3
4

Bc cc: = m.q = 3.(1 + ) = (3 + ) (tnh bang so ranh)

Chung ta co the lay bc ranh y = 3.


Khi o: =

y
=

3
3+

3
4

4
= 0,8
5

Trong trng hp nay ta co d = 4 nhom boi day phan bo tren 4 cc, phai co
d - c = 4 - 1 = 3 nhom co b = 1 boi day, phai co c = 1 nhom co b + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
boi day.
=

p.360 2.360
=
= 48 0
Z
15

21

2.4. DAY QUAN NGAN MACH KIEU LONG SOC


Day quan ngan mach kieu long soc c tao bi cac thanh dan bang ong
at trong ranh, 2 au han vi 2 au ngan mach cung bang ong. Cac thanh dan
va vong ngan mach noi tren cung co the c uc bang nhom.
Sc ien ong cua cac thanh dan ke tiep lech pha 1 goc pha =

2..p
va
z

co the bieu th thanh hnh sao sc ien ong co z/t vector, trong o t la c so
chung ln nhat cua z va p. trng hp day quan long soc moi vector sc ien
ong ng vi 1 pha va nh vay so pha m =

Z
va neu co t hnh sao sc ien ong
t

trung nhau th moi pha co t thanh dan ghep song song. Tren thc te, luc tnh e
n gian thng xem nh moi thanh dan ng vi 1 pha va nh vay m = z, so
vong day cua 1 pha w = 1/2 va cac he so bc ngan, he so quan rai oi vi tat ca
cac song ieu hoa knv = krv = 1.
S o mach ien cua day
quan long soc nh hnh 2-8a.
Trong o:
+ rt la ien tr thanh dan.
+ rv la ien tr tng oan
gia 2 thanh dan cua vanh ngan
mach.
e xem day quan m pha au
hnh sao va b noi ngan mach, ta
thay the mach ien thc noi tren
bang mach ien tng ng
(hnh 2-8b) da tren c s ton hao
Hnh 2.8 S o mach ien thc (a) va
tren ien tr cua 2 mach ien o
tng ng (b).
phai bang nhau.
oi vi 1 nut bat ky, th du nut 2 ta co:
it2 = iv23 iv12
Do dong ien trong cac oan chia cua vanh ngan mach cung
lech pha nhau goc nh tren hnh (2-9) nen:
l t = 2l v sin

va

lv =

lt

p
= 2l v sin
z
2

Hnh 2.9 Quan he dong ien trong


thanh dan va dong ien trong vong

V ton hao tren ien tr cua mach


ien thc va mach ien thay the cua cuon day phai bang nhau, ngha la:
2 sin

p
z

Zl 2t rt + 2 Zl 2v rv = Zl 2t r

22

nen ket hp vi lv suy ra c ien tr moi pha


cua day quan:
r = rt +

rv
2 sin 2

p
z

Hnh 2.10 Ranh na kn (a),


ranh na h (b) va ranh h
cua may ien xoay chieu.

2.5. CACH THC HIEN DAY QUAN MAY IEN XOAY CHIEU
Day quan may ien xoay chieu c at tren cac ranh tren stator hoac rotor. Cac
ranh nay co the co mieng ranh na kn, na h va h nh tren hnh 2.9.
Ranh na kn thng c dung cho day quan stator cua may cong suat
ti 100kW va ien ap en 650V. Cach ien ranh thng day khoang
(0,35 0,65)mm va gom nhng phan t nhieu vong tiet dien tron vi ng knh
(2,2 2,5)mm. Khi long day phai cho tng mot hoac hai vong day qua mieng
ranh. Ranh na h thng c dung cho cac may co cong suat ln t (300
400)kW toc o 1500vg/ph va en 650V.
trng hp nay, boi day (hay phan t) c chia
lam 2 na boi theo chieu rong cua ranh, cac na
boi o gom nhieu vong day tiet dien ch nhat
quan theo khuon nh hnh. Cac na boi day
c boc vai va khi long day cho ca na boi
qua mieng ranh. Ranh h thng dung vi cac
Hnh 2.11 Co nh phan au
loai may co cong suat ln, ien ap cao. Trong
noi cua day quan rotor.
trng hp nay day quan c che tao t day
1. Vong thep
dan co tiet dien hnh ch nhat va cac boi c
2. Vanh ep thep.
cach ien trc khi at vao ranh.
3. Bulong
Sau khi long day vao ranh, mieng ranh c nem kn bang cac thanh nem
bang vat lieu cach ien nh tre, go a c x ly

23

getinac, textolit, va nh vay tac dung cua boi day c ep chat trong ranh.
Neu day quan c at rotor th phan au noi cua no c ai chat bang day
thep e tranh b tung ra do lc li tam khi rotor quay. cac may ien cong suat
ln, e tranh cac lc ien t rat manh luc xay ra ngan mach lam hong phan au
noi day quan Stator, bo phan nay c buoc chat vao cac vong thep co bulong
bat vao than may nh hnh (2-11).
2.6. DAY QUAN 1 PHA.

1. Khai niem
Trong phan ng stator ong c 1 hay 2 pha, ta thng bo tr hai day quan
lech pha khong gian 900, va tao dong ien qua 2 bo day nay lech pha thi gian
900 (hay gan 900) e tao ra mot t trng quay tron khi ong cho ong c.
Neu pha phu c cat khoi nguon ien khi toc o quay rotor at c khoang
75% toc o ong bo, ong c dang 1 pha.
Tng t nh day quan stator ong c 3 pha, day quan stator ong c 1 pha
cung c phan loai thanh cac dang:
o Day quan 1 lp ong khuon hay ong tam.
o Day quan 2 lp.
o Day quan sin; hnh dang nhom boi day quan sin giong nh nhom boi day
ong tam, nhng so vong cua moi boi trong nhom boi day quan sin khong
bang nhau (chenh lech so vong gia moi boi day quan sin trong 1 nhom
tuan theo 1 t le nh trc).
ac iem cua day quan ong c 1 pha thng khong co dang q phan so nh
trong day quan ong c 3 pha. Do o, tong so ranh stator phai phan bo theo t le
nh trc cho pha chnh va pha phu.
Thong thng, neu goi QA: Tong so ranh phan bo cho pha chnh.
QB: Tong so ranh phan bo cho pha phu.
Ta co t le phan bo nh sau:
QA = 3QB
QA = 2QB
QA = QB
Phan bo t le nay ch dung cho trng hp day quan dang 1 lp hay 2 lp.
Cac cong thc va k hieu hay dung cho day quan 1 lp hay 2 lp:
Goi qA : So ranh phan bo cho pha chnh tren mot bc cc t.
qB : So ranh phan bo cho pha phu tren mot bc cc t.
Vi cac nh ngha tren, ta co quan he sau:
(2-1)
QA + QB = Z
QA
2p
Q
qB = B
2p

(2-2)

qA =

(2-3)
24

(2-4)
Tuy theo loai ong c 1 pha hay 2 pha, khi dung day quan 1 hay 2 lp ta co
the chon phan bo:
QA = 2QB hay QA = QB khi ong c dang 2 pha dung tu thng trc.
QA = 3QB hay QA = 2QB khi ong c dang 1 pha dung pha phu khi ong
hay dung tu khi ong.
Tuy nhien, vi 1 ket cau stator, tng ng vi 1 so ranh stator Z co trc va
vi 1 gia tr 2p yeu cau ta khong the chon mot trong cac phan bo tren tuy y ma
phai co ieu kien e cho qA va qB khong phai dang phan so.
Cac yeu cau ieu kien c xac nh nh sau:
ieu kien s dung phan bo QA = QB:
qA + qB =

Muon dung phan bo Q A = Q B =


so nguyen.
Khi q A = q B =

Z
cho day quan stator, ta can co qA va qB la cac
2

nguyen la boi so cua 2.


2

Tom lai:
Muon s dung phan bo QA = QB ta can co ieu kien la boi so cua 2.
ieu kien s dung phan bo QA = 2QB:
Khi Q A = 2Q B ta co Q A =

2Z
Z
va Q B =
3
3

nguyen va q B = nguyen
Muon qA va qB la cac so nguyen
3
3
la boi so cua 3
qA =

Tom lai:
Muon s dung phan bo QA = 2QB ta can co ieu kien la boi so cua 3.
Tng t, khi xet phan bo QA = 3QB, ta suy ra ieu kien nh sau:
Muon s dung phan bo QA = 3QB ta can co ieu kien la boi so cua 4.

2. Trnh t xay dng s o khai trien day quan 1 lp:


Tng t nh trng hp ong c 3 pha, ta cung tien hanh tuan t theo
cac bc sau ay:
Bc 1: Xac nh Z va 2p, sau o tnh ra cac gia tr va , ta co:
=

Z
180 0
va =

2p

Tuy theo la boi so cua 2, 3 hay 4, chon phan bo ranh cho pha chnh va
pha phu. Tnh qA va qB.
25

Bc 2: Phan bo ranh cho pha chnh va pha phu theo , qA va qB.


(phng phap thc hien tng t nh trong trng hp ong c 3 pha).
Bc 3: Tuy theo dang day quan can ve, ta tao au noi cho cac nhom boi day, ve
cho pha chnh roi pha phu.
Mot ieu khac biet cho day quan cua ong c 3 pha so vi 1 pha la au vao
pha phu so vi pha chnh khong can lech pha 900 ien. Viec xet lech pha khong
gian gia pha chnh va pha phu c xet theo phng phap khac.
Th du1: Xay dng cac s o khai trien day quan 1 lp cho stator ong c 1 pha
co Z = 36 va 2p = 4.
Giai:
Bc 1: Vi Z = 36 va 2p = 4, ta tnh c:
Bc cc = 9ranh/bccc, vay co gia tr le va la boi so cua 3, do o
ch co the dung phan bo QA = 2QB.
Vay

2
Z = 24 ranh pha chnh.
3
1
Q B = Z = 12 ranh pha phu.
3

QA =

So ranh phan bo cho pha chnh tren 1 bc cc qA = 6ranh/pha chnh/bc


cc.
So ranh phan bo cho pha phu tren 1 bc cc qB = 3ranh/pha phu/bc
cc.
Goc lech ien gia 2 ranh lien tiep =

180
= 20 0 ien.

Bc 2: Phan bo ranh cho pha chnh va pha phu.


Can c theo cac gia tr , qA va qB ta phan bo ranh cho stator day quan 1
lp nh sau (hnh 2-12).
Bc 3: Xay dng s o khai trien day quan 1 lp.
Ap dung phep ve au noi tao cac nhom boi day nh trong trng hp day
quan stator ong c 3 pha, ta co:

Hnh 2.12 Phan bo ranh cho pha chnh va pha phu


Z = 36, 2p = 4, QA = 2QB
26

Trong hnh 2.13, day quan 1 lp dang ong khuon phan tan n gian.
Trong o, ta k hieu cac au pha chnh la A, X va pha phu la B, Y.

Hnh 2.13 S o khai trien day quan 1 lp, dang ong


khuon phan tan n gian QA = 2QB, Z = 36, 2p = 4.

3. Trnh t xay dng s o day quan 2 lp:


Bc 1: Xac nh cac tham so Z va 2p. T o tnh cac tham so:
a.
Bc cc t , can c theo gia tr chan hay le cua chon phan bo
ranh cho pha chnh va pha phu. Tnh QA, QB suy ra qA va qB.
b.
Chon bc boi day y, vi y min y ( 1)
2
3

Trong o y min =
Tnh : Goc lech ien gia 2 ranh lien tiep.
Bc 2:
Can c theo , qA, qB ta xac nh phan bo ranh cho pha chnh va pha phu.
Phan bo nay xac nh v tr cho cac canh tac dung tren cua cac boi day
trong day quan 2 lp.
Bc 3:
Tuy theo gia tr y ta ve lan lt tng nhom boi day cho pha chnh va pha
phu.
Ve hoan chnh pha chnh roi pha phu.
Kiem tra cc tnh tao bi bo day va goc lech pha v tr cho 2 pha chnh va
phu.
Th du 2: Ve s o day quan 2 lp cho stator ong c 1 pha co Z = 36 va 2p = 4.
Giai:
Bc 1: Vi Z = 36 va 2p = 4, ta tnh c:
Bc cc = 9ranh/bccc, vay co gia tr le va la boi so cua 3, do o ch co
the dung phan bo QA = 2QB.
27

Vay

2
Z = 24 ranh pha chnh.
3
1
Q B = Z = 12 ranh pha phu.
3
QA =

So ranh phan bo cho pha chnh tren 1 bc cc qA = 6ranh/pha chnh/bc cc.


So ranh phan bo cho pha phu tren 1 bc cc qB = 3ranh/pha phu/bc cc.
Goc lech ien gia 2 ranh lien tiep =

180
= 20 0 ien.

Bc 2: Phan bo ranh cho pha chnh va pha phu.


2
3

2
3

Trong o y min = = .9 = 6 ranh.


- 1 = 9 1 = 8 ranh.

Vay bc boi day y chon trong khoang 6 y 8.


Gia s ta chon y = 7 ranh.
Bc 3: Ta co s o khai trien day quan 2 lp theo hnh 2.14.

Hnh 2.14 S o day quan 2 lp, y =7, Z = 36, 2p = 4, QA = 2QB.


Cau hoi:
1. Nguyen tac quan day cua day quan 3 pha 1 lp va 2 lp vi q la so
nguyen?
2. Nguyen tac quan day cua day quan 3 pha 2 lp vi q la phan so? Y ngha
cua day quan nay oi vi viec cai thien dang song sc ien ong cua day
quan stator? Pham vi ng dung cua no?
3. V sao day quan 1 pha ch at trong 2/3 so ranh cua cac cc?
Bai tap:
2.1. Day quan 3 pha cua may ien xoay chieu co cac so lieu sau: z = 24,
2p
= 2, q = 4. Ve gian o khai trien day quan ong khuon phan tan n gian.
2.2. Ve gian o khai trien day quan xep 3 pha 2 lp vi cac so lieu sau: z = 36,
28

2p = 4, = 7/9.
2.3. Ve gian o khai trien cua day quan song 3 pha 2 lp vi cac so lieu sau:
Z = 36, 2p = 4

29

CHNG III: SC T ONG CUA DAY QUAN MAY IEN


XOAY CHIEU
3.1. AI CNG
Dong ien chay trong day quan cua cac may ien quay tao ra sc t ong
(s.t.) cua day quan va sinh ra t trng bao quanh day quan o. e viec nghien
cu tnh toan c de dang ngi ta thng chia va xet t trng cua day quan
cua may ien quay ba vung khong gian: t trng khe h gia stator va
rotor, t trng ranh va t trng phan au noi. Trong chng nay ta ch xet
t trng khe h. Vi gia thiet rang khe h la eu va t tr cua loi thep
stator va rotor tren mach t khong ang ke, (he so dan t Fe = ), th s phan
bo t trng khe h cung la s phan bo s.t. cua day quan. Noi chung s.t.
khe h phu thuoc vao kieu day quan la tap trung hay quan rai va vao dong ien.
Khi dong ien la mot chieu th s.t. khe h la khong oi neu t dan khe h
khong oi va la ap mach neu t dan khe h thay oi. Neu dong ien la xoay
chieu mot pha, s.t. la ap mach. Dong ien xoay chieu m pha (vi m 1) oi
xng se sinh ra s.t. quay tron; con dong ien xoay chieu m pha khong oi xng
se sinh ra s.t. quay elip.
e thuan tien cho viec phan tch s.t. cua day quan may ien xoay chieu ta
can nhac lai cac khai niem ve s.t. ap mach, s.t. quay va quan he gia cac
s.t. o.
S.t. ap mach.
Bieu thc toan hoc cua s.t. ap mach co the viet nh sau:
F = Fm sin t cos
(3-1)
trong o la goc khong gian.
Trong bieu thc tren neu cho t = const th:
F = Fm1 cos = f ( ) ,
trong o Fm1 = Fm sin t la bien o tc thi cua s.t. ap mach va luc o s phan
bo cua F la hnh sin trong khong gian.
Khi = const ngha la mot v tr co nh bat ky, th:
F = Fm 2 sin t

trong o Fm 2 = Fm cos va tr so cua F v tr o bien oi tuan hoan theo thi


gian.
T nhng nhan xet o ta thay rang s.t. ap mach chnh la mot song ng,
trong trng hp n gian nay phan bo hnh sin trong khong gian va bien oi
hnh sin theo thi gian (hnh 3-1a).
Ta co the bieu th s.t. ap mach v tr khong gian = 0 bang mot vector
co o dai thay oi theo t nh tren hnh 3-1b.
S.t. quay tron.
Bieu thc toan hoc cua s.t. quay tron vi bien o khong oi co dang:
30

(3-2)
That vay, gia s ta xet mot iem bat ky tuy y cua song s.t. co tr so khong
oi th:
F = Fm sin(t )

sin(t ) = const

hay la t = const

Hnh 3.1 a. S.t. ap mach cac thi iem


khac nhau; b. Vector s.t. ap mach = 0
Lay vi phan bieu thc o theo thi gian ta co:
d
=
dt

(3-3)

ao ham cua theo t theo bieu thc (3-3) chnh la toc o goc quay bieu th
bang rad/s,

d
< 0 ng vi song quay ngc [dau + trong bieu thc (3-2)].
dt

Hnh 3-2a va b cho thay v tr cua cac song quay thuan va ngc cac thi iem
khac nhau.

Hnh 3.2 V tr cua song quay ngc (a) va quay thuan (b) thi
iem t = 0 va t = T/4; (c) bieu th s.t. quay bang vector quay.

31

S.t. quay tron co the bieu th bang mot vector co o ln Fm khong oi quay vi
toc o goc + va - , mut vector o ve thanh mot hnh tron nh tren hnh 3-2c.
e thay ro quan he gia cac s.t. ap mach va s.t. quay trc het chu y rang:
Fm sin t cos =

1
1
Fm sin(t ) + Fm sin(t + ) =
2
2

(3-4a)

= F1 + F2

ngha la s.t. ap mach la tong cua hai s.t. quay: F1 quay thuan vi toc o +
va F2 quay ngc vi toc o - . Bien o cua cac s.t. quay o bang mot na
cua s.t. ap mach. Hnh 3-3 bieu th vector s.t. ap mach F tong cua hai vector
s.t. quay F1 va F2 cac thi iem t =
Mac khac t bieu thc:

T
5T
va t =
.
4
12

Fm sin(t ) = Fm sin t cos Fm cos t sin

= Fm sin t cos m Fm sin(t ) cos( )


2
2

(3-4b)

ta cung thay rang s.t. quay tron la tong hp cua hai s.t. ap mach khac pha
nhau ve thi gian la

va lech nhau trong khong gian mot goc .


2
2

Sc t ong quay elip: Khi hai


s.t. ap mach (cua day quan hai pha)
lech nhau trong khong gian goc

nhng lech pha nhau ve thi gian goc

:
2

Hnh 3.3 S.t. ap mach, tong cua


2 s.t. quay tron thuan va ngc.

F = Fm sin t cos + Fm sin(t ) cos( )


2

(3-5)

F = Fm sin t cos + F' m sin(t ) cos( )


2
2

(3-6)

hoac co bien o khac nhau:

hoac khi hai s.t. ap mach co bien o bang nhau, lech pha nhau

:
2

F = Fm sin t cos + Fm sin(t ) cos( )


2

ve thi gian
2

nhng lech nhau trong khong gian goc

(3-7)

th s.t. tong hp F cua chung ca ba trng hp tren eu co the bieu th bang


mot vector quay ma mut vector ve thanh hnh elip. T trng quay trong may la
t trng elip.
Trc het xet tong hp cua hai s.t. ap mach theo (3-6):

F = Fm sin t cos + F' m sin(t ) cos( )


2
2

32

Phan tch moi s.t. ap mach cua bieu thc tren thanh hai s.t. quay tron
theo bieu thc (3-4a), vi chu y rang sin(t + ) = sin(t + ) ta co:
F=

Fm + F' m
F F' m
sin(t ) + m
sin(t + ) = F1 sin(t ) + F2 sin(t + ) (3-8)
2
2

Vay s.t. F la tong hp cua hai s.t. co bien o khac nhau quay theo hai
chieu thuan va ngc vi cung mot toc o, c bieu th bang mot vector quay F
ma mut cua vector ve thanh hnh elip nh tren hnh 3-4. Truc ln a va truc nho b
cua t trng elip co gia tr bang:
a = 2(F1 + F2) = 2Fm
(ng vi = 0, t =

)
2

b = 2(F1 F2) = 2Fm


Cung chng minh tng t nh
tren oi vi trng hp hai s.t. ap
mach lech pha nhau ve thi gian goc

, theo hnh (3-5) ta co:


2

F = Fm sin t cos + Fm sin(t ) cos( )


2
= F1 sin(t ' ) + F2 sin(t + ')

trong o: F1 = Fm cos' ;
vi ' =



; ' = +
2 4
2 4

Hnh 3.4 T trng elip theo bieu


thc (3-6), Fm F' m
(3-9)

F2 = Fm sin(' )

S.t. tong F trng hp nay cung bieu th c bang mot vector quay ma
mut cua vector ve thanh hnh elip co truc ln a = 2(F1 + F2) ng vi khi

+
hay la ' = va t =
. T trng elip khi hai s.t.
2
2
2

lech pha nhau ve thi gian goc = c trnh bay tren hnh 3-5.
3

(t ' ) = (t + ') =

33

Hnh 3.6 T trng elip theo bieu

Hnh 3.5 T trng elip theo


bieu thc (3-5), khi =

thc (3-7), khi =

Khi hai s.t. ap mach lech pha nhau trong khong gian goc
ta co:

theo (3-7)
2

F = Fm sin t cos + Fm sin(t ) cos( )


2

= F1 sin(t ' ' ) + F2 sin(t + ' ' ) , (3-10)


2
F1 = Fm cos '
trong o:
F2 = Fm sin '


vi ' =
' = +
4 2
4 2

trng hp nay S.t. F cung la s.t. elip. Truc ln cua hnh elip la a =

2(F1 + F2) ng vi khi ' ' =

3
va t =
4
4

T trng elip do hai s.t. ap mach lech nhau trong khong gian goc =

c trnh bay tren hnh 3-6.


Nh se thay phan sau cua chng nay, s.t. elip con c hnh thanh trong
day quan nhieu pha khi dong ien trong cac pha khong oi xng. Cac thanh
phan th t thuan va th t ngc cua dong khong oi xng se sinh ra cac t
trng quay thuan F1 va t trng quay ngc F2 vi cung mot toc o. Tong hp
cua F1 va F2 se tao ra t trng elip.

34

3.2. SC T ONG CUA DAY QUAN 1 PHA.


e nghien cu sc t ong cua day quan 1 pha, trc het ta xet s.t. cua 1
phan t sau o en s.t. cua day quan 1 lp gom co q phan t va cuoi cung la
s.t. cua 1 pha 2 lp bc ngan.

1. Sc t ong cua 1 phan t:


Gia s ta co 1 phan t gom Ws vong day bc u (y= ) at stator cua 1
may ien nh tren hnh 3-15a. Khi trong phan t co dong ien i = I 2 sin .t th
cac ng sc cua t trng do phan t co dong ien i sinh ra se phan bo nh
cac ng net cham.
Theo nh luat toan dong ien, doc theo 1 ng sc t khep kn bat ky ta
co the viet:
(3-11)
Hdl = i.w s
Trong o H la cng o t trng doc theo ng sc t.

T tr cua thep rat nho ( Fe = ) nen HFe = 0 va sc t ong iws c xem


nh ch can thiet e sinh ra t thong i qua 2 lan khe h khong kh :
(3-12)

H.2 = i.w s

Nh vay sc t ong ng vi 1 khe khong kh bang:


Fs =

1
i.w s
2

(3-13)

V i = 2I sin .t nen sc t ong Fs phan bo doc khe h theo dang hnh ch


nhat co o cao r thay oi ve tr so va dau theo dong ien xoay chieu i.

Hnh 3.7 ng sc t o dong ien i trong phan t bc u


sinh ra (a) va ng bieu th s.t. doc khe h cua may (b).

35

Sc t ong phan bo hnh ch nhat trong khong gian va bien oi hnh sin
theo thi gian o co the phan tch theo day Fourier thanh cac song ieu hoa bac
1, 3, 5, 7, vi goc toa o c chon nh tren hnh (3 -15b) ta co:
Fs = Fs1 cos + Fs 3 cos 3 + ... + Fs cos + ... =
=

=1,3,5

(3-14)

cos

Trong o:
Fs =

cos .d =

Fs sin
.
2

(3-15)

Fs = Fsm cos sin t

(3-16)

I.w s

2 2
2 2
I.w s sin =
I.w s = 0,9

2
"+" khi = 1,5,9,....

"" khi = 3,7,11,....

(3-17)

Fsm =

Ta thay rang sc t ong cua 1 phan t trong co dong ien xoay chieu la
tong hp cua song ap mach phan bo hnh sin trong khong gian va bien oi
hnh sin theo thi gian.

2. Sc t ong cua day quan 1 lp bc u:


Ta xet sc t ong cua day quan 1 lp co q = 3 phan t, moi phan t co ws
vong day nh hnh (3-8). Sc t ong cua day quan o la tong cua ba phan t
phan bo hnh ch nhat va lech nhau goc khong gian =

2.p
. Neu em phan
Z

tch 3 song ch nhat o theo cap so Fourier th tong cua 3 song o cung chnh la
tong cua tat ca cac song ieu hoa cua chung.
Di ay ta se cong cac song ieu hoa cung bac cua cac sc t ong cua 3
phan t, cuoi cung lay tong cua cac sc t ong hp thanh ng vi tat ca cac bac
e co sc t ong tong cua day quan o.

Hnh 3.9 Cong s.t. cua


3 phan t
Hnh 3.8 Sc t ong cua day quan 1
lp bc u co q = 3
36

Vi = 1 ta co 3 song sc t ong hnh sin c ban 1, 2, 3 lech nhau ve


khong gian goc va co the bieu th c bang 3 vector lech nhau goc khong
gian nh tren hnh (3-9). Tong cua 3 song sc t ong hnh sin o cung la 1
song hnh sin (ng 4) va la song sc t ong c ban cua nhom 3 phan t o.
Bien o cua no co tr so bang o dai cua vector tong cua cac vector 1, 2 va 3
tren hnh 3-9.
oi vi sc t ong tong cua nhom phan t ta co sc t ong c ban cua nhom q
phan t:
Fql = qkrl.Fsml
(3-18)
Vi song bac th goc lech gia cac song t ong bac va . va vector
sc t ong tong bac co bien o:
Fq = qk r Fsm
(3-19)
Nh vay sc t ong cua day quan 1 lp bc u co the bieu th nh sau:
Fq = qFsm k r cos . sin t
(3-20)
=1,3,5

3. Sc t ong cua day quan 1 pha 2 lp bc ngan:


Sc t ong cua day quan 2 lp bc ngan co the c xem nh tong sc t
ong cua 2 day quan 1 lp bc u mot at lp tren va mot at lp di
nhng lech nhau goc ien nh tren hnh 3-18.
oi vi song c ban ( = 1) goc lech = (1 ) trong o =
Ff 1 = 2Fq1 cos(1 )

= 2Fq1 k n1
2

y
nen co:

(3-21)

Tng t nh vay oi vi song bac :


Ff = 2Fq cos(1 )

= 2.Fq k n (3-22)
2

Ket qua la sc t ong cua day


quan 1 pha 2 lp bc ngan co the
bieu th di dang:
Ff =

2qk

=1,3,5

k n Fsm cos . sin t

Thay tr so cua Fsm

(3-23)
va chu y rang

trong day quan 2 lp so vong day


cua 1 pha
W = 2pq.ws nen ta co the viet:
Ff = Ff cos . sin t
(3-24)
=1,3,5

Trong o:
Ff =

Hnh 3.10 Sc t ong c ban ( = 1 )


cua day quan 1 pha 2 lp bc ngan

wk dq
2 2 wk dq
I = 0,9
.
I (3-25)

p
p

37

Do o sc t ong cua day quan 1 pha


la tong hp cua 1 day cac song ap mach,
ngha la phan bo hnh sin trong khong gian
va bien oi hnh sin theo thi gian vi tan
so cua dong ien chay trong day quan o.

Hnh 3.11 Cong s.t. c ban ( = 1) cua


2 lp day quan 1 pha tren hnh 3.10

3.3. SC T ONG CUA DAY QUAN M PHA


Ta hay xet tong quat sc t ong cua day quan m pha roi t o suy ra sc t
ong cua day quan 3 pha (m = 3) va sc t
ong cua day quan 2 pha (m = 2).
m
1
Gia s cho day quan m pha at lech
i1
2

nhau ve khong gian goc ien

2
(hnh
m

3-20) trong o co dong ien m pha oi xng


lech nhau ve thi gian goc
i1 = 2I sin .t

2
.
m

m-1
im 1

i3
4

2
)
m

i 2 = 2I sin(.t

(3-26)

i m = 2I sin t (m 1)
m

Hnh 3.12 Day quan m pha

Nh a biet sc t ong cua moi pha la mot sc t ong ap mach va c


bieu th nh sau:
F1 =

=1,3,5

F2 =

=1,3,5

sin t. cos
sin(t

2
2
) cos ( )
m
m

(3-27)

Fm =

f
=1,3,5...

2
2

sin t (m 1) cos (m 1)
m
m

e co sc t ong cua day quan m pha ta lay tong cua m sc t ong ap


mach o. Muon cho s phan tch c de dang, ta co the phan tch sc t ong
bac cua moi pha thanh 2 sc t ong quay thuan va ngc. Nh vay sc t
38

ong cua day quan m pha se la tong cua tat ca cac sc t ong quay thuan va
sc t ong quay ngc o.
Ta co:
Ff
F
sin(t ) + f sin(t + )
2
2
2
2
F2 = Ff sin(.t ) cos( ) =
m
m
F
2 F
2

= f sin (t ) + ( 1) + f sin (.t + ) + ( + 1)


2
m 2
m

2
2

Fm = Ff sin t (m 1) cos (m 1) =
m
m

F
2

= f sin (t ) + (m 1)( 1) +
2
m

Ff
2

sin (.t + ) (m 1)( + 1)


2
m

F1 = Ff sin t cos =

(3-28)

Trong o: = 1, 3, 5, co the chia thanh 3 nhom nh sau:


1. = mk

2. = 2mk + 1
3. = 2mk 1

(3-29)

Trc het ta hay xet tong cua cac sc ien ong quay thuan, tc la tong cua
cac so hang th nhat ve phai cua cac bieu thc tren. Cac sc t ong quay
thuan o co the viet nh sau:
Ff
sin(t )
2
F
2

= f sin (t ) + ( 1)
2
m

F1l =

F2l

(3-30)

Fml =

Ff
2

sin (t ) + (m 1)( 1)
2
m

Tong cua chung la tong cua nhng song quay hnh sin lech nhau goc

2
trong o co tr so xac nh nh sau:
m
Vi nhom = mk :
2
2
2
( 1)
= (mk 1)
= 2k
m
m
m

( 1)

Ta thay vi moi tr so cua m, k sc t ong o la nhng song hnh sin quay vi


cung toc o, cac vector tng ng vi cac song sin o lech nhau goc

2
lam
m

thanh mot hnh sao oi xng (hnh 3-13a) do o tong cua chung bang khong.
Vi nhom = 2mk + 1 ta co:

( 1)

39

2
= 4k
m

Hnh 3-13. Cong cac s.t. bac cua cac pha.


Cac sc t ong tng ng vi moi tr so cua k la nhng sc t ong quay thuan
trung pha nhau (hnh 3-21b) do o tong cua chung bang:
Ft =

m
Ff sin(t )
= 2 mk +1 2

(3-31)

Vi nhom = 2mk 1 :
( 1)

2
4
= 4k
m
m

Cac sc t ong tng ng vi moi tr so cua k la nhng sc t ong quay


vi cung toc o va lech nhau

4
(hnh 3-13c) do o tong cua chung bang khong.
m

Tng t nh vay xet tong cua cac sc t ong quay ngc tc la tong cua cac
so hang th hai ve phai cua bieu thc tren ta se thay tong cua cac sc t ong
co = mk va = 2mk + 1 bang khong. Rieng nhom sc t ong ng vi
= 2mk 1 trung pha nhau nen tong cua chung la:
Fng =

m
Ff sin(t + )
= 2 mk 1 2

(3-32)

Nh vay sc t ong cua day quan m pha, ta co the viet gop lai cho tong
cua cac song quay thuan va quay ngc nh sau:
F(m ) =

m
Ff sin(t m )
= 2 mk 1 2

(3-33)

Trong o:
wk dq
m
Ff = 0,45m
I
2
p

(3-34)

Toc o quay cua sc t ong quay bac la w =

w
n
hay la n = .

(3-35)

ieu o co the chng minh bang cach lay ao ham theo t cua bieu thc
t = const e cho sc t ong bac o luon co gia tr khong oi khi quay.
40

oi vi day quan 3 pha ta thay m = 3 luc o sc t ong day quan ba pha


nh sau:
F(3 ) =

3
Ff sin(t m )
= 6 k 1 2

(3-36)

Trong o:
wk dq
3
Ff = 1,35
I
2
p

(3-37)

Ta co the ket luan rang sc t ong cua day quan ba pha la tong cua cac
sc t ong bac = 6k + 1 = 1, 7, 13, quay thuan va cac sc t ong bac
= 6k 1 = 5, 11, 17, quay ngc. Bien o cua sc t ong quay bac bang
3/2 lan bien o cua sc t ong mot pha bac va toc o quay cua sc t ong
bac la n =

n
.

oi vi day quan hai pha at lech nhau trong khong gian goc ien 2 th
thay m = 2 vao ta c:
F(2 ) = Ff sin(t m )
(3-38)
= 4 k 1

Trong o:

Ff = 0,9

wk dq

Ngha la sc t ong cua day quan hai pha la tong cua cac sc t ong
= 4k + 1 quay thuan va cac sc t ong bac = 4k 1 quay ngc. Bien o cua
sc t ong quay bac bang bien o cua sc t ong mot pha bac , toc o
quay cua sc t ong bac la n =

Chu thch:
Khi dong ien m pha trong day quan m pha la khong oi xng th ta co the
phan tch dong khong oi xng o thanh dong ien m pha th t thuan I1, dong
ien m pha th t ngc I2 va dong ien m pha th t khong I0 theo phng phap
cac thanh phan oi xng.
Thanh phan dong ien oi xng th t thuan I11, I21,..., Im1 se sinh ra sc t
ong cua day quan m pha:
F1(m ) =

m
F1f sin(t m )
= 2 mk 1 2

(3-39)

Trong o:
wk dq
m
F1f = 0,45m
I1
2
p

Thanh phan dong ien oi xng th t ngc I12, I22,,Im2 se sinh ra sc t


ong cua day quan m pha:
F2(m ) =

m
F2 f sin(t )
= 2 mk 1 2

(3-40)

Trong o:
41

wk dq
m
F2 f = 0,45m
I2
2
p

Thanh phan dong ien th t khong:


i 01 = i 02 = i 03 = ... = i 0 m = 2I 0 sin t.

sinh ra trong day quan m pha cac sc t ong ap mach cung pha ve thi gian va
lech nhau trong khong gian
F01 = F0 f sin t cos

2
:
m

F02 = F0f sin t cos


m

......

(3-41)

F0 m = F0 f sin t cos (m 1)
m

Vi = mk , cac sc t ong ap mach do dong th t khong m pha lech


nhau 2k trong khong gian va cong so hoc vi nhau.
F0 (m ) = F0f sin t cos
(3-42)

Trong o:

F0f = 0,9m

wk dq

I0

Hnh 3.14. S.t. elip cua day quan 3 pha tai


khong oi xng. a) Bac = 1 va b) Bac = 5
Vi = 2mk 1 cac sc t ong ap mach do dong th t khong m pha
hnh thanh he vector lech nhau goc khong gian

2
va co tong bang khong.
m

Qua nhng phan tch tren ta thay sc t ong cua day quan m pha khi co
dong ien m pha oi xng chay qua bao gom cac sc t ong quay va cac sc t
ong ap mach. Trong cac may ien xoay chieu cac sc t ong ap mach chu
yeu ch sinh ra trong t trng tan cua day quan, con cac sc t ong quay se
tham gia trc tiep vao cac qua trnh bien oi nang lng c ien, ta thay cac sc
t ong quay tron thuan va ngc cung bac, co bien o khac nhau do I1 I2 tong
hp lai se cho nhng sc t ong elip.
42

oi vi day quan 3 pha (m = 3) ng vi = 1, 7, 13, la cac sc t ong


elip quay thuan, = 5, 11, la cac sc t ong elip quay ngc.
Hnh 3-14 trnh bay sc t ong elip ng vi = 1 va = 5 cua day quan 3 pha.
Phan tch sc t ong cua day quan m pha bang phng phap o th:
tren ta a nghien cu sc t ong cua day quan m pha bang phng phap
giai tch va i en ket luan rang dong ien 3 pha (hoac 2 pha) chay trong day
quan ba pha (hoac 2 pha) se tao ra t trng quay. ay ta se dung phng
phap o th e chng minh ieu o.

Hnh 3.15 Sc t ong cua day quan ba pha co q = 1, 2p = 2 cac thi


iem t = 0 va t = T/3.
e n gian trc het ta hay xet sc t ong sinh ra bi dong ien 3 pha iA,
iB, iC chay trong day quan 3 pha A-X, B-Y, C-Z, co q = 1, p = 1 nh tren hnh
(3-15) cac thi iem khac nhau.
Gia s tai thi iem t = 0 dong ien pha A la cc ai:
i A = + Im
Con: iB = iC = -

Im
2

va gia s rang dong ien pha A co chieu t X en A con cac pha B va C co


chieu t B en Y va C en Z nh k hieu tren hnh (3-15).
Cac sc t ong FA, FB, FC co tr so ty le vi dong ien chay trong cac
pha o phan bo doc 2 cc nh trnh bay bang cac ng bieu dien 1, 2, 3 tren
hnh (3-15a). Cong cac tung o cua ba ng bieu dien o tng iem ta se
43

c sc t ong tong cua day quan 3 pha nh ng 4. Ta thay rang tr so cc


ai cua sc t ong tong trung vi truc cua pha A la pha co dong ien cc ai
thi iem t = 0.
thi iem t = T/3 th:
iB = Im
Con: iA = iC = -

Im
2

Lap lai cach ve tren ta co cac ng bieu dien sc t ong cua tng pha va
sc t ong tong nh tren hnh (3-18b).
Ta thay rang khi dong ien bien oi 1 phan ba chu ky T/3 th sc ien ong
tong cua day quan ba pha cung xe dch trong khong gian khoang cach 2 3 va co
tr so cc ai cua sc t ong tong o trung vi truc cua pha B la pha co dong
ien cc ai thi iem t = T 3 .

T nhng ket qua phan tch tren ta co the ket luan nh sau:
1. Sc t ong cua day quan 3 pha la sc t ong quay.
Khi dong ien bien oi c 1 chu ky T th sc t ong o quay c 2
trong khong gian. Neu may co p oi cc th sc t ong o quay c 1/p vong.
Vay toc o quay cua sc t ong la:
n=

60f
(vg/ph)
p

2. Truc cua sc t ong luon trung vi truc cua pha co dong ien cc ai:
e co phng phap tong quat ve ng phan bo sc t ong cua day quan
khi q 1 , ta nhan xet rang tr so cua sc t ong tang ty le vi phu tai ng A
doc chu vi h. Do day quan ch at tap trung trong cac ranh nen sc t ong
khong thay oi khoang gia cac ranh ma ch thay oi v tr cua ranh ty le vi
tong ai so cac dong ien trong ranh o. Truc ngang cua ng bieu dien c
ve v tr sao cho hnh thanh vi ng bieu dien sc t ong o cac dien tch
tren va di truc ngang bang nhau, the hien rang t thong cua cc N va cc S
phai cung 1 tr so.
Trnh t tien hanh nh sau:
1. Ve gian o khai trien cua day quan hnh 9-15 va xac nh cac vung pha
lp tren va lp di cua day quan.
2. Xac nh tr so cua dong ien cac pha thi iem cho biet, sau o xac
nh tr so va chieu cua dong ien cac lp tren va lp di cua ranh va
tong ai so cua dong ien trong cac ranh.
3. Veng phan bo s.t. ty le vi tong ai so cac dong ien trong ranh.
4. Xac nh v tr cua truc ngang.
Chu y rang tren hnh 3-19 ch ve ng bieu dien s.t. ng vi mot oi cc
cua day quan.

44

Cau hoi:
1. Phan biet s.t. ap mach va s.t. quay. Sc t ong trong may bien ap
khac s.t. o nh the nao?
2. Phan tch s.t. cua day quan 1 pha quan rai bc ngan. Bieu thc va tnh
chat cua s.t. o?
3. Phan tch s.t. cua day quan 3 pha quan rai bc ngan. Bieu thc va tnh
chat cua s.t. o?
4. Tac dung cua bc ngan va quan rai oi vi s.t.?
5. at ien ap xoay chieu 3 pha vao day quan ba pha. Gia s 1 pha b t th
s.t. cua day quan thuoc loai s.t. nao?u5:
1. Cho mot may phat ien 3 pha toc o quay n = 75vg/ph, day quan 1 lp,
dong ien i qua moi phan t I = 230A (tr so hieu dung), so ranh phan
tnh Z = 480, moi phan t co 4 vong day, tan so f = 50Hz. Tnh:
a. Bien o cua cac song ieu hoa s.t. bac 1, 3, 5 cua moi phan t khi I = Im.
b. Bien o cua cac sc t ong 1, 3, 5 cua day quan moi pha.
Giai:
a) Bien o cua cac song ieu hoa s.t.
Fs =

2 2

.I .ws

"+" khi = 1,5,9,....

"" khi = 3,7,11,....

Bien o cua cac song ieu hoa s.t. bac 1:


Fs1 =

2 2

.I .ws =

2 2
.230.4 = 828,3 (A/cc)
1.

Bien o cua cac song ieu hoa s.t. bac 3 :


Fs 3 =

2 2

.I .ws =

2 2
.230.4 = 276 (A/cc)
3.

Bien o cua cac song ieu hoa s.t. bac 5:


Fs 5 =

2 2

.I .ws =

2 2
.230.4 = 165,66 (A/cc)
5.

b) Bien o cua cac sc t ong 1, 3, 5 cua day quan moi pha.


2 2 w.k dq
.
.I
p

60. f 60.50
=
= 40
p=
n
75
Z
480
=
=
=6
2 p 2.40
y = 1 = 5
y 5
= =
6
p.360 40.360
=
=
= 30 0
Z
480

F f =

45

480
Z
=
=2
2.m. p 2.3.40
w = q. p.ws = 40.2.4 = 320
q.
sin .

2
k dq = sin . . .

2
q. sin
2
=1

q=

q.
30
sin 1.2.

2 = sin 1. 5 . .
2 = 0,933
k dq = sin . . .
30

2
6 2
2. sin 1.
q. sin
2
2
2 2 w.k dq
2 2 320.0,933
F f =
.
.I =
.
.230 = 1545,6 (A/cc)

p
1.
40
=3
q.
30
sin 3.2.
sin .

2 = 0,5
2 = sin 3. 5 . .
k dq = sin . . .
30

6 2
2
2. sin 3.
q. sin
2
2
sin .

F f =

2 2 w.k dq
2 2 320.(0,5)
.
.I =
.
.230 = 276,1 (A/cc)

p
3.
40

=5

q.
30
sin 5.2.

2 = 0,067
2 = sin 5. 5 . .
= sin . . .
30

6 2
2
2. sin 5.
q. sin
2
2
sin .

k dq

F f =

2 2 w.k dq
2 2 320.0,067
.
.I =
.
.230 = 22,2 (A/cc)

p
5.
40

46

PHAN IV
MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO

47

CHNG I: AI CNG VE MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO


1.1. PHAN LOAI VA KET CAU

1. Phan loai:
- Theo ket cau cua vo co the chia lam cac loai: kieu h, kieu bao ve, kieu
kn, kieu chong no, kieu chong rung,
- Theo ket cau cua rotor chia lam 2 loai:Rotor day quan va rotor long soc.
- Theo so pha: m = 1, 2, 3.
2. Ket cau: Giong nh cac may ien quay khac, may ien khong ong bo
gom cac bo phan chnh sau:
Phan tnh hay stator: Tren stator co vo, loi thep va day quan.
. Vo may:
1
e co nh loi thep va day quan, khong dung e
lam mach dan t. Thng lam bang gang hay thep
tam han lai.
. Loi thep: La phan dan t. V t trng i qua loi
thep la t trng quay nen e giam ton hao, loi sat
2
c lam bang nhng la thep ky thuat ien day
0,35mm hay
3
0,5mm ep lai. Khi ng knh ngoai loi thep Dn <
990mm th dung ca tam tron ep lai, 2 mat co sn
Hnh 1.1 Stator ca may cach ien. Khi Dn > 990mm th phai dung nhng
tam hnh re quat (segment) ghep lai thanh khoi
ien khong ong bo.
tron. Mat trong cua thep co xe ranh e at day
1. Vo may.
quan.
2. Loi thep.
. Day quan: Day quan cua stator c at vao
3. Day quan.
cac ranh cua loi sat va c cach ien tot oi vi
ranh.
Phan quay hay rotor: Gom loi thep va day quan.
. Loi thep:
Dung cac la thep ky thuat ien nh stator. Loi sat c ep trc tiep len truc
quay, pha ngoai co xe ranh e
at day quan.
. Day quan: Co 2 loai:
Loai rotor kieu day quan:
Rotor co day quan giong nh day
quan stator. Day quan 3 pha cua
rotor thng au hnh sao, con ba
Hnh 1.2 Rotor day quan cua ong c
au kia c noi vao 3 vanh trt
ien khong ong bo
thng lam bang ong at co nh
48

mot au truc va thong qua choi than co the au vi mach ien ben ngoai. Khi
may lam viec bnh thng day quan rotor c noi ngan mach.

Hnh 1.3 Rotor long soc ong c ien khong ong bo


Loai rotor kieu long soc: Ket cau cua loai day quan nay rat khac vi day
quan stator. Trong moi ranh cua rotor at vao thanh dan bang ong hay bang
nhom dai ra khoi loi thep va c noi tat lai 2 au bang hai vanh ngan mach
bang ong hay nhom lam thanh mot cai long ma ngi ta quen goi la long soc
(hnh 1-3).
c) Khe h: Khe h trong may ien khong ong bo rat nho (t 0,2 en
1 mm trong may ien c nho va va), cang nho cang tot e han che dong ien t
hoa lay t li vao.
Ket cau cua ong c ien khong ong bo rotor long soc va rotor day quan c
trnh bay tren hnh 1.4, hnh 1.5.

Hnh 1.4 ong c ien khong


ong bo

Hnh 1.5 ong c ien khong ong bo


rotor day quan.

49

1.2. NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC


May ien khong ong bo la loai may ien lam viec theo nguyen ly cam
ng ien t. Khi cho mot dong ien ba pha i vao day quan ba pha at trong loi
thep stator th trong may sinh ra mot t trng quay vi toc o ong bo n1 = 60f1/p, f la tan so li ien a vao, p la so oi cc cua may. T trng nay quet qua
day quan nhieu pha t ngan mach at tren loi thep rotor va cam ng trong o
s.. va dong ien. T thong do dong ien nay sinh ra hp vi t thong cua
stator tao thanh t thong tong khe h . Dong ien trong day quan cua rotor
tac dung vi t thong nay sinh ra moment. Tac dung cua no co quan he mat thiet
vi toc o quay n cua rotor, vi nhng pham vi toc o khac nhau th che o lam
viec cua may cung khac nhau. e ch pham vi toc o cua moi may, ngi ta
dung he so trt s. Theo nh ngha he so trt bang:
s% =

n1 n
.100
n1

Nh vay khi: n = n1 s = 0; n = 0 s = 1
n > n1 s < 0; n < 0 s > 1 (rotor quay ngc chieu t trng quay)

1. Trng hp rotor quay thuan vi t


trng quay nhng n1 > n > 0 hay 0 < s < 1.
Gia s chieu quay n1 cua va chieu quay n cua
rotor nh hnh ve. Do n < n1 nen chieu chuyen
ong cua thanh dan suy ra chieu E, I c xac
nh bang quy tac ban tay phai. I tac ong vi
Hnh 1.6 Che o ong c ien
cua may ien khong ong bo

sinh ra lc ien t F va moment M co chieu


xac nh bang qui tac ban tay trai, moment M
lam rotor quay theo chieu cua t trng quay

vi n < n1. May lam viec che o ong c ien (bien ien nang thanh c nang).

2. Trng hp rotor quay thuan va nhanh hn toc o ong bo


+ > n > n1 hay < s < 0.
Dung mot ong c s cap quay rotor cua may
ien khong ong bo nhanh hn toc o ong bo cua
t trng quay n > n1. Chieu cua t trng quay
quet qua thanh dan ngc lai, chieu E, I oi
chieu nen chieu cua moment M ngc vi chieu
quay cua rotor nen no la moment ham. May bien
c nang thanh ien nang. May lam viec
Hnh 1.7 Che o may phat ien
che o may phat.
cua may ien khong ong bo
50

3. Trng hp rotor quay ngc chieu t trng quay ( < n < 0 hay
+ > s > 1).
V mot ly do nao o rotor quay ngc chieu vi t
trng quay th luc o chieu cua E, I , may lam
viec giong nh che o ong c ien. V moment
M sinh ra ngc chieu vi n nen co tac dung ham
rotor lai. Trong trng hp nay may va lay ien
nang li ien va lay c nang ong c s cap.
Hnh 1.8 Che o ham ien t

Che o lam viec nh vay goi la che o ham


ien t.

cua may ien khong ong bo


Tom lai ta co the bieu th cac che o lam viec theo s va n nh sau:
Che o
Ham ien t
ong c
May phat

n
0
n1
+
s
+
1
0

V may lam viec cac toc o n khac n1 cua t trng quay nen ta goi la may
ien khong ong bo.
1.3. CAC AI LNG NH MC
May ien khong ong bo co cac ai lng nh mc ac trng cho ieu
kien ky thuat cua may. Cac tr so nay do nha may thiet ke, che tao quy nh va
c ghi tren nhan may. V may ien khong ong bo chu yeu lam viec che o
ong c ien nen tren nhan may ghi cac tr so nh mc cua ong c ng vi tai
nh mc. Cac tr so o thng bao gom:
+ Cong suat nh mc au truc (cong suat au ra) Pm (kW hay W) hoac
Hp hoac Cv, 1Cv = 736W (theo tieu chuan Phap), 1kW = 1,358Cv, 1Hp =
746W (theo tieu chuan Anh).
+ Dong ien day nh mc Im (A).
+ ien ap day nh mc Um (V).
+ Kieu au day stator.
+ Toc o quay nh mc nm (vg/ph).
+ Hieu suat nh mc m .
+ He so cong suat nh mc cos m .
Cong suat nh mc ma ong c ien tieu thu:
P1m =

Pm
= 3U m I m cos m , Pm = 3U m I m cos m m
m

Moment nh mc au truc:
51

M m =

Pm 1
Pm ( W )
.
= 0,975
(kGM )
n m ( vg / ph )
9,81

Th du:
Typ AM 160 L4 R1
3 ~ Mot
Nr 28600 1
/ 220/380 V
42/24 A
11kW
cos
0,77
1455 1/min
50 Hz
Lfr. Y 250 V
25 A
Isol. KL. B
lP 44
VDE 0530/69
Hnh 1.9 Nhan may ong c ien khong ong bo rotor day quan.
Hnh 1.9 la nhan may cua mot ong c ien 3 pha rotor day quan. Cac so
lieu bieu th:
/Y 220/380 V: ong c co the hoat ong vi ien ap day nguon 220 V khi
ong c au va 380V khi ong c au Y.
42/24 A: Dong ien day nh mc tng ng vi moi cach au /Y.
11kW: Cong suat nh mc cua ong c.
14551 1/min: Toc o quay nh mc cua ong c.
50 Hz: Tan so nh mc cua nguon.
Lfr. Y 250V: Day quan rotor au hnh Y, ien ap day rotor 250V.
25A: Dong ien nh mc cua rotor.
Isol. KL.B: Cap cach ien cua ong c.
IP 44: Loai va kieu bao ve c ghi bang k hieu ngan, so th nhat ch cap bao
ve chong vat la ben ngoai (cap 4 bao ve chong vat la ben ngoai >1mm), so
th hai ch cap bao ve chong nc (cap 4 chong tia nc t moi hng).
1.4. CONG DUNG CUA MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO.
May ien khong ong bo la loai may ien xoay chieu chu yeu dung lam
ong c ien. Do ket cau n gian, lam viec chac chan, hieu suat cao, gia thanh
ha nen ong c khong ong bo la loai may c dung rong rai nhat trong cac
nganh kinh te quoc dan. Trong cong nghiep thng dung may ien khong ong
bo lam nguon ong lc cho may can thep loai va va nho, ong lc cho cac may
cong cu, Trong ham mo dung lam may ti hay quat gio. Trong nong nghiep
dung e lam may bm hay may gia cong nong san pham. Trong i song hang
ngay, may ien khong ong bo cung dan dan chiem mot v tr quan trong: quat
gio, may quay a, ong c trong tu lanh, may bm nc, Tom lai pham vi ng
dung cua may ien khong ong bo ngay cang rong rai.

52

Tuy vay, may ien khong ong bo co nhng nhc iem nh: cos cua
may thng khong cao lam va ac tnh ieu chnh toc o khong tot nen ng
dung cua no co phan b han che.
Cau hoi:
1. Cong thc tnh toc o ong bo?
2. Cac cach phan loai may ien khong ong bo 3 pha? ac iem cua tng
loai?
3. Tai sao may ien khong ong bo c dung pho bien nhat?

53

CHNG II: CAC QUAN HE IEN T TRONG MAY IEN


KHONG ONG BO.
Ta co the coi may ien khong ong bo nh mot may bien ap ma day quan
stator la day quan s cap, day quan rotor la day quan th cap va s lien he gia
s cap va th cap thong qua t trng quay. Do o co the dung cach phan tch
kieu may bien ap e thiet lap cac phng trnh c ban, mach ien thay the, o
th vector, Ta ch xet en tac dung cua song c ban ma khong xet en tac dung
cua song bac cao v tac dung cua chung la th yeu.
2.1. MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO LAM VIEC KHI ROTOR
NG YEN.
Muc ch cua chung ta la chng minh rang khi rotor ng yen may ien
khong ong bo c xem nh may bien ap ch khac ve phan cau tao. Con ve
phan ban chat vat ly eu nh nhau. e nghien cu mot cach hp ly ta bat au
nghien cu t nhng trang thai lam viec gii han cua may: khong tai, ngan mach
e phan sau m rong khai niem may ien khong ong bo cung nh may bien ap
ngay ca trng hp vi rotor quay.

1. Khong tai cua may ien khong ong bo khi n = 0 (Rotor ng


yen)

Hnh 2.2 T thong cua stator khi

Hnh 2.1 S o ong c ien khong

rotor h mach.

ong bo rotor day quan co bien tr

Ta gia thuyet rotor cua may ien khong ong bo h mach (v tr 1 hnh 2.1)
va ng yen, stator c at vao li ien co ien ap U1, tan so f1. Trong trng
54

hp nay may ien khong ong bo c xem nh may bien ap luc khong tai.
Di tac dung cua ien ap U1 trong stator co dong ien khong tai I0 tao nen sc
t ong F1, F1 tao nen t thong phan ln t thong la moc vong vi hai day
quan cua may, con phan kia 1 ch moc vong vi day quan stator. Neu may co
p oi cc th toc o ong bo n1 cua la n1 = 60f1/p (vong/phut). T thong
sinh ra day quan stator va rotor cac s.. E1 va E2 xac nh theo cong thc:
E 1 = 2f 1 w 1 k dq1

(2-1)

E 2 = 2f 1 w 2 k dq 2
.

T thong tan 1 se tao nen day quan stator s.. tan E 1


.

E 1 = jI 0 .x1

vi x1 la ien khang tan cua day quan stator.


x1 = .L1 = 2 . f .L1
L 1 : He so t cam cua day quan Stator.
Ngoai ra day quan stator con co ien tr tac dung r1, ke en s co mat cua
no di hnh thc ien ap ri I0r1. Phng trnh can bang s.. cua day quan
stator cua may ien khong ong bo tng t may bien ap.
.

(2-2)
o th vector khi khong tai cua may ien khong ong bo tng ng ve
nguyen tac vi nhng o th vector khi khong tai cua may bien ap. Nhng trong
quan he ve lng gia o th co mot s khac nhau ro ret:
Trong may ien khong ong bo: I0 = (20 50)%Im
Trong may bien ap:
I0 = (3 10)%Im
ien ap ri tren day quan may ien khong ong bo khi khong tai chiem
(2 5)%Um con cua may bien ap thng khong qua (0,1 0,4)%Um.
He so bien oi s.. cua may ien khong ong bo:
U 1 = E 1 + I 0 Z1

ke =

E1
=
E2

2 .f 1 w 1 k dq1
2 .f 1 w 2 k dq 2

w 1 k dq1
w 2 k dq 2

(2-3)

Trong may ien khong ong bo cung nh trong may bien ap cac ai lng
cua day quan rotor c quy oi ve day quan stator ngha la thay cuon rotor that
bang mot cuon khac cung co so vong day, bc day quan va so ranh cua mot
pha di mot cc nh la cuon s cap.
Sc ien ong cua day quan rotor c quy oi ve stator:
(2-4)
E2 = keE2 = E1
Khi rotor h mach va ng yen trong may ch co ton hao ong cua stator
p Cu1 = m1I02r1, ton hao sat stator, rotor: pFe1 + pFe2. Cong suat P10 do may
tieu thu t li P10 = m1I02r1 + pFe1 + pFe2. Trong may ien khong ong bo I0
va r1 tng oi ln nen ton hao ong pcu1 chiem 1 thanh phan ang ke trong P10. oi vi may bien ap ta bo qua pcu1 luc khong tai.
55

2. Ngan mach cua may ien khong ong bo khi n = 0:


Neu chung ta dch chuyen iem tiep xuc ong cua bien tr trong mach rotor
t v tr 1 sang v tr 2 (h 2-1), th chung ta co tnh trang ngan mach cua may ien
khong ong bo. Ve ban chat vat ly ngan mach nh vay tng t ngan mach cua
may bien ap. at 1 ien ap U1 = (15 25)%Um vao day quan stator. Trong day
quan stator co dong ien I1 chay vi tan so f1, trong rotor co dong ien I2 chay
vi tan so f2, khi n = 0 th f2 = f1 va I1, I2 sinh ra F1, F2, ay ta ch xet en cac
song sc t ong c ban:

m1 2 w 1 k dq1
.
.I1
p

m 2 2 w 2 k dq 2
F2 =
.
.I 2
p

F1 =

(2-5)

F1, F2 quay vi toc o n1 = 60f1/p va tac dung vi nhau sinh ra sc t ong tong
khe h F0
.

(2-6)
Giong nh cach phan tch may bien ap, ay co the coi dong ien stator gom 2
F1 + F 2 = F 0
.

thanh phan:

I 1 = I 0 + ( I ' 2 )
.

I0 F0 =

m1 2 w 1 k dq1 .
.I0

.
. m1 2 w1 k dq1 .
I' 2 F ' 2 =
.
. I '2

So sanh sc t ong F 2 do dong ien I 2 cua rotor va thanh phan I' 2 cua dong
ien stator sinh ra, ta co: F2 = F ' 2
m 2 2 w 2 k dq 2 .
m 2 w 1 k dq1 .
.
.I2 = 1
.
. I' 2

p
p

Hay:

T o tm ra c ty so bien oi dong ien:


.

ki =

I2
.

I2 '

m1 w 1 k dq1

(2-7)

m 2 w 2 k dq 2
.

I
Do o dong ien quy oi cua rotor sang stator bang: I' 2 = 2
ki

Dung cac he so bien oi s.. va dong ien (2-3), (2-7) chung ta co the xac
nh c ien tr va ien khang qui oi r2 va x2 cua rotor.
Khi qui oi r2 chung ta xuat phat t ton hao ong cua day quan rotor khong phu
thuoc vao s qui oi o:
m 2 I 22 r2 = m1 I' 22 r' 2

T o ta c:

56

I2
m mwk
r2 = 2 1 1 dq1 r2
m1 m 2 w 2 k dq 2
I' 2
w 1 k dq1 m1 w 1 k dq1
=
.
r2 = kekir2 = kr2
w 2 k dq 2 m 2 w 2 k dq 2
2

m
r' 2 = 2
m1

(2-8)

Trong o k = keki la he so quy oi cua tong tr.


Khi qui oi ien khang x2 ta xuat phat t goc 2 gia E2 va I2 khong phu thuoc
vao s qui oi:
tg 2 =

x' 2 =

x 2 x' 2
=
r2
r' 2

r' 2
x 2 = k.x 2
r2

(2-9)

cac phng trnh s.. s cap cua may ien khong ong bo luc ngan mach viet
hoan toan nh oi vi may bien ap:
.
.
.

U 1 = E 1 + I 1 Z1
.
.

0 = E' 2 + I' 2 Z' 2

.
.
E' 2 = E 1

.
.
.

I1 + I' 2 = I 0

.
.

E1 = I 0 Z m

(2-10)

ay Z1 = r1 + jx1; Z2 = r2 + jx2
.

Vi E ' 2 = E 1 va I ' 2 = I 1 (v I0 nho 0) giai 2 phng trnh au ta co:


.

U1
U1
I1
=
Z1 + Z' 2 Z n

Trong o Z n = rn + jx n :Tong tr ngan mach.


rn = r1 + r' 2 : ien tr ngan mach.
x n = x 1 + x ' 2 : ien khang ngan mach.
o th vector va mach ien thay the:

Hnh 2.4 Mach ien thay the cua may


ien khong ong bo khi ngan mach.

Hnh 2.3 o th vec t cua may ien


khong ong bo khi rotor ng yen
57

2.2. MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO LAM VIEC KHI ROTOR QUAY.
Trong trng nay no c xem nh mot may bien ap tong hp ngha la
ay khong ch co bien oi ien ap dong ien va so pha ma con ca tan so va cac
dang nang lng na. Tom lai viet phng trnh s.. cua may ien khong ong
bo va giai theo dong ien, chung ta co the co c ve nguyen tac, nhng gian o
ang tr nh oi vi may bien ap.

1. Cac phng trnh c ban:


May ien khong ong bo lam viec th day quan rotor thng noi ngan
mach. Noi day quan stator vi nguon 3 pha th trong day quan co dong ien I1
chay, ta co phng trnh can bang s.. tren day quan stator van nh cu:
.

(2-11)

U 1 = E 1 + I1 (r1 + jx 1 )

T thong quay vi toc o: n 1 =

60f 1
p

a) Tan so sc ien ong cam ng trong day quan rotor:


Khi rotor quay vi toc o n trong t trng quay co toc o n1 (va cung
chieu) th toc o quay tng oi cua t trng quay vi rotor co toc o n2 = n1
n va tan so dong ien trong rotor la:
f2 =

n 2 p n 1 n n 1p
=
.
= s.f 1
60
n1
60

(2-12)

Thng khi ong c ien khong ong bo tai nh mc th s m = 0,02 0,05


nen ta suy ra tan so tren rotor thap va ton hao t.
b) Sc ien ong cua rotor: Theo bieu thc chung th
E 2s = 4,44f 2 w 2 k dq 2 = 4,44sf 1 w 2 k dq 2 = sE 2

Qui oi ve stator: E2s = s.E2


(2-13)
Ngha la vi t thong chnh a cho th s.. cam ng trong rotor quay bang
s.. E2 khi rotor ng yen nhan them vi he so trt s.
V du: Khi n = 0 va rotor h mach ta co cac vanh trt U2 = E2 = 600V, th
khi va nang cao dan toc o quay cua rotor theo chieu t trng quay n = 0 en
n = n1 th ta co s bien thien bac nhat cua E2s t E2s = 600 V en 0 vi
n > n1
th E2s bat au tang va co tr so am ngha la bien oi goc pha cua no so vi luc
ban au 1800.
c) ien tr cua day quan rotor:
Gia s rotor khep kn mach qua mot ien tr phu nao o, muon vay chung
ta dch iem tiep xuc cua bien tr ve v tr 3. Vay ien tr cua rotor la:
R2 = r2 + rf
Vi r2: ien tr tac dung cua rotor; rf: ien tr phu.
Qui oi R2 = r2 + rf.
d) ien khang cua rotor:
ien khang tan cua phan quay khi ng yen: x 2 = 2.f1 .L 2
58

Trong o L 2 la he so t cam xac nh bi t thong tan 2 bi v t thong


tan i qua khong kh la chnh nen L 2 = const.
x 2 = 2 . f 2.L 2 = 2 . f1 .s.L 2 = x 2 s
hay : x' 2 s = x' 2 .s

2. Phng trnh sc ien ong va dong ien cua rotor:


Neu mach cua rotor kn th trong o se co I2 chay va I2 se tao nen 2 va i
qua r2, tng ng vi ieu o se co s.. E2s = E2.s tao nen bi va s.. tan:
.

E 2 = j. I 2 .x 2 .s tao bi 2

Theo nh luat Kirchhop 2:


.

E 2s + E 2 = E 2s j. I 2 .x 2 .s = I 2 .r2

hay

E 2s = I 2 .Z 2s = I 2 (r2 + j.x 2 .s)

Vi Z2s = r2 + jx2s: tong tr phc cua rotor.


.

E 2s
E 2 .s
I2 =
=
Z 2s r2 + j.x 2 .s
.

Do o:

E 2 .s

Hay:

(2-15)

I2 =

r22 + x 22 .s 2

Vi dang rotor qui oi ve stator: E2s = I2.z2s


Vi z2s = r2 +j.x2.s: Tong tr qui oi cua rotor ve stator.
.

.
E' 2 s
E' 2 .s
I' 2 =
=
hay I' 2 =
Z' 2s r' 2 + j.x ' 2 .s
.

E' 2 .s
r' 22 + x ' 22 .s 2

e thiet lap phng trnh mi co y ngha, ta co the bien oi (2-15) nh sau:


.

E 2 .s
E2
=
I2 =
r2 + j.x 2 .s r2
+ j.x 2
s
.

(2-16)

Bieu thc cua I 2 co mot y ngha vat ly mi: mach th cap bay gi thay cho
s.. khi rotor quay E2s vi f2 = s.f1 se la s.. E2 khi rotor ng yen vi tan so f1.
ien khang khi rotor quay x2.s mach th cap se la ien khang khi rotor ng
yen x2. Muon trong mach th cap van ch co dong ien I2 co cung tr so va pha
oi vi I2 ch can thiet thay r2 thc bang 1 ien tr mi bang:
trng cho cong suat c tren truc. Trong o r2 =

1 s
s

r2
1 s
: ac
= r2 + r2
s
s

Nh vay, neu rotor quay muon trong o van la dong ien ay, can a vao
mach th cap 1 ien tr gia tng: r2

1 s
s

59

3. Toc o quay cua sc t ong (s.t.) rotor:


Trong day quan rotor, I2 tao nen F2 quay vi toc o n2 tng ng vi tan so f2.
Ngoai ra, ban than rotor quay vi toc o n. Do o, F2 quay tng oi so vi
stator toc o n2 + n.
n n
Nhng: n 2 = 60f 2 = 60f1 .s = n 1 .s n 2 = n 1 1
= n1 n

n1

Nh vay: n2 + n = n1 n + n = n1
Ngha la s.t. cua rotor quay trong khong gian luon luon quay vi toc o va
chieu nh s.t. cua stator (khong phu thuoc vao tnh trang lam viec).
Bi v F1 va F2 quay cung toc o va chieu trong khong gian nen co the xem
rang no chuyen ong tng oi vi nhau va tao thanh song s.t. tong F0. Nh
vay, hnh sin s.t. F2 can phai lech ve khong gian tng oi vi F1 1 goc F0 u e
tao nen , theo ieu kien can bang s.t.:
.

F1 + F' 2 = F 0

I1 + I' 2 = I 0

(2-17)

Tom lai, he phng trnh c ban luc rotor quay la:


.
.
.

U 1 = E 1 + I1 (r1 + j.x 1 )
.
.

r'
0 = E' 2 + I' 2 ( 2 + j.x ' 2 )
s

.
.

E' 2 = E 1

.
.
.

I1 + I' 2 = I 0

.
.

E1 = j I 0 Z m

(2-18)

4. Mach ien thay the cua may ien khong ong bo: Tng t nh
cua may bien ap.
Da vao he phng trnh (2-18), ta co the thiet lap c mach ien thay the
hnh T cho may ien khong ong bo vi r' 2

1 s
ac trng cho s the hien cong
s

1 s
).
s

suat c Pc tren truc (Pc = m1I' 22 r' 2

Hnh 2.5 Mach ien thay the hnh T cua may ien khong ong bo.
60

Khac vi may bien ap ch co s bien oi ien nang ien ap nay qua ien
nang ien ap khac, ong c khong ong bo la mot may ien bien oi ien
nang ra c nang. Khi giam phu tai ien ap cac cc thng khong thay oi, con
khi phu tai bien oi th t thong ho cam va s.. tng ng vi no
E1 = E2 cac au cc cua mach t hoa hnh T cung bien oi di anh hng
cua ien ap ri I1z1 mach s cap. Vi nhng ly do tren, ta thay rang mach ien
thay the hnh T oi khi khong tien li cho viec nghien cu cac qua trnh cong tac
cua may ien khong ong bo.
Tien li hn la gian o thay the hnh trong o mach t hoa c a ra
cac au cc stator va vi moi s bien thien cua phu tai, ngha la khi he so trt s
thay oi th dong ien van khong oi va bang dong ien khong tai ly tng I00
khi s = 0 (hnh 2-6).

Hnh 2.6 Gian o thay the chnh xac hnh


Cach bien oi: ta coi dong ien mach chnh -I2 cua gian o bien oi hnh
.

nh la hieu so hnh hoc cua dong ien mach chnh I1 va dong ien khong tai

ly tng i00 luc s = 0 cua gian o thay the hnh T.


T hnh 2-2 ta co:
.

.
z'2s + z m
U1
=
I1 =
U1
z' z
z1 .z ' 2 s + z1 z m + z ' 2 s z m
z1 + 2 s m
z'2s + z m
.

Va dong ien trong mach t hoa khi s = 0:


.

I 00

U1
=
=
z1 + z m

Vi 1 = 1 +

U1
z m (1 +

z1
)
zm

U1
U1
=
=
1 .z m z' m

z1
va z' m = 1 z m = z1 + z m
zm

1 : he so hieu chnh (he so sa cha bien oi)

Dong ien mach chnh cua gian o bien oi:


.
.
.
.
z' 2 s + z m
1

I' ' 2 = I1 I 00 = U 1
z 1 .z' 2s + z 1 z m + z' 2s z m z1 + z m

61

U 1 .z m2
=
=
(z1 + z m )(z1 .z '2 s + z1 z m + z '2 s z m )
.

z
z
z1 1 + 1 + z ' 2 s 1 + 1
zm
zm

U1

U1

U1

1 z1 + 1 z ' 2 s

1 (r1 + jx1 ) + 1 2 (

r '2
+ jx' 2 )
s

Cac quan he va nhan c tng ng vi gian o thay the hnh (da vao
bieu thc cua I 00 va I' ' 2 ta ve c gian o thay the)
.

U 1 i1 z 1 U 1
I' ' 2 =
=
z' 2 s
z' 2 s
.

U1
z1 + z ' 2 s (1 +

(z' 2s + z m )z 1
1
z1 .z' 2s + z1 z m + z' 2s z m

z1
)
zm

U1
=
z1 + z ' 2 s

Do o, ty so cua dong ien mach chnh cua hnh T va la:

z
r
I' 2
x
z
= 1 + 1 = 1 , coi rm << xm , 1 = 1 + 1 = (1 + 1 ) j 1
zm
rm
I' ' 2
xm
zm

r1
rat be nen co the bo qua phan ao cua 1
rm

x
1 = 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 trong thc te : 1 = 1,04 1,08
xm

2.3. GIAN O NANG LNG VA O TH VECTOR CUA


MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO

1. May lam viec che o ong c ien (0 < s <1):


a) Gian o nang lng:
ong c ien lay ien nang t li ien vao vi P1 = m1 U 1 I1 cos 1 . Mot
phan nho cua cong suat o bien thanh ton hao ong cua day quan stator
p Cu1 = m1 I12 va ton hao trong loi sat stator p Fe = m1 I 02 rm , con lai phan ln cong
suat a vao chuyen thanh cong suat ien t Pt truyen qua rotor. Nh vay:
.

Pt = P1 p Cu1 p Fe = m1 I' 2

r' 2
: cong suat ien t.
s

V trong rotor co dong ien nen co ton hao ong trong rotor p Cu 2 = m1 I' 2 r' 2 , do
o cong suat c truc ong c ien la:

.
1 s
Pc = Pt p Cu 2 = m1 I' 2 (
)r' 2
s

62

Pc =

vay

p Cu 2 (1 s)
s

Pc = (1-s)Pt
p Cu 2 = sPt
Cong suat a ra au truc ong c ien P2 se nho hn cong suat c v khi
may quay co ton hao c p c va ton hao phu p f :
P2 = Pc p c p f

Nh vay tong ton hao trong ong c la:


=

P2
P
= 1
P1
P1

P = p

Cu1

+ p Fe + p Cu 2 + p c + p f

ong c ien khong ong bo


cung lay cong suat phan khang t
li vao:
Q1 = m1 U 1 I1 sin 1

Mot phan nho cong suat phan


khang nay c s dung e sinh ra
t trng tan trong mach ien
stator q1 va rotor q2:
q 1 = m1 I12 x 1

q 2 = m1 I' 22 x ' 2

Hnh 2.7 Gian o nang lng cua


ong c ien khong ong bo.

Phan con lai dung e sinh ra t


trng
khe
h:
Q m = m1 E 1 I 0 = m1 I 02 x m

T o, ta ve c gian o nang lng nh hnh 2.7:


b) o th vector:
Giong nh may bien ap, o th vector cua may ien khong ong bo c
thanh lap tng ng vi gian o thay the hnh T. Cac o th c ve cho 1 pha
cua m pha vi dang rotor qui oi ve stator tao nen
.

E 1 = E' 2 bang vi ien ap tren cac cc cua mach t

hoa cua gian o hnh T. I0 vt trc mot goc


.

tng ng vi ton hao sat stator. I' 2 cham sau E' 2


mot goc 2 :
tg 2 =
.

x' 2
> 0 ; 0 < 2 < / 2
r'2
s
.

I1 = I 0 I' 2 ; U 1 = E 1 + I1 (r1 + jx 1 )
.
.
r'
E ' 2 = I ' 2 rs'2 + jx' 2 E ' 2 = I ' 2 2 + jI ' 2 x' 2
s
.
.

I 1 cham sau U 1 mot goc 1 < .


2

63

Hnh 2.8 o th vec t cua


ong c ien khong ong bo

2. May lam viec che o may phat ( < s < 0) :


a) Gian o nang lng:
Cong suat c P1 a vao truc, tr i ton hao c
p c , ton hao phu p f . Ta co cong suat hieu dung
Pc. Cong suat c Pc tr i p Cu 2 ta co Pt, Pt tr i
ton hao sat p Fe va p Cu1 ta co cong suat ien phat
ra P2.

Pc = P1 ( p c + p f )
Pt = Pc - p Cu 2
P2 = Pt ( p Cu1 + p Fe )

Hnh 2.9 Gian o nang lng cua


may phat ien khong ong bo.

Hieu suat cua may phat ien:

P2
P1

b) o th vector:
.

1 s
)r' 2 < 0, ngha la
s

Khi s < 0 th Pc = m1 I' 2 (

may lay cong suat c t ngoai vao, ta co:


tg 2 =

x' 2
sx '
= 2 <0
r' 2 s
r' 2

nen goc pha 2 gia s.. E 2 va dong ien I 2


nam trong khoang 900 < 2 < 1800. T o th
vector ta thay 1 > 90 0 , do o cong suat ien
P1 = m1U 1 I 1 cos 1 < 0 nen may phat cong suat
tac dung vao li.
Hnh 2.10 o th vec t cua may
phat ien khong ong bo.

3. May lam viec che o ham ien


t ( 1 < s < + ):

1 s
)r' 2 < 0, nen may lay cong suat c
s

Khi s > 1 th cong suat c Pc = m1 I' 2 (

.2

t ngoai vao. Cong suat ien t Pt =

m1 I 2 r' 2
> 0 nen may nhan cong suat ien
s

t. Tat ca cong suat c va ien lay ngoai vao eu bien thanh ton hao ong tren
mach rotor:

1 s
2
Pt + ( Pc ) = m1 I ' 22 + m1 I ' 22
= m1 I ' 2 r ' 2 = pCu 2 .
s

64

Hnh 2.11 o th vec t (a), gian o nang lng (b) cua may ien
khong ong bo che o ham ien t.
Th du 1:
Mot ong c ien khong ong bo rotor day quan khi e rotor h mach va
cho ien ap nh mc vao stator th ien ap tren 2 vanh trt canh nhau la 250V.
Khi ong c lam viec vi tai nh mc th toc o n = 1420 vong/phut. Tnh:
a) Toc o ong bo.
b) Toc o t trng quay do dong ien sinh ra so vi toc o rotor.
c) Tan so dong ien rotor.
d) Sc ien ong cua rotor khi tai nh mc.
Giai:
a) V he so trt cua ong c rat be s = (3 6)% nen toc o ong bo cua t
trng quay n1 = 1500vong/phut, tc la may co 2 oi cc (khi tan so la 50
Hz).
b) Toc o cua t trng rotor so vi rotor la:
n2 = n1 n = 1500 1420 = 80 vong/phut.
n2 quay cung chieu vi rotor.
c) Tan so dong ien rotor:
f2 =

pn 2 2.80
=
= 2,66Hz
60
60

hay f2 = sf1 = 0,053.50 = 2,66Hz


Trong o

s=

n 1 n 1500 1420
80
=
=
= 0,053
n1
1500
1500

d) Sc ien ong cua rotor khi quay toc o nh mc:


E2s = sE2 = 0,053.250 = 13,4V

65

Cau hoi:
1. Phan tch nhng iem giong va khac nhau trong nguyen ly lam viec cua
may ien khong ong bo va may bien ap.
2. Mot ong c ien khong ong bo day quan, trc kia so vong day cua 1
pha cua day quan rotor eu noi noi tiep, nay phan oi thanh 2 mach song
song. Hoi nh vay co anh hng en ien ap va dong ien tren vanh trt
cua rotor hay khong? Co anh hng g en tham so rotor a qui oi r2 va
x2? Neu he so trt s trc va sau khi oi van nh nhau th cong suat a
vao va a ra co thay oi g khong?
3. Neu day quan stator cua mot ong c khong ong bo at vao 1 ien ap
th t thuan co tan so f1 e sinh ra t trng thuan, day quan rotor at
vao 1 ien ap th t nghch co tan so f2 e sinh ra t trng nghch. Hoi
luc o rotor quay theo chieu nao? Toc o bao nhieu? Khi tai thay oi th
toc o thay oi khong?
4. Tai sao dong ien khong tai phan tram cua may ien khong ong bo I0%
ln hn dong ien khong tai phan tram cua may bien ap, con dong ien
ngan mach phan tram In% th lai nho hn? Dong ien khong tai ln anh
hng nh the nao en tnh nang cua may?
5. Tm s lien he gia cac cong suat cua gian o nang lng vi cac cong
suat, cac ton hao tren mach ien thay the.
Bai tap:
2.1.
Mot ong c khong ong bo co cac so lieu sau: day quan stator va rotor eu
noi Y; so ranh stator Z1 = 72; so ranh rotor Z2 = 12; so thanh dan mot ranh
stator.
Sr1 = 9 va rotor Sr2 = 2; day quan bc u co 4 oi cc.
Khi lam th nghiem ngan mach, ien ap at vao stator la Un = 110V; dong ien
In = 61A va cos = 0,336. Tnh:
a) ien tr va ien khang ngan mach rn, xn.
b) ien tr va ien khang day quan rotor r2, x2. Cho biet r1 = 0,159 ;
x1 = 0,46 .
c) Cong suat ong c ien tieu thu va cong suat tieu hao tren day quan khi
ngan mach.
2.2.
Mot ong c ien khong ong bo ba pha rotor long soc co cac so lieu sau:
Pm = 11,9kW; Ufm = 220V; Ifm = 25A; f = 50Hz; 2p = 6; pCu1 = 745W;
pCu2 = 480W; pFe = 235W; pc = 180W; pf = 60W. Tnh cong suat ien t,
moment ien t va toc o quay cua ong c.

66

2.3.
Mot may ien khong ong bo ba pha 6 cc, 50Hz. Khi at ien ap nh mc
len stator con day quan rotor h mach th s.. cam ng tren moi pha day quan
rotor la 110V. Gia thiet toc o luc lam viec nh mc la
n = 980vong/phut, rotor quay cung chieu vi t trng quay. Hoi:
a) May lam viec che o nao?
b) Luc o s.. rotor E2s bang bao nhieu?
c) Neu gi chat rotor lai va o c r2 = 0,1 , x2 = 0,5 ; hoi che o lam
viec nh mc I2 bang bao nhieu?
2.4.
Mot ong c ien khong ong bo ba pha au Y, 380V, 50Hz, nm =
1440Vong/phut. Tham so nh sau: r1 = 0,2 , r2 = 0,25 , x1 = 1 , x2 = 0,95 ,
xm = 40 , bo qua rm. Tnh so oi cc, toc o ong bo, he so trt nh mc, tan
so dong ien rotor luc tai nh mc. Ve mach ien thay the hnh T va can c vao
o tnh ra tr so thc va tng oi cua cac dong ien I1, I0 va I2.
2.5.

Mot ong c ien khong ong bo ba pha 6 cc, ien ap nh mc la 380V,


au Y, tan so 50Hz, cong suat nh mc la 28kW, toc o nh mc la
980vong/phut, luc tai nh mc cos = 0,88; ton hao ong va sat stator la
2,2kW, ton hao c la 1,1kW. Tnh he so trt, ton hao ong rotor, hieu suat,
dong ien stator va tan so dong ien rotor khi tai nh mc.

2.6.
Mot ong c ien khong ong bo ba pha, tieu thu nang lng ien la 60kW,
tong ton hao tren stator la 1kW, he so trt s = 0,03. Tnh cong suat c va ton
hao ong cua rotor.
2.4. MOMENT IEN T VA AC TNH C CUA MAY IEN KHONG
ONG BO

1. Phng trnh can bang moment


Khi ong c khong ong bo lam viec on nh n = cte = Const th phai khac
phuc moment phu tai Mcm tao nen t moment can khong tai M0 va moment can
hieu dung M2. Do o moment ien t phat sinh rotor ong c luc n = cte =
Const phai co hai thanh phan moment can tng ng. Nh vay:
Mt = M0 + M2
Vi

M0 =

p c + p f

P0

P
60
.P0 = 9,55. 0
n
2n

67

P2

n
P0 P2 Pc
P
M t =
+
=
= 9,55. c

n
2n
Toc o goc quay cua rotor.
=
60
M2 =

P2

= 9,55.

n: toc o quay cua rotor.


Mac khac ta co:

M t =

Pt
P
= 9,55 t
1
n1

2n 1
: toc o goc quay ong bo cua t trng quay
60
Pc Pt

n
=
Pc =
Pt = Pt = (1 s)Pt

1
1
n1

1 =

t o ta co:

2. Bieu thc moment


a. Theo quan he I2 va :
M t =

Pt m 2 E 2 I 2 cos 2
=
1
1

E 2 = 2f 1 w 2 k dq 2 m
1 =

M t =

2f 1
p

2
m 2 pw 2 k dq 2 I 2 cos 2 = C M I 2 cos 2
2

CM: he so ket cau cua may.


b. Theo he so trt s:
M t =

Pt

pCu 2 s
2f1 p

pCu 2 = m2 I 22 r2 = m1 I ' 22 r ' 2 = m1 I ' ' 22 R ' 2

I ' '2 =

U1
2

R' 2
2
+ ( X 1 + X '2 )
R1 +
s

(2-19)

I' 2 = 1 I' ' 2

vi

R 1 = 1 r1
X 1 = 1 x 1
M t =

;
;

R ' 2 = r' 2
2
1

X' 2 = 12 x ' 2
pm1U 12 R ' 2 / s

R'2
2
2f 1 R1 +
+ ( X 1 + X '2 )
s

(Phng trnh ac tnh c cua may)


68

(Nm)

(2-20)

Ket luan: Vi tan so va cac tham so cho trc, Mt t le thuan vi bnh phng
ien ap va t le nghch vi bnh phng cua tan so.
Da vao (2-19), (2-20) ta co the tm c ac tnh
I = f(s); M = f(s); I2max s =
s < 0 Mt < 0 (may phat ien)

Hnh 2.12 ng bieu dien mo men ien t va dong


ien theo he so trt.
c. Tnh moment cc ai Mmax: Muon tnh Mmax ta lay
tnh c sm ng vi Mmax

dM
= 0 th ta
ds

R' 2
R'
R' R'
2 R'
2f1 m1U P R1 +
+ X n 22 + 2 2 R1 + 2 22
s
s
s s

s
dM

=
2
2
ds

R'
2
(2f1 ) 2 R1 + 2 + ( X 1 + X ' 2 )
s

2
1

dM
=
ds

2f 1 m1U 12 P

R' 2
s

R' 22
2
2
R
X

1
n
s2

R' 2
2
2
(2f 1 ) R1 +
+ (X 1 + X '2 )
s

Muon cho ao ham dM/ds = 0 th:


R' 22
R' 22
=

= R12 + X n2
0
s2
s2
R' 2

R12 X n2 +
sm =

R12 + X n2

(2-21)

Trong may ien khong ong bo: R1 << Xn thng R1 = (10 12)%Xn do o
R1 be hn Xn en mc co the bo qua c. Trong trng hp nay:

69

sm

R' 2
R' 2
=
X n X 1 + X 2

The (2-21) vao (2-20) ta co Mmax:


M max =

M max =

M max =

M max =

pm1U 12 R12 + X n2

2f1 R1 R12 + X n2

) +X
2

2
n

pm1U 12 R12 + X n2

[(

2f1 R1 2 R1 R12 + X n2 + R12 + X n2 + X n2

pm1U 12 R12 + X n2

4f 1 R1 R12 + X n2 + X n2 + R12

pm1U 12

4f 1 R1 + R12 + X n2

]
(2-22)

pm1U 12

M max =

2
4f1 1 r1 + r12 + ( x1 + x' 2 )

2
2
Neu tnh gan ung bo qua R1 << X n ta co:

M max

pm1U 12
pm1U 12

=
4f 1 [ R1 + X n ] 4f1 1 [ r1 + ( x1 + 1 x' 2 )]

(2-23)

+ Dau cong tng ng vi trng hp ong c.


+ Dau tr tng ng vi trng hp may phat.
Nhan xet ve Mmax:
+ Moment cc ai t le thuan vi bnh phng ien ap.
+ Moment cc ai t le nghch vi ien khang cua may.
+ Moment cc ai khong phu thuoc vao ien tr cua rotor.
T so k m =

M max
goi la he so nang lc qua tai cua ong c, noi len kha
M m

nang sinh ra Mmax cua ong c.


d) Tnh moment m may Mmm: Ben canh Mmax, Mmm cua ong c la
mot trong nhng ac tnh van hanh quan trong nhat cua no. Bieu thc Mmm co c t cong thc Mt (2-20) khi s = 1.
M mm =

pm1U 12 R' 2

2f1 (R1 + R' 2 ) + X n2


2

[(

pm1U 12 R' 2

2f1 1 r1 + 12 r ' 2

Neu muon co Mmm = Mmax th sm = 1:


12
R ' 2 = 12 (r ' 2 + r ' f ) = (R12 + X n2 ) hay gan ung:
r2 + rf = x1 + x2

) + ( x
2

2
1 + 1 x' 2

)]
2

(2-24)

(2-25)

Nhan xet:
Vi tan so va cac thong so cho trc moment m may t le thuan vi bnh
phng ien ap.
70

Mmm = Mmax vi ieu kien ien tr tac dung cua rotor bang ien khang tan
cua may.
Mmm giam neu xn cua may ln khi nhng ieu kien khac cua may giong
nhau.
Moment m may thng c bieu dien bang t so:
k mm =

M mm
: boi so cua Mmm
M m

e) S phu thuoc cua M oi vi R2:


Neu rf = 0 th R ' 2 = 12 r' 2 va t so
R' 2
thng rat be do o Mt i
Xn

qua tr so Mmax vi s khong ln


lam: sm = 0,12 0,2. ong thi
Mmm cac ong c rotor day quan
co ien khang tan ln hn ien
khang tan cua rotor long soc nen
Hnh 2.13 ng ac tnh M=f(s) vi cac
Mmm co the giam xuong qua gii
ien tr rotor khac nhau.
han cho phep khi m may, lam
ong c khong m may c. e loai tr ieu ay, can thiet phai a vao rotor
mot ien tr phu rf. Nh vay t bieu thc (2-22), (2-21) th Mmax = const nhng sm
c tang len.

3. Bieu thc KLOSS.


Trong truyen ong ien viec xac nh M = f(s) theo nhng so a cho cam
nang rat quan trong. Cac thong so thng c cho: Mm, sm, kM, Neu khong
co cac tham so cau tao cua ong c R1, X1, R2, X2 ta van co the tnh c sm,
Mmax va ve c ac tnh c cua may. Lay cac quan he (2-20) chia (2-22) ch
dung dau (+) trng hp ong c ta co:
M
=
M max

Theo (2-21) ta co:

R2
R1 +
s
R'

R1 + 2
s

R12 + X n2

2
+ Xn

R' 2
= R12 + x n2
sm

a tr so cua can vao bieu thc tren:


M
=
M max
R'
s 2
s m

R'
2 R' 2 R1 + 2
sm

2
2
R' 2
2 R1 R' 2
+

s
s

71

at

R'2
lam tha so chung:
max

R' R s
2 2 1 m + 1
s m R' 2
M

=
M max

R'2 s s m
R
+
+ 2 1 s m
sm sm
s
R' 2
Rs

2 1 m + 1
M
R' 2

=
M max s s m

R
+
+ 2 1 s m
s
R' 2
sm

Trong cac ong c khong ong bo khi


rf = 0 thng r1 = r2 va R1 R2,
R1
s m rat nho co the bo qua
R' 2
2M max
2
=
M =
s sm
s sm
+
+
sm
s
sm
s

sm = 0,12 0,2, nen 2


M
M max

(2-26)

(2-26) la bieu thc Klox e ve ng at tnh c cua may. Vi smax c tnh nh


sau:

s m = s m k m + k m2 1

4. ac tnh c va van e on nh
Ta a biet: M2 = Mt M0
Do M0 << M2 nen ac tnh c cua ong c M2 =
f(n) co the coi bang Mt = f(n) va no co dang nh
M = f(s) h2-12.
Phan tch s lam viec on nh cua ong
Hnh 2.14 S lam viec on nh
c:
cua ong c ien va may cong
Gia s ong c lam viec vi 1 moment
phu tai Mc nao o. Theo phng trnh can bang moment ong c co the lam viec
hai iem A va B.
9 Xet trng hp may lam viec iem A: Neu v mot ly do nao o MCA
tang
MCA1 > MCA Ml < 0; nA nA1. Tai nA1: MA1 > MCA1 Ml > 0
nA1 nA nen iem A la iem lam viec on nh.
ieu kien lam viec on nh:
dM dM C
dM dM C
>
<

hay
ds
ds
dn
dn

9 Xet trng hp may lam viec tai iem B:


Gia s MCB tang en MCB1 > MB Ml < 0 nB nB1
72

Tai nB1: Ml = MB1 - MCB1< 0 Ml < 0


n giam en 0 iem B la iem lam viec khong on nh.
ieu kien lam viec khong on nh:
dM dM C
dM dM C
>
<

hay
ds
ds
dn
dn

2.5. CAC AC TNH LAM VIEC CUA ONG C KHONG ONG BO

I. Cac ac tnh cua ong c khong ong bo trong ieu kien nh


mc
Cac ac tnh lam viec cua ong c khong ong bo bao gom:n, M, va
cos = f(P2) vi U1 = const, f1 = const
1. ac tnh toc o n = f(P2)
T cong thc:

s=

n1 n

n1

n = n1(1-s)
Vi

s=

p Cu 2
Pt

Khi khong tai pCu2 0 s = 0, n n 1


Khi
khong
tai
l
tng
p Cu 2 = 0 s = 0, n = n 1 . Khi phu tai tang
MC = Mm do hieu suat cua ong c nen
s=

Hnh 2.15 Cac ng ac tnh lam


viec cua may ien khong ong bo.

p Cu 2 p Cu 2

= (1,5 5)% . So be ng
Pt
P2

vi ong c cong suat ln, so ln ng vi ong c cong suat nho (3 10)kW. Do


o s rat nho, toc o giam rat t khi s giam coi quan he n = f(P2) la mot ng
thang hi nghieng ve truc hoanh.
2. ac tnh moment M = f(P2)
Ta a biet tnh trang lam viec on nh M = M2 + M0 khi MC = 0 Mm
th coi nh n = const. (s bien oi trong gii han be) nen M = f(P2) coi nh mot

ng thang M = 9,55

P2
.
n

3. Ton hao va ac tnh hieu suat cua ong c = f(P2)


Khi may lam viec co cac ton hao: Ton hao ong trong stator va rotor
pCu1 va pCu2, ton hao sat pFe, ton hao c pc, ton hao phu pf, 4 loai
ton
hao
au
a
co
cong
thc
xac
nh
2
2
2
(p Cu1 = m1I1 r1 , p Fe = m1I 0 rm , p Cu 2 = m1I' 2 r' 2 , p c = Pc P2 p f ) con ton hao phu
bao gom ton hao phu trong ong va sat. Cach tnh rat phc tap nen thng lay la
pf = 0,5%P1.
73

Hieu suat cua may:


=

P2 P1 p
p = P2
=
= 1
P1
P1
P1
P2 + p

% =

P2
.100
P2 + p

Thng thiet ke max vao khoang (0,5 0,75)Pm.


4. ac tnh he so cong suat cos = f(P2)
ong c khong ong bo lay cong suat phan khang t li vao nen he so
cong suat luon luon khac 1 va cos < 1.
Khi khong tai cos 0,2 roi sau o tang tng oi nhanh theo phu tai va
at cos max khi P2 P2m, khi phu tai tang hn na th n giam, tng ng
s.x ' 2
tang va cos 2 va cos 2 giam.
r' 2
M
5. Nang lc qua tai k M = max
M m

= arctg

Khi lam viec bnh thng M Mm nhng trong mot thi gian ngan, may co
the chu qua tai ln hn (qua tai) ma khong b h hong g th c goi la nang
lc qua tai cua may. Thng cac ong c cong suat be va trung bnh co kM = 1,6
1,8. ong c cong suat trung bnh va ln hn co kM = 1,8 2,5. ong c ac
biet kM = 2,8 3 va cao hn na.

II. Cac ac tnh cua ong c khong ong bo trong ieu kien khong
nh mc
1. ien ap khong nh mc:
Gia thiet U < Um, ta a biet M U12 nen khi U1 giam x lan th M giam x2
lan. Neu bo qua ien ap ri coi U 1 E 1 th khi U1 giam th s.. va cung
giam theo mc o nh vay. Neu moment tai M = C M I 2 cos 2 = const th I2 tang
lam nong may (he so trt phai thay oi e cho I2 bien thien nghch vi ).
Khi ong c ien lam viec vi ien ap thap tai nhe (< 40%) th p
giam, I2 tang t may t nong cos giam tang. Khi may lam viec ay tai nen
cung cap Um e I2 khoi tang.
2. Tan so khong nh mc f f1 .
Neu f = f1 5%f1 th coi nh f = const.
Neu bo qua ien ap ri: U E = 2f1 w 1 k dq f = const khi U = const th
1
. Khi f giam tang I0 tang pFe = m1I 02 rm tang (loi sat nong).
f
M C = C M I 2 cos 2 = const tang I2 giam s.Pt = pCu2 = m1 I' 22 r' 2

giam s giam. Khi f giam n 1 =

60f 1
giam may lam nguoi kem.
p

74

Th du 1:
Mot ong c ien khong ong bo ba pha rotor long soc co cac so lieu sau:
Pm = 11,9kW; Ufm = 220V; Ifm = 25A; f = 50Hz; 2p = 6; nm = 960vong/phut;
pCu1 = 745W; pCu2 = 480W; I2 = 20,25A; xn = x1 +x2 = 2,18 . Tnh moment
ien t cua ong c. Coi 1 = 1
Giai:
p Cu1
745
=
= 0,398
2
mI1
3.25 2
p
480
r'2 = Cu22 =
= 0,39
m1I'2 3.20,252
60f 60.50
Toc o ong bo:
n=
=
= 1000 vong/phut
p
3
n n 1000 960
He so trt:
s= 1
=
= 0,04
n1
1000

ien tr:

r1 =

M =

Moment ien t:

m1 pU 12 r ' 2 / s

r'
2
2f1 r1 + 2 + ( x1 + x' 2 )
s

3.3.220 2.0,39
0,04
= 120( Nm)
2

0,39
2 50 0,398 +
+ 2,18 2
0,04

Cau hoi:
1. Neu ien ap nguon giam i 5% th anh hng en Mmax, Mmm nh the
nao? Neu moment tai khong oi th anh hng en n, I1, , cos nh
the nao?
2. Mot ong c ien khong ong bo thiet ke vi tan so f = 60Hz neu em
dung tan so 50Hz va gi ien ap khong oi th ien khang tan,
cos , Mmax, Mmm va ton hao khong tai se thay oi nh the nao?Co
anh hng en cong suat cua may hay khong?
3. Moment phu cua ong c khong ong bo la nhng moment nao? Y
ngha va anh hng cua cac loai moment o?
4. Ve va giai thch cac ng ac tnh lam viec cua ong c khong ong
bo.
5. Cho nhng ket luan chnh khi ong c lam viec trong ieu kien khong
nh mc va ien ap khong oi xng.
2.7.
Cho mot ong khong ong bo rotor day quan co Pm = 155kW; p = 2;
U = 380V; au Y; pCu2 = 2210W; pc = 2640W; pf = 310W;
r2 = 0,012 .
75

a. Luc tai nh mc tnh Pt; sm%; nm; Mm.


b. Gia s moment tai la khong oi, neu cho day quan phan quay mot ien
tr quy oi rf = 0,1 th he so trt, toc o quay va ton hao ong rotor se
bang bao nhieu?
c. Biet r1 = r2; x1 = x2 = 0,06 . Tnh Mmax, sm.
d. Tnh ien tr phu can thiet phai cho vao rotor e moment m may cc
ai.
S: a) Pt = 160,16kW; sm = 1,38%; nm = 1479vong/phut;
Mm = 1000,7Nm;
b) s = 12,88%; n = 1307vong/phut; pCu2 = 20,63kW.
c) Mmax = 20892Nm; sm = 0,1.
d) rf = 0,108
2.8.
Mot ong c ien khong ong bo ba pha rotor long soc co: Pm = 20kW;
U1 = 380V; au Y; = 88%; cos = 0,84; nm = 970vong/phut. Biet rang
Imm/Im = 4,5; Mmax/Mm = 1,8; Mmm/Mm = 1,2. Tnh:
a) Im, Imm, sm.
b) Mm, Mmm, Mmax va tong ton hao trong ong c khi lam viec nh mc.
S: a) Im = 41,1A; Imm = 185A, sm = 0,03
b) Mm = 197Nm; Mmm = 236,2Nm; Mmax = 354,4Nm.

76

CHNG III: M MAY VA IEU CHNH TOC O


3.1. QUA TRNH M MAY ONG C IEN KHONG ONG BO
Qua trnh m may ong c ien la qua trnh a toc o ong c t
n = 0 nm khi n tang th phng trnh can bang ong ve moment nh sau:
M MC = Ml = J
Trong o:
quan tnh.

d
dt

M, MC, Ml: moment ien t cua ong c, moment can, moment


J=

G.D 2
: hang so quan tnh
49

g = 9,81m/s2: gia toc trong trng.


G: khoi lng phan quay.
D: ng knh phan quay.
: toc o goc cua rotor.
e toc o cua ong c tang thuan li th M > Mc
Khi bat au m may s = 1:
Dong ien m may Imm:
I mm =

U 1pham

(R 1 + R ' 2 )2 + X 2n

d
>0
dt

= (4 7 )I m

Trong o: U1pham: ien ap pha nh mc at vao day quan stator.


Tren thc te, mach t tan cua may bao hoa nhanh X giam Imm con ln
hn nhieu so vi tr so tnh theo cong thc tren.
3.2. CAC PHNG PHAP M MAY
Cac yeu cau khi m may:
+ Mmm phai u ln e thch ng vi ac tnh c cua tai.
+ Imm phai c han che en mc thap nhat.
+ Thi gian m may nhanh.
+ Phng phap va thiet b m may phai n gian,
van hanh chac chan.
+ Ton hao cong suat trong qua trnh m may thap.

1. M may trc tiep ong c rotor long soc


Dong ien m may ln, ch dung cho cac may co
cong suat nho. Neu may co cong suat ln th dung trong li
ien co cong suat ln. Phng phap nay m may nhanh,
n
giama
n. y trc tiep ong c
Hnh 3.1
M
ien KB 3 pha rotor long soc

2. Phng phap ha ien ap m may:

Ch dung vi cac thiet b yeu cau moment m may nho.


77

a) Dung cuon khang bao hoa trong mach stator:


Khi m may ong D1, D2 m:
Khi n n m ong D2.
- Luc m may trc tiep:
U m

I mm =
M mm

R 2n + x 2n

U m
Zn

m1 I 2mm r' 2
=
1

- Luc m may co cuon khang (ien khang xk):


U m

I mmk =

R 2n + (x n + x k )

M mmk =

m1 I 2mmk r' 2
1

T o ta co:
I mmk
=
I mm

R +x
2
n

2
n

R + (x n + x k )
2
n

= k <1

Hnh 3.2 Ha ien ap m may bang ien


khang

M mmk
R 2n + x 2n
= k2

= 2
2
M mm
R n + (x n + x k )

Theo phng phap nay Imm giam k lan th Mmm giam k2 lan. Phng phap
ch c dung trong cac trng hp ma van e tr so Mmm khong co y ngha quan
trong.
b) Dung bien ap t ngau ha ien ap m may:
Khi m may ong D1 va D3, khi n n m ong D2, ngat D3.
Goi: - U1, I1: la ien ap va dong ien cua li.
- Umm, Imm: ien ap tren cc ong c va dong
ien stator cua ong c khi m may.
- kT: la t so bien ap (kT < 1).
kT =

w1
U1
I'
=
= mm
w 2 U' mm
I1

- Zn: tong tr ngan mach cua mot pha ong c.


U1
kT
U'
I' mm = mm = I1 .k T
Zn
I'
I1 = mm
kT
U' mm
U1
=
I1 =
Z n .k T Z n .k T2
U' mm =

Hnh 3.3 Ha ien ap m may


bang bien ap t ngau

78

Nh vay, khi m may bang bien ap t ngau dong ien t li vao s cap
may bien ap giam i k T2 so vi Imm khi noi trc tiep va moment m may giam k T2
lan so vi Mmm trc tiep.
c) Phng phap oi noi Y - :
Ch s dung vi ong c co 2 cap ien ap 220/380 va lam viec bnh thng
cap ien ap 220V.
Cach m may: ong cau dao oi noi D2 ve v tr
m may (Y).
ong D1 khi n n m oi D2 sang v tr lam viec.
Goi: - UL: la ien ap day cua li.
- UfY, U f : ien ap pha khi day quan noi Y, .
- ImmLY, I mmL : dong ien day m may trong li
khi au Y,
- ImmfY, I mmf : dong ien pha m may
trong day quan stator khi noi Y, .
- Zn: tong tr ngan mach mot pha.
Neu ong ong c ien vao li khi au Y: Hnh 3.4 M may bang
U
UL
phng phap sao tam giac
=I
= fY =
I
mmLY

mmfY

Zn

3.Z n

Neu ong ong c vao li khi au :


I Immf =

Va

U f U L
=
Zn
Zn

I mmL = 3.I mmf =

Lap:

3.U L
Zn

I mmLY
UL
Zn
1
=
=
.
I mmL
3.Z n 3.U L 3

Dong ien m may trong li khi noi


Y nho hn khi noi 3 lan. Mmm cung giam
i 3 lan:
U 2L
.
M mmY U =
3
Trong khi M mm U 2 = U 2L .
2
Y

Hnh 3.5 ac tnh moment ng vi cac


ien tr phu khac nhau trong mach rotor

3. Them Rf vao day quan rotor


Ch ap dung vi ong c khong ong bo rotor day quan neu Mc > M ma
ong c sinh ra khi s = 1 th ong c khong the khi ong c. Ta phai ong Rf
vao e khi m may
Mmmmax can phai chon R f = R 12 + x 2n R 2 .
Qua trnh m may ng vi cac Rf nh hnh ve 3.5.
79

3.3. IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C IEN KHONG ONG BO


Ngi ta phan biet cac phng phap ieu chnh toc o theo cach tac ong
vao ong c:
T pha stator: Thay oi ien ap U1, tan so f, so oi cc p.
T pha rotor: Thay oi ien tr trong mach rotor, a vao mach rotor mot
s.. phu co cung tan so vi s.. chnh cua rotor.

1. ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi so oi cc p:


Toc o quay ong bo n 1 =

60f 1
neu f1 a cho th khi p thay oi n1 thay
p

oi thay oi.
n = n1(1-s)
S o nguyen tac oi so oi cc: Co the oi noi
so oi cc stator bang cach sau:
at vao stator mot day quan va thay oi so cc
bang cach oi noi tng ng cac phan cua no, ch
dung vi ong c co 2 cap toc o co t so bien toc
2 : 1.
Che tao 2 day quan oc lap co so oi cc khac
nhau, ch dung vi ong c co t so bien toc 4/3 hoac 6/5.
Che tao 2 day quan oc lap tren stator, moi bo day
lai co oi noi cac cc.
V du: Muon cho ong c co 4 cap toc o quay ong
bo quay ong bo 1500, 1000, 750, 500vong/1 phut th
tren stator co the at 2 day quan: mot day quan co so
cc la 2p = 4 va 2p = 8, con mot day quan co so cc la
2p = 6 va 2p = 12.
Hnh 3.6 S o nguyen ly ve
thay oi so oi cc

80

S o ra day c bieu dien nh sau:

Toc o

S o

Nhanh

Y//Y

Cham

Lien ket
Nguon vao T4; T5; T6
Noi tat T1 T2 T3
Nguon vao T1 , T2 , T3

Hnh 3.7 S o ra day, ong c hai cap toc o,


loai moment khong oi (M = const)

Toc o
Nhanh

S o

Cham

Y//Y

Lien ket
Nguon vao T4; T5; T6
Nguon vao T1; T2; T3
Noi tat T4 T5 T6

Hnh 3.8 S o ra day, ong c hai cap toc o,


loai cong suat khong oi (P = const)

Toc o

S o

Nhanh

Y//Y

Cham

Lien ket
Nguon vao T4; T5; T6
Noi tat T1 T2 T3
Nguon vao T1; T2; T3

Hnh 3.9 S o ra day, ong c hai cap toc o, loai moment va cong suat
thay oi (M,P =var).
81

Neu ong c rotor day quan phai oi noi so oi cc ong thi tren ca stator
va rotor, ieu nay hi phc tap nen cac ong c co oi noi so oi cc p thng la
rotor long soc. Cach oi noi tren hnh 3.6a, b goi la oi noi noi tiep, con cach oi
noi tren hnh 3.6c goi la oi noi song song.
Phng phap au gia cac pha e oi cc:
Tuy theo cach au Y hay va cach au day quan pha song song hay noi
tiep ma ngi ta che tao ong c ien hai toc o thanh hai loai: M = const va
P = const.
Khao sat lan lt tng s o oi toc o ta rut ra cac nhan xet e van hanh
cung nh tnh toan sa cha; e n gian khi khao sat ta at:
Ud : ien ap day nguon cung cap cho ong c.
I : Dong ien cho phep i qua day dan cua moi pha day quan (tng ng
vi mot gia tr mat o dong ien chon cho day dan).
th : Hieu suat ong c van hanh tai toc o thap (ng vi 2p2).
c : Hieu suat ong c van hanh tai toc o cao (ng vi 2p1).

cos th : He so cong suat ong c tai toc o thap.


cos c : He so cong suat ong c tai toc o cao.

a) Trng hp thay oi toc o (M = const).

+ Khi van hanh toc o cao ta co mach ien au Y//Y.


+ ien ap moi pha day quan: U pha =

Ud
3

+ Dong ien moi pha (mot pha co hai nhanh) la 2I.


+ Cong suat c tren truc ong c khi van hanh tai toc o cao la Pc ; ta co:
U
Pc = 3 d (2I) c . cos c
3
Vay : Pc = 2 3 (U d .I) c . cos c

(3-1)

- Khi van hanh toc o thap, ta co mach ien au .


- ien ap moi pha day quan la: Upha = Ud
82

- Dong ien qua moi pha la I.


- Cong suat c tren truc ong c khi van hanh tai toc o thap la Pth, ta co:
Pth = 3(U d )(I) th . cos th

Vay : Pth = 3(U d .I) th . cos th

(3-2)

Lap t so gia (3-2) va (3-1) ta co:


Pth
3( U d .I) th . cos th
3 th . cos th
=
=
.
Pc 2 3 ( U d .I) c . cos c
2 c . cos c
. cos th
P

Hay : th = 0,866. th
Pc
c . cos c

(3-3)

Goi Mc la moment ong c toc o cao.


Goi Mth la moment ong c toc o thap.
Pc
2 n c
Pth
M th =
2n th

Ta suy ra: M c =

(3-4)
(3-5)

Trong o nc = 2nth
Vay :
Tom lai:

M th Pth n c
P
.
=
= 2 th
Mc
Pc n th
Pc

. cos th
M th
= 3 . th
Mc
c . cos c

(3-6)

(3-7)

Theo mot so tai lieu thiet ke may ien cho ong c 2 cap toc o t so bien toc
2/1 ta co c:
th . cos th
0,7
c . cos c

(3-8)

Thay (3-8) vao (3-3) va (3-7) ta suy ra:


83

Pth
M
0,6 va th 1,2
Pc
Mc

TOM LAI:
Vi s o au oi toc o, dang Y//Y (toc o nhanh) va (toc o cham) khi thay
oi toc o:
Tai toc o thap cong suat at khoang 0,6 lan cong suat khi van hanh tai
toc o cao.
Tai toc o thap moment at khoang 1,2 lan moment khi van hanh tai toc
o cao (trong ky thuat ta co the xem nh moment khong oi).
b) Trng hp thay oi toc o (P = const).
+ Khi van hanh toc o cao ta co mach ien au .
+ ien ap moi pha day quan: U pha = U d
+ Dong ien moi pha la I.
+ Cong suat c tren truc ong c khi van hanh tai toc o cao la Pc ; ta co:
Pc = 3( U d )(I)c . cos c

(3-9)

- Khi van hanh toc o thap, ta co mach ien au Y//Y.


- ien ap moi pha day quan la: U pha =

Ud
3

- Dong ien qua moi pha la 2I (moi pha co 2 nhanh song song).
- Cong suat c tren truc ong c khi van hanh tai toc o thap la Pth :
U
Pth = 3 d (2I) th . cos th
3

Vay :

(3-10)

Pth = 2 3 ( U d .I) th . cos th

Lap t so gia (3-10) va (3-9), ta suy ra:


Pth 2 3 ( U d .I) th . cos th
3 th . cos th
=
=2
.
Pc
3( U d .I) c . cos c
3 c . cos c

Suy ra :

. cos th
Pth
= 1,15. th
Pc
c . cos c

(3-11)
(3-12)

84

Theo (3-6) va (3-12) ta co:

. cos th
M th
= 2,3. th
Mc
c . cos c

(3-13)

Thay (3-8) vao (3-12) va (3-13) suy ra:


Pth
M
0,8 va th 1,6
Pc
Mc

TOM LAI:
Vi s o au oi toc o dang au (toc o nhanh), Y//Y (toc o cham) khi
thay oi toc o:
Tai toc o thap cong suat bang 0,8 lan cong suat khi van hanh tai toc o
cao (trng hp nay, trong ky thuat xem nh cong suat khong oi).
Tai toc o thap moment gap 1,6 lan moment khi van hanh tai toc o cao.
c) Trng hp thay oi toc o, moment va cong suat thay oi (M, P =
var).
+ Khi van hanh toc o cao ta co mach ien au Y//Y.
+ ien ap moi pha day quan: U pha =

Ud
3

+ Dong ien moi pha la 2I (mot pha co hai nhanh song song).
+ Cong suat c tren truc ong c khi van hanh tai toc o cao la Pc ; ta co:
U
Pc = 3 d (2I) c . cos c
3
Vay : Pc = 2 3 (U d .I) c . cos c

(3-14)

- Khi van hanh toc o thap, ta co mach ien au Y noi tiep.


- ien ap moi pha day quan la: U pha =

Ud
3

- Dong ien qua moi pha la I.


- Cong suat c tren truc ong c khi van hanh tai toc o thap la Pth, ta co:
U
Pth = 3 d (I) th . cos th
3

85

(3-15)

Hay : Pth = 3 (U d .I ) th . cos th


Lap t so gia (3-14) va (3-15) ta co:
. cos th
Pth
3 (U d .I ) th . cos th

=
= 0,5. th
Pc 2 3 (U d .I ) c . cos c
c . cos c
Suy ra:

M th th . cos th
=
M c c . cos c

(3-16)
(3-17)

Thay (3-8) vao (3-16) va (3-17) ta co:


Pth
M
0,35 va th 0,7
Pc
Mc

TOM LAI:
Vi s o au oi toc o, dang Y//Y (toc o nhanh) va Y (toc o cham) khi thay
oi toc o:
Tai toc o thap, cong suat at khoang 0,35 lan cong suat khi van hanh tai
toc o cao.
Tai toc o thap moment at khoang 0,7 lan moment khi van hanh tai toc
o cao.

2. Thay oi tan so:


Ta a biet:

n = n (1 s ) =

60f 1
(1 s )
p

M.P Koxtenko a nghien cu van e nay va


chng minh rang: Neu ta muon cho ong c lam viec
nhng tan so khac nhau vi cac tr so hieu suat, he
so cong suat, kM khong oi, th khi mach t khong
bao hoa, ong thi vi viec bien thien tan so ta phai
ieu chnh U1 theo f va M theo qui luat sau:
U'1 f '1
=
U1
f1

M'
M

(1)

ay: U1, M la ien ap va moment ng vi f1.


U1, M la ien ap va moment ng vi f1.
Khi M = const:

U'1 f '1
U
=
1 = const Tc la ien
U1
f1
f1

ap at vao ong c phai t le thuan vi f.


Khi P = const: Th moment cua ong c bien thien t le
nghch vi n:
M

1
1
M
n
f1

86

M' f 1
=
the vao (1), ta co:
M f '1

Tc la

U'1 f '1
=
U1
f1

f1
U' 2 f '
U' 2
21 = 1 1 = const
f '1
f1
f '1
U1

Khi M n 2 (M f 2 ) :
U'
f '2
U
M' f '12
= 2 1 = 21 21 = const
M f1
U1 f1
f1

ien ap at vao ong c phai t le thuan vi bnh phng f.

3. Thay oi ien ap at vao day quan stator U1:

Hnh 3.11 ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien ap


Gia thiet ng 1 ng vi U = Um, Mc = const
Neu U1 giam x lan: U1 = xUm (x < 1) th M giam x2 lan: M = x2Mm v
Mc = const n giam tang t sa sb sc.
Neu bo qua ien ap ri tren day quan stator: U 1 F1 nen U1 giam x lan
E 1 , giam x lan ( = x m ) ma M c = c M I' 2 cos 2 = const th I2 tang

e M = const. Nhng: s =

1
lan
x

p Cu 2 m1 I' 22 r' 2
1
=
; Pt = M 11 = const s' = 2 s
Pt
M 11
x

(v M = const, 1 = const).
Toc o quay cua rotor:

n = n 1 (1 s') = n 1 1 2 s
x

4. Them ien tr phu Rf vao mach cua rotor (oi vi rotor day
quan):
Hien tng vat ly cua qua trnh xay ra khi ieu chnh toc o: a Rf vao n
cha thay oi kp I2 giam M = c M I 2 cos 2 giam Ml < 0 n giam
s tang E2s = sE2 tang tang at ti tr so ma M = Mc.
Ta hay xem cac ng cong M = f(s) tren hnh: Neu M = const th ong c
lam viec on nh tng ng vi cac iem a, b, c, d. Ta thay rang khi a Rf vao
87

rotor co the ieu chnh c n < nm trong mot gii han u rong. Xong do co ton
hao tren Rf ( p CuR ) P2 giam giam.
f

Hnh 3.12 ieu chnh toc o bang cach


them ien tr phu vao mach rotor
Th du:
Cho mot ong c ien KB 3 pha rotor day quan p = 2; f = 50Hz; r2 =
0,02 ; n = 1485vong/phut. Neu moment tai khong oi, muon co n =
1050vong/phut th phai them ien tr phu vao rotor la bao nhieu?Neu
thay oi ien ap at vao day quan stator e co c toc o noi tren
(khong co ien tr phu vao rotor) th phai at vao stator mot ien ap la
bao nhieu?
S: rf = 0,58 ; U= 0,316Um.
Giai:
1. Toc o ong bo: n 1 =

60f 60.50
=
= 1500vg / phut.
p
2

He so trt nh mc:
s m =

n 1 n 1500 1485
=
= 0,01
n1
1500

Khi n = 1050vg/phut ta co:


s=

n 1 n' 1500 1050


=
= 0,3
n1
1500

Khi mac them ien tr phu:

r2 r' 2 + rf
=
s
s'
r s' r2 s r2 (s's) 0,02(0,3 0,01)
rf = 2
=
=
= 0,58
s
s
0,01

e at n = 1050vg/phut bang cach ha ien ap m may, ta co:


s' =

1
s
X2

88

X2 =
X=
U' =

s 0,01 1
=
=
s' 0,3 30
1
30

1
1
U m =
U m = 0,183U m
X
30

Cau hoi:
1. Tai sao khi them ien tr phu vao mach rotor th co the cai thien c ac
tnh m may cua ong c ien khong ong bo rotor day quan? Neu them
ien khang vao th ac tnh m may co b anh hng khong?
2. Tom tat cac phng phap m may ong c khong ong bo va so sanh u
nhc iem cua moi phng phap.
3. Trong ong c ien rotor day quan, neu noi ien khang vao mach ien
rotor th co the ieu chnh toc o c khong, luc o ac tnh c thay oi
nh the nao?Mmm, Mmax, sm, sm, hieu suat, cos thay oi nh the nao?
4. Tom tat cac phng phap ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo, so
sanh u khuyet iem va pham vi ng dung cua tng phng phap?

89

CHNG IV: MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO (KB) AC BIET


4.1. MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO MOT PHA

I. ai cng
ong c khong ong bo mot pha
thng c c dung trong cac dung cu
sinh hoat va cong nghiep, cong suat t vai
watt en khoang vai nghn watt va noi vao
li ien xoay chieu 1 pha.
Do nguyen ly m may khac nhau va
yeu cau tnh nang khac nhau ma xuat hien
nhng ket cau khac nhau, nhng noi cho
cung van co ket cau c ban giong nh ong
c ien KB ba pha, ch khac la tren stator
co 2 day quan: Day quan chnh hay day quan
Hnh 4.1 ong c ien
lam viec va day quan phu hay day quan m
khong ong bo 1 pha.
may. Rotor thng la long soc. Day quan chnh
thng c noi vao li ien trong suot qua trnh lam viec, con day quan phu
thng ch noi vao khi m may. Trong qua trnh m may, khi toc o at en 75
en 80% toc o ong bo th dung ngat ien kieu ly tam cat day quan phu ra khoi
li. Co loai ong c sau khi m may, day quan phu van noi vao li. o la
ong c ien mot pha kieu ien dung (hay con goi la ong c ien hai pha).

II. Nguyen ly lam viec

Hnh 4.2 Nguyen ly lam viec cua ong c ien khong ong bo 1 pha.
au tien, ta xet che o lam viec cua ong c ien mot pha khi day quan
m may a ngat ra khoi li. Day quan lam viec noi vi ien ap mot pha, dong
ien trong day quan se sinh ra t trng ap mach . T trng nay co the phan
90

tch thanh hai t trng quay A va B co chieu ngc nhau, co n1A = n1B va
bien o bang bien o t trng ap mach (hnh 4.2a). Nh vay, co the xem
ong c ien mot pha tng ng nh 2 ong c ien ba pha giong nhau co
rotor at tren cung mot truc va day quan stator noi noi tiep nhau sao cho t
trng cua chung sinh ra trong khong gian theo chieu ngc nhau (hnh 4.2b).
en lt chung lai tng ng mot ong c ien ba pha co hai day quan noi noi
tiep nhau tao ra A va B (hnh 4.2c).
Trong ong c ien mot pha cung nh trong hai mo hnh cua chung, t
trng quay thuan va quay nghch tac dung vi dong ien rotor do chung sinh ra
tao thanh 2 moment MA va MB. Khi ong c ng yen (s = 1) th MA = MB va
ngc chieu nhau, do o moment tong M = MA + MB = 0. ong c khong quay
c ngay ca khi khong co Mc tren truc.
Neu quay rotor cua ong c ien theo mot chieu nao o (v du quay theo
chieu cua t trng day quan A nh hnh 4.2b) vi toc o n th tan so cua s..,
dong ien cam ng rotor do t trng quay thuan A sinh ra se la:
f 2A =

p(n 1 n ) pn 1 (n 1 n )
=
= sf 1
60
60n 1

Con oi vi t trng quay ngc B th tan so ay la:


f 2B =

p(n 1 + n ) pn 1 2n 1 (n 1 n )
=
[
] = (2 s)f 1
60
60
n1

ay (2-s) la he so trt cua rotor oi vi t trng B .


Cho rang M > 0 khi chung tac dung theo chieu quay cua t trng A , ta se
co cac dang ng MA va MB nh hnh 4.3:

Hnh 4.3 ac tnh M = f(s) cua ong c ien khong ong bo 1 pha.
Khi s = 1 th M = 0, ong c khong the bat au quay c khi tren stator ch
co mot day quan va ieu kien lam viec cua ong c khi rotor quay theo chieu
91

nay hoac chieu kia vi toc o n eu giong nhau (v ng ac tnh moment co


tnh chat oi xng qua cac goc toa o)

III. Phng phap m may va cac loai ong c ien mot pha
1. Cac phng phap m may:
i.Dung day quan phu:
Nh chung ta a biet, neu ch co day quan chnh noi vao li ien th t
trng trong day quan mot pha la t trng ap mach, nen ong c ien khong
ong bo mot pha khong the t m may c v khi s = 1 th M = 0. Muon ong
c t m may (khi ong) th t trng trong may phai la t trng quay hoac t
nhat t trng quay ngc B phai yeu hn so vi t trng quay thuan A , e
tao ra t trng quay co the dung vong ngan mach hoac day quan phu va phan
t m may. Day quan phu at lech pha vi day quan chnh mot goc 900 ien
trong khong gian tren mach t stator, phan t m may dung e tao s lech pha
ve thi gian gia dong ien trong day quan chnh va day quan phu co the la ien
tr, cuon day hoac tu ien, tu ien c dung pho bien v dung tu ong c co
moment m may ln, he so cong suat cos cao va dong ien m may tng oi
nho.
. Dung ien tr e m may:
e lam cho Imm lech pha so vi Ilv
ta noi them mot ien tr hay ien cam
vao cuon day m may. Mmm cua loai
ong c nay tng oi nho. Trong thc
te
te ch can tnh toan sao cho ban than day
quan phu co ien tr tng oi ln la
c (dung boi day quan ngc) khong
can noi them ien tr ngoai.
Hnh 4.4 M may bang ien tr
. Dung tu ien m may:

Noi tu ien vao day quan m may


ta c ket qua tot hn. Co the chon tr
so tu ien sao cho khi s = 1 th Imm lech
pha so vi Ilv 900 va dong ien cua cac
day quan o co tr so sao cho t trng
do chung sinh ra bang nhau. Nh vay khi
khi ong ong c se cho mot t trng
quay tron.
Hnh 4.5 M may bang tu ien

92

. ong c ien mot pha kieu ien dung:

Hnh 4.6 ong c ien 1 pha kieu ien dung


Ta co the e nguyen day quan m may co tu ien noi vao li ien khi
ong c a lam viec. Nh vay ong c ien c coi nh ong c ien hai pha.
Loai nay co ac tnh lam viec tot, nang lc qua tai ln, he so cong suat cua may
c cai thien. Nhng tr so ien dung co li nhat cho m may lai thng qua
ln oi vi che o lam viec, v the trong mot so trng hp khi m may ket thuc
phai cat bt tr so cua tu ien ra bang cong tac ly tam.
ii.Dung vong ngan mach:
Vong ngan mach F ong vai tro cuon day phu F
quang 1/3 cc t. Khi at mot ien ap vao cuon
day chnh e m may, day quan se sinh ra mot t
trng ap mach c . Mot phan cua c la ' c se
i

qua F va sinh ra In trong F ( I n n ), neu bo qua


ton hao trong vong ngan mach th n se trung pha
vi In. n tac dung vi ' c sinh ra
.

f = n + ' c . f lech pha so vi phan thong con

lai c - ' c . Do o se sinh ra mot t trng gan


Hnh 4.7 ong c ien 1
giong t trng quay va cho mot moment m may
pha co vong ngan mach
ang ke.
II. Phan loai:
ong c ien mot pha co the phan lam cac loai sau:
+ ong c ien mot pha co vong ngan mach.
+ ong c ien mot pha m may bang ien tr (pha phu).
+ ong c ien mot pha m may bang ien dung.
+ ong c ien mot pha kieu ien dung:
- Co ien dung lam viec.
- Co ien dung lam viec va m may.

93

III. S dung ong c ien ba pha trong li ien mot pha:


i.Khi ien ap nguon ien 1 pha bang ien ap pha cua ong c ba pha.

Hnh 4.8 ong c ien 1 pha kieu ien dung khi U ng = U pha
-

S o hnh 4.8a
+ ien ap nguon bang ien ap pha cua ong c Ung = Uf.
+ ien dung lam viec cua tu ien C LV = 4800

If
F
U ng

+ ien ap lam viec cua tu: U c U ng (V)


+ If: Dong ien pha nh mc cua ong c ba pha, (A).
-

S o hnh 4.8b
+ ien ap nguon bang ien ap pha cua ong c Ung = Uf
+ ien dung lam viec cua tu ien C LV = 1600

If
F
U ng

+ ien ap lam viec cua tu: U c 2U ng


Cach au day theo s o 4.8b co u iem hn s o hnh 4.8a: Moment m
may ln hn, li dung cong suat kha hn, ien dung cua tu nho hn nhng ien
ap tren tu ln hn.

94

ii.Khi ien ap nguon ien 1 pha bang ien ap day cua ong c ba pha.
Co the au day theo s o sau:

Hnh 4.9 ong c ien 1 pha kieu ien dung khi U ng = U d


- S o hnh 4.9a
+ Ung = Ud
+ C LV = 2800
+ U c U ng

- S o hnh 4.9b
+ Ung = Ud
If
F
U ng

+ C LV = 2740

If
F
U ng

+ U c 1,15U ng

4.2. ONG C CHAP HANH KHONG ONG BO ( AC SERVOMOTOR)


e ieu khien 1 oi tng nao o, tn hieu ieu khien t khi dan trc tiep
en ma thng qua khau trung gian nao o. Th du muon bien tn hieu ien ap
thanh tn hieu c hoc tac ong vao oi tng ieu khien th ngi ta dung khau
trung gian la ong c chap hanh. ong c nay can thoa man cac yeu cau chnh:
- o nhay cao, quan tnh be, ngha la phai quay hoac dng tc khac khi co
tn hieu hoac mat tn hieu ieu khien ma khong nh 1 c cau ham .
- Moment m may ln, ong c lam viec on nh .
- ac tnh c tuyen tnh, pham vi ieu chnh toc o rong.
- Cong suat ieu khien nho.
ong c chap hanh khong ong bo (KB) la loai ong c KB 2 pha cong
suat be ( 0,1 300W). Ket cau nh sau: Stator ghep bang la thep ky thuat ien
co 2 cuon day at lech nhau 900.
Trong o 1 cuon Wkt lam nhiem vu kch thch, cuon Wk lam nhiem vu ieu
khien, 2 cuon nay c at vao 2 ien ap lech nhau 900 thi gian. Nguon kch
95

thch lay li ien xoay chieu, nguon ieu khien lay tn hieu ieu khien, co
nhieu loai ieu khien : ieu khien bien o, ieu khien pha, ieu khien hon hp
(ca bien o va pha). Tong quat t trng quay co the la ellip do tnh bat oi
xng cua ien ap hoac pha (pha nho hn 900).
Khi co tn hieu ieu khien trong khe h se hnh thanh t trng quay va
ong c lam viec vi ac tnh moment thuan (ac tnh c thong thng). Khi mat
tn hieu ieu khien, trong day quan stator ch con nguon ien 1 pha ( Ukt), t
trng ap mach do dong ien 1 pha sinh ra c phan thanh 2 t trng quay
thuan va ngc, tng ng ta co 2 ac tnh c thuan va ngc, ac tnh c tong
M se tao ra 1 moment ngc vi moment thuan (la ac tnh c thong thng cua
ong c KB khi co ca 2 ien ap kch thch va ieu khien) lam rotor ng lai
(H 4.10c).

Hnh 4.10. S o nguyen ly ong c tha hanh khong ong bo.


96

e may lam viec on nh va ac tnh c tuyen tnh th rotor phai c che


tao vi ien tr rat ln e sm = 3 4 , vi sm ln nh vay no mi chong c hien
tng t quay na (con oi vi ong c 1 pha thong thng v ien tr rotor be
ac tnh c co dang nh hnh 4.10b, khi rotor a quay ta ngat mach khi ong
th ong c van tiep tuc quay).
ong c chap hanh KB co ket cau tng t nh ong c KB thng
rotor long soc nhng phai c che tao vi o chnh xac cao, quan tnh be.
Thong thng hay lam theo kieu rotor rong (hnh coc) cau tao nh hnh 4.10d.
Stator gom 2 phan : Ngoai va trong, stator ngoai gom cac la thep ky thuat
ien ghep lai vi nhau, gom co rang ranh e at day quan kch thch va day
quan ieu khien. Stator trong gom cac la thep ghep lai khong co rang ranh ch
dung lam mach dan t. Rotor rong thng lam bang vat khong dan t nh nhom
hay uy-ra c bat len tren truc bang vanh va quay gia khe h stator.
Ngoai ra rotor co the lam bang hp kim ong nhom co ien tr suat cao hoac
lam bang sat, hay bang vai ep tren mat ngoai trang vat lieu dan ien .
Do khe h khong kh ln ( =0,3 1,4 mm) nen I0 ln , cos thap, hieu
suat thap, trong lng ln (v ln nen muon cao phai tang st F = I W W
tang) (hnh 4.10d).
4.3. MAY IEN KB LAM VIEC TRONG HE T ONG BO (Selsyl)
May ien KB lam viec trong he t ong bo gom nhieu may at cach
nhau va ch noi vi nhau bang ien. Khi 1 trong nhng may o quay i 1 goc (
goi la may phat) th nhng may khac (may thu) cung quay 1 goc nh vay. He
thong nay thng dung trong ky thuat khong che va o lng. Nhng may ien
nay thng thuoc loai 3 pha va 1 pha va co the lam viec nhieu che o : Ch
th, vi sai, bien ap.

1. He t ong bo 3 pha ( Selsyl 3 pha):


n gian nhat la gom 2 may ien KB rotor day quan. Day quan stator
cua chung c noi vi li ien con day quan rotor c noi vi nhau theo pha
. Nh vay neu 2 may v tr cua rotor oi vi stator giong nhau the s E2 trong
ung th t mach roto cua chung se ngc nhau va dong ien I2 se bang 0.
Goi F la may phat tn hieu va T la may thu tn hieu th khi co tn hieu tac
ong vao may phat F lam quay roto cua no i 1 goc th cac s E2F va E2T se
co goc lech va do o trong mach rotor se co dong ien I2.

97

I2 =

E 2 F E 2T .e j
.

Z 2 F Z 2T

(+) khi rotor F quay cung chieu vi F ( E2T vt trc E2F )


() Khi rotor F quay ngc chieu vi F
Trong o : Z2F va Z2T : Tong tr rotor cua may phat (F) va may thu (T).
T o th vect ta thay thanh phan tac dung cua I2 cung chieu vi E2T do
o MT se lam quay rotor cua may T i 1 goc . Trai lai thanh phan tac dung cua
I2 ngc chieu vi E2F nen se co moment MF keo rotor cua may F tr ve v tr
= 0. Hoac co the giai thch nh sau:
- Goc 2F 1800, cos 2 < 0 MF < 0 ( M ham) : Keo roto may F tr ve v tr 0.
- Goc 2 0, cos 2 > 0 MT > 0 (M quay) : Keo roto cua may T i 1 goc .
He thong 2 may tren se lam viec can bang khi goc lech 2 may F va T
bang nhau. V vay khi gi roto cua may F goc th roto cua may T cung se
quay 1 goc ung bang . S lien lac nh the con goi la s lien lac kieu truc
ien.

Hnh 4.11 S o nguyen ly cua selsyl ba pha

2. He t ong bo 1 pha ( selsyl 1 pha):


Stator cua 2 may F va T ch co 1 pha noi vi li ien chung, con rotor
cua 2 may van la day quan 3 pha va noi vi nhau theo ung th t pha .
Khi cho dong ien 1 pha vao day quan stator th trong khe h sinh ra t
trng ap mach va co the phan thanh 2 t trng quay ngc chieu nhau la A
98

va B va ta coi nh co hai he thong ong bo ba pha hp lai. Nh vay co the


dung nguyen ly lam viec cua he 3 pha tm ra moment tng phan va moment
tong.
Quay rotor cua may F theo chieu cua AF 1 goc . oi vi t trng
quay thuan AF va AT th giong nh he 3 pha MAF va MAT co khuynh hng
keo 2 rotor tr ve cung 1 v tr . oi vi t trng quay ngc BF va BT cung
vay. V vay moment do 2 t trng quay sinh ra tren moi may cung chieu nen tr
so tuyet oi cua chung la tong cua 2 moment cua tng phan lng t trng lam
truc quay. Nh vay neu quay roto cua may F i 1 goc th roto may T cung
quay i 1 goc .
Thng at day quan s cap 1 pha tren rotor con day quan th cap 3 pha
lap tren stator nh vay giam i c 1 vanh trt. e co ac tnh moment tot,
day quan 1 pha thng at tren cc loi.
Ngay nay ngi ta a che tao nhng selsyl 1 pha khong vanh trt.
He t ong bo ngay nay c ap dung rong rai trong nganh t ong hoa
va ieu khien.

99

Hnh 4.12. S o nguyen ly va cau tao cua selsyl mot pha.

100

PHAN V
MAY IEN ONG BO

101

CHNG I: AI CNG VE MAY IEN ONG BO


1.1. KHAI NIEM
May ien ong bo c s dung rong rai trong cong nghiep chu yeu la
dung lam may phat ien. Ngoai ra may ien ong bo con c dung lam ong
c, nhat la trong cac thiet b ln v chung co kha nang phat ra cong suat phan
khang.
Thong thng cac may ong bo c tnh toan sao cho chung co the phat ra
cong suat phan khang gan bang cong suat tac dung. oi khi viec at may ong
bo gan cac trung tam cong nghiep ch phat ra cong suat phan khang u bu he
so cong suat cos cho li ien. Khi o may ong bo c goi la may bu ong
bo.
Cac ong c ong bo cong suat nho (ac biet la cac ong c kch t bang
nam cham vnh cu) cung c dung rat rong rai trong trang b t ong va ieu
khien.
1.2. PHAN LOAI VA KET CAU CUA MAY IEN ONG BO

1. Phan loai
- Theo ket cau co the chia may ien ong bo lam 2 loai:
+ May ien ong bo cc an thch hp vi toc o cao (2p = 2).
+ May ien ong bo cc loi thch hp khi toc o thap (2p 4) .
- Theo chc nang co the chia may ien ong bo thanh:
+ May phat ien ong bo:
May phat turbin hi co n cao thng c che tao cc an co truc may nam
ngang.
May phat turbin nc: V toc o thap, thng che tao theo cc loi.
May phat Diezen: Keo bi ong c Diezen thng cau tao cc loi.
+ ong c ien ong bo: Thng c che tao cc loi, e keo cac tai khong
oi hoi phai thay oi toc o.
+ May bu ong bo: e cai thien he so cos cua li.

2. Ket cau
a) May ong bo cc an:
Rotor lam bang thep hp kim chat lng cao c ren thanh khoi tru, gia
cong phay ranh e at day quan kch t, phan khong phay ranh hnh thanh mat
cc t. May co the c che tao vi so cc t 2p = 2 va 2p = 4 nen co toc o
quay cao. May ong bo hien ai cc an thng 2p = 2, D = (1,1 1,15)m, chieu
dai toi a cua rotor l 6,5m .
Day quan kch t at trong ranh cua rotor c che tao bang day ong
tran tiet dien ch nhat quan theo chieu mong thanh cac boi day ong tam. Cac
102

vong day c cach ien vi nhau. Hai au cua day quan th i luon vao trong
truc noi vi 2 vanh trt va choi than.
Stator tng t nh cua may ien khong ong bo, loi thep c ghep
bang cac la ton silic E41 day 0,5 mm co phu sn cach ien 2 mat.
b) May ong bo cc loi:
Cac cc loi c che tao vi so cc 2p 4 . ng knh rotor D co the ln
ti 15m . Chieu dai l nho lai vi t le l/D = 0,15 en 0,2.
Rotor cua may ien ong bo cc loi cong suat nho va trung bnh co loi
thep c che tao bang thep uc va gia cong thanh khoi lang tru hoac khoi hnh
tru, tren co at cac cc t. Cc t tren loi thep rotor c ghep bang cac la thep
day (1 1,5)mm (hnh 1.1), co nh cc t tren loi thep nh uoi hnh T, ai
oc,

Hnh 1.1 Co nh cc t tren loi thep


Day quan kch t c che tao t day ong tran tiet dien ch nhat, cac cuon
day sau khi gia cong c long vao cac than cc.
Day quan can (trng hp may phat ien ong bo) hoac day quan m
may (trng hp ong c ien ong bo) c at tren cac au cc. c lam
bang cac thanh ong hoac nhom, hai au cc c noi bang hai vanh ngan
mach. Day quan m may co ien tr ln hn day quan can. Day quan can muc
ch e can du s dao ong cua rotor khi xay ra qua trnh qua o (oi vi may
phat) va day quan m may e m may ong c ong bo bang phng phap
khong ong bo (oi vi ong c).

Hnh 1.2 Day quan can hoac day quan m may


cua may ien ong bo.
103

Stator cua may ien ong bo cc loi giong nh stator cua may ien ong
bo cc an.
Truc cua may ong bo cc loi co the at nam ngang nh cac ong c
ong bo, may bu ong bo, may phat ien Diezen, may phat turbin nc cong
suat nho.
oi vi may phat tuabin nc cong suat ln, toc o cham , truc cua may
c at thang ng.
1.3. NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC C BAN

a. Cc loi 2p = 4
b. Cc an 2p = 2
Hnh 1.3 Cau tao cua may ien ong bo.
1. Stator (phan ng); 2. Rotor (phan cam); 3. Cuon kch t
Stator cua may ien ong bo co cau tao giong nh stator cua may ien
khong ong bo. Day quan ba pha hay m pha noi chung cua stator cung co so oi
cc nh rotor. Stator co day quan goi la phan ng. Rotor cua may ien ong bo
co cuon day kch t, c cung cap dong ien mot chieu t nguon qua 2 vanh
trt va choi than. Cong dung cua cuon kch t la tao ra trong may mot t
trng. Rotor cung cuon kch t goi la phan cam. Nguyen ly lam viec nh sau:
Cho dong ien kch t mot chieu vao day quan kch t tren rotor th se tao
ra t trng rotor. Khi quay rotor bang ong c s cap vi toc o n, t trng cua
rotor se cat day quan phan ng stator va cam ng tren o s.. xoay chieu hnh
sin (neu t trng phan bo trong khe h khong kh la hnh sin), co tr so hieu
dung la:
E 0 = 4,44 fw1 k dq1

Trong o: E0, w1, kdq, la s.. pha, so vong day mot pha, he so day quan, t
thong trung bnh di moi cc t rotor. Neu rotor co p oi cc th tan so cua s..
se la.
f = p.n(Hz), n tnh bang vong/giay.
104

p.n
(Hz), n tnh bang vong/phut.
60
Sc ien ong stator bao gom mot he thong s.. ba pha oi xng, co cac
truc lech nhau trong khong gian 1200 ien, cho nen s.. cac pha lech nhau 1200
ien. Khi noi day quan stator vi cac tai 3 pha oi xng th trong cac cuon day
nay se mang 1 he thong dong ien oi xng luc o se tao nen t trng quay
cung nh day quan stator cua may ien khong ong bo. T trng quay cua
stator se quay theo chieu quay cua rotor vi toc o:
f =

n1 =

60 f
p

thay f1 vao cong thc tren ta co n = n1.


Ngha la toc o quay cua rotor bang toc o t trng quay. Chnh v vay
c goi la may ien ong bo.
May ien ong bo co the lam viec nh mot ong c, neu at vao cuon day
stator cua no mot dong ien 3 pha t li va at nguon ien mot chieu vao cuon
day kch t rotor. Khi lam viec bnh thng rotor quay theo chieu t trng
quay va bang vi toc o cua trng quay stator.
Lu y rang ong c ong bo khong t m may c. Muon m may ong
c ong bo ngi ta phai dung ong c phu tr hoac m may theo phng phap
khong ong bo.
1.4. CAC TR SO NH MC
Cong suat co ch la cong suat au ra cua may tnh toan theo cac ieu kien
phat nong va lam viec lau dai c goi la cong suat nh mc cua may, sm
(VA).
Cac ai lng nh mc eu c ghi tren nhan may: kieu may, so pha, tan
so, ien ap day stator nh mc, dong ien day stator nh mc, cach au day
stator, ien ap kch t nh mc, dong ien kch t nh mc,
Cong dung cua may ien ong bo
May phat ien ong bo la nguon ien chnh cua cac li ien quoc gia,
trong o ong c s cap la cac turbin nc, turbin kh, turbin hi, Cong suat cua
cac may phat co the at en 600 MVA hoac ln hn va chung thng lam viec
song song. cac li ien cong suat nho, may phat ien ong bo c keo bi
cac ong c Diezen hoac cac turbin kh, co the lam viec n le hoac nhieu may
lam viec song song.
ong c ong bo c s dung trong truyen ong cong suat ln, co the at
en vai chuc MW. Trong cong nghiep luyen kim, khai thac mo, thiet b lanh,
ong c ong bo c s dung e truyen ong cac may bm, nen kh, quat gio,
vi toc o khong oi. ong c ong bo cong suat nho c s dung trong cac
thiet b nh ong ho ien, dung cu t ghi, thiet b lap trnh, thiet b ien sinh
hoat, May bu ong bo dung e phat cong suat phan khang cho li ien e bu
he so cong suat va on nh ien ap.
105

CHNG II: CAC QUAN HE IEN T TRONG MAY IEN


ONG BO
Cac quan he ien t chnh bao gom cac phng trnh can bang ien ap va
o th vector tng ng, gian o nang lng, cong suat ien t cua may ien
khong ong bo. Ta se xet cac quan he ien t noi tren trong cac trng hp may
lam viec nh may phat ien va ong c ien.
V phan ng phan ng phu thuoc rat nhieu vao cau tao cua may (cc an hay
cc loi), tnh chat phu tai (ien cam, ien dung), mc o oi xng cua phu tai
(phu tai oi xng hay khong oi xng) nen phai xet en tat ca cac yeu to nay.
2.1. PHAN NG PHAN NG TRONG MAY IEN ONG BO

1. ai cng
T trng trong may ien ong bo la do dong ien trong cac day quan
stator va rotor sinh ra. Khi may ien lam viec khong tai, trong day quan xoay
chieu stator khong co dong ien (I = 0) t trng trong may ien ch do dong
ien mot chieu It chay trong day quan kch t at tren cac cc t sinh ra. Neu
rotor quay, t trng cua cac cc t nay quet cac day quan cua stator va cam
ng trong o s.. khong tai E0 cua may.
Khi may lam viec co tai ( I 0 ) th ngoai t trng cua cc t con t trng
cua dong ien tai I sinh ra. Khi co tai t trng trong may la tong cua 2 t
trng:
+ T trng do day quan kch t It sinh ra, tao ra s.. E0.
+ T trng do dong ien phu tai I i qua day quan phan ng gay nen goi la t
trng phan ng tao ra s.. E. Neu la may ba pha th t trng do dong ien tai
ba pha chay trong day quan ba pha la t trng quay. T trng nay co the phan
tch thanh t trng c ban va cac t trng bac cao co chieu quay va toc o
khac nhau. Trong so cac t trng nay, t trng c ban la quan trong nhat v co
toc o va chieu quay giong t trng cac cc t.
Sc ien ong (s..) do t trng trong khe h sinh ra:
.

E = E0 + E

Tac dung cua t trng c ban (t trng phan ng) vi t trng cc t (t


trng phan cam) goi la phan ng phan ng.

2. Phan ng phan ng
Khi may phat ien lam viec, t trng cua cc t rotor t cat day quan
stator cam ng ra s.. E0 cham pha so vi t mot goc 900. Day quan stator noi
vi tai tao nen dong ien I cung cap cho tai. Dong ien I trong day quan stator
tao nen t trng quay phan ng. Goc lech pha gia E0 va I do tnh chat cua tai
quyet nh, tac dung cua t trng phan ng len cc t goi la phan ng phan
ng.
106

c) Tai thuan tr R:
Khi tai la oi xng va thuan tr th dong
ien ba pha trong day quan stator se trung pha
vi cac s.. tng ng ( = 0 ) nh hnh 2.1,
la goc lech pha gia E& va I& .
Dong ien sinh ra t thong phan ng
cung pha vi dong ien. Phng cua F thang
goc vi phng cua Ft va phan ng phan ng
la ngang truc (lam meo t trng cua cc t),
Ft : t trng cc t vt trc s.. 1 goc
900.

Hnh 2.1 o th vec t sc ien


ong tai thuan tr = 0

i.
Tai thuan cam L:
S.. E vt trc dong ien I mot goc
= + 900 nh hnh 2.2 ta thay F va Ft cung
phng nhng ngc chieu va phan ng
phan ng la doc truc kh t co tac dung
lam giam t trng tong.

Hnh 2.2 o th vec t sc ien


ong tai thuan cam = +900

ii.
Tai thuan dung C:
S.. E cham sau dong ien I mot goc 900
ngha la = 90 0 chieu cua F trung vi chieu
Ft, phan ng phan ng la doc truc tr t co tac
dung lam tang t trng tong.
Hnh 2.3 o th vec t sc ien ong
tai thuan dung = -900
iii.
Tai hon hp:
Co the phan tch F ra lam hai thanh phan
doc truc va ngang truc:
Fd = Fsin
Fq = Fcos
Tng t ta phan tch dong ien I lam hai thanh
phan:
Id = I.sin
Hnh 2.4 o th vec t sc ien ong tai
Idq = I.cos
hon hp 0 < < 90 0
107

Khi tai co tnh cam 0 < <

phan ng phan ng la ngang truc kh t.


2

< < 0 phan ng phan ng ngang truc tr t.


2

Khi tai co tnh dung

2.2. PHNG TRNH CAN BANG IEN AP VA O TH VECTOR CUA


MAY IEN ONG BO
Ta a biet sc t ong (s.t.) cc t Ft sinh ra E0, s.t. Ft + F = F sinh ra
s.. trong khe h E . tai oi xng ta co the xet rieng re tng pha va phng
trnh can bang ien ap tong quat cua mot pha co dang sau:
oi vi may phat ien ong bo:
.

(2-1)

U = E I(r + jx )

oi vi ong c ien ong bo (hoac may bu ong bo):


.

(2-2)

U = E + I (r + jx )

Trong o:

U la ien ap 2 au cc may.
r, x : ien tr, ien khang tan cua day quan phan ng.
E : S.. cam ng trong day quan do t trng khe h F sinh ra.

Khi mach t cua may khong bao hoa co the xem nh cac t trng Ft, F
oc lap sinh ra trong day quan cac s.. E0, E theo nguyen ly xep chong ta co:
.

(2-3)

E = E0 + E

1. Trng hp may phat ien


a) Khi mach t khong bao hoa:
Gia s may phat ien ong bo cc an lam viec vi tai oi xng, phu tai
mang tnh ien cam 0 < < 90 0 . S.. E0 ong vai tro nguon ien co chieu trung
vi dong ien. No can bang vi ien ap U hai cc may phat va cac ien ap ri
ien tr va ien khang ong bo day quan phan ng. Phng trnh can bang ien
ap:
.

U = E I(r + jx )
.

U = E 0 + E I(r + jx )
.

Ta co: E = j I x nen
.

U = E 0 I[r + j(x + x )]

(2-4)

U = E 0 I(r + jx b )

Trong o x b = x + x goi la ien khang ong bo.

108

o th vector:

Hnh 2.5 o th vector sc ien ong may phat ien cc an


a. Tai co tnh cam; b. Tai co tnh dung.
at vector ien ap tren cc cua may phat theo chieu dng cua truc ng
(hnh 2.5). Dong ien I cham sau ien ap U mot goc . Ve vector s.. E0 gay
bi t thong kch t t vt trc vctor dong ien I mot goc . Theo quy tac
chung t thong t vt trc s.. E0 mot goc 900. Song c ban cua s.t. phan
ng phan ng F quay ong bo vi rotor may. oi vi may phat cc an bo qua
s khac biet t dan doc truc va ngang truc va coi nh F sinh ra . T thong
nay trung pha vi dong ien I, no sinh ra trong day quan stator s.. E cham sau
I mot goc 900. Cong hnh hoc cac vector t thong va t , cac vector s.. E0
va E ta c vector hp thanh sinh ra F cham sau no 900. Ben canh t
thong phan ng phan ng con co t thong tan cua day quan stator, cung
.

giong nh no trung pha vi dong ien I, gay nen s.. E = j I x . tai co


tnh cam, phan ng phan ng la kh t va dan en ket qua la E > E0. Trong
hnh 2.5b ve o th s.. cho trng hp tai co tnh dung 90 0 < < 0 . Khi phu
tai co tnh ien dung, phan ng phan ng la tr t va dan en ket qua la E > E 0 .
Trong trng hp may ien cc loi ta phan tch s.t. phan ng F thanh hai
thanh phan doc truc Fd va ngang truc Fq. Cac s.t. nay sinh ra cac t thong d
.

va q . Cac t thong nay sinh ra cac s.. E d = j I d x d va E q = j I q x q .


.

Vector j I x do t thong tan sinh ra khong phu thuoc vao t dan cua khe h

109

theo cac hng doc truc va ngang truc. Tuy nhien co the phan tch no thanh cac
.

thanh phan theo hai hng o:

j I x = j(I x cos + I x sin )


.

= j I q x j I d x

Ket qua phng trnh can bang ien ap co dang:


.

U = E 0 + E d + E q I(r + jx )
.

= E 0 j I d x d j I q x q I r j I x
.

= E 0 j I d ( x d + x ) j I q ( x q + x ) I r
.

(2-5)

= E 0 j I d x d j I q x q I r

o th vector tng ng c trnh bay tren hnh 2.6 c goi la o th Blondel.

Hnh 2.6 o th vector s.. may phat ien cc loi


a. Tai co tnh cam; b. Tai co tnh dung.
Tren hnh 2.6a la o th vector s.. may phat ien cc loi tai co tnh cam
0 < < 90 0 . o th ve nh sau: Phan tch dong ien I thanh thanh phan ngang
truc vi E0 la Iq = Icos , cung chieu vi s.. E0 va thanh phan doc truc so vi
E0 la Id = Isin , cham sau s.. E0 mot goc 900. Dong ien Iq gay nen s.t. Fq va
t thong q phan ng ngang truc trung pha vi dong ien Iq. Dong ien Id gay
nen s.t. Fd va t thong d phan ng doc truc trung pha vi dong ien Id. Cac
t thong q va d sinh ra trong day quan stator cac s.. Eq va Ed co tan so
c ban va cham sau cac t thong nay 900. Sau khi ve cac vector s..
110

E = j I x va E r = I r va cong hnh hoc cac s.. E0, Eq, Ed, E = j I x ,


.

E r = I r vi nhau ta c vector ien ap U tren cc may phat, vector nay vt

pha trc I mot goc .


Tren hnh 2.6b ve o th s.. cho trng hp phu tai ien dung
0
90 < < 0 , dong ien vt trc s...

2. Khi may lam viec che o ong c


Khi may lam viec che o ong c ien, may tieu thu cong suat ien t
li e bien thanh c nang. S.. E0 ong vai tro sc phan ien, co chieu ngc
vi chieu dong ien. ien ap U at vao ong c phai can bang vi sc phan
.

ien E 0 va cac ien ap ri Ir, jIxb. ong c ien ong bo thng co cau tao cc
loi nen ta co:
.

U = E 0 E d E q + I(r + jx )
.

= E 0 + j I d x d + j I q x q + I r + j I x
.

= E 0 + j I d x d + j I q x q + I r

trong o:

(2-6)

E d = jIx d , E q = jIx q

Hnh 2.7 o th vector sc ien ong cua ong c ien cc loi


a. Khi thieu kch thch; b. Khi qua kch thch.
2.3. QUA TRNH CAN BANG NANG LNG TRONG MAY IEN
ONG BO
Gia s rang may ong bo co cau tao thong thng co ngha la cc t kch
thch at tren rotor va may kch thch at tren cung truc.

111

1. Trng hp may phat ien ong bo


Cong suat ien t Pt chuyen t rotor sang stator bang cong suat c P1 a
vao tr cac ton hao c p c , ton hao kch t p t va ton hao phu p f do cac t
trng bac cao trong loi sat stator va rotor.
Pt = P1 (p c + p t + p f )

Cong suat ien P2 au ra se bang cong suat ien t tr i ton hao ong
p Cu tren day quan phan ng va ton hao sat t p Fe :
P2 = Pt p Cu p Fe

Hnh 2.8 Gian o nang lng cua ong c ien


ong bo (a) va may phat ien ong bo (b).

2. oi vi ong c ien
Gia thiet P1 la cong suat ien a vao ong c. Mot phan e bu vao ton hao
ong p Cu va ton hao thep p Fe cua stator, phan con lai la cong suat ien t
chuyen t stator sang rotor.

Pt = P1 p Cu p Fe

Cong suat Pt tr i ton hao do ma sat va quat gio p c va ton hao phu p f
con lai chuyen thanh cong suat c co ch P2 th qua trnh bien oi nang lng
tien hanh ngc lai. Gian o nang lng cua may phat ien va ong c ien
ong bo trnh bay tren hnh 2.8. Ta thay trng hp ong c ien, cong suat
ien t Pt truyen qua t trng stator sang rotor, ngoai ra ton hao kch t p t lay
t cong suat ien cua li khac trng hp may phat ien, lay t cong suat c
tren truc.

112

2.4. CAC AC TNH GOC CUA MAY IEN ONG BO

1. ac tnh goc cong suat tac dung


ac tnh goc cong suat tac dung cua may ien ong bo la quan he P = f ()
khi U = const, f = const (cong suat cua li ien vo cung ln), E0 = const (kch t
khong oi), trong o la goc tai gia cac vector s.. E va ien ap U. Trong khi
nghien cu ac tnh goc e n gian ta bo qua tr so r v tr so cua no rat nho so
vi cac ien khang ong bo (xb, xq, xd).
Cong suat tac dung cua may phat cung cap cho tai:
P = mUI cos

Trong o:

m: so pha cua stator.


U, I: ien ap, dong ien pha.
oi vi may ien cc loi theo o th vector h2.6a vi r = 0 ta co:
Id =

E 0 U cos
xd

Iq =

U sin
xq

(2-7)

va = do o:

P = mUI cos = mUI cos( )


= mUIcoscos + mUIsinsin
= mU(Icoscos + Isinsin)
= mU(I q cos + I d sin)

V I cos = I q va I sin = I d va the bieu thc cua Id va Iq ta co:


P = mU

E0
U2 1
1
sin + m
( ) sin 2
xd
2 xq xd

(2-8)

Trong he n v tng oi ta co:


E*U*
U *2 1
1
P* =
sin +
(

) sin 2
x d*
2 x q* x d*

Ta nhan thay cong suat ien t gom 2 thanh phan: Thanh phan Pc = mU

(2-9)
E0
sin
xd

la thanh phan cong suat ien t chnh cua may phat. No phu thuoc vao ien li
U va s kch t hoac s.. E0.
Thanh phan th 2: Pp = m

U2 1
1
( ) sin 2 la thanh phan cong suat ien t phu,
2 xq xd

khong phu thuoc vao s kch t va ch xuat hien khi xd xq. oi vi may cc an
xd = xq nen thanh phan nay bang khong. T bieu thc (2-9) ta co:
P=

mUE
sin
xd

(2-10)

Tren hnh 2.9 ve cac quan he gia hai thanh phan Pc va Pp cua cong suat tong P
trong trng hp may phat ien cc loi khi E0 = const va U = const.

113

Hnh 2.9 ac tnh goc cong suat tac dung cua may phat ien
ong bo cc loi.

2. ac tnh goc cong suat phan khang


Cong suat phan khang cua may ien ong bo:
Q = mUI sin = mUI sin( )
= mU(I sin cos I cos sin )
= mU(I d cos I q sin )

Sau khi thay cac tr so cua Id, Iq ta co:


mUE
mU 2 1
1
mU 2 1
1
Q=
cos +
( ) cos 2
( + )
xd
2 xq xd
2 xd xq

V khi co tr so dng hoac am, tr so cua Q theo cong thc tren van
khong oi nen ac tnh goc cong suat phan khang cua may phat ien va ong c
ien ong bo giong nhau va co dang nh hnh 2.10.

Hnh 2.10 ac tnh goc cong suat phan khang


cua may phat ien ong bo cc loi.
114

Th du:
Mot may phat ien turbin nc co cac tham so x d = 0,843 ; x q = 0,554 . Gia th
may lam viec tai nh mc vi Um; Im; cos m = 0,8 .Hay tnh sc ien ong
(s..)E0, goc tai m va o thay oi ien ap U .
Giai:
Ta co: U& m = 10 0
I&m = 1 36 0 9 (v cos m = 0,8 ; m = 36 0 9 )
U& m + jI&m x q = 10 0 + (1 36 0 9).0,554

= 1 + j (0,8 j 0,6).0,554
= 1,332 + j 0,443
0,443
m = artg
= 18 0 5
1,332
Goc gia cac vect E& va U& co tr so:
0

= m + m = 36 0 9 + 18 0 5 = 55 0 4
E& 0 = U cos + I d x d

Trong o: I d = I sin = 1. sin 55 0 4 = 0,823


E& 0 = 1. cos18 0 5 + 0,823.0,844 = 1,643
E U m
Va o thay oi ien ap: U m % = 0
100 = 64,3%
U m

Cau hoi:
1. V sao trong may phat ien ong bo cc loi phai chia sc t ong F
thanh 2 thanh phan Fd va Fq?
2. Neu ro s khac nhau gia o th s... va o th sc t ong cua may
phat ien ong bo.

115

CHNG III: MAY PHAT IEN VA ONG C IEN


ONG BO
3.1. CAC AC TNH CUA MAY PHAT IEN ONG BO.
S o noi day cua may phat ien ong bo can thiet e lam th nghiem lay
cac ac tnh cua may phat ien ong bo c trnh bay tren hnh 3-1. Tai cua
may phat ien la tong tr Z co the bien oi (v du tai ien tr ba pha ghep song
song vi tai ien cam ba pha). Dong ien kch thch it cua may phat ien lay t
nguon ien ben ngoai va ieu chnh c nh bien tr rt.

Hnh 3-1 S o noi day xac nh ac tnh cua may phat ien ong bo.

1. ac tnh khong tai


ac tnh khong tai la quan he E0 = U0 = f(it)
khi I = 0 va f = fm. Dang ac tnh khong tai cua
cac may phat ien ong bo cc an va cc loi
khac nhau khong nhieu va co the bieu th theo
n v tng oi E* = E0/Um va it* = i1/itm0 nh
tren hnh (3-2), trong o itm0 la dong ien khong
tai khi U = Um. Ta chu y rang mach t cua may
phat ien tuabin hi bao hoa hn mach t cua
may phat ien tuabin hi nc.
Khi E0 = Um = E* = 1, oi vi may phat ie
n tuabin
k d kho
= k n g=ta
1,2i ;cuco
Hnh
3.2 ahi
c tnh
an
may phat turbin hi (a), may
oi vi may phat ien tuabin nc k d = 1,06 .
phat turbin nc (b).

2. ac tnh ngan mach va ty so ngan mach K

ac tnh ngan mach la quan he In = f(it) khi U = 0; f = fm (khi o day quan


phan ng c noi tat ngay au may).
Neu bo qua ien tr cua day quan cua day quan phan ng (r = 0) th mach
ien day quan phan ng luc ngan mach la thuan cam ( = 90 0 ) , nh vay
I q = cos = 0 va I d = I sin = I va o th vector cua may phat ien luc o nh tren
hnh 3-3a. Theo bieu thc (2-5), ta co:
116

E0 = + jI xd

(3-1)

va mach ien thay the cua may co dang nh


tren hnh 3-3b.
Luc ngan mach phan ng phan ng la kh t,
mach t cua may khong bao hoa, v t thong
khe h can thiet e sinh ra
E = E 0 Ix d = Ix rat nho. Do o quan he I

= f(it) la ng thang nh trnh bay tren hnh


3-4.
Ty so ngan mach K theo nh ngha la ty
so gia dong ien ngan mach Ino ng vi dong
ien kch thch sinh ra s.. E0 = Um khi
khong tai vi dong ien nh mc Im, ngha
la:
K=

I no
I m

(3-2)

Theo nh ngha o t hnh 3-4 ta co:

Hnh 3.3 o th vec t va mach


ien thay the cua may phat ong
bo luc ngan mach.
trong o xd la tr so bao hoa cua ien khang
ong bo doc truc ng vi E0 = Um.
Thay tr so Ino theo (3-3) vao (3-2), ta co:
I no =

K=

U m
xd

(3-3)

U m
1
=
x d I m x d*

Thng xd* > 1 do o K < 1 va dong ien


ngan mach xac lap Ino < Im , v vay co the ket
luan rang dong ien ngan mach xac lap cua
may phat ien ong bo khong ln. S d nh
vay la do tac dung kh t rat manh cua phan
ng phan ng.
T hnh 3-5, da vao cac tam giac ong
dang OAA va OBB co the bieu th ty so
ngan mach K theo cac dong ien kch thch
nh sau:
K=

Hnh 3.4 ac tnh ngan mach


cua may phat ong bo.

I no i to
=
I m i tn

(3-4)

Trong o:
it0 la dong ien kch thch khi khong tai luc U0 = Um.
Itn la dong ien kch thch luc ngan mach khi I = Im.

117

Ty so ngan mach K la mot tham so quan


trong cua may ien ong bo. May vi K ln co
u iem cho o thay oi ien ap U nho va
theo bieu thc (2-7) sinh ra cong suat ien t
ln khien cho may lam viec on nh khi tai dao
ong. Nhng muon K ln ngha la xd* nho, phai
tang khe h va nh vay oi hoi phai tang
cng day quan kch thch t va tng ng phai
tang kch thc may. Ket qua la phai dung
nhieu vat lieu hn va gia thanh cua may cao.
Thong thng oi vi may phat turbin nc
K = 0,8 1,8 ; con oi vi may phat turbin hi,
K = 0,5 1,0 .

Hnh 3.5 Xac nh ty so ngan


mach K

3. ac tnh ngoai va o thay oi ien ap U m cua may phat ong


bo:
ac tnh ngoai la quan he U = f(I) khi it = const; cos = const va f = fm. No
cho thay luc gi kch thch khong oi,
ien ap cua may thay oi nh the nao
theo tai. Khi lay ac tnh nay phai thay
oi tai I tren hnh 3-1 sao cho
cos = const roi o U va I ng vi cac
tr so khac nhau cua tai Z. Dang cua
cac ac tnh ngoai ng vi cac tnh chat
khac nhau cua tai c trnh bay tren
hnh 3-6. Chu y rang trong moi trng
hp phai ieu chnh dong ien kch
thch sao cho khi I = Im co U = Um, sau
o gi no khong oi khi thay oi tai. Hnh 3.6 ac tnh ngoai cua may phat
Dong ien it ng vi U =Um;
ien ong bo.
I = Im; cos = cos m ; f = fm c goi
la dong ien t hoa nh mc.
T hnh 3-6 ta thay dang cua ac tnh ngoai phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua tai.
Neu tai co tnh cam khi I tang, phan ng kh t cua phan ng tang, ien ap giam
va ng bieu dien i xuong. Ngc lai neu tai co tnh dung khi I tang, phan ng
phan ng la tr t, ien ap tang va ng bieu dien i len.
o thay oi ien ap nh mc U m cua may phat ien ong bo theo nh ngha
la s thay oi ien ap khi tai thay oi vi cos = cos m en khong tai, trong
ieu kien thay oi dong ien kch thch. Tr so cua U m thng bieu th theo
phan tram ien ap nh mc, ngha la:
118

U m % =

E 0 U m
100
U m

(3-5)

May phat ien tuabin hi do co xd ln nen co U (1) ln hn so vi may phat


ien tuabin nc. Thong thng U% = 25 35% .
Tr so U cua may phat ien co the co the xac nh c bang th nghiem
trc tiep tren may a che tao. Luc thiet ke e tnh c U co the da vao cach
ve o th vector trnh bay tren cac hnh

4. ac tnh ieu chnh


ac tnh ieu chnh la quan he it = f(I) khi U = const; cos = const , f = fm.
No cho biet chieu hng ieu chnh dong ien it cua may phat ong bo e gi
cho ien ap U au may khong oi. Khi
lam th nghiem lay ac tnh ieu chnh
theo s o hnh 3-1 , phai thay oi Z va
ong thi thay oi it e co cos = const
va U = const. Dang cua ac tnh cac tr
so cos khac nhau nh tren hnh 3-7. Ta
thay vi tai cam khi I tang, tac dung kh
t cua phan ng phan ng cung tang lam
cho U b giam. e gi cho U khong oi
phai tang dong ien t hoa it, ngc lai
Hnh 3.7 ac tnh ieu chnh cua
tai dung khi I tang, muon gi U khong
may phat ien ong bo.
oi phai giam it . Thong thng
cos m = 0,8 (thuan cam), nen t khong
tai (U = Um; I = 0) en tai nh mc (U =Um; I = Im) phai tang dong ien t
hoa it khoang 1,7 2,2 lan.

5. ac tnh tai
ac tnh tai la quan he U = f(it)
khi I = const; cos = const va f = fm.
Vi cac tr so khac nhau cua I va
cos se co cac ac tnh tai khac
nhau, trong o co y ngha nhat la ac
tnh tai thuan cam ng vi

cos = 0( = ) va I = Im.
2

e co ac tnh o phai ieu


chnh rt va Z (khi o phai co cuon
cam co the ieu chnh c) sao cho I
= Im (hnh 3-1). Dang cua ac tnh tai
thuan cam nh ng 3 tren hnh 3-8.

Hnh 3.8 Xac nh ac tnh tai thuan


cam t ac tnh khong tai va tam giac
ien khang.
119

o th vector tng ng vi che o lam viec o khi bo qua tr so rat nho cua r
nh hnh 3-9.
ac tnh tai thuan cam co the suy ra c
t ac tnh khong tai va tam giac ien khang.
Cach thanh lap tam giac ien khang nh sau:
T ac tnh ngan mach (ng 2 tren
hnh 3-8) e co tr so In = Im, dong ien kch
thch itn hoac s.t. Ftn can thiet bang
Ftn i tn = OC . Nh a biet (xem muc 2), khi
may lam viec che o ngan mach, s.t. cua
cc t Ftn = OC gom 2 phan: mot phan e
khac phuc phan ng kh t cua phan ng
BC = k d Fd sinh ra Ed; phan con lai
OB = OC BC se sinh ra s.. tan t
.

Hnh 3.9 o th vec t sc ien


ong cua may ien ong bo
tai thuan cam.

E = I m x = AB . iem A nam tren oan

thang cua ac tnh khong tai (ng 1) v luc o mach t khong bao hoa. Tam
giac ABC c hnh thanh nh tren c goi la tam giac ien khang. Cac canh
BC va AB cua tam giac eu ty le vi dong ien tai nh mc
Im.
Di ay trnh bay cach thanh lap ac tnh tai thuan cam t ac tnh khong
tai va tam giac ien khang.
em tnh tien tam giac ien khang ABC (hoac tam giac OAC cung c)
sao cho nh A ta tren ac tnh khong tai th nh C se ve thanh ac tnh tai
thuan cam (ng 3). Neu cac canh cua tam giac ien khang c ve ty le vi
dong ien tai I = Im, th ac tnh tai thuan cam U = f(it) tren la ng vi I = Im.
e chng minh ta chu y rang, hai trng hp ngan mach vi I = Im va tai
thuan cam vi I = Im, s.. E va phan ng kh t Fd khong thay oi, do o
cac canh AB = E va BC = k d Fd cua tam giac ien khang eu khong oi. Nh
vay vi 1 s.. tuy y cua cc t F0 = OP luc khong tai, ien ap au cc may U0 =
E0 = PM, con khi co tai thuan cam vi I = Im, ien ap au cc may U = PC. S
d nh vay v luc co tai thuan cam nh tren, s.t. co hieu lc ch bang OP PQ =
OQ (trong o PQ = BC = BC la phan ng kh t cua phan ng) va s..
E = QA' . Ket qua la U = E E = QA'AB' = QA'AB = QB' = PC' .
Tren thc te do anh hng cua bao hoa, ac tnh tai thuan cam co c
bang th nghiem tai trc tiep hi khac va co dang nh ng net t. Nguyen
nhan cua s sai khac o la cho, khi dong ien kch t tang, cc t cua may
cang bao hoa do t thong tan cua day quan kch t ln hn th s.t. cua cc t
can thiet e khac phuc phan ng kh t cua phan ng cang phai ln hn, ngha
la canh BC cua tam giac ien khang cang phai dai hn.

120

3.2. GHEP MAY PHAT IEN ONG BO LAM VIEC SONG SONG

I. Nhng khai niem chung


Hien nay cac tram phat ien thng co mot hoac nhieu may phat ien lam
viec song song. ieu o c giai thch nh sau: Mot mat do o th phu tai dao
ong nhieu trong thi gian mot ngay em cung nh trong cac thi gian khac
nhau cua nam, do o neu ch dung mot may phat ien vi cong suat at ln nhat
th khi no lam viec vi phu tai nho hieu suat cua no cung nh cua ong c s cap
se giam thap. Mac khac nhng tram phat ien hien nay thng co mot cong suat
ln en noi la khong the che tao c nhng may phat co cong suat ln nh vay.
Ngoai ra, e nang cao tnh bao am an toan, lien tuc cung cap ien cho
nhng trung tam cong nghiep ln thng ngi ta s dung mot vai tram phat
ien cung noi vi mot li ien chung. ieu o co rat nhieu u iem:
- Cac tram phat ien giam c cac thiet b d tr e phong khi h hong va sa
cha.
- Co the phan phoi hp ly gia cac phu tai. Tram phat ien nham muc ch nang
cao ch tieu kinh te.

II. Ghep song song cac may phat ien ong bo


1. ieu kien lam viec song song
Khi ghep mot may phat ien ong bo lam viec song song trong he thong
ien lc hoac vi mot may phat ien ong bo khac, e tranh dong ien xung va
cac Mt co tr so rat ln co the gay ra s co hong may va cac thiet b khac trong
he thong th phai am bao cac ieu kien sau:
ien ap cua may phat phai bang vi ien ap cua li UF = UL.
Tan so cua may phat phai bang tan so cua li:
fF = fL
oi vi may phat ien ba pha can phai them ieu kien th 3: Cung th
t pha.
ien ap pha cua may phat trung pha vi ien ap pha cua li.
Khi ghep song song viec ieu chnh ien ap UF cua may phat ien c
thc hien bang cach thay oi dong ien kch thch cua may. Tan so fF cua may
c ieu chnh bang cach thay oi moment hoac toc o quay cua ong c s
cap keo may phat. S trung pha gia ien ap cua may phat ien va cua li ien
kiem tra bang en, volmet ch khong hoac dung cu o ong bo, th t pha cua
may phat ien ong bo thng ch c kiem tra mot lan sau khi lap rap may va
hoa ong bo vi li ien lan au.
Viec ghep song song cac may phat ien vao he thong ien theo cac ieu
kien tren goi la hoa ong bo chnh xac may phat ien. Trong mot so trng hp
co the dung phng phap hoa ong bo khong chnh xac ngha la khong phai so
sanh tan so, tr so goc pha va cac ien ap cua may phat ien can c ghep song
song va cua li ien, phng phap nay goi la phng phap t ong bo.
121

2. Cac phng phap hoa ong bo chnh xac:


Co the dung bo hoa ong bo kieu anh sang en hoac bo hoa ong bo kieu
ien t (cot ong bo).

Hnh 3.10 Hoa ong bo may phat ien 3 pha bang anh sang
a) Hoa ong bo kieu anh sang:
Ta co the hoa ong bo kieu anh sang bang hai phng phap: phng phap
noi toi hay en toi (may phat ien 2) va phng phap anh sang quay (may phat
ien 3).
. Phng phap en toi:
S o hoa ong bo bang phng phap
en toi c the hien tren H3.10a va H3.11.
Quay may phat 2 en n = n1.
ieu chnh cho UFII = UL khi UFII trung
pha va cung th t pha vi UL th khong co
ien ap at tren cac en nen cac en se toi.
Neu tan so may phat va li khong bang
nhau th cac vector ien ap li va may phat
se quay vi cac toc o goc khac nhau, goc
lech pha gia chung se thay oi t 0 en
Hnh 3.11 o th vector ien ap
1800, ien ap at len cac en se thay oi t
pha cua li va may phat noi
0 en hai lan ien ap pha va en se lan lt
theo phng phap en toi.
sang toi, s sai khac ve ien ap gia may
phat va li cang ln th cac en sang toi
cang nhanh: khi f FII f L nhieu th en nhap nhay rat nhanh, khi f FII f L th en
sang toi rat cham. Khi en toi tng oi lau (khoang 3 en 5 giay) th ngi ta

122

ong may phat ien vao li. e ong may


chnh xac hn ngi ta mac them 1 volt met ch
khong (co iem khong gia thang o).
. Phng phap anh sang en quay:
Ta noi 3 en 3 v tr:
(A A2), (B C2), (C B2) (H3-10b)
o th vector ien ap nh hnh 3-12. Neu v tr
nh h3.12 th en 1 toi m, en 2 sang nhieu,
Hnh 3.12 o th vector ien ap
en 3 sang va. v tr A A2 th en 1 tat
pha cua li va may phat noi theo
en 2 va 3 sang bang nhau ket hp vi volt
phng phap anh sang en quay.
met ch khong co the ong may hoa ong bo.
Neu n > n th en 1 sang dan len, en 2
sang nhieu len va en 3 sang yeu i.
Vay neu n> n anh sanh quay t 1-2-3
n < n anh sang quay t 1-3-2
n = n en 1 tat.
Do o nhn chieu quay cua en co the biet c can phai tang hay giam toc
o cua may phat sap ghep vi li e en gan van toc ong bo.
Chu y: Neu noi day theo s o en toi ma ket qua en quay hay ngc lai khi
noi theo en quay ma en cung sang, cung toi th chng to th t pha noi sai.
Luc nay can oi th t noi hai trong ba pha cua may phat vi li ien.
b) Hoa ong bo kieu ien t (dung cot ong bo).
Cot ong bo dung ba ong ho e kiem tra ieu kien hoa ong bo:
+ Hai volt met e kiem tra ien ap UL va UF.
+ Hai tan so ke e kiem tra tan so fL va fF hoac mot tan so ke kep co hai day
phien rung e ch ong thi tan so fL va fF.
+ Mot ong bo ke tac ong theo s khac nhau gia fL va fF nh hoa ong bo.
Khi
fL = fF va kim quay cham ( f L f F ) th thi iem ong cau dao la luc kim trung
vi ng thang ng va hng len tren.
3. Phng phap t ong bo
Thng ch s dung vi cac may phat ien cong suat nho, co the ong vao
li theo phng phap t ong bo sau: Noi mach kch t qua mot ien tr triet t
e tranh dong ien cam ng day quan rotor ln, cau dao D2 ong ve pha ien
tr.
Dung ong c s cap quay rotor en gan toc o ong bo, ong D1 e noi
may phat vao li ien khi cha co kch t, cuoi cung ong day quan kch t vao
nguon kch t, may se lam viec ong bo. Tuyet oi khong c ong stator cua
123

may phat ien vao li theo phng phap t ong bo khi mach kch t h mach
v luc ay trong cuon day kch t se cam ng ra mot s.. ln hn co the lam hong
cach ien.
Phng phap t ong bo cho phep hoa ong
bo nhanh chong khi can x ly khan cap.
Tuy nhien co khuyet iem la dong ien
ong cau dao kha ln.

Hnh 3.13 Phng phap t ong bo


3.3. M MAY VA IEU CHNH CONG SUAT TAC DUNG, CONG SUAT
PHAN KHANG CUA ONG C IEN ONG BO
Tai cua ho dung ien trong li ien thng luon thay oi theo ieu kien
cua san xuat hoac cung co trng hp tuy tai khong thay oi nhng do ieu kien
van hanh cua li ien ma can thiet ma can thiet phai thay oi che o lam viec
cua cac may phat ien, do o tren thc te phai ieu chnh cong suat tac dung P
va cong suat phan khang Q cua may phat ien ong bo.
Ta hay xet van e hai trng hp ien hnh. Trng hp th nhat la
trng hp may phat ien lam viec trong he thong ien lc co cong suat vo cung
ln vi U, f = const, hay noi khac i tong cong suat cua cac may phat ien ang
lam viec song song trong he thong rat ln so vi cong suat cua may phat ien
ang c xet, do o viec ieu chnh P va Q cua may phat ien o khong lam
thay oi U, f cua he thong ien. Trng hp th hai la trng hp ch co hai
hoac vai may phat ien cong suat tng t lam viec song song va s thay oi
che o lam viec cua mot may se lam thay oi U, f chung cua ca cac may phat
ien o.

124

1. ieu chnh cong suat tac dung P cua may phat ien ong bo.
a)

Trng hp may phat ien lam viec trong he thong ien cong suat
vo cung ln.
trng hp nay U va f la khong oi nen neu gi dong ien kch thch It
khong oi th E0 la hang so, theo bieu thc (2-8) th P la ham so cua goc va
ng bieu dien cua no co dang nh a biet tren hnh 2-9. che o lam viec
xac lap cong suat tac dung P cua may ng vi goc nhat nh phai can bang
vi cong suat c tren truc quay may phat ien. ng bieu dien cong suat c
cua ong c s cap c bieu th bang ng thang song song vi truc ngang
va cat ac tnh goc iem A tren hnh 3-14. Nh vay muon ieu chnh cong
suat tac dung P cua may phat th phai thay oi goc , ngha la dch chuyen
giao iem A bang cach thay oi cong suat c tren truc may. Cong suat tac
dung cc ai Pm ma may phat ien co the cung cap cho he thong ien ng vi
khi dP d = 0 .
Ap dung ieu kien o oi
vi bieu thc (2-9) cua may phat
ong bo cc an suy ra c
m = 90 0 va:
Pm =

mE 0 U
(3-6)
xd

cung nh vay oi vi may cc


loi, t (2-7) co the suy ra c
goc m xac nh bi:
cos m =

A 2 + 8B 2 A
4B

Trong o: A =
Va Pm =

mE 0 U
xd

Hnh 3.14 Cong suat tac dung va cong suat


chnh bo cua may phat ien ong bo cc loi.
,

B = mU 2 (

1
1
)
xq xd

mE 0 U
mU 2 1
1
sin m +
( ) sin 2 m
xd
2 xq xd

(3-7)

Khi ieu chnh cong suat tac dung can chu y rang may phat ien ong bo
ch lam viec on nh tnh khi 0 < < m . e thay ro ieu o, gia th rang may
ang lam viec giao iem A ng vi 1 < m . Neu do mot nguyen nhan nao o
cong suat c Pc cua ong c s cap tang len trong mot thi gian ngan, sau o lai
tr ve tr so ban au th rotor cua cac may phat ien se quay nhanh hn. Nh vay
goc se tang them + va tng ng cong suat P se tang them P . V luc o
cong suat Pc a tr ve tr so ban au nen P + P > Pc, ket qua la rotor se b
ghm va may phat ien tr lai lam viec goc ban au sau vai chu ky dao
ong. Trai lai neu may phat ien lam viec xac lap 2 > m , v du iem B
tren hnh 3-14 th khi cong suat c thay oi nh tren, goc tang them se lam
125

cho P cua may phat ien giam, nh vay P < Pc, ket qua la rotor quay nhanh
them, goc cang tang va may phat ien se mat ong bo vi li ien.
T nhng ieu noi tren ta thay rang, khi ieu chnh cong suat tac dung ma muon
gi cho may phat ien lam viec on nh th phai co ieu kien sau:
dP
>0
d

Trong o

(3-8)

dP
c goi la cong suat chnh bo ac trng cho kha nang gi cho may
d

lam viec ong bo trong li ien va c k hieu bang Pc.


T cac bieu thc (2-8), (2-9) suy ra c cong suat chnh bo oi vi may
cc loi:

Pcb =

mE0U
1
1
cos + mU 2 ( ) cos 2
xd
xq xd

Va oi vi may cc an:

Pcb =

(3-9)

mE 0 U
cos
x b

ng bieu dien cong suat chnh bo nh tren hnh (3-14). Ta thay khi
khong tai ( = 0) , kha nang chnh bo tc kha nang cua P gia cong suat c a
vao may va cong suat tac dung a ra li ien ng vi s thay oi lam cho
may phat van duy tr lam viec ong bo vi li ien la ln nhat, con khi = m
th kha nang chnh bo bang 0.
Tren thc te van hanh e e phong trng hp U hoac E0 giam hoac nhng
nguyen nhan khac lam cho cong suat P a ra li ien giam theo nhng van
duy tr ong bo, may phat ien thng lam viec vi cong suat nh mc Pm ng
vi < 30 0 . Nh vay kha nang qua tai cua may phat ien ong bo c xac nh
bang t so:

km =

Pm
Pm

goi la he so nang lc qua tai. oi vi may cc an k m =

1
sin m

Theo quy nh th can am bao km > 1,7 va muon nh vay th may phai co t
so ngan mach K ln, ngha la xd phai nho (hoac khe h ln).
Can chu y rang khi ieu chnh cong suat tac dung P, do thay oi nen
cong suat phan khang cung thay oi theo.
b) Trng hp may phat ien cong suat tng t lam viec song song
Gia s co hai may phat ien cong suat bang nhau lam viec song song.
trng hp nay, trong ieu kien tai cua li ien khong oi, khi tang cong suat
tac dung cua mot may ma khong giam tng ng cong suat tac dung cua may
kia th tan so cua li ien se thay oi cho en khi co s can bang mi va khien
cho ho dung ien phai lam viec trong ieu kien tan so khac nh mc. V vay, e
gi cho f = const khi tang cong suat tac dung cua mot may th phai giam cong
suat tac dung cua may kia. Chnh cung bang cach o ma co the thay oi s phan
phoi cong suat tac dung gia hai may.

126

2. ieu chnh cong suat phan khang cua may phat ien ong bo

Hnh 3.15 ieu chnh cong


suat phan khang cua may
phat ien ong bo.

Ta hay xet viec ieu chnh cong suat phan


khang cua may phat ien ong bo lam viec trong
li ien co cong suat vo cung ln (U, f = const)
khi cong suat tac dung cua may c gi khong
oi.
Gia s may co cc an va e n gian, bo qua
ton hao tren day quan phan ng (r = 0). Trong
trng hp o, o th vector s.. co dang nh tren
hnh (3-15). V P = mUI cos OA la khong oi,
va vi ieu kien U = const nen khi thay oi Q, mut
cua vector I luon nam tren ng thang 1, thang
goc viU. Vi moi tr so cua I se co mot tr so cua
cos va ve o th vector s.. tng ng se xac
nh c o ln c o ln cua vector E0, t o
suy ra c dong ien kch thch It can thiet e

sinh ra E0, cung can chu y rang P =

mUE 0
sin P1 = const , trong o U, xb khong
x b

oi nen P E 0 sin = OB = const. va mut cua vector E luon nam tren ng thang
2 thang goc vi OB.
Ket qua phan tch cho thay rang, muon ieu chnh cong suat phan khang Q
th phai thay oi dong ien kch thch It cua may phat ien.
Vi moi tr so cua P = const., thay oi Q va ve o th vector s.. nh tren ta
xac nh c quan he I = f(It) goi la ac tnh hnh V cua may phat ien ong bo.
Thay oi cac tr so cua P vi phng phap tren se thanh lap c mot ho cac ac
tnh hnh V tng ng vi khi cos = 1 . Khu vc ben phai cua ng Am ng vi
tai co tnh cam > 0 va che o lam viec qua kch thch cua may phat ien, khu
vc ben trai cua ng o ng vi tai co tnh dung ( < 0 ) va che o lam viec
thieu kch thch cua may. ng Bn ng vi gii han lam viec on nh cua li
khi may phat ien lam viec che o thieu kch thch.

Hnh 3.16 Ho cac ac


tnh hnh V cua may phat
ien ong bo.

tren ta xet oi vi may phat ien cc an,


nhng tat ca nhng phan tch o eu ap dung c
cho may phat ien cc loi.
Trong trng hp cong suat cua li ien nho
(th du ch co hai may phat ien cong suat bang
nhau lam viec song song), neu tang dong ien kch
thch It cua mot may ma van gi dong ien kch
thch cua may th hai khong oi, th do cong suat
phan khang cua moi may mot tang, tong cong suat
127

phan khang se tang lam thay oi ien ap U cua li ien, anh hng en trang
thai lam viec bnh thng cua ho dung ien. Nh vay e duy tr trang thai lam
viec bnh thng cua li ien vi U = const, khi tang dong ien kch thch cua
mot may th phai giam tng ng dong ien kch thch cua may th hai. Bang
phng phap o se thc hien c s phan phoi lai cong suat phan khang Q gia
hai may phat ien.

3. ong c ien ong bo


a. Cac phng phap m may ong c ien ong bo
9 M may theo phng phap khong ong bo
Cac ong c ien ong bo
phan ln eu m may theo
phng phap khong ong bo.
Thong thng cac ong c ien
ong bo cc loi eu co at day
quan m may. Day quan m
may co cau tao kieu long soc
at trong cac ranh mat cc, 2
au noi vi hai vanh ngan
mach.
Hnh 3.17 S o mach kch t cua ong c
Trong mot so ong c, cac
ong bo luc m may vi day quan kch thch
mat cc bang thep nguyen khoi
noi tat qua ien tr RT(a) va noi thang vao
va c noi vi nhau hai au
may kch thch (b).
bang hai vong ngan mach hai
1. Phan ng ong c ong bo.
au rotor cung co the thay the
2. Phan ng may kch thch.
cho day quan ngan mach dung
3. Day quan kch t cua ong c ong bo.
trong viec m may. cac li
4. Day quan kch t cua may kch thch.
ien ln co the cho phep m
may trc tiep vi ien ap cua
li cac ong c ong bo cong
suat vai tram va co khi ti hang nghn kilowatt. oi vi cac ong c ong c
ong bo cc an, viec m may theo phng phap khong ong bo co kho khan
hn, v dong ien cam ng lp mong mat ngoai cua rotor nguyen khoi se gay
nong cuc bo ang ke. Trong trng hp o, e m may c de dang, can ha
ien ap cua may bang bien ap t ngau hoac cuon khang.
Qua trnh m may ong c ong bo bang phng phap khong ong bo co
the chia thanh hai giai oan. Luc au viec m may c thc hien vi it = 0, day
quan kch thch c noi tat qua ien tr RT nh tren hnh 3-17a. Sau khi ong
cau dao noi day quan stator vi nguon ien, do tac dung cua moment khong
ong bo rotor se quay va tang toc o en gan toc o ong bo n1 cua t trng
quay. Trong giai oan nay, viec noi day quan kch thch vi ien tr RT co tr so
bang 10 12 lan ien tr rt cua ban than day quan kch t la can thiet, v neu e
128

day quan nay h mach se co ien ap cao, lam hong cach ien cua day quan, do
luc bat au m may t trng quay cua stator quet no vi toc o ong bo.
Cung can chu y rang, neu em noi ngan mach day quan kch thch th se
tao thanh mach mot pha co ien tr nho rotor va sinh ra moment can ln khien
cho toc o quay cua rotor khong the vt qua toc o bang mot na toc o ong
bo. Hien tng nay co the giai thch nh sau. Dong ien co tan so f2 = sf1 trong
day quan kch thch b noi ngan mach se sinh ra t trng ap mach. T trng
nay co the phan tch thanh hai t trng quay thuan va quay ngc vi chieu
quay cua rotor tng oi so vi rotor n1 n, trong o n1 la toc o t trng quay
cua stator va n la toc o cua rotor.
T trng quay thuan co toc o so vi day quan phan tnh:
nth = n + (n1 n) = n1
ngha la quay ong bo vi t trng quay cua stator. Tac dung cua no vi t
trng quay cua stator tao nen moment khong ong bo va ho tr vi moment
khong ong bo do day quan m may sinh ra va co dang nh ng 1 tren hnh
3-18.
T trng quay ngc co toc so vi day quan phan tnh:
nng = n (n1 n) = 2n n1 = 2n (1-s) n1 = n1 (1-2s) va sinh ra trong day quan
phan tnh dong ien tan so:
f = f1(1-2s)
Nh vay khi 0,5 < s < 1 , ngha la toc
o quay cua rotor n < n1/2 th t trng
quay ngc quay so vi day quan phan
tnh theo chieu ngc so vi chieu quay
cua rotor. Tac dung cua no vi dong ien
phan tnh tan so f se sinh ra moment phu
cung dau va ho tr vi moment khong
ong bo do t trng quay thuan tac dung
vi day quan m may (ng 2 tren hnh
3-18). Khi s = 0,5 (n < n1/2), t trng quay
Hnh 3.18 ng cong momen
ngc ng yen so vi day quan phan tnh,
cua ong c ong bo m may
moment phu bang khong. Va khi 0 < s <
khong ong bo vi day quan
0,5 (n < n1/2), th t trng quay ngc se
kch t b noi ngan mach.
quay cung chieu vi chieu quay rotor. Tac
dung cua no vi dong ien phan tnh tan so f luc o sinh ra moment phu trai
dau vi moment khong ong bo do t trng quay thuan, do o co tac dung nh
moment ham.
Ket qua la khi day quan kch t b noi ngan mach, ng bieu dien moment
cua ong c trong qua trnh m may tong cua cac ng 1 va 2 co tac dung nh
ng 3 tren hnh 3-18. Ro rang la khi moment can Mc tren truc ong c u ln
129

th rotor se lam viec iem A ng vi toc o n n 1 / 2 va khong the at c


en toc o gan toc o ong bo.
Khi rotor a quay en toc o n n 1 , co the tien hanh giai oan th hai cua
qua trnh m may: em noi day quan vi ien ap mot chieu cua may kch thch.
Luc o ngoai moment khong ong bo t le vi he so trt s va moment gia toc t
le vi ds/dt se co moment ong bo phu thuoc vao goc cung tac dung. Do rotor
cha quay ong bo nen goc luon thay oi. Khi 0 < < 180 0 th moment ong
bo se cong tac dung vi moment khong ong bo lam tang them toc o quay cua
rotor va nh vay rotor se c loi vao toc o ong bo sau mot qua trnh dao
ong.
Kinh nghiem cho biet, e am bao cho rotor c a vao toc o ong bo 1
cach thuan li, he so trt cuoi giai oan th nhat luc cha co dong ien can
phu hp vi ieu kien sau:
s < 0,04

k m Pm i tb
.
.
GD 2 n 2m i tm

(3-10)

trong o:
km la nang lc qua tai che o ong bo vi dong ien kch t nh mc itm;
Pm la cong suat nh mc, kW;
itb la dong ien kch t khi ong bo hoa;
GD2 la moment ong lng cua ong c va may cong tac noi truc no, kG.m2.
e tranh viec m may qua hai giai oan nh trnh bay tren, trong o phai
thao tac tach day quan kch thch khoi ien tr RT va sau o noi may kch t, co
the noi thang day quan vi may kch
t trong suot qua trnh m may theo
s o tren hnh 3-17b nh thng gap
gan ay. Nh vay, trong day quan
phan ng cua may kch t se co dong
ien xoay chieu nhng ieu o khong
gay tac hai g. Khi rotor at en toc
o quay n = (0,6 0,7)n m , may kch
thch bat au cung cap dong ien
kch t cho ong c ien ong bo,
nh o ma luc en gan toc o ong
Hnh 3.19 Quan he U, I, it, n = f(t) khi
bo ong c c keo vao toc o ong
m may ong c ong bo 1500kW theo
bo. Can chu y rang qua trnh m may
s o hnh 3-17b.
theo s o tren hnh 3-17b c thc
hien trong nhng ieu kien kho khan
hn v ong c ien ong bo c kch thch qua sm, nh vay se tao nen dong
ngan mach:
130

In =

(1 s)E 0

(3-11)

r2 + (1 s) 2 x 2d

trong o:
E0 la s.. cam ng do dong ien kch t it;
xd la ien khang ong bo doc truc khi s = 0.
Do o ong c phai tai them cong suat:
Pn = mI 2n r

va ket qua la tren truc ong c ien se co them moment can:


Mc =

pPn

(3-12)

khien cho qua trnh keo ong c vao toc o ong bo gap kho khan hn, v vay
phng phap m may ong c ong bo theo s o tren hnh 3-17b ap dung c
tot khi moment can tren truc ong c ien M c = (0,4 0,5)M m . Ch khi day quan
m may c thiet ke hoan hao mi cho phep c m may nh tren vi Mc =
Mm. Do cach m may nay n gian, hoan toan giong cach m may cua ong c
ien khong ong bo nen ngay cang c ng dung rong rai.
Hnh 3-19 trnh bay s bien oi dong ien phan ng I, dong ien kch t it
va toc o quay n trong qua trnh m may luc khong tai ong c ong bo
(Pm = 1500kW; Um = 6kV; nm = 1000vg/ph) trc tiep vi ien ap nh mc
theo s o tren hnh 3-17b.
9 Cac phng phap m may khac
M may theo phng phap hoa ong bo
Cac ieu kien hoa ong bo oi vi ong c ong bo hoan toan giong nh
cua may phat ien ong bo. Trng hp nay ong c ong bo c quay bi
may noi cung truc vi no (th du trong bo ong c ong bo- may phat ien mot
chieu, may phat ien mot chieu luc m may lam viec nh ong c ien e quay
ong c ong bo en toc o ong bo).
Trong mot so trng hp co the m may ong c ien ong bo bang nguon
co tan so thay oi. Muon vay ong c ong bo phai lay ien t mot may phat
ien rieng co tan so ieu chnh c t khong en tan so nh mc trong qua
trnh m may. Nh vay ong c c quay ong bo vi may phat ngay t luc toc
o con rat thap. Can chu y rang trong trng hp nay, dong ien kch thch cua
ca ong c va may phat ien eu phai do nguon ien 1 chieu rieng cung cap.
b. ieu chnh cong suat phan khang cua ong c ien ong bo.
ong c ien ong bo co ac iem la co the thay oi cos cua may bang
cach thay oi dong kch t. Ta dung o th n gian e chng minh ieu nay.
Da vao phng trnh can bang ien ap cua ong c:
Neu bo qua r :

U& = E& 0 + I&(r + jxb )


U& = E& + jI&x
0

131

Khi ong c keo tai khong oi th cong suat tac dung P a vao ong c se
khong oi:

P = mUI cos = m

U
Ix b cos = const
xb

Vi U = const th khi P = const (tai khong oi). Neu It thay oi th -E0 thay
oi dan en thay oi, do o cos thay oi.
Tng ng ta co ac tnh hnh V nh sau:

Hnh 3.20 ieu chnh cong suat


phan khang cua may ong c ien
ong bo.
Hnh 3.21 Ho cac ac tnh hnh V cua
ong c ien ong bo.
c. Cac ac tnh lam viec cua ong c ien ong bo
Cac ac tnh cua ong c ien
ong bo lam viec vi dong ien
kch t it = const trong li ien co
U, f = const bao gom cac quan he
P1 ; I 1 ; ; cos = f (P2 ) co dang nh
trnh bay tren hnh 3-22.
Cung giong nh may phat ien
ong bo, ong c ien ong bo
thng lam viec vi goc
= 20 0 30 0 .
ac iem cua ong c ong
bo la co the lam viec vi cos cao
va t hoac khong tieu thu cong suat
phan khang Q cua li ien nh
thay oi dong ien t hoa it.. ieu
o co the thay c da vao ac

Hnh 3.22 ac tnh lam viec cua ong c


ien ong bo Pm = 500 kW, 600V, 50Hz,
600vong/phut, cos = 0,8 (qua kch thch)
132

tnh hnh V tc la quan he I = f(it) cua ong c ien ong bo. Cach thanh lap ac
tnh nay cua ong c ong bo hoan toan giong nh cua may phat ien ong bo.
Ta thay rang khi kch thch thieu, ong c tieu thu cong suat ien cam cua li
ien ( > 0) va ngc lai khi qua kch thch, ong c phat cong suat ien cam
vao li ien < 0 , ngha la tieu thu cong suat ien dung. V vay co the li
dung che o lam viec qua kch thch cua ong c ien ong bo e nang cao he
so cong suat cos cua li ien.
Th du:
Hai may phat ien giong nhau lam viec song song co ien tr phan ng
r = 2,18 , ien khang ong bo xb = 62 cung cung cap ien cho mot tai la
1830 kW vi cos = 0,83 (cham sau). ien ap au cc cua tai la 13800V. ieu
chnh kch t cua hai may sao cho mot may co dong ien phan khang la 40A.
Tnh: a) Dong ien cua moi may phat ien.
b) S.. E0 cua moi may va goc pha gia cac s.. o.
Giai:
Dong ien tai co tr so:
I=

P
3U cos

1380x10 3
3x13800.0,83

= 92,3(A)

cham sau ien ap = arccos 0,83 = 330 9 va bieu th di dang so phc nh sau:
I = 92,3 330 9 = 76,8 j51,4(A) .
V cong suat tac dung phan phoi eu cho hai may nen dong ien tac dung

76,8
= 38,4(A) , hn na dong ien phan khang cua may A la
2
40A, do o: I&A = 38,4 j40 va I&B = I& I&A = 38,4 j11,4(A).

cua moi may la

ng dung bieu thc (3-4) ta co:


E& 0 A = U& + I& A (r + jxb) =
= E OA A =

13800

Cung nh vay:

+ (38,4 j40)(2,18 + j62) = 1072012,22 0 (V)


E& 0 B = U& + I&B (r + jxb) = E 0 B B = 903015,10 (V)

Goc lech pha gia hai s.. o:


A B = 15,10 12,22 0 = 2,88 0

Cau hoi:

1) Phan tch hau qua xay ra oi vi may phat ien khi hoa ong bo
ma khong thoa man tng ieu kien ghep song song vi li ien.
2) V sao khi ghep song song may phat ien vao li ien bang
phng phap t ong bo, day quan kch thch phai c noi tat qua
ien tr triet t?
133

3) Lam the nao e ieu chnh cong suat tac dung P va cong suat phan
khang Q cua may phat ien ong bo. Viec ieu chnh P va Q khi
lam viec trong li ien cong suat ln va khi lam viec trong li
ien cong suat nho (th du ch co hai may phat ien cong suat tng
t lam viec song song) khac nhau nh the nao?

Bai tap
3.1.
Cho hai may phat ien ong bo lam viec song song, cung cap ien cho hai
tai:
Tai 1: St1 = 5000kVA; cos 1 = 0,8
Tai 2: St2 = 3000kVA; cos 2 = 1
May th nhat phat ra P1 = 4000kW; Q1 = 2500kVAr.
Tnh cong suat may phat th hai va he so cong suat moi may phat.
S: P2 = 3000kW; Q2 = 500kVAr
Cos 1 = 0,848; Cos 2 = 0,986
3.2.
Cho hai may phat ien ong bo noi Y hoan toan giong nhau va co xb =
4,5 lam viec song song. Tai chung, ien ap 13,2 kV la 26000 kW, he so
cong suat la 0,866 c phan eu cho hai may. Neu thay oi kch t e phan
phoi lai cong suat phan khang sao cho he so cong suat cua mot may cos 1 = 1
th luc o he so cong suat cos 2 cua may kia la bao nhieu? Tnh E0 va cua
moi may trong trng hp o.
S: cos 2 = - 490
E1 = 8039,1V; 1 = 190
E2 = 10880,83 V; 2 = 140.

134

CHNG IV: MAY IEN ONG BO AC BIET


4.1. ONG C IEN PHAN KHANG (RELUCTANCE MOTOR)
La loai may ien ong bo khong co day quan kch t, nguyen ly lam viec
da vao s khac nhau gia t tr doc truc xd va ngang truc xq. V nh ta a biet
Cong suat ien t cua may ien ong bo gom hai phan :
Pt = Pe + Pu
Trong o:

Pe : Cong suat ien t chnh


Pu: Cong suat ien t phu

Khi khong co nguon kch t th Pe = 0, luc o li dung cong suat ien t phu
Pu e tao ra moment.
mU 2
Pu =
2

1
1

Sin 2
x

q xd

e thc hien c xd xq roto cua may c che tao nh hnh 4.1 vi cau
tao nh tren hnh 4.1a, roto c ghep bang nhng la thep tron co nhng cho
khuyet e tang khe h gia ca cc va do o tang t tr cua mach t hng ngang
truc, tren roto co at day quan m may kieu long soc e m may. hnh 4.1 b
c, roto c che tao bang cach o nhom vao cac tap la thep, ay nhom co tac
dung cua day quan m may.
Do khong co day quan kch t nen ong c phai lay dong ien t mang
ien va co cos thap ( do cau tao roto nen dong ien t hoa ln e tao nen t
thong can thiet qua mach t co t tr ln ). Trong lng ong c phan khang
thng gap 2, 3 lan trong lng ong c khong ong bo cung cong suat. Thng
cac ong c phan khang c che tao vi cong suat 50 100 W.

Hnh 4.1.

135

4.2. ONG C BC (STEPPER MOTOR)


ong c bc la loai ong c c dung e bien oi cac lenh cho di
dang xung ien thanh s dch chuyen dt khoat ve goc hay ng thang nh la
bc tng bc ma khong can cam bien phan hoi.
ong c lam viec phai co kem theo bo oi chieu ien t dung e chuyen
oi cac cuon day ieu khien cua ong c bc vi th t va tan so tuy theo lenh
a cho. Goc quay tong hp cua rotor ong c bc tng ng chnh xac vi so
lan chuyen oi cac cuon day ieu khien, chieu quay phu thuoc theo th t
chuyen oi, toc o quay phu thuoc tan so chuyen oi. Nh vay trong trng hp
tong quat co the xem ong c bc vi bo ieu khien oi chieu ien t nh la
mot he thong ieu chnh tan so cua ong c ong bo vi kha nang nh v tr goc
xoay rotor, tc la bang cach thay oi tan so cho en khong.
ong c bc c s dung nhieu trong cac he thong ieu khien t ong,
th du trong cac may cong cu ieu khien theo chng trnh, trong cac thiet b cua
ky thuat may tnh, Trong cac he thong tren, ong c bc c s dung hoac
e thc hien s truyen ong theo chng trnh ieu khien cac c cau tha hanh
nh nhiem vu ong c chap hanh, hoac nh la mot phan t phu bien oi cac ma
xung thanh tn hieu ieu che cho mot he thong nao o.
Vi nhiem vu va chc nang noi tren, ong c bc oi hoi nhng yeu cau
rieng ve ky thuat, ngoai nhng yeu cau chung :
-

Co bc chuyen dch be.

Moment ong bo hoa u ln am bao c sai so goc nho nhat khi


thc hien bc di chuyen.

Khong tch luy sai so khi tang so bc.

Tac ong nhanh.

Lam viec bao am khi co cuon day ieu khien t nhat.

ong c va ca bo ieu khien oi chieu co cau tao n gian.

Tuy theo cau tao ong, c bc co nhng loai nh :


-

Ch th hay ong lc.

Thuan nghch hay khong thuan nghch.

Co mot stator hay nhieu stator.

Co mot hay nhieu cuon day ieu khien (quan tap trung hoac quan rai).

Rotor phan khang (khong co day quan) va rotor tac dung (co day quan
kch thch hoac nam cham vnh cu).

Rotor hnh a hay rotor mach in.


136

Bc dch chuyen xoay hay dch chuyen thang trc tiep

1. ong c bc nam cham vnh cu (Permanent magnet stepper


motor)
Cau truc tieu bieu cua ong c bc nam cham vnh cu c trnh bay
hnh tren. ay la ong c 4 pha, moi pha quan tren 2 cc stator. Stator trong
thiet ke nay phai co 8 cc. Rotor bang nam cham vnh cu co truc thang hang
vi cc stator 1-1. No c gi v tr nay, khi at dong ien I1 vao pha th cc
stator 1 c t hoa nh cc nam, con cc stator 1 c t hoa nh cc bac. Chu
y chieu day quan e tao ra dang t hoa nay. at dong ien I4 vao pha 4, cc t
hoa 4-4 hnh thanh (I1 c cat ra). Khi o lc t hoa tac ong tng ho vi t
trng rotor sinh ra moment ong bo xoay rotor 1 goc 450, theo chieu kim ong
ho, e cc bac rotor en cc stator 4. Lan lt a dong ien I3, I2 (moi pha 1
lan) vao pha 3, pha 2. Khi o rotor xoay theo chieu kim ong ho moi bc 450.
e rotor xoay tiep lan lt a I1, I4, I3, I2 vao pha 1, 4, 3, 2 nhng chieu dong
ien oi lai. Nh vay nguon ieu khien la loai oi cc. Sau moi lan xoay 1800,
dong ien ieu khien oi chieu. Nh vay trnh t ieu khien cho ong c tien
theo chieu kim ong ho la 1-4-3-2. e cho ong c tien ngc chieu kim ong
ho trnh t ieu khien phai c ao ngc lai 1-2-3-4.

137

Hnh 4-2 : Cau truc ong c bc nam cham vnh cu.

2. ong c bc t tr bien oi, 1 tang (single stack variable


reluctance stepper motor)
Cau tao cua ong c nay c trnh bay hnh 4-2. Rotor va stator c
che tao bang vat lieu.t. ong c co 3 pha, moi pha c quan tren 4 cc hay
rang cua stator. V du pha 1 c quan tren cc 1, 4, 7, 10 cua stator. Stator co
12 rang va rotor co 16 rang. Cc ngc cc tnh c quan theo chieu ngc lai
e tao s can bang gia t thong vao va ra khoi rotor. Gia s dong ien I1 at
vao pha 1 va 4 rang rotor oi nh vi rang 1, 4, 7, 10 cua stator. T thong i vao
rotor t rang stator 4, 10, va ra khoi rotor qua rang 1, 7, t thong khep kn qua
khung stator, co the thay rang nh rang stator 4 la cc bac va nh rang oi nh
vi rang stator 4 la cc nam (cam ng). S phan cc nay phai ton tai e cho
phep t thong ln nhat qua khe h gia hai rang oi nh. Tng t cho 2 pha
con lai.
e rotor tien 1 bc theo chieu kim ong ho th 3 pha c quan tren rang
stator 2, 5, 8, 11 c at dong ien I3 vao va dong ien I1 c cat. Bay gi do
ng sc chon ng i co t dan ln nhat hay t tr be nhat nen xuat hien
moment phan khang keo rang rotor gan rang stator 2, 5, 8, 11 nhat vao v tr o
nh. o la cac rang rotor a, d, b, c, oi nh vi cac rang tng ng 2, 5, 8, 11
cua stator. Ket qua rotor mot v tr can bang mi. Neu dong ien I2 tiep theo
a vao pha 2, I3 b cat th rotor se bc them 1 bc na theo chieu kim ong
ho.
Nh vay trnh t 1-3-2-1 cho rotor ong c tien theo chieu kim ong ho.
Muon rotor quay ngc lai trnh t kch thch la 1-2-3-1. Nguon kch thch la loai
n cc.
Goc bc cua rotor s c xac nh nh sau :
ZR : So rang Rotor.
138

ZS : So rang Stator.
m : So pha.
tR =

360 0
: Bc rang Rotor (o).
ZR

tS =

360 0
: Bc rang Stator (o).
ZS

S =

tR
360 0
=
= Goc bc (o/bc).
m
m.Z R

RS =

360 0
= ZR.m (bc/vong).
S

Toc o : n =

f
60f
60f
=
= S (vong/phut).
6
RS
Z R .m

Th oi vi ong c hnh 2, ta co :
tR =

360 0
360 0
=
= 22.50
ZR
16

tS =

360 0
360 0
=
= 300
ZS
12

S =

360 0
360 0
=
= 7.50
m.Z R
3.16

RS = ZR.m = 16.3 = 48 bc/vong


Co the giai thch nguyen ly lam viec cua ong c bc n gian nh sau:

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 4.3. Nguyen ly lam viec cua ong c bc


ong c bc la loai ong c quay gian oan tng goc o xac nh bi tac
dung cua mach ien xung at vao day quan stator cua no. No c dung trong
139

cac mach t ong va ieu chnh, thiet b ong ho, tnh toan, trong may cat got
lam viec theo chng trnh.
Hnh 4.3 trnh bay cau tao cua loai ong c bc n gian nhat. Stator va
rotor co so oi cc khac nhau. Khi ong ien ap vao day quan 1-1, th rotor v
tr hnh 4.3 a, khi tiep tuc ong ien vao day quan 2-2 th rotor quay i mot goc
150 ( b ). Ngat dong ien qua day quan 1-1 th rotor quay tiep them 150 ( hnh
4.3 c ), v.v
Co the thay oi goc quay bang cach thay oi so oi cc hoac ghep cac oi
stator va rotor lech nhau mot goc nhat nh tren cung mot truc.
Vi cau tao khac nhau, ong c bc co the cho cac goc quay t 10 1800.
Tan so xung gii han e ong c co the m may c va ng ma khong mat
bc vao khoang 10 10000 Hz.

140

You might also like