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HCM
KHOA IEN
BO MON: C S KY THUAT IEN
------------0----------GVC-ThS.NGUYEN TRONG THANG
GVC-ThS.NGO QUANG HA
GIAO TRNH
MAY IEN I
http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
LI NOI AU
Giao trnh MAY IE N I la mot cuon sa ch trong bo GIAO TRNH MAY IEN gom 2
tap nham giu p sinh vien ba c ai ho c hoa c cao ang nganh ien Cong Nghiep , ien
T on g cu a trn g a i Hoc S Pham Ky Thua t TP.HCM lam tai lieu ho c tap, hoa c
co the dung lam ta i lieu tham khao cho sinh vien nganh Cong nghe ien- ien t,
Cong nghe ien t Vien tho ng va cac nganh khac lie n quan en lnh v c ien ien
t.
Giao trnh may ie n trnh bay nh ng ly thuyet c ban ve: cau tao; nguyen ly lam
vie c; cac quan he ien t ; cac a c tnh cung nh cac hien tng vat ly xay ra trong:
May ien mo t chieu; Ma y bien ap; May ien kho ng o ng bo va May ien ong bo.
Toan bo giao trnh ma y ien c chia lam 2 tap:
Tap I gom 2 phan : Ma y ien mo t chieu va Ma y bien ap.
Tap II gom 3 phan : Nhng van e ly lua n chung cua ca c ma y ien xoay chieu (dang
may ien quay); May ien khong ong bo ; May ien ong bo.
M
. HC
P
T
e giup sinh vien de dang tiep thu kien thc mon hoc, giaohtrnh
uat trnh bay noi dung
yhot a, ca u ho i va ba i tap e
K
mot ca ch ngan gon , c ban. moi chng co v duhaminh
p m
ua
S
H
sinh vien co the hieu sau hn nhng van e
mnh
ho c.
ng D
o
u
r
T
yen
u
q
Ban
Cac tac ga
http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
MUC LUC
M au
Phan I: Ma y ie n mot chie u (MMC)
Chng 1: ai cng ve may ien mot chieu
Chng 2: Mach t luc khong tai cu a MMC
Chng 3: Day quan phan ng cu a MMC
Chng 4: Quan he ien t trong MMC
Chng 5: T trn g luc co tai cu a MMC
Chng 6: o i chieu
Chng 7: May pha t ien mot chie u
Chng 8: on g c ien mo t chieu
Chng 9: May ien mot chie u ac biet con g sua t nho
Trang
01
07
13
22
40
48
56
68
83
96
P. HC
uat T
quye
Chng 4: Che o lam vie
Banc tai xac lap o i x ng cua MBA
Chng 5: Ca c loa i may bien ap ac biet
107
116
125
138
149
http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
1- Vu Gia Hanh, Tran Khanh Ha, Phan T Thu, Nguyen Va n Sau, May ien I,II .
NXB khoa ho c va ky thua t - 1998 .
2- Nguye n Trong Thang, Nguyen The Kie t, Cong nghe che tao va tnh toan s a ch a
May ien , NXB Gia o du c, 1995 .
3- A.E. Fitzerald, Charles kingsley . Electrical Machines. Mc. Graw - Hill, 1990 .
4- Jimmie J. Cathey . Electric machines Analysis and Design Applying Matlab . Mc.
Graw - Hill - 2001 .
HCM
P.
5- E.V.Armensky, G.B.Falk, Fractional Horsepower Electrical
uat T machines, Mir
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p Machines with Power Electronic
H
Electric
6- Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Principle of
D
uong
Tr
Applications, Prentice-Hall, e1986.
n
quy
Ban
Electrical machines, vol.1,2, Mir Publishers Moscow,
7- M.Kostenko, L.Piotrovsky,
1974.
Publishers, Moscow, 1985.
GIAO TRNH
MAY IEN I
LI NOI AU
Giao trnh MAY IEN I la mot cuon sach trong bo GIAO TRNH MAY
IEN gom 2 tap nham giup sinh vien bac ai hoc hoac cao ang nganh ien
Cong Nghiep, ien T ong cua trng ai Hoc S Pham Ky Thuat
TP.HCM lam tai lieu hoc tap, hoac co the dung lam tai lieu tham khao cho
sinh vien nganh Cong nghe ien- ien t, Cong nghe ien t Vien thong
va cac nganh khac lien quan en lnh vc ien ien t.
Giao trnh may ien trnh bay nhng ly thuyet c ban ve: cau tao; nguyen ly
lam viec; cac quan he ien t; cac ac tnh cung nh cac hien tng vat ly
xay ra trong: May ien mot chieu; May bien ap; May ien khong ong bo va
May ien ong bo.
Toan bo giao trnh may ien c chia lam 2 tap:
Tap I gom 2 phan
: May ien mot chieu va May bien ap.
Tap II gom 3 phan : Nhng van e ly luan chung cua cac may ien
xoay chieu (dang may ien quay); May ien
khong ong bo; May ien ong bo.
e giup sinh vien de dang tiep thu kien thc mon hoc, giao trnh trnh bay
noi dung mot cach ngan gon, c ban. moi chng co v du minh hoa, cau
hoi va bai tap e sinh vien co the hieu sau hn nhng van e mnh a hoc.
M AU
1. Cac loai may ien va vai tro cua chung trong nen kinh te quoc dan
ien nang ngay cang c s dung rong rai trong san xuat va i song cua
nhan dan. Viec ien kh hoa, t ong hoa trong cong nghiep, nong nghiep, giao
thong van tai ngay cang oi hoi cac thiet b ien khac nhau. Trong o cac loai may
ien chiem mot vai tro chu yeu e bien c nang thanh ien nang va ngc lai hoac
e bien oi dang ien nang nay thanh dang ien nang khac (xoay chieu en mot
chieu).
Bien oi c nang thanh ien nang nh cac may phat ien co ong c s cap
keo nh tuoc bin hi, tuoc bin nc, ong c ot trong.
Bien oi ien nang thanh c nang dung trong truyen ong ien ngi ta dung
cac loai ong c ien.
Viec truyen tai va phan phoi ien nang xoay chieu t tram phat ien en cac
ho tieu thu ien, viec bien oi ien ap c thc hien nh may bien ap.
Trong san xuat thng dung ca dong ien xoay chieu va mot chieu nen
ngi ta chia cac loai may ien thanh hai loai may ien xoay chieu va may ien
mot chieu. Co the c mo ta bang mot s o tong quat sau:
May ien
May ien AC
May ien KB
May
bien
ap
ong
c
ien
KB
May
phat
ien
KB
May ien DC
May ien B
ong
c
ien
B
May
phat
ien
B
ong
c
ien
DC
May
phat
ien
DC
Ngoai ra do cac yeu cau khac nhau cua nganh san xuat, giao thong van tai nen
xuat hien cac loai may ien ac biet nh may ien xoay chieu co vanh gop, may
khuech ai ien t, cac may ien cc nho ...
2. ai cng ve cac may ien: Nguyen ly lam viec cua cac may ien da tren c
s cua nh luat cam ng ien t (e = -d / dt). S bien oi nang lng trong may
ien c thc hien thong qua t trng. e tao c nhng t trng manh va
1
tap trung ngi ta dung vat lieu sat t e lam mach t. cac may bien ap mach
t la mot loi thep ng yen, con trong cac may ien quay mach t gom hai loi thep
ong truc: Mot quay va mot ng yen va cach nhau mot khe h. Theo tnh chat
thuan nghch cua cac nh luat cam ng ien t mot may ien co the lam viec
che o may phat ien hoac che o ong c ien. Nhng v ac tnh ky thuat ngi
ta ch tnh toan thiet ke e lam viec mot che o nhat nh. Trong cac may ien,
nang lng c bien oi vi hieu suat cao t 93% en 95%. Khi lam viec do ton
hao cua dong Fuco (Foucault) tren loi thep va tac dung Joule tren day quan nen
may nong, ta co the lam nguoi may bang nhieu cach.
3. Phng phap nghien cu may ien
Nh a noi tren s bien oi nang lng trong cac may ien c thc hien
thong qua t trng trong may. Nh vay viec nghien cu cac may ien co the xuat
phat t ly thuyet trng ien t. Song do cau truc vat ly va hnh hoc phc tap cua
cac bo phan trong may ien, viec xac nh cng o ien trng E va cng o t
trng H khe h khong kh t he phng trnh Maxwell gap rat nhieu kho khan.
V vay khi nghien cu cac may ien ngi ta khong dung trc tiep ly thuyet trng
ma dung ly thuyet mach e nghien cu.
4. Cac n v: Trong may ien thng s dung hai loai he n v
- He n v tuyet oi la cac n v co th nguyen. Hien nay thng s
dung hai loai n v tuyet oi la CGS0 va SI.
Quan he gia cac n v cua he MKSA, SI va CGS0
Ten cac ai
Ten va k hieu
Ten va k hieu
lng
cac n v cua
cac n v cua
he MKSA va SI
he CGS0
n v MKSA
bang bao nhieu
n v cua
he CGS0
Thi gian
Giay
Giay
Tan so
Hertz
Hz
Hertz
Hz
Chieu dai
Met
centimetre
cm
102
Toc o dai
Gia toc
Khoi lng
Kilogramme
Kg
Gramme
103
T thong
Weber
Wb
Maxwell
Mx
108
T cam
Weber/met2
Wb/m2 Gauss
104
(he MKSA)
Tesla (he SI)
ien dung
Farad
ien tr
Ohm
102
- Trong khi nghien cu, tnh toan, thiet ke cac may ien e tien li ngi
ta con dung he n v tng oi.
I* =
Trong o:
U* =
Im
U
U m
P* =
P
Pm
I: Dong ien co n v la A
U: ien ap co n v la V
P: Cong suat co n v W
Im, Um, Pm : La cac ai lng nh mc cua dong ien, ien ap, cong suat.
5. S lc ve cac vat lieu che tao may ien.
Cac vat lieu dung trong che tao may ien gom co:
- Vat lieu tac dung: Bao gom vat lieu dan ien va vat lieu dan t dung chu yeu e
che tao day quan va loi thep.
- Vat lieu cach ien dung e cach ien cac bo phan dan ien va khong dan ien
hoac gia cac bo phan dan ien vi nhau.
- Vat lieu ket cau dung e che tao cac chi tiet may va cac bo phan chu lc tac
dung c gii nh truc, vo may, khung may, o bi... no bao gom gang, sat thep va
cac kim loai mau, hp kim cua chung. Ta xet s lc ac tnh cua vat lieu dan t,
dan ien cach ien dung trong che tao may ien.
a. Vat lieu dan t.
Ngi ta dung thep la k thuat ien, thep la thong thng la thep uc , thep ren
e che tao mach t.
Cac thep la k thuat ien (ton silic) thng c dung co cac ma hieu: 11, 12,
13, 21, 22, 32, 310..
Trong o
Ngoai ra con cac loai thep ky thuat ien mang ma hieu 3404, 3405, ...,
3408 co chieu day 0,3 mm, 0,35 mm
e giam ton hao do dong ien xoay, cac la ton silic tren thng c phu
mot lp sn cach ien mong sau o mi c ghep chat lai vi nhau, t o sinh ra
mot he so ep chat Kc: La t so gia chieu dai cua loi thep thuan thep vi chieu dai
3
90
105
120
130
155
180
>180
o tang nhiet t (0 C)
50
65
80
90
115
140
>140
cho dong ien do no sinh ra co tac dung chong lai vong day co t thong xuyen qua.
s bien thien cua t thong sinh ra no. Chieu quay cua can van nut chai se la
chieu dng cua vong day. Sc ien ong cam ng trong vong day se c xac
nh theo cong thc Macxoen
d
dt
Neu cuon day co W vong, sc ien ong cam ng trong cuon day se la:
wd
d
e=
=
dt
dt
Trong o = w
la t thong moc vong cua cuon day.
e=
e = B.l.v
v
B
b. nh luat lc ien t
F
B
i =1
j =1
Hdl = I = i L i = W
PHAN MOT
Phan cam
U-...I-
MF
Phan ng
Choi than
M,n
U-...I-
Phien gop
Tai
Hnh 1.2. S o nguyen ly cua may ien mot chieu
May gom mot khung day abcd hai au noi vi hai phien gop, khung day va
phien gop c quay quanh truc cua no vi mot van toc khong oi trong t trng
cua hai cc nam cham. Cac choi than A va B at co nh va luon luon t sat vao
phien gop. Khi cho khung quay theo nh luat cam ng ien t trong thanh dan se
cam ng nen sc ien ong theo nh luat Faraday ta co:
e = B.l.v (V)
B: T cam ni thanh dan quet qua. (T)
l: Chieu dai cua thanh dan nam trong t trng. (m)
v: Toc o dai cua thanh dan (m/s).
7
Chieu cua sc ien ong c xac nh theo qui tac ban tay phai nh vay theo hnh
ve sc ien ong cua thanh dan cd nam di cc S co chieu i t d en c, con
thanh ab nam di cc N co chieu i t b en a. Neu mach ngoai khep kn qua tai
th sc ien ong trong khung day se sinh ra mach ngoai mot dong ien chay t
A en B. Neu t cam B phan bo hnh sin th e bien oi hnh sin dang song sc ien
ong cam ng trong khung day nh hnh 1.3a . Nhng do choi than A luon luon tiep
xuc vi thanh dan nam di cc N, choi than B luon luon tiep xuc vi thanh dan
nam di cc S nen dong ien mach ngoai ch chay theo chieu t A en B. Noi
cach khac sc ien ong xoay chieu cam ng trong thanh dan va dong ien tng
ng a c chnh lu thanh sc ien ong va dong ien mot chieu nh he thong
vanh gop va choi than, dang song sc ien ong mot chieu hai choi than nh
hnh 1.3b. o la nguyen ly lam viec cua may phat ien mot chieu.
2. ong c ien
Neu ta cho dong ien mot chieu i vao choi than A va ra B th do dong
ien ch i vao thanh dan di cc N va i ra cac thanh dan nam di cc S, nen
di tac dung cua t trng se sinh ra mot mo men co chieu khong oi lam cho
quay may. Chieu cua lc ien t c xac nh theo qui tac ban tay trai. o la
nguyen ly lam viec cua ong c ien mot chieu.
B, e
chnh vi rotor.
c. Vo may (Gong t)
Lam nhiem vu ket cau ong thi dung lam mach t noi lien cac cc t. Trong may
ien nho va va thng dung thep tam e uon va han lai. May co cong suat ln
dung thep uc co t (0,2 - 2)% chat than.
d. Cac bo phan khac
- Nap may: e bao ve may khoi b nhng vat ngoai ri vao lam h hong day
quan. Trong may ien nho va va nap may co tac dung lam gia o bi.
- C cau choi than: e a ien t phan quay ra ngoai hoac ngc lai.
Hnh 1.7. C cau choi than
1) Hop choi than
2) Choi than
3) Lo so ep
4) Day cap dan ien
1
Hnh 1.8. La thep phan ng
1) Truc may
2) Lo thong gio doc truc
3) Ranh
4) Rang
nguoi may, cac khe h o goi la ranh thong gio ngang truc. Ngoai ra ngi ta con
dap cac ranh thong gio doc truc.
b. Day quan phan ng
La phan sinh ra sc ien ong va co dong ien chay qua. Day quan phan
ng thng lam bang day ong co boc cach ien. Trong may ien nho thng
dung day co tiet dien tron, trong may ien va va ln co the dung day tiet dien
hnh ch nhat. Day quan c cach ien can than vi ranh va loi thep. e tranh
cho khi quay b vang ra ngoai do sc ly tam, mieng ranh co dung nem e e
chat va phai ai chat cac phan au noi day quan. Nem co the dung tre go hoac
ba ke lt.
c. Co gop
Day quan phan ng c noi ra co gop. Co gop
thng c lam bi nhieu phien ong mong c
cach ien vi nhau bang nhng tam mi ca co
chieu day 0,4 en 1,2 mm va hp thanh mot
hnh tru tron. Hai au tru tron dung hai vanh ep
hnh ch V ep chat lai, gia vanh ep va co gop
co cach ien bang mi ca hnh V. uoi co gop
cao hn mot t e han cac au day cua cac phan
t day quan vao cac phien gop c de dang.
d. Choi than
May co bao nhieu cc co bay nhieu choi than. Cac choi than dng c
noi chung vi nhau e co mot cc dng duy nhat. Tng t oi vi cac choi than
am cung vay.
e. Cac bo phan khac
- Canh quat dung e quat gio lam nguoi may.
- Truc may, tren o co at loi thep phan ng, co gop, canh quat va o bi. Truc may
thng c lam bang thep cac bon tot.
10
1.3 CAC TR SO NH MC
Che o lam viec nh mc cua cac may ien la che o lam viec trong
nhng ieu kien ma nha che tao a qui nh. Che o o c ac trng bi nhng
ai lng ghi tren nhan may goi la cac ai lng nh mc.
- Cong suat nh mc: Pm (W hay KW) la cong suat au ra cua may ien
- ien ap nh mc: Um (V hay KV):
La ien ap hai au tai che o nh mc (may phat)
La ien ap at vao ong c che o nh mc (ong c)
- Dong ien nh mc Im (A):
La dong ien cung cap cho tai che o nh mc (may phat)
La dong ien cung cap cho ong c che o nh mc (ong c)
- Toc o nh mc: nm (vong / phut).
- Hieu suat nh mc: m
Ngoai ra con ghi kieu may, cap cach ien, phng phap kch t, dong ien kch t,
che o lam viec vv ...
Hnh 1.10. Nhan may cua mot ong c ien mot chieu
11
Cau hoi
1. Hay nh ngha may ien mot chieu?
2. Trnh bay nguyen ly lam viec cua may phat ien va ong c ien mot chieu?
3. Neu cau tao cua may ien mot chieu?
4. Neu cac ai lng nh mc cua may ien mot chieu va y ngha cua chung?
Bai tap
1. May phat ien mot chieu co cong suat nh mc Pm = 85KW; Um = 230 V;
nm= 1470v/phut; m = 0.895. Tnh dong ien va Moment cua ong c s cap
che o nh mc.
2. May phat ien mot chieu co Pm = 95 Kw, Um =115V; nm = 2820v/ph; m =
0,792. che o nh mc, tnh:
a. Cong suat c cua ong c s cap keo may phat P1.
b. Dong ien cung cap cho tai.
c. Moment c cua ong c s cap keo may phat M1.
12
Chng II
MACH T CUA MAY IEN MOT CHIEU KHI KHONG TAI.
2.1 ai cng
Chng nay nham trnh bay cac phng phap xac nh sc t ong can
thiet cua cc t chnh F0 e tao ra t thong chnh 0 trong khe h khong kh gia
stator va rotor khi khong tai.
r r
hrang
hg hC
Hnh 2-1. Mach t cua may ien mot chieu khi khong tai
Trong o:
c = 0 + = 0 1 + = t . 0
0
(2-1)
Hdl = HiLi = F = IW
(2-2)
n =1
Trong o:
Li: Chieu dai trung bnh cua ng sc t tren oan th i.
Hi: Cng o t trng tren oan th i.
W: So vong day cua mot oi cc t.
I: Cng o dong ien chay qua day quan kch t.
ng cong t khep kn la s noi tiep cua cac oan ng sc t, cac oan nay i
qua cac phan mach t co o t tham khac nhau, trong may ien mot chieu gom 5
oan: Khe h khong kh, rang phan ng, phan ng, cc t va gong t. Cac oan
nay c ky hieu tng ng bang cac ch so: , rang, , c va g.
Ta co: F0 = 2H + 2Hranghrang + HL + 2Hchc + HgLg.
F0 = F + Frang + F +Fc +Fg.
(2-3)
TTHH
TTHH
b =
TTHH
tnh toan cung cc t. Trong cac may ien tren tiet dien ngang cua phan ng nhan
mot chieu khong co cc t phu = 0,7 0,8. Cac may ien mot chieu co cc t phu
= 0,62 - 0,72.
- Tren thc te mat cc t con co rang va ranh, nen t trng trong khe h
phan bo cang khong eu, tren rang ng sc t day, con ranh th tha tht hn.
Kch thc cua rang va ranh co anh hng en ng i cua ng sc t. V vay
khi tnh toan F can phai dung chieu dai khe h tnh toan : ' = k . . Trong o:
k: he so khe h, c cho trong cac so tay thiet ke may ien. oi vi ranh ch
nhat ta co the dung cong thc:
k =
t1 + 10
br1 + 10
(2-4)
br1
Max
15
Trong o :
lC
bg
Nh vay vi 1 t thong chnh 0 nao o th t cua t trng trong khe h tren tiet
dien doc cua phan ng
cam la :
B =
. .l
F =
2
B . k .
(A/oi cc)
(2-5)
brang x branhx
brangtb
brang2
/rang x
t2
Hnh 2-5. Sc t ong rang
T thong trong khe h oi vi mot bc rang (ch can tnh S.t. cua cac rang oi
vi 1 bc rang la u v tat ca cac rang eu dan t thong song song vi nhau va
tat ca chung eu nam trong nhng ieu kien t trng giong nhau, tren chieu dai
cua cung cc b) bang:
16
t = B.t1.l
(2-6)
Lay mot tiet dien ong tam vi mat phan ng cach nh rang mot khoang x
e xet, th t thong t i qua tiet dien o gom 2 phan:
- rang x i qua rang.
- ranhx i qua ranh.
Ta co:
(2-7)
t = rang x + ranh x
Chia hai ve cua (2-7) cho tiet dien mat cat cua rang, ta co:
rangx ranhx
t
=
+
Srangx Srangx Srangx
(2-8)
t
/
= Bra
ngx :Goi la t cam tnh toan cua rang. Y ngha cua no la coi nh toan bo
Srangx
t thong eu i qua rang. Khi B/rang x > 1,8T th do mach t tren rang tng oi bao
hoa nen t thong trong ranh khong the bo qua c, phai phan biet B/rang x va Brangx
rangx
Srangx
Co the viet:
Trong o:
(2-9)
t x .l
Sranhx Stx - Srang x
-1
=
=
brangx .l.k c
Srang x
Srangx
(2-10)
Trong o:
Stx: Tiet dien bc rang o cao x.
tx: Bc rang o cao x.
l: Chieu dai loi thep thuan ng (khong ke ranh thong gio hng kn).
kc: He so ep chat loi thep (ty so gia chieu dai thuan thep cua loi thep vi
chieu dai thc cua loi thep).
17
Thng kc = 0,91 - 0,93 (khi gia cac la thep co boi sn cach ien).
Nh vay cong thc (2 - 8) tr thanh:
B/rangx = Brangx + Branhx . krangx = Brangx + o.Hranhx.krangx
(2 - 11)
Gia thiet cac mat hnh tru cat ngang rang va ranh cac o cao x khac nhau
la nhng mat ang the. Trong trng hp nay t ap ri theo chieu cao cua rang va
ranh bang nhau, do o:
Hranhx = Hrangx va cong thc (2 - 11) tr thanh:
B/rangx = Brangx + oHrangx.krangx
(2 - 12)
Muon dung c cong thc tren e tnh sc t ong cua cac rang ta tien
hanh nh sau:
- Ve ng cong t hoa cua thep dung lam phan ng.
- Tnh he so krang theo (2 - 10).
- Cho trc t cam thc trong rang Brang xac nh Hrang theo ng 1.
- Tnh tr so o Hrangx.krangx .
- Dung cong thc (2-12) tnh B/rangx. tien hanh tnh toan nh the oi vi nhieu tr so
Brang ta ve c ng 2 la quan he B/rangx = f(Hrangx ) vi nhieu tr so krangx a cho.
rang x
0.Hrangx.krangx
B/rangx
Brang x
Hrang x
Hrang x
krang
krang
Hrang (A/cm)
Hnh 2-7. Cac ng cong B/rang x = f(Hrang x) oi vi thep ky thuat ien 11, 12, 13
18
Biet nhng ng cong o ta co the s dung chung theo trnh t ngc lai, tc la
au tien tnh t cam tnh toan B/rangx va krangx , sau o ta co the tm ra Hrangx va Brangx
t ng 2 va 1.
T cam tnh toan cua rang B/rangx cac o cao x co the tnh:
/ rangx =
(2-13)
t1l
brangxlkc
Khi tnh toan sc t ong cua rang ch can tnh t cam 3 v tr au, gia va chan
rang:
B/ rang1 =
B .t1.l
brang1.l.k c
tnh krang1
/ rangtb =
t1l
brangtb lk c
tnh krangtb
/ rang2 =
t1l
brang2 lk c
tnh krang2.
(2 - 14)
(2 - 15)
(2 - 16)
(Wb)
= 0
2
Tr so t cam trung bnh tiet dien trung bnh cua lng phan ng la :
B =
Trong o
0
=
S 2h .l.k c
(T)
D d
2
h r m a2 .d a2
2
3
19
(A/oi cc)
L =
(D - 2hrang - h )
2p
+ h
(m)
Khi tnh toan phan nay ta phai xet en anh hng cua t thong tan
1. Tnh S.t. tren cc t FC :
Bg = t 0 (T);
lg: Chieu dai gong t
Sg = hg.lg (m2);
2Sg
Thng Bg = 0,8 1,4 Wb/m2 neu gong lam bang thep, bang khoang 1/2 tr so
tren neu gong lam bang gang.
T ng cong t hoa cua vat lieu che tao gong t ta suy ra Hg.
S.t. tren gong t Fg = Hg.Lg
Trong o Lg chieu dai ng sc t trung bnh tren gong stator:
Lg =
(D + 2 + 2hc + hg )
2p
20
+ hg
(m)
Muon sinh ra 1 t thong o nao o can phai co S.t. Fo khi Fo bien thien th
o bien thien theo. ng bieu dien quan he gia o va Fo goi la ng cong t
hoa cua may ien. Ta cho rang tr so nh mc cua t thong chnh om = 1 tng
ng vi tr so ien ap nh mc : Um . T cho mot loat tr so cua t thong chnh, v
du : 0,5 ; 0,8 ; 1,1 ; 1,2 ta co the tnh Fo oi vi moi gia tr o, va c quan he o
= f(Fo ). Trong phan au ng cong t hoa thc te co tnh chat ng thang v
ng vi cac tr so o nho thep cua may t bao hoa nen sc t ong cua mach t
hau nh tieu hao tren khe h. Khi o tang len loi thep bat au bao hoa, ng
cong t hoa nghieng ve ben phai. Keo dai phan ng thang cua ng cong t
hoa ta c quan he F = f ( ) khi 0 = m th sc ien ong khe h bang oan
ab. oan bc ch sc ien ong ri tren cac phan sat cua mach t.
Ty so k =
F0 ac
=
la he so bao hoa cua mach t.
F ab
Trong nhng may thong thng, ien ap nh mc cua may thiet ke oan bat
au cong vi k = 1,1-1,35.
0
T thong di moi oi cc
Fg Fc
Fr
F0= f (0)
F0
A/oi cc
Cau hoi
1. Muc ch cua viec tnh toan mach t cua may ien mot chieu khi khong tai.
2. Phng phap nay co the ap dung cho viec tnh toan mach t luc khong tai oi
vi cac loai may ien quay khac khong? c s cua viec tnh toan mach t?
Bai tap
Cho may ien mot chieu co D = 200mm; 2p = 4; l = 180 mm; = 1,5 mm; so
ranh phan ng Z = 33; = 0,65; chieu rong ranh ch nhat branh = 8 mm; ng = 2; bg
=10 mm. Tnh t thong chnh trong khe h khong kh 0 va sc t ong F.
Biet ; l = lc; B = 0,8T; 0 = 4 10 -7 H/m.
21
Chng 3
DAY QUAN CUA MAY IEN MOT CHIEU
3.1. ai cng
Day quan phan ng la phan day ong at trong cac ranh cua phan ng va
tao thanh mot hoac nhieu mach vong kn. No la phan quan trong nhat cua may
ien v no trc tiep tham gia cac qua trnh bien oi nang lng t ien nang thanh
c nang hay ngc lai. Ve mat kinh te, gia thanh cua day quan cung chiem t le
kha cao trong gia thanh cua may.
Yeu cau oi vi day quan la :
- Sinh ra mot sc ien ong va mo men ien t theo yeu cau thiet ke, ong
thi bao am oi chieu dong ien tot.
- Tiet kiem vat lieu, ket cau n gian, lam viec chac chan va an toan.
Day quan phan ng co the chia thanh cac loai:
- Day quan xep n va xep phc tap.
- Day quan song n va song phc tap.
- Day quan hon hp la s ket hp cua hai day quan xep va song, thng
dung trong cac may ien mot chieu cong suat ln.
1. Cau tao cua day quan phan ng
a. Phan t day quan (boi day): Day quan phan ng gom nhieu phan t day quan
noi vi nhau theo 1 qui luat nhat nh. Phan t thng la 1 boi day gom 1 hay
nhieu vong day ma 2 au cua no noi vao 2 phien gop.Moi phan t co hai canh tac
dung, o la phan at vao ranh cua loi thep. Phan noi 2 canh tac dung nam ngoai
loi thep goi la phan au noi (hnh 3.1).
b.Ranh thc va ranh nguyen to: Ranh thc nam hai rang ke nhau. Neu trong
ranh phan ng goi la ranh thc ch at 2 canh tac dung (1 canh nam lp tren va
1 canh nam lp di ranh) th ta goi ranh o la ranh nguyen to (hnh 3.2a).
u=1
2
u=2
u=3
22
Znt = S = G
c)
a)
a. Day quan xep tien
d)
G
G
b)
Qui luat noi cac phan t day quan co the xac nh bang 4 loai bc day quan sau
(hnh 3.3):
a. Bc day quan th nhat y1: La khoang cach gia hai canh tac dung cua 1 phan
t .
b.Bc day quan th hai y2: La khoang cach gia canh tac dung th 2 cua phan t
th nhat vi canh tac dung th nhat cua phan t th hai ke tiep no.
c. Bc day tong hp y: La khoang cach gia hai canh au cua hai phan t ke tiep
nhau .
Ca ba loai bc day quan tren c tnh bang so ranh nguyen to.
d. Bc co gop yG: o la khoang cach gia hai phien gop co hai canh tac dung cua
mot phan t noi vao, o bang so phien gop.
3.2 Day quan xep n
1. Bc day quan.
a.Bc day quan th nhat y1.
Bc day quan th nhat phai chon sao cho sc ien ong cam ng trong
phan t ln nhat. Muon the th hai canh tac dung cua phan t phai cach nhau 1
bc cc v luc o tr so tc thi sc ien ong cua hai canh tac dung bang nhau
ve tr so va ngc chieu nhau. Do trong mot phan t uoi cua hai canh tac dung
noi vi nhau nen sc ien ong tong cua 1 phan t bang tong so hoc cua hai sc
23
ien ong cua hai canh tac dung. Neu bieu th sc ien ong cua moi canh tac
dung bang 1 vec t nh hnh 3.4 va so ranh nguyen to di moi bc cc :
Z
y1 = = nt Neu y1 = Znt / 2p khong phai la so nguyen th phai chon y1 bang so
2p
nguyen gan bang Znt / 2p.
///
///
Hnh 3.4 Sc ien ong khi bc u (a), bc ngan (b), bc dai (c)
Tong quat ta co :
y1 =
Znt
= So nguyen
2p
Z
Z
Znt
y1 = nt + bc dai.
bc u, y1 = nt bc ngan,
2p
2p
2p
Day quan c che tao bc ngan hay bc dai th S.. cua phan t cung hi
y1 =
ac iem cua day quan xep n la 2 au cua 1 phan t noi lien vao 2
phien gop oi chieu ke nhau nen oi vi day quan xep tien yG = 1, oi vi day
quan xep lui yG= -1. T o ta thay bc tong hp y cung phai bang 1 :
y = yG = 1
c.Bc day th hai y2.
La hnh ve khai trien cua day quan khi cat be mat phan ng theo truc roi trai ra
thanh mat phang. Can c vao kieu day quan va cac bc day tnh c, ta ve s
o khai trien cua day quan. e hieu ro cach phan tch hn co the xet mot th du
sau. Th du : Ve s o khai trien cua day quan xep n Znt = S = G = 16, 2p = 4
a.Cac bc day quan.
Znt
16
=
=4
2p
4
y2 = y1 y = 4 1 = 3
y1 =
24
y = yG = 1
Can c vao bc day quan co the bo tr cach noi cac phan t e thc hien
day quan. anh so cac ranh t 1 - 16. Phan t th nhat co canh tac dung 1 (coi
nh at nam tren ranh) at vao ranh nguyen to 1 th canh tac dung th 2 at vao
pha di ranh nguyen to 5 (v y1 = 5 1 = 4), 2 au cua phan t noi vao 2 phien
gop 1 va 2. Canh tac dung au cua phan t 2 phai at vao ranh nguyen to th hai
va nam lp tren (v y2 = 5 2 = 3) c tiep tuc nh vay cho en khi khep kn mach.
Ta co the bieu th bang s o sau :
Lp tren
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 Mach ien kn
Lp di
5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4
Da vao s o th t noi cac phan t ta ve gian o khai trien day quan (h3.5)
A1
B1
A
A2
B
B2
-Theo cc tnh cua cc t va chieu quay cua phan ng khi lam viec che o may
phat suy ra chieu sc ien ong.
- V tr cua cc t phai oi xng, thng bc (0,65 - 0,75). Trong o bc be rong
cua cc t.
- V tr cua choi than tren co gop ien cung phai oi xng, trong day quan xep n
chieu rong cua choi than co the lay bang chieu rong cua 1 phien gop.
- Choi than phai at v tr nao e lay ra sc ien ong trong mot mach nhanh
song song la ln nhat, mat khac e dong ien trong phan t b choi than ngan
mach la nho nhat. Dong ien trong phan t ngan mach nho nhat khi 2 canh cua
phan t nam v tr trung vi ng trung tnh hnh hoc cua phan ng va nh vay
v tr cua choi than tren vanh gop phai trung vi truc cc t.
25
3. So oi mach nhanh.
Gia thiet 1 thi iem nao o day quan phan ng quay en v tr nh trong
gian o khai trien tren, ta thay sc ien ong cua cac phan t gia 2 choi than
cung chieu va choi than A1, A2 cung cc tnh (cc +). B1, B2 cung cc tnh (cc am)
v vay thng noi A1, A2 va B1, B2 lai vi nhau. T o ta thay day quan la 1 mach
ien gom 4 mach song song ghep lai nh hnh 3.6. Khi phan ng quay v tr cua
cac phan t thay oi nhng nhn t ngoai vao van la 4 mach song song. v du
tren may co 4 cc nen co 4 mach nhanh song song. Neu so cc la 2p th so mach
nhanh song song la 2p. V vay oi vi day quan xep n: So mach nhanh song
song bang so cc t : 2a = 2p hay so oi mach nhanh song song: a = p.
A1
i1
1 2 3
8 i2 7
i3 11
12
,i
,i
E
B1
,i
I A
1
9
10
9 10
16
,i
E
A2
B2
i4
15
14
13
B1
13
B2
14
Dong ien phan ng I la tong dong ien cac mach nhanh song song.
I = i1 + i2 . . . + i4.
4. Dung a giac sc ien ong nghien cu day quan phan ng:
Gia thiet t cam di cc t phan bo hnh sin, nh vay cac phan t cua day
quan khi quet qua t trng th sc ien ong cam ng trong phan t cung bien
oi hnh sin. Trong toan hoc ngi ta co the bieu dien 1 ai lng hnh sin bang
mot vec t quay ma tr so tc thi cua no la hnh chieu cua vec t len truc tung.
Nh vay co the bieu th sc ien ong cua tat ca cac phan t bang hnh sao sc
ien ong. V c qua 1 oi cc, S.. bien oi 1 chu ky tc 360o va so ranh
nguyen to di moi oi cc la Znt /p nen neu coi cac phan t day quan phan bo
eu tren be mat phan ng th goc o ien gia 2 ranh nguyen to (cung la goc o
3600 p3600
=
ien ve sc ien ong cua 2 phan t ke nhau) se la : =
Znt / p
Znt
Theo th du tren : p = 2, Znt = S = G = 16 th ta co:
2.360 o
=
= 45 o . Do phan t 1 nam tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc nen chon
16
vec t S.. cua phan t 1 lam chuan va co v tr nam ngang. T o ta ve o th
26
hnh tia sc ien ong cua day quan. T hnh ve ta thay ranh 1 8 phan bo di 1
oi cc (chiem 3600 ien), con ranh 9 16 phan bo di 1 oi cc khac. Hai to vec
t trung nhau nh hnh ve (nh vec t 2 va 10, 3 va 11, 4 va 12...). S d nh vay
v chung co v tr tng oi giong nhau di cc t nen sc ien ong hoan toan
giong nhau.
Khi a co hnh tia sc ien ong neu theo cach au cua cac phan t e noi
tiep cac vec t cua chung lai th c a giac sc ien ong. Theo th du tren cac
vec t 1, 2, 3 . . . noi tiep nhau nen ve ra ta thay day quan nay co hai a giac sc
ien ong trung nhau.
6, 14
7, 15
A1
9 10
8, 16
1,9
2,10
3,11
7,15
= 450
6,14
4,12
5,13
2, 10
3, 11
8,16
1, 9
5, 13
4, 12
A2
14 13
B2
6 5
B1
Hnh 3.8 a giac s.. cua day quan xep n hnh 3.4
Hnh 3.9 S ap mach cua ien ap choi than vi so phan t chan trong nhanh day quan phan ng
27
Khi roto quay th a giac quay, ta thay hnh chieu cua a giac tren truc tung
co the thay oi chut t theo chu ky. Neu so canh cua a giac S.. khong nhieu th
S.. lay ra choi than ap mach trong gii han t U1(hnh 3.9 a) en U2 mot cach
chu ky.T hnh ve U1 = U2.cos 2
Tr so ien ap trung bnh tren choi than :
U1 + U2 1
= U2 (1+ cos )
2
2
2
Hieu so ien ap gia U1 hay U2 vi Utb
1
U2 (1+ cos )
U = U2 Utb = Utb U1 =
2
2
Utb =
1
U (1 cos )
U 2 2
2 = tg2
=
Utb 1 U (1+ cos )
4
2
2
2
p.3600 1800
=
S
G / 2p
Trong o: G/2p : so phien gop / 1 cc t.
Ta biet
o ap mach cua ien ap phu thuoc vao so phien gop tren cc t. Neu G/2p
cang ln th cang giam, nh vay s ap mach cang t.
G/2p
U
100
Utb
100
17
7,2
2,5
15
30
e thay ro cac bc xay dng gian o khai trien cua day quan ta neu mot th du e
phan tch.
Th du : day quan xep phc tap 2p = 4 , S = G = Znt = 20, day quan bc dai.
a. Cac bc day quan :
y = yG = 2 ,
y1 =
Znt
20
=
+ 1= 6 ,
2p
4
y2 = 6 2 = 4
Lp tren
Khep kn
Lp di
Lp tren
Khep kn
Lp di
3. So oi mach nhanh :
Day quan xep phc tap thc te do 2 hay m day quan xep n hp lai cung
au chung vi choi than do o t pha ngoai nhn vao so mach nhanh song song
cua day quan xep phc tap gap oi hay m lan so mach nhanh song song cua day
quan xep n. V vay ta co so oi mach nhanh song song cua day quan xep phc
tap bac m la
a = mp
29
Ta cung co the dung hnh tia S.. va a giac S.. e nghien cu day quan xep
phc tap. Vi th du tren ta co :
p.3600 2.3600
=
=
= 360
Znt
20
y2 = yG y1
2. Gian o khai trien :
e hieu c cac bc xay dng gian o khai trien cua day quan ta xet mot th du
sau: Day quan song n S = G = Znt = 17 , 2p = 4.
a. Bc day quan.
y1 =
Znt
17 1
=
=4
2p
4 4
yG =
17 1
=8
2
y2 = 8 4 = 4
30
Khep kn
Lp di
3. So oi mach nhanh :
p.3600 2.3600
=
= 42,30
Znt
17
Hnh 3.13 o th hnh tia va a giac S.. cua day quan song n hnh 3.12
Trong day quan song neu cac phan t noi noi tiep nhau i 1 vong quanh be
mat phan ng, khong tr ve v tr gan phan t au ma cach 2 hay m phien gop th
c goi la day quan song phc tap.
31
yG =
G m
p
y2 = yG y1
e ve gian o khai trien cua day quan ta xet mot th du sau: Day quan song
phc tap S = G = Znt = 18 , 2p = 4 , m = 2
a. Cac bc day quan :
y1 =
Znt
18 2
=
=4
2p
4 4
yG =
18 2
=8
2
y2 = 4
Hnh 3.14 Gian o khai trien cua day quan song phc tap.
Day quan song phc tap co the coi gom m day quan song n gop lai. Do
o so oi mach nhanh a = m.
Goc o ien gia 2 phan t ke nhau, th du tren :
=
p.3600 2.3600
=
= 400
Znt
18
32
7, 16
12, 3
14
-9//
)400
6, 15
a)
16
7
11, 2
8, 17
10,1
9, 18
9//
13, 4
5, 14
8
17
15
1
13
11
3
12
18
10
b)
Hnh 3.15
a. Vec t s.. cua mot phan t
b. o th hnh tia s.. cua phan t day quan.
c. o th a giac s...
c)
Day quan MDC tng ng nh 1 mach ien gom 1 so mach nhanh song
song ghep lai. Trong ieu kien lam viec bnh thng, S.. sinh ra trong cac
mach nhanh la bang nhau, khi co tai dong ien phan bo eu tren cac mach
nhanh. Neu v nguyen nhan nao o dong ien trong cac mach nhanh phan bo
khong eu nhau th s lam viec cua may khong co li. e tranh tnh trang o ta
noi day can bang ien the e bao am phan phoi eu an dong ien trong cac
mach nhanh.
Trong tat ca cac loai day quan tr day quan hon hp, khi a > 1 eu phai at
day can bang ien the.
Co 2 loai day can bang :
Day can bang loai 1 : dung cho day quan xep n
Day can bang loai 2 : dung cho day quan xep phc va song phc.
1. Day can bang loai 1 :
Khi khe h khong kh eu, S.. trong cac mach nhanh bang nhau. V du
E = 100V va dong ien co cung tr so chay trong cac manh nhanh, v du la 200A
th dong ien tren choi than la 400A phan phoi eu, may lam viec bnh thng
(hnh 3.16a).
33
Tren thc te, do che tao lap ghep khong tot hoac lam viec lau ngay o bi b mon
dan en khe h gia cac cc khong bang nhau v vay t thong gia cac cc t
khac nhau, S.. khac nhau dan en s khong can bang s.. trong cac mach
nhanh lam cho trong day quan sinh ra dong ien can bang Icb. V ien tr day
quan rat nho nen khi co s khong can bang rat nho cua S.. cung u gay ra Icb
ln lam cho may khi co tai dong ien trong cac mach nhanh khong oi xng lam
tang ton hao ong may nong. Ngoai ra do dong ien qua choi than khong oi
xng, co the choi than qua tai lam oi chieu kho khan (tia la sinh ra tren choi
than qua ln).
Ta khao sat day quan xep n 2a = 2p = 4. Neu tat ca cac mach nhanh day
quan eu lam viec oi xng th trong cac mach nhanh day quan co s.. ong
nhat v du E = 100V va co dong ien cung tr so chay theo moi mach nhanh v du
I = 200A th dong ien tng ng trong choi than la 400A va dong ien mach
ngoai la 800A. Gia s khe h khong kh khong eu, khe h tren rong hn khe h
di ta co: S.. E 2 mach nhanh tren la 99V, s.. E 2 mach nhanh di la
101V, s chenh lech ien ap gia choi than dng la 2V. Gia s ien tr cua
mach nhanh song song cua phan ng r = 0,01 ien tr cua na day quan phan
ng 2r = 2. 0,01 cho nen tren moi na day quan phan ng co Icb = 2/2.0,01 =
100A. Choi than tren b giam tai con 200A. Choi than di tang tai la 600A, lam
sinh ra tia la co gop. e tranh cac hien tng tren ngi ta noi cac iem ve l
luan la ang the lai vi nhau.Ta co khoang cach gia hai iem ang the canh
nhau goi la bc the, bc the yt c xac nh bang so phien oi chieu di moi
G G
= . Trong thc te ngi ta ch
oi cc. Trong day quan xep n a = p nen yt =
P a
noi chng 3 - 4 day can bang oi vi cac may nho. oi vi cac may trung bnh noi
1/4 en 1/3 day so day can bang ien the co the co. Noi toan bo day can bang
ien the oi vi may ln.
34
Tac dung cua day can bang loai 1 lam mat s khong oi xng cua mach t trong
may ien e can bang ien the trong cac mach nhanh cua day quan xep nam
di cac cc t co cung cc tnh.
oi vi day quan song n ch co 1 oi mach nhanh nen khong co cac iem ang
the. Thc te day quan song n cung khong can noi day can bang ien the v cac
phan t noi tiep e lam thanh 1 mach nhanh song song eu phan bo eu di
cac cc t nen du t thong di cac cc t khac nhau th S.. trong 2 mach
nhanh van bang nhau.
Th du : Gian o k hieu day quan song n 3.4
E1, E2 : S.. cua moi mach nhanh day quan (E1 = E2)
i1, i2 : dong ien cua moi day quan
rtx1 i1 i2
E1 E2
rtx3
E2 E1
i1 i2
B
rtx2
rtx4
V E1 = E2 nen :
i 1 rtx2 + rtx4 + 21 r
=
i 2 rtx1 + rtx3 + 21 r
36
Trong may ien mot chieu cong suat ln oi khi ngi ta dung day quan hon
hp hoac goi la day quan kieu ech do La tua (LATYROM) phat hien nam 1910, no
la ket hp cua cac day quan xep n gian va song phc tap, o khong can che
tao cac day noi can bang . Ca hai day quan cung noi len cac phien oi chieu chung
, v vay day quan nay moi phien oi chieu co 4 thanh dan noi vao. Trong day
quan xep n gian co a = p oi mach nhanh song song, nen day quan song phc
tap phai c thc hien vi cung mot so oi mach nhanh song song a = p
y1x
yGx
y1s
yGs
ieu kien e noi day quan xep va song thanh day quan hon hp:
a. Cac day quan song va xep co so mach nhanh nh nhau
2ax = 2as = mx (2p) = 2 ms
mx, ms: Bac cua day quan xep va song
b. Co so thanh dan nh nhau e am bao co s.. nh nhau
Nx = Ns
c. am bao ieu kien oi xng cua day quan t nhat phai co z/p va G/p la so
nguyen
d. S.. trong mach kn hp thanh do day dan noi cac choi than cung ten va cac
phan t cua day quan xep va song phai bang khong.
Trong cac cong thc tren, cac k hieu nho "x" va "s" la e ch day quan xep va
song.
Muon thc hien ieu kien th nhat th khi day quan xep la xep n th day quan
song phai la song phc:
yG = ms = mxp
Thng day quan hon hp gom day quan xep n va day quan song phc. So oi
mach nhanh cua day quan hon hp bang:
ahh = ax + as
e khong co dong ien can bang trong mach day quan can phai thoa man
z
y 1x = y 1s = nt
2p
y 2 x = y 2s
z
y x = y s = nt
p
37
yGs can phai chon sao cho day quan song la mot mach kn. Trong day quan hon
hp day quan song co tac dung nh day noi can bang cho day quan xep va ngc
lai day quan xep la day noi can bang cho day quan song.
Mac du day quan hon hp co mot so khuyet iem nh che tao, sa cha
kho khan, he so lap ay ranh thap, ieu kien lam nguoi kem nhng van c ap
dung trong cac trng hp sau;
- Khi can nang cao cong suat va toc o quay cua may ien mot chieu.
- Trong cac may ien co ng knh phan ng can thu nho lai va khong co day can
bang.
- Trong cac may ien co toc o cao, ng knh phan ng tng oi nho va viec bo
tr day can bang kho khan.
Th du: Day quan hon hp co Znt = S = G = 24, 2p = 6
yx
y1x
y2x
y1s
y2s
Z nt
24
=
=4
2p
6
2
y 2x = y1x yGx = 4 1= 3
Day quan song ba trai
G m 24 3
=7
=
p
3
Z
24
y1s = nt + =
=4
2p
6
y2s = yGs y1s = 7 4 = 3
yGs =
ys
yx
ys
ys
Cau hoi
1. Qui luat noi cac phan t day quan xep va song co nhng iem nao khac nhau.
Quan he gia oi mach nhanh cua chung nh the nao?
2. Neu mot may 4 cc day quan xep n oi thanh song n ma so thanh dan va
nhng ieu kien khac khong thay oi th ien ap va dong ien cua may sau khi thay
oi se nh the nao? cong suat nh mc cua may co thay oi khong?
3. S khac nhau chnh gia day quan xep n va xep phc tap, song n va song
phc tap nh the nao?
4. Day can bang ien the dung e lam g? Tac dung cua day can bang ien the loai
1 va loai 2 khac nhau nh the nao?
38
Bai tap
1. Mot day quan xep n quan phai, co cac so lieu sau: S = G = Znt = 24, p = 3, u
= 1, co lap 1/3 tong so day can bang ien the. Ve gian o khai trien day quan.
2. Mot may phat ien kch thch ngoai, cong suat 10Kw, ien ap nh mc la 6V, so
oi cc 2p = 4. Hoi neu dong ien trong moi mach nhanh khong c vt qua
300A th phai s dung day quan g?
ap so: Day quan xep phc vi m = 2 hay song phc vi m = 3
3. Mot day quan song n, quan trai co cac so lieu sau: Znt = 19 p = 2. Hoi:
a. Cac bc day quan y1, y2, y va yG
b. Ve gian o khai trien.
c. Ve hnh tia va a giac s...
d. So oi mach nhanh
ap so: y1 = 5, y2 = 5, y = yG = 10; a = 1
4. Mot may ien mot chieu vi S = G = Znt = 16, p = 2. Hoi neu chon m 2
th co the quan theo loai day quan nao? Luc o tm:
a. Cac bc day quan y1, y2, y va so mach nhanh
b. T so ien ap va dong ien nh mc cua cac loai day quan o.
ap so: Xep n hoac xep kep
a. y1 = 4, y2 = 1 hoac 2, y = 3 hoac 2; a = 2 hoac 4.
b. T so ien ap bang 2, dong ien bang 1/2
5. Phan ng cua may ien mot chieu co cac so lieu sau: Tong so thanh dan N =
96; so vong day cua moi phan t ws = 3, 2p = 4, day quan xep n tien:
a. Tnh cac bc day quan y1, y2, y va yG
b. Thanh lap s o th t noi cac phan t
c. Ve o th khai trien cua day quan. Ve o th hnh tia va a giac sc ien ong
6. Phan ng may ien mot chieu co cac so lieu sau: Znt = S = G = 22; 2p = 4. Day
quan xep oi (m = 2).
a. Tnh cac bc day quan y1, y2, y va yG
b. Thanh lap s o th t noi cac phan t
c. Ve gian o khai trien cua day quan. Ve hnh tia va a giac s...
7. Ve gian o khai trien cua day quan phan ng may ien mot chieu co Znt = S = G
= 13; 2p = 4. Day quan song n trai.
8. Ve gian o khai trien cua day quan phan ng may ien mot chieu co Znt = S = G
= 20; 2p = 4. Day quan song oi trai.
9. Ve gian o khai trien cua day quan phan ng may ien mot chieu co Znt = S = G
= 20; 2p = 6. Day quan xep n.
39
Chng 4
QUAN HE IEN T TRONG MAY IEN MOT CHIEU
4.1. Sc ien ong cam ng trong day quan phan ng
Cho mot dong ien kch thch vao day quan kch thch th trong khe h sinh
ra 1 t thong . Khi phan ng quay vi 1 toc o nhat nh nao o th trong day
quan se cam ng 1 sc ien ong. Sc ien ong o la sc ien ong cua mot
mach nhanh song song va bang tong sc ien ong cam ng cua cac thanh dan
noi tiep trong 1 mach nhanh o.
Sc ien ong cam ng cua 1 thanh dan:
e x = Bx .l .v
Bmax
Btb
E = e1 + . . . . . + e N / 2a = e x
x =1
= (B1 + . . . . + B N / 2 a ).l .v = Bx .l .v
x =1
N / 2a
B
x =1
N / 2a
B x =
x =1
vi
N
B tb
2a
E =
nen
N
N
Btb l v = E tb
2a
2a
D
D n
2 p. .n
.
n = 2p
=
60
2 p 60
60
t thong di moi cc t trong khe h khong kh: = B . l .
v=
T o :
Trong o:
E =
N
2 p . .n
pN
B tb .l .
=
. .n
2a
60
60 a
p: So oi cc t kch thch
N Tong so thanh dan cua phan ng
n: Toc o quay cua phan ng (vong/phut)
a: So oi mach nhanh song song
40
(4-1)
f = Bil
I
2a
I : Dong ien phan ng
i =
D =
B =
l
Thay vao cong thc tnh mo men ien t ta c:
pN
I
2a
Trong o: tnh bang weber (wb)
Mt =
(Nm)
(4-4)
41
pN
2n
I
2a
60
(4-5)
Pt = E I
Pt =
Mt
Chieu cua E, I
quay cua may nen khi may cung cap cho tai
cang ln th cong suat c cung cap cho may
phai cang tang v Mt luon co chieu ngc vi
chieu quay cua phan ng.
Chieu cua E, I phu thuoc vao chieu cua
va n, c xac nh bang qui tac ban tay
phai. Chieu cua Mt xac nh bang qui tac ban
Mt
n
Chieu cua I
tay trai.
oi vi ong c ien khi cho dong ien
vao phan ng th di tac dung cua t trng,
trong day quan se sinh ra 1 Mt keo may quay,
v vay chieu quay cua may cung chieu Mt.
4.3 Qua trnh nang lng va cac phng trnh can bang
I. Ton hao trong may ien mot chieu.
1. Ton hao c pc : bao gom ton hao o bi, ma sat gia choi than va vanh gop,
cua khong kh vi canh quat v.v Ton hao nay phu thuoc chu yeu vao toc o
quay cua may, thong thng pc = (2 4)% Pm
2. Ton hao sat pFe : Do t tre va dong ien xoay trong loi thep gay nen. c
xac nh bang cong thc :
f
(watt/kg)
p Fe = k .P (1 / 50 ). .B2 .G c
50
k: he so kinh nghiem xet en s tang them ton hao thep do gia
42
cong, lap ghep loi thep, t thong phan bo khong eu v.v . . . thng chon k = 3,6
p ( 1 50) : suat ton hao cua thep khi B = 1T, f = 50 Hz
f : Tan so dong ien ; B t cam tnh toan (1T = 104 Gauss)
GC : Trong lng cua sat tnh bang kg
: so mu oi vi thep hp kim thap = 1,5 ; oi vi thep hp
kim cao th = 1,2 1,3.
Hai loai ton hao tren khi khong tai a ton tai nen goi la ton hao khong tai
Po = pc + pFe
No sinh ra mo men khong tai mang tnh chat ham
P
M0 = 0
3. Ton hao ong pcu : ton hao ong bao gom 2 phan :
- Ton hao ong trong mach phan ng pcu bao gom ton hao ong trong
2
day quan phan ng I r, cc t phu I 2 rf, ton hao tiep xuc gia choi than va vanh
gop ptx:
ptx = 2UtxI
pcu = I 2 R
R = r + rf + rtx
r : ien tr phan ng
rf : ien tr cua day quan cc t phu
rtx : ien tr tiep xuc cua choi than vi vanh gop
- Ton hao ong trong mach kch t pcut:
Pcut = Ut.It
Ut : ien ap at tren mach kch thch
It : dong ien kch thch
4. Ton hao phu pf : sinh ra trong thep cung nh trong ong cua may ien.
Ton hao phu trong thep co the do t trng phan bo khong eu tren be mat
phan ng, anh hng cua rang va ranh lam xuat hien t trng ap mach doc
truc.
43
Ton hao phu trong ong : dong ien phan bo khong eu tren choi than, khi oi
chieu, t trng phan bo khong eu trong ranh lam cho trong day quan sinh ra
dong ien xoay, ton hao trong day noi can bang v.v . . . Thng trong may ien
mot chieu lay
pf = 1% Pm neu may khong co day quan bu.
= 0,5% Pm neu may co day quan bu.
Tong ton hao trong may la :
p = pc + pFe + pcu + pcut + pf
Neu goi P1 la cong suat a vao may
P2 la cong suat a ra cua may th
P1 = P2 + p
P2 = P1 p
p
P p
P2
P2
100
100 =
100 = 1
100 = 1
P
P1
P2 + p
P1
1
II. Qua trnh nang lng trong may ien mot chieu va cac phng trnh can
I 2
bang :
1. May phat ien:
Ta hay xet qua trnh bien oi nang lng. V du nh cua may phat ien mot
chieu kch thch oc lap c quay vi toc o n = Cte. Khi kch thch oc lap th ton
hao trong mach kch thch khong tnh vao cong suat P1 a t ong c s cap
vao may phat ien. Khi bien oi nang lng 1 phan P1 tieu ph vao cac ton hao
pc , pFe, pf va phan con lai bien thanh nang lng ien t, do o:
Pt = E.I = P1 (pc + pFe+ pf )
Cong suat co ch P2 = U.I do may phat ien a vao li nho hn Pt mot
tr so bang ton hao ong trong may :
P2 = Pt pcu = E.I
.R = U.I
44
P1
pc
Pt
pFe+ pf
P2
pt
pcu
M1 = Mt + Mo
o la phng trnh can bang mo men cua may phat ien mot chieu vi M1:
Momen c a vao truc may phat ien; Mt: momen ien t phat ra cua may
phat.
2. ong c ien :
Xet mot ong c ien mot chieu kch thch song song lam viec n = Cte. Cong suat
ien ma ong c nhan t li vao: P1 = U(I + It)
Mot phan cong suat o bu vao ton hao ong tren mach kch t : pt = U.It va ton
hao tren mach phan ng pcu con ai bo phan chuyen thanh Pt
P1 = Pt + pcu + pcut
Pt = P1 - pcu - pcut
(1)
P2 = Pt - pc - pFe - pf
2
T (1) ta co: E.I = U(I + It) U.It I 2 .R = U.I I .R
nen
U.I = E.I + I 2 .R
U = E + I.R
o la phng trnh can bang s.. cua ong c ien mot chieu.
Gian o nang lng cua ong c ien mot chieu c trnh bay tren hnh 4.5.
Phng trnh can bang momen xuat phat t
P2 = Pt Po
M2 = Mt Mo
M2 = Mt Mo
o la phng trnh can bang mo men cua ong
c ien mot chieu
M2: Momen a ra au truc
Mo: Momen khong tai
Mt: Momen ien t
45
4.4 Th du
1. Mot may phat ien mot chieu luc quay khong tai toc o n0 = 1000 V/ph th
s.. phat ra E0 = 222 V .Hoi luc khong tai muon phat ra s.. nh mc E0.m
= 220 V th toc o n0m phai bang bao nhieu khi gi dong ien kch t khong
oi ?
Giai
Gi dong ien kch t khong oi ngha la t thong khong oi .
Theo cong thc tnh s.. (4-2) ta co :
E0
C n
n
= E 0 = 0
E0m CE n0m n0m
Do o khi E0m = 220 V, toc o tng ng se la :
n0m = n0
E0m
220
= 1000
= 990V / ph
E0
222
2. Mot ong c ien mot chieu kch thch song song cong suat nh mc Pm
= 5,5 kW, Um = 110 V, Im = 58 A (tong dong ien a vao bao gom dong ien
phan ng I va kch t It ), nm = 1470 V/ph. ien tr phan ng R = 0,15, ien
tr mach kch t rt = 137, ien ap ri tren choi than 2 U tx = 2 V .Hoi s.. phan
ng ,momen ien t cua ong c.
Giai
Dong ien kch t :
It =
U
110
=
= 0 .8 A
rt
137
It = Im It = 58 0,8 = 57 ,2A
S.. phan ng :
Momen ien t :
M=
99 , 4 x 57 , 2
EI EI
=
=
= 36 ,9Nm
2 x1470
2n
60
60
46
Cau hoi
1. Mot ong c ien mot chieu kch t song song co so lieu sau: Um = 220 V, R
= 0.4 , dong ien nh mc cua ong c Im = 52 A, ien tr mach kch t rt =
110 va toc o khong tai ly tng n0 = 1100 V/ph.
Tm :
- S.. phan ng luc tai nh mc .
- Toc o luc tai nh mc
- Cong suat ien t va mo men ien t luc tai nh mc, biet Im = Im + Itm
ap so: Em = 200V; nm = 1000 vg/ph
Pt = 10Kw; Mt = 95,5 Nm
2. Mot ong c ien mot chieu kch t song song co so lieu sau: Pm = 96 Kw,
Um = 440 V, R = 0.078 , Im = 255 A, dong ien mach kch t It = 5 A, nm = 500
V/ph. Tm:
- Mo men nh mc au truc M2
- Mo men ien t khi tai nh mc
- Toc o quay luc khong tai ly tng (I = 0), biet Im = Im + Itm
ap so: M2 = 1833,5 Nm
Mt = 2007,7 Nm
n0 = 523 vg/ph
3. Mot may phat ien mot chieu kch thch oc lap co : Um = 220 V, nm = 1000V/
ph.Biet rang toc o n = 750 V/ph th s.. luc khong tai E0 = 176 V.Hoi s.. va
dong ien phan ng luc tai nh mc cua may la bao nhieu, biet rang ien tr
phan ng R = 0,4 .
ap so: Em = 234,6 V
Im = 36,5 A
47
Chng 5
T TRNG LUC CO TAI CUA MAY IEN MOT CHIEU
5.1. ai cng
Khi may lam viec khong tai, trong may ch ton tai sc t ong cua cac cc t
chnh va sinh ra t thong o .
Luc co tai, sc t ong phan ng sinh ra do dong ien chay trong day quan phan
ng tac dung vi sc t ong cua cc t chnh tao nen sc t ong tong trong khe
h khong kh. Tac dung cua sc t ong phan ng vi sc t ong cc t chnh goi
la phan ng phan ng. Khi co tai ngoai t trng phan ng con co t trng cc t
phu va day quan bu. Khi phan tch cac hien tng o ngi ta thng dung phng
phap xep chong cac t thong. Noi dung cua no la: Thanh lap rieng re s phan bo
t trng cc t chnh, t trng phan ng, t trng cc t phu va t trng day
quan bu sau o ket hp chung lai, ta c t trng tong trong khe h khong kh
khi co tai.
sao cho chieu dong ien trong cac thanh dan cung
chieu vi s.. hnh 5-1. T trng do cac dong
ien o sinh ra phan bo oi xng vi cac iem nam
tren ng TTHH (h5-2). Ro rang la na ben phai
48
cua phan ng la cc bac (N), con na ben trai cua phan ng la cc nam (S).
Nh vay truc t trng phan ng trung vi truc choi than hay trung vi ng
trung tnh hnh hoc.
2. S phan bo cua t trng tren be mat phan ng
Bx
Fx = Hdl = ik = A2x = Hx 2
k
Fx = 0 . Tai x =
ta co Fx = A . S phan bo s.t. phan ng
2
2
2
2
c bieu dien nh ng 1 - 1- 1 cua hnh 5-3. T cam phan ng di mat cc t
Tai x = 0 ta co
bang:
Bx = o.Hx = o. Fx = o. A .x
'
2
49
(1)
Fd
Fq
Neu choi than khong tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc ma lech i mot goc tng
ng vi mot khoang cach b tren chu vi phan ng (hnh 5.4) th di moi bc
cc trong pham vi 2b dong ien sinh ra s.t. doc truc Fd va trong pham vi ( 2b)
dong ien sinh ra sc t ong ngang truc Fq do o ta co:
Fd = 2A.b
Fq = A( 2b)
3. Phan ng phan ng trong may ien mot chieu.
a. Khi choi than at tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc.
ng
Tru at ly
v
h
t n
S
Hnh 5.5 S phan bo t trng tong
cua may khi cac choi than at tren
ng trung tnh hnh hoc
50
Trung tnh
Vat ly
Trung tnh
hnh hoc
Ket luan:
- Khi choi than nam tren ng trung
tnh hnh hoc th phan ng phan ng ngang
truc (F = Fq) lam meo t trng trong khe
Mom
ra
Mom
vao
a)
b)
Fb = .Fq = . .A = b.A
Hnh ch nhat adch bieu th cho S.t. cua cac cc phu khi may khong co day quan
bu. Khi co day quan bu th Ff = Ff Fb , ngha la nho hn nhieu trong cac may
khong co day quan bu, Ff bieu th bang hnh acfh. Luc o phan bieu th bang hnh
ch nhat bcfg cua s.t. e bu vao phan con lai cua hieu so Fq Fb trong khong
gian gia cac cc, con hnh ch nhat abgh xac nh s.t. oi chieu Fc can thiet e
thanh lap t thong oi chieu c tao nen s.. oi chieu trong cac thanh dan
vung oi chieu.
53
5.6 Th du
Mot may phat ien mot chieu co p = 2, so phan t S = 95. So vong cua moi
phan t ws = 3. ng knh ngoai phan ng D = 17cm, dong ien nh mc Im =
36A, choi than mam tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc.
1. Neu day quan phan ng la day quan song n, tnh phu tai ng A va s.t.
ngang truc luc tai ay.
2. Neu day quan phan ng la xep n, tnh phu tai ng A va s.t. ngang
truc luc tai ay.
3. Neu choi than dch khoi ng trung tnh hnh hoc 160 (goc o ien), dong
ien phan ng van la 36A, tnh s.t. ngang truc va doc truc cua hai loai day quan
song n va xep n.
giai
Cau hoi
1. Mot ong c ien kch t song song co cac so lieu sau: Pm = 550kw, Um =
600v, Im = 1000A, p = 3, nm = 500vg/ph. Dong ien kch t It = 19 A, phu tai
ng A = 270 A/cm. ng knh ngoai phan ng D = 92 cm. Day quan xep phc
tap vi m = 2. ien ap ri tren phan ng I R = 40 v.
a) Tnh s.t. phan ng khi choi than nam tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc (TTHH).
b) Tnh t thong cua may.
c) Tnh Fd,Fq khi xe dch choi ien 100 (goc o ien) khoi ng TTHH.
(s.. cua ong c ien mot chieu co the tnh theo cong thc :E = U - IR
va ong c ien mot chieu kch thch song song Im = Im + It).
ap so: a. F = 13000 A
b. = 0.14 Wb
c. Fd = 1441.8 A; Fq = 11564,2 A
2. Mot may phat ien mot chieu co cac so lieu sau: Pm = 24 Kw, Um = 230 V, Im
= 104,5A, It = 1,5 A, n = 1300vg/ph, 2p = 4. Day quan song n, tong so thanh
dan N = 556, so vong day cua moi phan t Ws = 2; D = 294 mm, IR =19,4 V.
Trong o I = Im + It. Tnh:
a. E, , A
b. F khi choi than nam tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc.
c. Fq va Fd khi xe dch choi ien i mot goc 100 goc o ien.
ap so: a. E = 249.4 A; = 0.01Wb; A = 319 A/cm
b. F = 7362,2 A
c. Fd = 818,53 A; Fq = 6523,16 A
3. Mot may phat ien mot chieu co cac so lieu sau:Pm = 13,3kw, Um = 230v, Im
= 58A, 2p = 4, tong so thanh dan N = 834, D = 24,5 cm, day quan xep n. Tnh
s.t. phan ng khi choi than tren ng trung tnh hnh hoc va khi xe dch i mot
phien gop cho biet G = 139.
ap so: F = 3019 A
Fd = 172,7 A; Fq = 2841,7 A
55
Chng 6 : OI CHIEU
6.1. ai Cng
Khi may ien mot chieu lam viec phan ng quay tron, cac phan t day quan
se lan lt i vao vung trung tnh di choi than, dong ien trong cac phan t se
lan lt thay nhau oi chieu khi chuyen t mach nhanh nay sang mach nhanh kia.
Qua trnh oi chieu cua dong ien khi phan t di chuyen trong vung trung
tnh va b choi than noi ngan mach c goi la s oi chieu.
e co khai niem cu the hnh 6-1 trnh bay qua trnh oi chieu dong ien
trong phan t b cua day quan xep n.
t=0
i1 = 2i
i2 = 0
i = + i
0 < t <Tc
t = Tc
i1 0
i1 = 0
i2 0
i2 = 2i
i = - i
Sau 1 thi gian Tc goi la chu ky oi chieu cua phan t, dong ien trong phan t b
thay oi t + i cho en i ngha la thay oi 2i. Qua trnh o goi la qua trnh oi
chieu.
ng bieu dien dong ien cua phan t
Tc
+i
-i
Tn
56
Tn : la thi gian ma sau khi ket thuc oi chieu phan t chuyen t choi than a biet
en choi than khac dau ben canh (thng Tc 0,001s , Tn 0,02s) cho nen ng
bieu dien dong ien trong phan t khi phan ng quay co dang nh hnh 6-2.
Chu ky oi chieu Tc: la khoang thi gian can thiet e vanh gop quay i 1 goc ng
vi be rong choi than ngha la :
bc
(6 - 1)
VG
bc: be rong choi than; VG : toc o dai cua vanh gop
Tc =
DG
bc gop (be rong cua phien gop)
G
VG = DG.n = bG.G.n; n: Toc o quay cua phan ng.
bG =
bc
,
bG
Th chu k oi chieu cua day quan xep n co dang :
at
G =
bc
bc
(6 - 2)
=
= 1
G
VG
b G .G.n
G.n
oi vi day quan xep phc tap co bc vanh gop yG = m (m khac 1) th gia au va
Tc =
cuoi moi phan t co (m-1) phien. V the phan t se b choi han noi ngan mach
trong khoang thi gian e vanh gop quay i mot cung bc - (m-1)bG, do o
bc (m 1)bG
vG
Thay bc = GbG, m = a/p va vG = bG.G.n ta c
T=
a
G 1
p
Tc =
G.n
(6 - 3)
Qua trnh oi chieu tuy xay ra rat ngan (Tc 0,001s) nhng neu oi chieu khong
tot thng sinh ra tia la ln di choi than hoac tao thanh vong la gia hai choi
than anh hng xau en qua trnh lam viec cua may.
b
a c
Hnh 6.3
(6-4)
Trong o:
i : dong ien ngan mach chay trong phan t oi chieu.
57
i1 , i2 : dong ien chay qua day noi vi cac phien gop 1,2.
rpt : ien tr cua phan t. rd : ien tr cua day noi.
rtx1 , rtx2 : ien tr tiep xuc cua choi than vi phien oi chieu1 va 2.
e : tong cac s.. cam ng trong phan t oi chieu bao gom :
S.. t cam eL: phan t oi chieu co he so t cam Lc do o khi oi chieu, trong
Tc + i
dt
Tc
Tc
S.. ho cam eM : Do anh hng cua s oi chieu ong thi cua cac phan t khac
nam trong cung mot ranh. Sc ien ong ho cam eM
n
di
eM = eMn = en n
Suy ra gia tr s.. ho cam trung bnh trong phan t oi
dt
n=1
chieu la:
2i
eM tb = Mn
Tc
S.. oi chieu ec : Sinh ra khi phan t oi chieu chuyen ong trong t trng
2i
Tc
e qua trnh oi chieu c tien hanh thuan li th ec luon luon phai ngc vi epk.
epk tb = (Lc + Mn )
Theo nh luat kirkhoff1, co the viet phng trnh dong ien lan lt tai cac iem
nut a va c nh sau :
Nut a:
i + i i1 = 0
Nut c:
i i i2 = 0
(6-5)
bc = bG ta co:
Tc t
S
Tc
t
=
S
Tc
Stx1 =
Stx 2
Trong o
(6-7)
Stx1 , Stx2 : dien tch tiep xuc gia choi than va phien gop 1, 2.
S : la dien tch be mat tiep xuc toan phan gia choi than va phien oi gop.
V rtx1 , rtx2 t le nghch vi Stx1 , Stx2 nen:
Tc
S
rtx =
rtx
rtx1 =
S tx1
Tc t
(6-8)
T
S
rtx 2 =
rtx = c rtx
Stx
t
rtx : ien tr tiep xuc toan phan ng vi mat tiep xuc toan phan Stx .
Thay (6-8) vao (6-6) ta co quan he gia i va t nh sau :
2t
e
i +
i = 1
Tc
T
T
rtx c + c
t
Tc t
2t
).i
at ic = (1 (6-9)
Tc
e
Va
if =
T
T
rtx c + c
t
Tc t
ic : goi la dong ien oi chieu chnh hay la dong ien oi chieu ng thang
2t
).i = ic (6-10)
Tc
ng bieu dien dong ien i = f(t) trong trng
Khi o : i = (1 -
+ i
Tc/2
Tc - t
- i
T o th ta nhan thay :
Tc
T i
i
J& 2 = 2 = c 2
Stx 2
S t
i1
i2
= tg 1 va
= tg 2
Tc t
t
59
(6-11)
Trong o:
Tc
T
rtx c +
Tc t
t
Rtx, rf
e
=
Rtx
1(Rtx)
2 if=f(t) khi e>0
vi oi chieu ng thang.
th i 0
t = Tc
2
th i = 0
Tai
t > Tc
2
S d co s tr hoan o la do tac dung cua epk
Tai
+ i
0
t
- i
Tc - t
60
+ i
i2
Tc - t
0 i
- i
i1
eLtb = Lc
2i
Tc
(6-12)
T thong tan L sinh ra s.. t cam eL trong phan t oi chieu bao gom :
T thong tan ranh r
n
r + r
Lc = 2 L. l . w s2
(6-13)
L =
Do o
61
L = Lc.i
ta co:
D
DG
D
DG
bG
D
DG
V
V
= G
D DG
.D
Vi
Ni
: Phu tai ng
A=
D
(6-14)
eM =
e
1
Mn
d in
dt
M
1
Trong o
Mn : he so ho cam gia phan t ang xet va phan t th n
in : dong ien trong phan t th n.
Tng t nh eL ta co :
eMtb =
2 i
Tc
M : suat dan t do ho cam tren n v dai cua canh tac dung cua phan t.
c. Sc ien ong phan khang.
(6-16)
d. Sc ien ong oi chieu ec: Sc ien ong oi chieu co dang tong quat:
e = B.l.V
62
(6-17)
Trong o:
Bc: T cam tong hp cua t trng cc t phu va t trng phan ng
vung trung tnh.
lc: Chieu dai cua thanh dan cat ng sc cua t trng oi chieu.
6.3 Nguyen nhan sinh ra tia la va phng phap cai thien oi chieu
1. Nguyen nhan sinh ra tia la :
Tia la sinh ra di choi than co the do nguyen nhan c hoac nguyen nhan
ien t.
Nguyen nhan c: Vanh gop khong ong tam vi truc, s can bang cac bo
phan quay khong tot, be mat vanh gop khong nhan, lc ep choi than khong thch
hp hoac choi than at khong ung v tr v.v . . .
Nguyen nhan ien t: Do s.. oi chieu khong triet tieu c s.. phan
khang lam oi chieu vt trc hoac cham sau gay ra tia la au vao hoac au
ra cua choi than.
2. Cac phng phap cai thien oi chieu :
e tao ieu kien tot cho s oi chieu, trc het can phai gi ung nhng
ieu qui nh ve trang thai cua vanh gop va c cau gi choi than sao cho bao am
loai tr c nhng nguyen nhan c sinh ra tia la. Di ay ta xet nhng bien
phap chong tia la co tnh chat ien t.
a.Cc t phu:
Tac dung cua cc t phu la phai sinh ra s.t. Ff co chieu ngc lai phan ng
ngang truc Fq va co o ln sao cho ngoai viec trung hoa c anh hng cua Fq
con tao ra c t trng phu e sinh ra s.. oi chieu ec va lam triet tieu c
epk e if = 0 hay:
e = ec + epk = 0
Bc =
l
A
lc
2
B . . k
o c f f
63
(6-18)
Trong o:
t1 + 5 f
he so khe h cc t phu, thng f > va k > k
f
b r1 + 5 f
So vong day cua 1 cc t phu :
F
wf = f
2.I
Hoac s.t. can thiet cua mot cc t phu :
k f =
1
B . . k
Ff = 1 A. +
o c f f
2
(6-19)
Ff
I
Day quan cc t phu c noi tiep vi day quan phan ng va mach t cua
do o wf =
cc t phu khong c bao hoa. Muon vay ta phai tang khe h di cc t phu so
vi khe h di cc t chnh.
b.Xe dch choi than khoi vung trung tnh hnh hoc.
Trong cac may ien khong co cc t phu, t trng oi chieu can thiet e
sinh ra s.. ec can bang vi epk c tao nen bang cach xe dch choi than khoi
ng trung tnh hnh hoc. e chng to phai xe dch cac choi than nh the nao ta
gia s may ang lam viec che o may phat va cac choi than A-B at tren trung
tnh hnh hoc (h6-9a). Ta bieu th s.. e trong phan t a trc luc oi chieu bang
oan thang hng t truc hoanh len (h6-9b). Khi may lam viec nh may phat,
chieu cua i trung vi chieu cua e va tao nen khu vc oi chieu 1 t trng
ngang cua phan ng ch ro trong h6-9a bang 2 ng net cham. ng dung qui tac
ban tay phai ta thay rang khi phan t a i vao di choi than A va bat au oi
chieu th t trng phan ng tao nen trong phan t o eq cung dau vi S.. e.
Cho nen eq cung c bieu th nh e h6-9b.
e q
Trung tnh
hnh hoc
epk
i
Trung tnh
vat ly
ec
Hnh 6.9 Xe dch choi than khoi vung trung tnh e cai thien oi chieu
64
Day quan bu do Menghes e ngh t nam 1884 la mot trong nhng bien
phap hieu lc nhat e triet tieu t trng cua phan ng trong pham vi di mat
cc t chnh lam cho t trng cua cc t chnh hau nh khong b bien dang. e
co the bu c t trng cua phan ng tai bat ky th day quan bu phai c noi
noi tiep vi day quan phan ng. may co day quan bu bao gi cung co cc t
phu.
Khi co day quan bu s.t. cua cc t
phu se c giam nho, mach t cua
cc t phu t bao hoa hn. Hieu qua
cai thien oi chieu se tang.
S.t. can thiet cua day quan
bu di 1 mat cc :
Fb = .Fq = .A. = b.A
wb =
65
Fb
2I
Th du tnh toan
Mot may phat ien kch thch song song day quan song n co nhng so lieu sau:
Pm = 10 kW, Um = 115 V, nm = 1040 V/ph, p = 2, D = 24,5 cm, l = 12cm, Z = 35,
G = 105, ws = 1, lc = 8,5cm,L = 7.10-6 H/m. Chieu rong khe h khong kh cua cc
t phu f = 2,5mm, he so khe h khong kh cua cc t phu kf= 1,33. .Tnh s.. epk
va so vong day can thiet moi cc t phu e ec triet tieu epk.
Vi ieu kien G = 1, a = p,
GIAI
= 0 ta co :
epk = 2w s l V A
Trong o
D n .24,5.1040
=
= 1336cm / s
60
60
N..i
A=
= 119A / cm
.D
V =
N = 2w s G = 210
i =
Im
P
= m = 43,5A
2a 2Um
Ff =
Trong o: =
.D
.24,5
=
= 19,3cm
2p
2 .2
= 4.10 7 H / m
Bc =
l
12
A =
7.10 6.119 .10 2 = 0,1175 Wb / m2
lc
8,5
1
1
.119 .10 2.19,3.10 2 +
0,1175 .2,5.10 3.1,33 = 1456 A / cc
7
2
4.10
vi : Ff = w f .Im
Ff =
wf =
F
Im
1456
= 17 vong
87
66
Cau hoi
1. Tnh so vong day cua cc t phu cua may phat ien mot chieu e co oi
chieu ng thang.Cho : N = 834, I = 59 A, a = p =1, ws = 3, D = 24.5 cm, n =
1460 vg/ph, ' = 8,5. 10 -6 H/m, l = lc = 8 cm, f = 3 mm, k
= 1,3.
67
CHNG 7
CAC MAY PHAT IEN MOT CHIEU
7.1. ai cng
Tren thc te cac tram phat ien hien ai ch phat ra ien nang xoay chieu 3
pha, phan ln nang lng o c dung di dang ien xoay chieu trong cong
nghiep, e thap sang va dung cho cac nhu cau trong i song. Trong nhng trng
hp do ieu kien san xuat bat buoc phai dung ien 1 chieu (x nghiep hoa hoc,
cong nghiep luyen kim, giao thong van tai v.v) th ngi ta thng bien ien xoay
chieu thanh mot chieu nh cac bo chnh lu hoac chnh lu kieu may ien, cach
th hai la dung may phat ien mot chieu e la nguon ien mot chieu.
Phan loai cac may phat ien mot chieu theo phng phap kch thch. Chung
c chia thanh:
I
It
Ut
It
I
It
68
Ban chat cua may phat ien c phan tch nh nhng ac tnh quan he gia
4 ai lng c ban cua may :
- ien ap au cc may phat ien: U
- Dong ien kch t : It
- Dong ien phan ng I
- Toc o quay : n
Trong o n = Cte con 3 ai lng tao ra moi quan he chnh va cac ac tnh chnh la:
c ac tnh phu tai (ac tnh tai): U = f(It) khi I = Im = Cte , n = nm = Cte . Khi
I = 0 ac tnh phu tai chuyen thanh ac tnh khong tai Uo = Eo = f(It). ac tnh nay
co y ngha quan trong trong viec anh gia may phat va e ve cac ac tnh khac
cua may phat ien.
d ac tnh ngoai: U = f(I) khi Rc = Cte (It = Cte)
e ac tnh ieu chnh : It = f(I) khi U = Cte . Trong trng hp rieng khi U =
Rt
Um + U0max
- It
+ It
Rmm
It
Rc
Rc
I
Ut
I
KT
Rc
It
Hnh 7.2 S o lay cac ac tnh va ac tnh khong tai cua MFMCKTL
69
V trong may thng co t thong d nen khi It = 0 tren cc cua may phat co ien
ap U/oo = OA (h7-2b), thng U/oo = (2 3)% Um. Khi bien oi It t It = 0 +Itmax =
OC ien ap U se tang theo ng cong 1 en + Uomax = Cc. Thng Uomax = (1,1
1,25) Um. Luc khong tai phan ng cua MFKTL ch noi vi voltmet nen :
Uo = Eo = Ce.n. = Ce.
Nen quan he Uo = f(It) lap lai quan he = f(It) theo 1 thc t le nhat nh.
Bay gi chung ta hay bien oi It t + Itmax = OC It = 0 sau o oi noi ngc
chieu dong ien trong mach kch thch roi tiep tuc bien oi It t It = 0 - Itmax = Od
ve c ng cong 2.
Lap lai s bien oi cua dong ien theo th t ngc lai t Itmax = Od
+Itmax = OC th ta ve c ng 3.
ng cong 3 va 2 tao thanh chu trnh t tre xac nh tnh chat thep cua
cc t va gong t.
Ve ng 4 trung bnh gia cac ng tren chung ta c ac tnh khong
tai e tnh toan.
2. Cac ac tnh phu tai U = f(It) khi I = Cte, n = Cte.
ap tren au cc b ha thap do :
I = 0
I = Cte
- Phan ng phan ng .
Cac ng 1, 2 tren h7-3
bieu th cac ac tnh khong tai va
phu tai. Neu cong them ien ap
ri IR vao ng cong phu tai th
ta co ac tnh phu tai trong
I
t
Hnh 7.3 ac tnh phu tai cua MFDCKTL
U + IR = E = f(It)
Khi I = Cte , n = Cte la ng cong 3.
ac tnh phu tai cung vi ac tnh khong tai cho phep thanh lap ac tnh
cua may phat ien mot chieu. Tam giac nay mot mat cho phep anh gia anh
hng cua ien ap ri va phan ng phan ng oi vi ien ap cua may phat ien
mot chieu mat khac co the dung e ve ac tnh ngoai va ac tnh ieu chnh cua
may phat ien mot chieu.
70
Cach ve ac tnh nh sau : Qua iem D lay tuy y tren truc hoanh, ve 1 ng
thang // vi truc tung cat cac ng cong 2, 3 va 1 cac iem C, B va F. Theo
cach ve o oan BC = IR. Luc khong tai vi It = OD ta co Uo = FD cho nen toan
bo ien ap ri CF khi co dong ien tai I se ln hn ien ap ri BC = IR 1 tr so BF
do phan ng phan ng sinh ra. Luc khong tai E = BD = AG la do dong ien Ito =
OG sinh ra co tr so nho hn OD 1 oan DG = OD OG. T o ta thay tr so S.t.
phan ng phan ng bieu th theo thc o dong ien kch thch bang GD. e ve
c ac tnh ch can ke qua B 1 oan BA = GD // vi truc hoanh.
3. ac tnh ngoai U = f(I) khi It = Cte (Rc = Cte) , n = Cte.
It =
Ut
= Cte
Rt
U Um
OA OB
100 = 0
100
OB
Um
Dm
Bm
Cm
Cn
It
It
Am
Cm
Um=1
Itm
Bm
It
72
In =f(It)
In = Im
ngan mach :
U = E IR = 0
E = IR do R << va R = Cte nen
khi ieu chnh In = Im th E << va S..
It
It
khong vt qua vai phan tram cua Um It << mach t cua may khong bao hoa
ac tnh ngan mach la mot ng thang.
7.2.2 Cac ac tnh cua may phat ien kch thch song song
1. ieu kien va qua trnh t kch cua may
a. ieu kien: May phat ien kch thch song song lam viec t kch va khong can
co nguon ien ben ngoai e kch t nen can co cac ieu kien sau :
- May phai co t d e khi quay co d = (2 3)% m.
- Noi mach kch thch ung chieu e t thong kch thch cung chieu vi d
.
- Rt < Rth
- n = nm
U d
Rt
Lt
73
ItRt
dIt
dt
It
Khi t kch phng trnh S.. trong mach kch t co the viet :
d(L tIt )
dI
U0 = ItRt +
hay U0 ItRt = L t t
dt
dt
vi Uo: ien ap bien oi tren au cc MF va cung la tren au mach kch t.
Rt: ien tr cua mach kch t.
Lt: ien cam cua mach kch t.
Neu Rt = Cte th ien ap ri ItRt bien oi t le thuan vi It , o th cua no c
ItRt
= Rt
bieu th bang ng thang 2 va lam vi truc ngang 1 goc tg =
It
Cho nen moi gia tr cua Rt th co 1 ng thang tng ng xac nh bi cong
thc tren. Tren h7-9 ng cong 1 cho ta ac tnh khong tai. Cac oan thang gia
dIt
ng cong 1 va 2 la hieu so U0 ItRt = L t
dung e tang cng qua trnh t
dt
kch. Qua trnh o ket thuc khi U0 ItRt = 0 , noi khac i cac ng 1 va 2 cat
nhau.
Neu chung ta tang Rt ngha la tang goc th iem M se trt tren ng ac
tnh khong tai ve O. Vi 1 ien tr nhat nh goi la Rth th ng thang 2 se tiep xuc
vi oan au cua ac tnh khong tai (ng thang 4 tren h7-9). Trong cac ieu
kien o may khong t kch c.
2. ac tnh ngoai U = f(I) khi Rt = Cte , n = Cte.
U
te
U
Khi KTL th It = t = C
con khi KT// th
Rt
U
U
Um
I.t = t =
U
Rt Rt
Sau khi may a phat c ien ap
Um
b
In
Im
Imax
tuc giam Rt cua tai mach ngoai th I khong tang ma giam nhanh en tr so Io xac
nh bi t d cua may.
Cach thanh lap ac tnh ngoai t ac tnh khong tai va ac tnh tien hanh nh
may phat ien kch thch oc lap.
ieu khac nhau c ban la may phat ien kch thch oc lap It = Cte, con ay It
phu thuoc vao U va ng ItRt la ng thang OP i qua goc toa o. ac tnh ABC
ay se tnh tien trong vung gii han gia ac tnh khong tai va ng OP. goc
phan t th 2 ta co ac tnh ngoai. Vi cac trng hop I = Im ; I = Im ; I = 0 vi
ieu kien
74
D0
D1
Dm
Am
Um
Bm
Cm
At h
Ith
A0
A1
C1
Cth
I0
Im
Im
It
It
cac canh cua I. e co Ith ta ke tiep tuyen MN vi ac tnh khong tai va song
song OP. T iem tiep xuc Ath ta ke AthCth // AC cua ac tnh c ban ABC ng vi
dong I th = I m A th C th .
AC
3. ac tnh ieu chnh It = f(I) khi U = Cte , n = Cte
Giong nh ac tnh ieu chnh cua may phat ien kch thch oc lap.
7.2.3 ac tnh cua may phat ien kch thch noi tiep
Trong may phat ien kch thch noi tiep: It = I = I cho nen ch co the lay
c cac ac tnh khong tai, ac tnh phu tai, va ac tnh ngan mach. Theo s o
KTL (h7-2a), cac ac tnh co dang nh may phat ien kch thch oc lap. Khi may
phat ien kch thch noi tiep lam viec n = Cte ch con 2 ai lng bien oi U va I
nen may phat ien nay ve thc chat co 1 ac tnh ngoai U = f(I) khi n = Cte.
Rt
U
4 Am
A1
B1
C1
Bm
Cm
0,5
Cach thanh lap ac tnh ngoai theo ac tnh khong tai va ac tnh: au
tien ve ABC tng ng vi I = Im, tnh tien ABC en v tr A1B1C1 sao cho A1
nam tren ac tnh khong tai th iem C1 se nam tren ac tnh ngoai. Thay oi cac
canh cua t le vi I ta ve c ac tnh ngoai cua may.
75
may phat ien kch thch hon hp co ong thi 2 day quan kch thch song
song va noi tiep cho nen no tap hp cac tnh chat cua ca 2 loai may nay. Tuy theo
cach noi, s.t. cua 2 day quan kch t co the cung chieu hoac ngc chieu nhau.
Cach noi cac day quan kch t ngc chieu nhau thng c dung trong cac s
o ac biet, th du trong 1 so kieu cua may phat han ien. Khi noi thuan 2 day
quan kch t th day quan song song ong vai tro chnh con day quan noi tiep ong
vai tro bu lai tac dung cua phan ng phan ng va ien ap ri IR . Nh o ma may
co kha nang ieu chnh ien ap trong 1 pham vi tai nhat nh.
Rt
m
m
Itn
F
Its
Rc
It
Hnh 7.15 Cach ve ac tnh phu tai cua may phat
Cac ac tnh :
- ac tnh khong tai cua may phat ien kch thch hon hp: Uo = f(It ) khi I = 0, n =
Cte giong may phat ien kch thch song song v trong trng hp o Itn = 0.
- ac tnh phu tai cua may phat ien kch thch hon hp : U = f(It ) khi I = Cte , n =
Cte cung co dang nh may phat ien kch thch song song nhng khi day quan noi
tiep u manh th chung co the cao hn cac ac tnh khong tai v day quan noi tiep
lam t hoa t le vi I nen tac dung cua day quan o xem nh phan ng t hoa cua
phan ng (ngha la s.t. cua no sinh ra triet tieu c s.t. phan ng phan ng va
con tha s.t. e tr t) nen canh AB se nam ben phai canh BC.
Neu ta xe dch ABC // vi ban than no sao cho nh A trt doc ac tnh khong
tai th nh C ve thanh ac tnh phu tai nh may phat ien kch thch oc lap (h715) thay oi cac canh ABC t le vi I ta co the ve c 1 loat ac tnh phu tai v
du I = Im va I = 0,5Im.
76
- Ta co the dung ac tnh khong tai va ac tnh e ve ac tnh ngoai U = f(I) khi
Rt = Cte.
m
m
m
m
Um
m
n m
0,5Im
m
m
It
U
U . at A1B1C1
Rt
tng ng vi I = 0,5Im trng hp bu tha (phan ng phan ng tr t) goc toa
o, roi tnh tien o en v tr A1B1C1 doc theo ng 1 sao cho A1 nam tren ac
tnh khong tai, C1 tren ng thang OA th C1G1 se xac nh ien ap cua may phat
khi I = 0,5Im, cung bang phng phap o ta co the ve oi vi dong ien I = Im
(AmBmCm va AmBmCm)
Co the tnh day quan noi tiep sao cho iem Cm cua AmBmCm trung vi
iem A th ta co trng hp Uo = Um. Noi cac iem DoD1Dm bang 1 ng cong ta
se co ac tnh ngoai cua may.
7.3. May phat ien mot chieu lam viec song song
Trong thc te nham am bao an toan cho cung cap ien va s dung kinh te
nhat cac may phat th hau het cac nha may ien eu ghep cac may phat lam viec
song song vi nhau.
Sau ay ta se xet cac ieu kien can thiet e ghep cac may phat ien lam
viec song song va s phan phoi cung nh chuyen cong suat gia cac may.
1. ieu kien lam viec song song cua cac MFDC :
Gia s ta co 2 MFDC I va II, trong o may phat ien I ang lam viec vi 1
phu tai I nao o va phat ra 1 ien ap u tren hai thanh ong au. Muon ghep MFII
vao lam viec // vi MF I can phai gi ung cac ieu kien sau :
1) Cc tnh cua MF II phai cung cc tnh cua thanh ong au.
2) S.. cua MF II tren thc te phai bang ien ap u.
3) Neu MF lam viec // thuoc MFKTHH th can co ieu kien th 3 : noi day
77
a
E2
I 2
E1
I1
It1
I t2
I t2
It1
I1 =
E 1 u C e n (1 + 2 ) u C e n (1 + C 2 I1 ) u
=
=
R 1
R 1
R 1
C e n 1 u
R 1 C e C 2 n
V vay nen khi E1 = Cen 1 tang I1 tang 1 tang E1 tang I1 tang. C
t o I1 =
nh vay may phat I se gianh lay het tai va b qua tai va buoc may phat II chuyen
t che o may phat sang che o ong c (vi cach noi ngc cac day quan // va
noi tiep). Tai ot ngot tang may phat I lam toc o quay cua ong c s cap noi
vi no giam do o dan en s chuyen toan bo phu tai sang may phat II va may
phat I lai chuyen sang lam viec che o ong c. Sau o ong c s cap cua
may phat I lai tang toc o va no lai nhan toan bo phu tai v.vNh vay co the xuat
hien qua trnh dao ong chuyen oi tuan hoan dong ien phu tai t may
78
nay qua may kia do o cac may phat ien khong the lam viec on nh c.
Khi co day noi can bang, cac day quan kch t noi tiep c noi song song (h718). Do o cac dong ien cua chung thay oi theo cung mot t le xac nh bi ien
tr cua cac day quan o. Neu v 1 ly do nao o I1 tang I2 tang theo cung mc
o lam cho s.. va dong ien phu tai cua 2 may tang ong thi khong co hien
tng tren.
Cach ghep may phat song song: Quay may phat II khong kch t en nm va
ong cau dao 4, neu bo qua t d cua may th V2 ch ien ap u. Bat au kch t
may II, neu cc tnh cua may khong cung vi cc tnh cua thanh ong au th V2
ch ien ap u + E II , khong the ong 5. Neu cc tnh cua no ung cc tnh cua
thanh ong au th V2 ch u E II va khi hieu so nay bang 0 th ta co the ong 5
e ghep may II vao lam viec // vi may I. Muon cho may II mang tai th tang kch
t.
2. Phan phoi va chuyen phu tai :
T cac phng trnh s.. c ban cua may phat ien mot chieu ta co :
E I I I R I = E II I II R II = u
Neu Rc la ien tr cua mach ngoai
u = (I I + I II ) R c
Giai cac phng trnh o oi vi I I va I II ta co :
I I =
E I (R c + R II ) E II R c
R c (R I + R II ) + R I R II
I II =
E II (R c + R I ) E I R c
R c (R I + R II ) + R I R II
(1)
(2)
R c (E I R II + E II R I )
(3)
R c (R I + R II ) + R I R II
T cac cong thc tren ta thay neu a biet R I , R II , Rc th s phan phoi
u=
Do o
dong ien phu tai gia cac MF phu thuoc vao s.. E I va E II , ngha la vao toc o
quay cua cac MF: n , n va t thong tong cua chung , ( E = Cen ).
I
II
II
Neu chung ta muon phan phoi lai phu tai gia cac may vi u = Cte th phai
ong thi thay oi toc o quay hoac kch thch cua ca 2 MF theo chieu ngc
nhau sao cho tong so E I R II + E II R I t so cua cong thc (3) khong oi.
Neu chung ta muon tach 1 trong cac MF, th du MF I th phai giam kch
thch cua no va ong thi tang kch thch cua MF II cho en khi dong ien II = 0.
79
Th du 1
Cho mot may phat ien kch thch song song 25kW , 230V,1800V/ph,R =
0,09, ien ap giang tren choi than U tx = 2V phan ng phan ng luc tai ay (I
= Im bo qua It) tng ng vi dong ien It = 0,05A.ng cong t hoa tng
ng vi toc o nh mc nh sau :
It , A
1,5
U0, V
134
180
209
237
256
268
279
Tnh :
a) ien tr cua mach kch t
b) ien ap khong tai (ien tr mach kch t gi khong oi)
Giai
a. Khi tai ay
Im I =
25000
= 108,7A
230
Vay:
Rt =
U 230
=
= 69 ,6
It/
3, 3
b)ien ap luc khong tai U0 la giao iem cua ng thang U0=Rt.It = 69,6 It va
ac tnh khong tai.Bang phng phap ve ta suy ra giao iem o ng vi It= 3,56
A va U0 = 247,6 V
Th du 2
Cho mot may phat ien kch thch oc lap co cac so lieu luc tai ay U =
220 V, It = 2,5 A =Cte, I = 10 A, n = 1000 V/ph. So vong day cua day quan kch
thch wt = 850.
ng t hoa 750 Vg/ph co cac tr so :
It , A
1,6
2,5
2,6
3,6
4,4
U0, V
78
120
150
176
180
193,5 206
225
Tnh :
a) ien ap khong tai n = 1000 V/ph
b) So ampe vong kh t cua phan ng phan ng khi tai ay
c) ien ap au cc khi qua tai 25%
Giai
E(1000 )
E( 750 )
E(1000 ) = 176
1000
750
1000
= 235V
750
224
= 168V
1000
165
= 220V
750
ien ap au cc se bang:
U = E - IR = 220 - (10x1,25).0,4 = 215 V
Cau hoi
1. Khi lay ac tnh khong tai, trong qua trnh tang ien ap co nen giam dong ien
kch t roi tang tiep tuc khong? tai sao?
2. Vi mot ien tr nho hn ien tr ti han rt(th) neu n<nm th trong qua trnh t
kch cua may phat ien kch thch song song, ien ap au cc may phat se ra sao?
Trong trng hp nh the nao may se khong t kch c?
3. Tm cac nguyen nhan khien may phat ien kch thch song song khong the t
kch va tao ra c ien ap.
4. Neu may phat ien kch thch song song khong t kch thch c do mat t d
th giai quyet nh the nao e tao ra c ien ap?
5. Khi tai chung khong oi neu tang kch thch cua may phat I ma khong giam kch
thch cua may phat ien II lam viec song song vi may phat ien I th tai se phan
phoi lai gia hai may nh the nao? ien ap cua li luc o ra sao?
81
Bai tap
1. Cho mot may ien mot chieu co :Pm = 215kW,Um = 115 V va n = 450 v/ph
.ien tr cua day quan phan ng va cc t phu bang 0,002 , 2Utx = 2V.Cac so
lieu cua ac tnh khong tai va ac tnh ngan mach nh sau:
It , A
10
15
20
U0, V
49
87
108
It , A
Inm, V
Im
25
30
35
Pm, Kw
n, vg/ph
U0, V
Um, V
20
1000
230
210
II
15
1200
240
210
P = 35Kw
82
CHNG 8
ONG C IEN MOT CHIEU
8.1. ai cng
ong c ien mot chieu c dung rat pho bien trong cong nghiep, giao
thong van tai va noi chung cac thiet b can ieu chnh toc o quay lien tuc trong
mot pham vi rong rai.
1. Nguyen tac nghch ao cua cac may ien :
Gia s may ang lam viec che o may phat tren li ien co U = const va
sinh ra Mt la mo men ham oi vi mo men quay M1 cua ong c s cap keo may
phat. Luc o, dong ien phan ng cua may phat:
E U
I =
R
Neu giam hoac n cua may phat th s.. cua no se giam. Khi giam mot
cach thch ang vi E < U. Luc o I se oi dau va co chieu ngc vi chieu ban
au (h8-1b). Nhng v U = const nen chieu cua It trong day quan kch thch hay la
ten cua cac cc t chnh se khong oi. Nh vay Mt se oi dau va may chuyen
sang lam viec che o ong c. Tach ong c s cap keo may phat ien ra ta co
ong c ien mot chieu. Trong qua trnh chuyen oi nh vay, tren truc may co 2
ong c: ong c s cap va ong c ien mot chieu co the gay ra h hong cho
bo may. Cho nen trong s o cua cac may phat ien khi lam viec song song eu
co kh cu ien t ong cat may phat ien ra khoi li ien khi dong ien cua may
phat ien oi chieu.
May phat
M1 MtF
ong c
Mt Mc
I
It
It
wt
wt
2. Phan loai cac ong c ien mot chieu : Cung nh may phat ien, ong c
ien mot chieu c phan loai theo cach kch thch thanh cac ong c ien mot
chieu kch thch oc lap, kch thch song song, kch thch noi tiep va kch thch hon
hp. Can chu y rang ong c ien mot chieu kch thch oc lap I = I; ong c
ien mot chieu kch thch song song va hon hp I = I + It; ong c ien
kch thch noi tiep I = I = It. S o noi day cua chung tng t nh may phat
c trnh bay hnh 8.2
83
- +
S1
I
+
A1
A2
S2
S1
Ut
I
+
A1
I
It
It
F1
A2
U
S1
It
S2
+
A1
A2
It
S2
+
A1
I
It
F2
A2
F1
F2
ong c vao nguon ien vi ien ap nh mc. Nh vay ngay luc khi ong rotor
84
U m E U m
=
R
R
R . .I m
U m
nen vi ien ap nh mc U* = 1
hay
mm
= mm* = 50 10
m
Dong ienm may qua ln lam h hong co gop, xung lc tren truc lam h
hong truc may.Nen phng phap nay ch ap dung oi vi nhng ong c cong suat
nho khoang vai tram watt tr xuong v c cong suat nay may co R ln. Do o khi
m may I = Imm (4 6)Im.
2. M may nh bien tr :
I, M, n
Rmm
T m
Um
Rc
It
Imm1
I
n
I
Imm2
MC
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
e tranh nguy hiem cho ong c ngi ta phai giam dong ien m may Imm
bang cach noi bien tr m may Rmm vi phan ng. Dong ien phan ng cua ong
Um E
c c tnh theo bieu thc: I =
R + Rmmi
Trong o: i la ch th bac cua cac bac ien tr.
Trc khi m may phai e Rmm max, Rc min. Gat tay gat T ve v tr 1 ta co dong
U m
ien m may Imm1 bang: I mm1 =
,V khi m may n = 0 nen E = Ce .n = 0
R + R mm
Do day quan kch thch c noi trc tiep vi nguon nen t thong = m. Neu mo
men do ong c sinh ra ln hn mo men can tren truc M > Mc th n E
I M . Khi I = Imm2 = (1,1 1,3)Im ta gat tay gat T en v tr 2 v 1 bac ien tr
b loai tr nen I en Imm1 : I M n E I M khi I en
Imm2 ta gat T en v tr 3 va lan lt en v tr 4, 5. Qua trnh tren c lap lai cho en
khi n = nm th Rmm cung b loai tr khoi mach phan ng. Neu Rmm het ma n cha
bang nm th ieu chnh Rc . Muon dng may ta keo tay gat T ve v tr ban au so 0,
toc o may cham lai cham lai, va cat nguon ien a vao ong c. Gii han tren
cua dong ien m may Imm1 c chon sao cho thoa man ieu kien oi chieu dong
85
ien (tia la) tren cac choi than. Gii han di cua dong ien Imm2 c chon sao
d
cho thoa man ieu kien: l = c = J.
>0 ;
dt
J: Moment quan tnh cua khoi quay;
:toc o goc cua roto.
Thng chon Imm1 = (1,5 1,75)Im , Imm2 = (1,1 1,3)Im.
3. M may bang ien ap thap Umm < Um
Trong cac thiet b cong suat ln, bien tr m may rat cong kenh va a lai
nang lng ton hao ln, nhat la khi phai m may luon. Nen trong mot so thiet b
ngi ta dung m may khong bien tr bang cach ha ien ap at vao ong c luc
m may. Dung to may phat - ong c (He thong WARD - LEONARD h8.5) nguon
ien ap co the ieu chnh c cua may phat cung cap cho phan ng cua ong
c, trong khi o mach kch thch cua may phat va ong c phai c at di 1
ien ap oc lap khac. Phng phap nay ch ap dung cho CKTL. Thng c
ket hp vi ieu chnh n.
Bus kch t
Kch t
MF ieu khien
Khp noi
ong c
s cap AC ien tr
ieu chnh
He thong MF-C
Nguon 3 pha
CDC
KTL can
ieu khien
b,
a,
Hnh 8.5 S o noi day cua he thong Ward - Leonard thay oi ien ap e ieu khien
mot CKTL (ha). He thong may phat- ong c gom 3 bo phan: May kch t nho,
ong c s cap, may phat ien DC ieu khien (hb).
Tuy theo cach kch t ong c ien mot chieu co nhng tnh nang khac nhau
bieu dien bang cac ng ac tnh lam viec, ac tnh c khac nhau. ac tnh quan
trong nhat la ac tnh c bieu th quan he gia toc o quay va momen : n = f(M)
I. ac tnh c va ieu chnh toc o cua ong c ien mot chieu:
1. ac tnh c
E
U I R
T bieu thc E = Ce n n =
=
C E
C E
pN
=
C
Vi
;
R = Rb + Rct + Rf
E
60a
Trong o:
R: ien tr phan ng;
R
U
I (8-1)
C E C E
Phng trnh (8-1) c goi la phng trnh ac tnh toc o cua ong c:n=f(I).
V: M = CM I nen: n =
R
U
C E C E .C M . 2
(8-2)
Phng trnh (8-2) c goi la phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c: n = f(M).
T (8-1) va (8-2) ta thay khi phu tai at tren truc ong c bang 0, trng hp ly
U
= n0 : Toc o khong tai ly tng
tng I = 0 hoac M = 0 th n =
Ce
U
Tai n = 0 ta co : I =
= In
R
U
M = CM
= CM In = Mn
R
at :
R
R
= tang He so goc cua ac tnh toc o va
= tang va
C E C M 2
CE
ac tnh c.
R
R
o sut toc o cua ac tnh toc o
= n
= n va
C E C M 2
CE
va ac tnh c tai 1 gia tr dong ien
va mo men nhat nh.
ac tnh c va ac tnh toc o cua ong c co o doc khong oi con o sut toc
n1
n2
n2
n1
n0
n0
Mn
lap cung nh trong qua trnh qua o. e nghien cu ieu kien lam viec on nh cua
he thong truyen ong ta xet ac tnh c M = f(n) cua ong c va Mc = f(n) cua tai
trnh bay tren hnh 8-8.
M1
MC2
M2
MC1
M2
MC2
n A1 n nA 2
A
MC1
M1
M = f(n)
a)
M = f(n)
MC = f(n)
MC = f(n)
0 b)
n B1 n B n B2
dM dM C
<
dn
dn
Trng hp hnh 8.8b: Gia s toc o ong c t nB giam xuong nB1 th ong c
tao ra mot moment ong lc am l = c < 0 lam cho toc o giam tiep
xuong n < nB1 cho en khi n = 0.
Gia s toc o ong c t nB tang len nB2 th l = c > 0 lam cho toc o
ong c tang nhanh hn na.
Do o, iem B la iem lam viec khong on nh. Ta co ieu kien lam viec khong
on nh cua ong c nh sau :
dM dM C
>
dn
dn
- Thay oi t thong : khi may lam viec bnh thng = m ng vi dong ien
kch t (Itm) phng phap nay ch giam ch khong tang c v khong cho
phep ien ap at vao day quan kch t vt qua gia tr nh mc. Khi giam th
n > nm tc la ieu chnh toc o n trong vung tren cua nm va gii han ieu chnh toc
o c han che bi cac ieu kien c kh va oi chieu cua may.
- Thay oi ien ap U : Phng phap nay ch cho phep thay oi c toc o
di toc o nh mc. Phng phap nay khong gay nen ton hao phu nhng oi hoi
phai co nguon ien ap rieng ieu chnh c.
- Thay oi ien tr phu tren mach phan ng Rf : Khi them Rf o doc ng
ac tnh c ong c tang len lam toc o ong c giam xuong.
u : thiet b ieu chnh n gian lam viec chac chan.
Khuyet : gay ton hao tren ien tr phu.
Sau ay ta se xet ac tnh c va phng phap ieu chnh toc o cua tng
loai ong c ien mot chieu.
A. ong c ien mot chieu kch thch song song (KTSS) hoac ong c ien
mot chieu kch thch oc lap (KTL):
a) ac tnh c : n = f(M) khi U = const, It = const
Khi M hoac I bien thien = const neu bo qua anh hng cua phan ng
phan ng, ta co the viet phng trnh ac tnh c:
n = n0 -
R
M
2
C E .C M .
n = n0 -
R
M
k
n
n0
nm
Mm
(Im)
M(I)
hp n= const khi thay oi phu tai, nh Hnh 8.9 ac tnh c va ac tnh toc o cua
ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap (song
song).
89
n01
R
C E
nhng khi n = 0, I
n02
In
R
tang nhanh con
CeCM 2
m >1 >2
n0
Mn = CM In giam dan
n01
R
n = n0
M
CeCM 2
m >1 >2
oi vi ho ac tnh c, t
2
1
n0
U
= Cte
R
dan.
R
R
U
I
I = n0
CE
CE CE
- T n =
n02
Mn2
M
Mn
Mn1
n=
n0
U
R
M
C E C E C M 2
c) ieu chnh toc o bang thay oi ien tr phu Rf tren mach phan ng
n
U , ,M = Cte :
Rf1
TN (Um, m, Rf=0)
Rf2
bien oi
Rf3
0
Mm R > R >R
f3
f2
f1
M (I)
U3
Um> U1>U2>U3
M (I)
90
at: A =
U
;
CEk
U
R
I
CE k I CE k I
B=
th: n = A B
I
R
CE k
(1)
M
M
=
CMk
CMk
C
(2)
B
M
T (1) va (2) ta thay ac tnh toc o va ac tnh c cua CMCKTNT co
n=
nm
Mcm
Mc
BC : ng thang
91
Wt
Rst
a)
b)
Rc
W t/
c)
Rs
d)
Hnh 8.15 Cac s o ieu chnh toc o ong c ien mot chieu kch thch noi tiep: a) mac sun cho
day quan kch thch; b) thay oi so vong day cua day quan kch thch; c) mac sun cho phan ng; d)
them ien tr vao mach phan ng
Neu dong ien kch thch luc au la I1 = It1 th sau khi noi theo hnh 8-15a,b:
It2 = k.I1 vi k la he so hieu chnh:
k=
Rst
<1
Rt + Rst
(hnh 8-15a)
Wt/
k=
<1
Wt
(h8-15b)
Trong o: w't so day quan kch thch sau khi noi theo b.
Nh vay
= k.k I 1
U RI
CE/ = CE k
C E
U = C/E nI/ + I / (R + Rf )
vi
C /E nI / = C E k I / n
U
C n + (R + R f )
/
E
I / = I
Ce/ n + R
C /E n + (R + R f )
92
M, n
M = f(I ) KTNT
M = f(I ) KT//
M = f(I ) KTHH
n = f(I ) KT//
n = f(I ) KTHH
n = f(I ) KTNT
I
Hnh 8.16 ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot
chieu kch thch hon hp so sanh vi cac loai
ong c ien mot chieu khac.
93
n=
U
CE
R
C E
Bieu th quan he M = CM I
ong c ien kch thch song song:
khi U = Cte th = Cte quan he
M = f(I) la ng thang.
2
CMCKTNT: khi I th M I ng cong co dang parabol.
T cong thc :
2
p
100 = 1
100 = 1 p0 + pcu.t + IR + ptx + pf 100
% = 1
U(I + I )
P1
U(I + It )
Trong o:
Po la ton hao khong tai (ton hao c pc, ton hao thep pFe, ton hao phu pf).
pt = Ut It ton hao tren mach kch t.
I2R ton hao ong tren day quan phan ng.
ptx = UtxI ton hao do tiep xuc gia vanh gop va choi than.
V rang cac ieu kien ta ang xet n = Cte , It = Cte, = Cte nen co the coi
2
2
nh Po + Pt = Cte. ien tr R c tnh nhiet o to = 75 oC cho nen IR I .
p0 + pcu.t = I2R
Cau hoi
1. Phan loai ong c ien mot chieu.
2. ieu kien lam viec on nh cua ong c ien. So sanh cac loai ong c ien
ve phng dien nay.
3. So sanh cac ac tnh toc o va ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot chieu.
4. Hien tng g xay ra khi m may ong c ien kch thch song song trong
trng hp mach kch t b t. Cung nh vay trong trng hp ien tr ieu
chnh tren mach kch thch Rc qua ln.
5. Cac phng phap m may va ieu chnh toc o ong c ien mot chieu cac
loai.
Bai tap
1. Cho mot ong c ien mot chieu kch thch song song co cac so lieu sau:
Pm= 95kW, Um = 220 V , Im = 470 A, Itm = 4,25 A, R = 0,0125 ,nm = 500 v/ph.
Hay xac nh:
a. Hieu suat cua ong c
b. Tong ton hao trong may, ton hao khong tai va dong ien khong tai
c. Moment nh mc cua ong c.
d. ien tr ieu chnh Rf can thiet e ong c quay vi n = nm, I = Im va t
thong giam i 40%
e. ien tr Rf can thiet e ong c quay vi n = nm, I = 0,85Im va t thong giam
i 25%
ap so:
a. 91,8%
b.
c. M = 181,5 Nm.
d. Rf = 0,18
e. Rf = 0,13
95
Chng 9
MAY IEN MOT CHIEU AC BIET CONG SUAT NHO
1. ong c mot chieu khong choi than
ong c mot chieu vi cau truc bnh thng co hang loat nhc iem do
bo phan oi chieu, vanh gop gay ra lam han che pham vi s dung cua chung.
Trong thi gian gan ay a xuat hien va a vao s dung ngay cang rong rai,
nhat la trong cac he thong ieu khien t ong mot loai ong c vi ten goi la
ong c mot chieu khong choi than (Brushless-DC Motor). ong c mot chieu
khong choi than vi bo phan oi chieu ien t a thoa man cac yeu cau cao ve
o tin cay trong cac ieu kien lam viec ac biet (chan khong, nhiet o thay oi,
va ap manh, rung ong nhieu). Bo phan ao chieu co cau tao t cac linh kien
ien t thay the cho vanh gop_choi than lam cho ong c mot chieu khong choi
than mat i nhng nhc iem cua ong c mot chieu thong thng.
1.1 Cau tao:
Khac vi ong c mot chieu bnh thng, ong c mot chieu khong choi
than co phan ng bat ong nam tren stator va phan cam quay nam tren rotor.
Tren hnh 9.1 a ve mo hnh cua ong c mot chieu bnh thng va hnh 9.1b ve
mo hnh ong c khong choi than.
Hnh 9.1 Mo hnh n gian cua ong c mot chieu bnh thng
(hnh a) va ong c mot chieu khong choi than (hnh b)
V tr cac phan t cua ong c mot chieu khong choi than tren hnh 9.1b nh
sau:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
96
Stator cua ong c mot chieu khong choi than c ghep t cac la thep
k thuat ien co xe ranh. Trong cac ranh cua Stator at cuon day phan ng nh
cac loai ong c bnh thng khac. Phan cam cua ong c khong choi than
thng c lam bang nam cham vnh cu. ac iem noi bat cua ong c la bo
phan ao chieu bang ien t ma trong hnh 9.1b c n gian hoa bang gia
choi than va choi than at tren rotor.
Ngoai stato, rotor va bo phan ao chieu bang ien t th tren vo may con
gan mot cam bien v tr. Cam bien v tr co cau tao t hai thanh phan: phan quay
goi la rotor va phan ng yen goi la stator. Rotor cua cam bien v tr co dang
hnh tron khuyet at tren cung mot truc vi rotor ong c, ay la phan t tao tn
hieu cua cam bien v tr. Stator cua cam bien v tr la cac phan t cam ng, so
lng cua cac phan t cam ng nay bang vi so pha cua ong c va v tr cua
chung tng ng vi v tr cac pha cua ong c.
Tom lai: cau tao ong c mot chieu khong choi than gom 3 thanh phan chnh
sau:
Stator va rotor, tren Stator c ghep bang cac la thep ky thuat ien co
xe ranh, ben trong co at cuon ng m pha va rotor c lam bang nam cham
vnh cu.
Cam bien v tr at cung truc vi ong c co chc nang cam nhan v tr
cua rotor va bien oi tn hieu o thanh tn hieu ieu khien xac nh thi iem
va th t oi chieu.
Bo phan oi chieu khong choi than cau tao bang cac linh kien ien t
thc hien oi chieu dong ien cua cac cuon cam tren stator ong c theo tn
hieu ieu khien t cam bien v tr.
1.2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Hnh 9.2 trnh bay s o nguyen l n gian cua ong c mot chieu khong
choi than vi ba cuon day tren stator. Ta se phan tch nguyen ly hoat ong cua
ong c mot chieu khong choi than theo s o nay.
Cuon day phan ng at tren cac ranh cua stator gom co ba pha A, B, C,
lech nhau trong khong gian mot goc 1200 va c noi hnh sao.
Bo phan oi choi gom ba transistor Q1, Q2, Q3, mac noi tiep vi cac pha
A, B, C cua ong c. Cac transistor nay lam viec che o ngat dan, ngha la
co hai trang thai lam viec: trang thai dan khi co tn hieu ien chan B cua
chung va trang thai ngat khi khong co tn hieu ien chan B cua chung. Tn
hieu ien do phan cam ng cua cam bien v tr tao ra.
Nguyen ly hoat ong cua ong c theo hnh 9.2 nh sau:
Gia s ban au v tr phan t cam bien tn hieu cua cam bien v tr nam
gan phan t cam ng pha A (phan t cam ng cua cam bien v tr at tng
ng vi cac pha cua ong c). Khi phan t cam bien tn hieu cua cam bien v tr
97
v tr tren (v tr 1 tren hnh 9.2) th se xuat hien mot tn hieu ieu khien CA, tn
hieu nay kch vao cc B cua transistor Q1 lam cho Q1 dan. Cac transistor khac
khong co tn hieu nen trang thai ngat. Khi Q1 dan trong pha A cua cuon ng
co dong ien IA chay qua. Nh s tng tac gia sc t ong FA cua cuon ng
pha A vi t thong cua t trng rotor bang nam cham vnh cu lam cho rotor
quay theo chieu kim ong ho. Do phan t tn hieu cua cam bien tn hieu gan
ong truc vi rotor cua ong c nen khi rotor quay th phan t nay cung quay
theo.
chnh la sc t ong cua day quan stato luc nay. Do o, rotor cua ong c tiep
tuc quay theo chieu kim ong ho nh ban au. Qua trnh tren c tiep tuc tiep
dien, tn hieu ieu khien t cam bien v tr c a vao cac transistor cua bo
phan oi chieu va lam cho chung dan hoac ngng dan ung luc; cap ien hoac
khong cap ien cho cac cuon day stator tao nen sc t ong tren day quan nay
tac ong vi t trng cua rotor bang nam cham vnh cu lam cho rotor quay.
Khi tang so pha cua cuon stator, th so phan t cam ng cua cam bien v
tr va so transistor cua bo phan oi chieu cung tang tng ng va ong c van
hoat ong theo nguyen tac tren. Neu tang so phan t cam ng va so transistor
bang so boi day va so phien gop cua ong c ien mot chieu co vanh gop bnh
thng th ac tnh cua ong c mot chieu khong choi than hoan toan giong vi
ong c ien mot chieu co vanh gop. Qua trnh vat l trong ong c mot chieu
khong choi than cung c mo ta bang cac phng trnh cua ong c vanh gop
cong suat nho trnh bay phan 1.2. Tuy nhien, viec tang so lng cac pha day
quan stator keo theo s phc tap cua s o ieu khien. V vay, trong thc te so
pha cua day quan thng khong vt qua bon.
2 ong c chap hanh mot chieu :
Hau het cac ong c cong suat nho s dung trong cac he thong ieu
khien t ong va cac chc nang rieng le khac dang ong c chap hanh
(servo motor).
ong c chap hanh noi chung la loai may ien co chc nang bien oi tn
hieu ien au vao (thng la ien ap) thanh van toc goc hoac chuyen ong cua
truc ong c. Chung c che tao e ap ng hau het cac chc nang chuyen
oi tn hieu. ong c loai nay co the hoat ong che o lam viec dai han, ngan
han hay ngan han lap lai tuy theo cau truc. c s dung nh ong c chap
hanh con co ong c mot chieu kch thch oc lap, ong c bc ong bo,
Ferraris motor, amplidyne motor_generator.
ng dung cua ong c chap hanh tuy thuoc vao ac tnh cua cac he
thong ieu khien, muc ch cua he thong ieu khien, v tr van hanh va cac yeu
cau khac khi c s dung nh nhng bo phan cau thanh nen he thong.
ong c chap hanh thng ap ng cac yeu cau c ban sau:
ac tnh lam viec on nh moi van toc.
ieu chnh toc o quay de dang, bang phang kinh te va co pham vi ieu
chnh rong.
Dng tc thi (ong c phai dng ngay lap tc khi mat tn hieu ieu
khien).
ap ng nhanh.
ieu khien tai cong suat ln gan tren truc vi tn hieu ieu khien be.
99
Trong nam yeu cau tren th yeu cau th nam la yeu cau chu yeu v hau het tn
hieu ieu khien ong c loai nay eu co cong suat be (tn hieu ngo ra t cac
thiet b ien t).
2.1 Cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong cua ong c chap hanh mot chieu
cong suat nho:
Theo cau truc ong c chap hanh mot chieu gom co cac loai sau:
ong c chap hanh mot chieu quan tnh nho vi rotor rong khong t tnh.
ong c chap hanh mot chieu vi phan ng khong co ranh (rotor hnh
da), day quan phan ng c bo tr trc tiep len mat hnh tru cua rotor.
ong c chap hanh mot chieu thong thng kch thch oc lap hoac kch
thch bang nam cham vnh cu.
ong c chap hanh mot chieu co cau tao nh loai th nhat va loai th hai
t c e cap en trong cac giao trnh may ien; ong c chap hanh mot chieu
thong thng th lai co nhieu tai lieu noi en nen ay ch xin neu them ve ac
iem cau tao cua hai loai ong c chap hanh th nhat va th hai tc la ong c
chap hanh mot chieu quan tnh nho vi rotor rong khong t tnh va ong c
chap hanh mot chieu vi phan ng khong co ranh (rotor hnh da).
2.1.1 Cau tao ong c chap hanh mot chieu rotor rong khong t tnh.
Hnh 9.3 trnh bay cau tao cua ong c chap hanh mot chieu vi rotor
rong khong t tnh. ong c c cau tao vi rotor rong nham muc ch lam
giam en mc thap nhat quan tnh cua ong c khi ngng hoat ong. Rotor cua
ong c co the c chia lam hai phan nh sau: phan th nhat la mot khoi gom
co choi than, cac vanh gop va kot khoi hnh tru rong bang plastic (choi than va
vanh gop co cau tao giong nh ong c mot chieu bnh thng), phan con lai
la loi sat.
Loi sat 6 la phan nang hn va c co nh cung vi vo may, phan nay
co ten goi la stator trong, co chc nang nh mot dong ien cam ng.
Stator 3 cua ong c giong nh stator cua ong c mot chieu thong
thng co xe ranh e mang day quan phan cam 2 con c goi la stator ngoai.
Phan ng 5 la mot hnh tru rong c lam bang plastic co at day quan
trong ranh hoac mang tren be mat cua no mot lp day quan mong. Phan nay
xoay c trong khe h khong kh nam gia stator trong va stator ngoai.
Nguon ien c cung cap cho phan ng thong qua choi than 1 va vanh
gop 7.
ong c c bao boc va co nh bi vo may 4.
100
Hnh 9.3 ong c chap hanh mot chieu vi rotor rong khong t tnh.
Vi nhng ac iem cau tao nh tren th ket qua co c la ong c mot
chieu vi rotor rong se co momen quan tnh nho hn nhieu so vi ong c mot
chieu vi rotor hnh tru thong thng.
2.1.2 Cau tao ong c chap hanh mot chieu vi phan ng khong co
ranh (rotor hnh da)
ong c chap hanh mot chieu vi phan ng khong co ranh (rotor hnh
da) c mo ta hnh 9.4 co cac ac iem sau:
Rotor hnh da 1 cua ong c co hnh da det va khong co lo thong gio,
c lam t nhng vat lieu khong t tnh nh: ceramic, textolite hay aluminium,
day quan cua rotor c bo tr sat be mat nhan cua no ch rotor khong co
ranh. Day quan c bo tr eu hai mat cua rotor thong qua nhng lo khoang
gan truc ong c. ong c c kch thch bi nam cham vnh cu 5 vi au
cc 3 cua nam cham c che tao t thep khong g co dang khoi tron.
ong c chap hanh mot chieu phan ng khong co ranh (rotor hnh da)
khac vi ong c mot chieu cho rotor cua ong c khong co ranh e ac day
quan ma day quan c bo tr trc tiep tren be mat nhan cua rotor (printed
winding). Viec rotor ong c khong co ranh va day quan c bo tr nh tren
lam cho khe h khong kh gia cc t va loi phan ng tang len ong thi lam
giam ien khang phan ng.
101
2.2 Cac phng phap ieu khien ong c chap hanh mot chieu:
ong c chap hanh mot chieu co the c ieu khien theo mot trong hai
cach sau:
ieu khien lien tuc la phng phap ieu khien s dung tn hieu ieu
khien lien tuc theo thi gian nhng co o ln thay oi. Tn hieu ieu khien
thng la ien ap phan ng nen phng phap ieu khien nay con c goi la
ieu khien phan ng.
ieu khien cc la phng phap ieu khien khi ta a ien ap ieu khien
vao cuon kch thch.
2.2.1 ieu khien phan ng:
S o ieu khien nh hnh 9.5 cuon day kch thch noi trc tiep vao li
ien co ien ap U KT = U = const . Cuon day phan ng at vao ien ap ieu
khien co tr so thay oi U K const
Do U KT = U = const nen dong ien chay trong cuon kch t I KT = const do
o t thong cua cuon kch t KT = const .
Ta co:
KT = C .U KT
Vi C la he so khuyech ai.
Khi phan ng quay, cac day dan cua no cat t trng kch thch va trong
cuon day phan ng (cung chnh la cuon day ieu khien) se cam ng mot sc
ien ong EK, tr so cua EK c cho cong thc :
E K = C E . KT .n = C E C .U KT .n
Dong ien phan ng chnh la dong ien ieu khien co gia tr nh sau:
102
M=
2
C M .C .U KT .U K C E .C M .C
.U 2KT .n
rK
U K
la ien ap ieu khien trong he n v tng
U KT
oi.
Thay U K = .U KT vao bieu thc tren ta c :
2
C M .C ..U 2KT C E .C M .C
.U 2KT .n
M=
rK
Chung ta se thay cac gia tr thc cua M, n, UK bang cac gia tr trong he
n v tng oi e de so sanh ac tnh cua cac ong c co cong suat khac
nhau va toc o khac nhau. Vi gia tr momen trong he n v tng oi :
m=
M
M mm
(9-2)
Trong o: he so tn hieu =
U K
U
= K
U KT U Li
Khi phan ng quay, trong cuon day phan ng (cuon kch thch) cam ng mot
sc ien ong EKT:
E KT = C E . K .n = C E .C .U K .n
U KT E KT
rKT
104
Tng tac gia t thong cuon day ieu khien K vi dong ien kch t
IKT sinh ra momen quay M.
M = C M . K .I KT
Hay:
M=
Qui cac bieu thc tren ve gia tr tng oi ta co bieu thc momen trong he n
v tng oi la:
m = 2 .v = f (, v)
Vi: =
U K
n
M
; v=
; m=
U KT
n0
M mm
Trong o:
n 0 = n ( =1;m =0) =
1
C E .C
M mm = M ( n =0; =1)
C M .C .U 2K
=
rKT
Hnh 9.7 S o may phat toc mot chieu kch thch oc lap.
ac tnh ngo ra cua may phat toc mot chieu la moi quan he gia ien ap
ra hai au cc cua phan ng va toc o quay cua phan ng khi tai thuan tr Rt
co gia tr khong oi va t thong la hang so. Theo ly thuyet may ien th sc
ien ong EF cua phan ng ty le thuan vi t thong va toc o quay cua phan
ng. V vay, vi t thong la hang so th ta co bieu thc sau:
E F = C E .n.
105
Trong o:
T cac bieu thc tren ta nhan c bieu thc ac tnh ien ap ra cua may phat
toc mot chieu nh sau:
C ..n U ch
UF = E
r
1+ F
Rt
Neu xem nh ien ap ri tren choi than khong ang ke va co the bo qua th
bieu thc tren co the viet lai nh sau:
C ..n
UF = E
= K.n
rF
1+
Rt
Neu t thong , ien tr phan ng rF va ien tr tai Rt khong oi th quan he
U F = f (n) la tuyen tnh vi he so khuyech ai (o doc) K c xac nh nh sau:
Khi CE, , Rt cang ln va rF cang nho th o doc cua ien ap ra cang ln.
Trong trng hp may hoat ong che o khong tai ( R t = ) th o doc cua
ien ap ra la ln nhat.
Hnh 9.8
u iem cua may phat toc mot chieu la co trong lng va kch thc nho
nhng cong suat ln. Vi may phat toc kch t bang nam cham vnh cu khong
can co nguon nuoi.
106
e truyen tai va phan phoi ien nang i cho cac ho tieu thu ien cach xa
nha may ien c phu hp va kinh te th phai co nhng thiet b e tang va giam
ien ap au va cuoi ng day. Nhng thiet b nay goi la may bien ap (hnh1.1).
Nhng may bien ap dung trong he thong ien lc goi la may bien ap ien lc hay
may bien ap cong suat. May bien ap ch lam nhiem vu truyen tai va phan phoi
nang lng ch khong phai la thiet b bien oi nang lng.
Tram bien ap
110/20 KV
Tram bien ap
220/110 KV
ng day
Cao the
Tram bien ap
20/0,4 KV
Trung the
Ho tie u
thu
Gia thiet ien ap at vao co dang hnh sin th t thong do no sinh ra cung co
dang hnh sin:
= m sin t
Theo nh luat cam ng ien t, sc ien ong cam ng trong cac day quan 1 va 2
se la:
d
d m sin t
= w1
= w1 m cos t
dt
dt
(1-1)
= w1 m sin(t ) = E1m sin(t )
2
2
d
d m sin t
e2 = w 2
= w2
= w 2 m cos t
dt
dt
e1 = w1
107
Tr so hieu dung:
(1-2)
E1 =
E1m w1 m 2f1w1 m
=
=
= 2.w1f1 m
2
2
2
(1-3)
E2 =
E2m w2 m 2f1w2 m
=
=
= 2.w2f1 m
2
2
2
(1-4)
T cac bieu thc (1-1) va (1-2) cho thay s.. trong day quan cham pha so vi t
k=
E1 w1
=
E2 w 2
Neu khong ke ien ap ri tren day quan, k c xem nh la ty so ien ap gia day
quan 1 va day quan 2:
k=
E1 U1
E2 U2
- Ty so ien ap day khong nhng ch phu thuoc vao t so vong day gia s cap
va th cap ma con phu thuoc vao cac noi hnh sao hay tam giac:
+ Khi noi /Y
+ Khi noi /
kd =
U p1
Ud1
w1
=
=
Ud 2
3U p 2
3w 2
kd =
U d 1 U p 1 w1
=
=
Ud 2 U p 2 w2
kd =
U d1
=
Ud2
3U p 1
3U p 2
w1
w2
3U p 1
Ud1
w
=
= 3 1
Ud 2
Up2
w2
nh ngha: MBA la 1 thiet b ien t tnh lam viec da tren nguyen ly cam ng
ien t, bien oi 1 he thong dong ien xoay chieu ien ap nay thanh 1 he thong
dong ien xoay chieu ien ap khac vi tan so khong oi.
Pha noi vi nguon goi la s cap, cac ai lng lien quan en s cap c k hieu
mang ch so 1.
Pha noi vi tai goi la th cap, cac ai lng lien quan en th cap c k hieu
mang ch so 2.
Neu U1 < U2 ta co MBA tang ap, U1 > U2 co MBA giam ap.
108
1. Dung lng hay cong suat nh mc Sm : La cong suat toan phan (hay bieu kien)
a ra day quan th cap MBA tnh bang VA hoac KVA.
2. ien ap day s cap nh mc U1m la ien ap day cua day quan s cap tnh
bang V ,hoac K V.
3. ien ap day th cap nh mc U2m la ien ap day cua day quan th cap khi
khong tai va ien ap at vao day quan s cap la nh mc. Tnh bang V hoac K V.
4. Dong ien day nh mc s cap I1m va th cap I2m la nhng dong ien day cua
day quan s cap va th cap ng vi cong suat va ien ap nh mc. Tnh bang
A. Co the tnh cac dong ien nh sau :
S
I2m = m
Sm
oi vi MBA 1 pha :
;
I1m =
U2m
U1m
Sm
Sm
I
=
2
m
I1m =
3U2m
oi vi MBA 3 pha :
;
3U1m
5. Tan so nh mc : fm tnh bang Hz. Cac may bien ap ien lc nc ta co tan so
cong nghiep la 50 Hz.
Ngoai ra tren nhan may bien ap con ghi cac so lieu khac nh so pha m; to noi
day quan; ien ap ngan mach Un%; che o lam viec ; cap cach ien; phng phap
lam nguoi ...
1.4 Cac loai may bien ap chnh
Theo cong dung may bien ap co the chia thanh cac loai chnh sau
1. May bien ap ien lc (hay con goi la may bien ap dau, may bien ap cong suat):
Dung e truyen tai va phan phoi ien nang trong he thong ien lc.
2. May bien ap chuyen dung: Dung cho cac lo luyen kim, cho cac thiet b chnh lu,
may han ien...
3. May bien ap t ngau: Bien oi ien ap trong mot pham vi khong ln lam, dung e
m may cac ong c ien xoay chieu.
4. May bien ap o lng: Dung e giam cac ien ap va dong ien ln a vao ong
ho o.
5. May bien ap th nghiem: Dung e th nghiem cac ien ap cao.
May bien ap co nhieu loai khac nhau, song thc chat cac hien tng xay ra
trong chung eu giong nhau. e thuan tien cho viec nghien cu, sau ay chu yeu ta
xet en cac may bien ap ien lc hai day quan mot pha va ba pha.
109
May bien ap co cac bo phan chnh sau: Vo may, loi thep va day quan.
1. Loi thep
Loi thep dung lam mach dan t, ong thi lam khung e quan day quan.
Theo hnh dang loi thep ngi ta chia ra:
- May bien ap kieu loi hay kieu tru (hnh 1.3): Day quan bao quanh tru thep. Loai
nay hien nay rat thong dung cho cac may bien ap mot pha va ba pha co dung lng
nho va trung bnh
a)
b)
Hnh1.3 MBA kieu loi: a. mot pha; b. ba pha
- May bien ap kieu boc (hnh 1.4): Mach t c phan nhanh ra hai ben va " boc"
lay mot phan day quan. Loai nay thng ch dung trong vai nganh chuyen mon ac
biet nh may bien ap dung trong lo luyen kim, cac may bien ap mot pha cong suat
nho.
cac may bien ap hien ai, dung lng ln va
cc ln (80 en 100 MVA tren mot pha), ien ap
cao 220 en 400kV e giam chieu cao cho tru
thep, tien li cho viec van chuyen, mach t cua
may bien ap kieu tru c phan nhanh
sang hai ben nen may bien ap mang hnh dang va kieu tru va kieu boc, goi la
may bien ap kieu tru - boc
b)
a)
110
Hnh 1.5b trnh bay mot kieu may bien ap tru - boc ba pha, trng hp nay co day
quan ba pha nhng co 5 tru thep nen con goi la may bien ap ba pha nam tru. Loi
thep may bien ap gom co hai phan: Phan tru k hieu bang ch T va phan gong k
hieu bang ch G. Tru la phan loi thep co day quan; gong la phan loi thep noi cac
tru lai vi nhau thanh mach t kn va khong co day quan.
Do day quan thng quan thanh hnh tron, nen tiet dien ngang cua tru thep
thng lam thanh hnh bac thang gan tron (hnh 1.6). Gong t v khong co quan
day, do o e thuan tien cho viec che tao tiet dien ngang cua gong co the lam
n gian: hnh vuong, hnh ch thap hoac hnh T hnh 1.7
a)
b)
2. Day quan
Day quan la bo phan dan ien cua may bien ap, lam nhiem vu thu nang
lng vao va truyen nang lng ra. Day quan thng lam bang ong hoac bang
nhom. Theo cach sap xep day quan cao ap va ha ap, ngi ta chia ra lam hai loai
day quan chnh: Day quan ong tam va day quan xen ke.
a. Day quan ong tam: day quan ong tam tiet dien ngang la nhng vong tron
ong tam. Day quan HA thng quan pha trong gan tru thep, con day quan CA
quan pha ngoai boc lay day quan ha ap. Vi cach quan nay co the giam bt c
ieu kien cach ien cua day quan cao ap, bi v gia day quan cao ap va tru a co
cach ien bi ban than day quan ha ap.
Nhng kieu day quan ong tam chnh bao gom:
. Day quan hnh tru:
b)
a)
Hnh1.8 Day quan hnh tru: a. Day quan bet hai lp; b. Day quan tron nhieu lp
111
Neu tiet dien day dan ln th dung day bet va thng quan thanh hai lp
(hnh 1.8a); neu tiet dien day dan nho th dung day tron quan thanh nhieu lp
(hnh 1.8b); Day quan hnh tru day tron thng lam day cao ap ti 35 Kw; Day
quan hnh tru day bet chu yeu lam day quan ha ap t 6KV tr xuong.
. Day quan hnh xoan: Gom nhieu day bet chap lai vi nhau quan theo ng
xoan oc, gia cac vong day co ranh h (hnh 1.9).Kieu nay thng dung cho day
quan HA cua m.b.a dung lng trung bnh va ln.
. Day quan xoay oc lien tuc: Lam bang day bet va khac vi day quan hnh xoan
cho , day quan nay c quan thanh nhng banh day phang cach nhau bang
nhng ranh h (hnh 1.10).Bang cach hoan v ac biet trong khi quan, cac banh
day c noi tiep mot cach lien tuc ma khong can moi han gia chung, cung v the
ma day quan c goi la xoay oc lien tuc . Day quan nay chu yeu dung lam cuon
CA, ien ap 35kV tr len va dung lng ln.
b. Day quan xen ke : Cac banh day CA va HA
3.
keVo
. may: Vo may gom hai bo phan: thung va nap thung.
a. Thung may bien ap: Thung may lam bang thep, thng la hnh bau duc. Khi
may bien ap lam viec, mot phan nang lng b tieu hao, thoat ra di dang nhiet
ot nong loi thep, day quan va cac bo phan khac lam cho nhiet o cua chung tang
len. Do o gia may bien ap va moi trng xung quanh co mot hieu so nhiet o goi
la o chenh nhiet. Neu o chenh nhiet o vt qua mc quy nh se lam giam tuoi
tho cach ien va co the gay s co oi vi may bien ap. e bao am cho may bien
ap van hanh vi tai lien tuc trong thi gian qui nh (thng la 15 en 20 nam) va
khong b s co, phai tang cng lam lanh bang cach ngam may bien ap trong dau.
112
Nh s oi lu trong dau, nhiet truyen t cac bo phan ben trong may bien ap sang
dau, roi t dau qua vach thung ra moi trng xung quanh. Lp dau sat vach thung
nguoi dan se chuyen ong xuong pha di va lai tiep tuc lam nguoi mot cach tuan
hoan cac bo phan ben trong may bien ap. Ngoai ra dau may bien ap con lam nhiem
vu tang cng cach ien.
Tuy theo dung lng may bien ap ma hnh dang va ket cau thung dau co
khac nhau.Loai thung dau n gian nhat la thung dau phang thng dung cho cac
may bien ap dung lng t 30kVA tr xuong. oi vi cac may bien ap c trung bnh
va ln, ngi ta hay dung loai thung dau co ong (hnh 1.12) hoac loai thung co bo
tan nhiet (hnh 1.13).
m.b.a, nh co bnh gian dau nen c gian n t do; ong ch mc dau at ben canh
bnh gian dau dung e theo doi mc dau ben trong.
- Ong bao hiem: Lam bang thep, thng la hnh tru nghieng. Mot au noi vi
thung, mot au bt bang mot a thuy tinh hoac mang nhom mong (hnh 1.17).Neu
v mot ly do nao o, ap suat trong thung tang len ot ngot, a thuy tinh se v, dau
theo o thoat ra ngoai e may bien ap khong b h hong.
Ngoai ra tren nap con at bo chuyen mach oi noi cac au day cua day quan CA
khi can ieu chnh ien ap cua may bien ap, hoac cac r le hi e cat nguon ien
a vao may bien ap khi co s co xay ra trong may bien ap.
114
Cau hoi
1. nh ngha m.b.a ? Vai tro cua m.b.a trong he thong ien lc ? Ket cau cua
m.b.a ? Tac dung cua tng bo phan trong m.b.a?
2. Tren m.b.a thng ghi nhng ai lng nh mc nao?y ngha cua tng ai lng
nh mc, v du: Sm bieu th cong suat g, pha nao?U2m la ien ap ng vi tnh
trang nao cua m.b.a ?
Bai tap
1. Hay tnh cac dong ien nh mc cua mot m.b.a ba pha khi biet cac so lieu sau
ay :Sm = 100kVA; U1m / U2m = 6000 / 230V.
ap so: I1m= 9,62A ;I2m = 251A.
2. 1. Mot m.b.a mot pha co dung lng 5kVA co hai day quan s cap va hai day
quan th cap giong nhau. ien ap nh mc cua moi day quan s cap la 11000V va
cua moi day quan th cap la 110V.Thay oi cach noi cac day quan vi nhau se co
cac t so bien oi ien ap khac nhau.Vi moi cach noi hay tnh cac dong ien nh
mc s va th cap.
ap so: a. Day quan s cap va th cap eu noi noi tiep
I1 = 0,227 A; I2 = 22,7 A
b. Day quan s cap noi noi tiep, day quan th cap noi
song song: I1 = 0,227 A; I2 = 45,45 A
c. Day quan s cap noi song song, day quan th cap
noi noi tiep: I1 = 0,45 A; I2 = 22,7 A
d. Day quan s cap va th cap eu noi noi song
song: I1 = 0,45 A; I2 = 45,45 A
115
e may bien ap 3 pha co the lam viec c cac day quan pha s va th cap
phai c noi vi nhau theo mot qui luat nhat nh. Ngoai ra s phoi hp kieu noi
day quan s vi kieu noi day quan th cap cung hnh thanh cac to noi day quan
khac nhau. Hn na luc thiet ke viec quyet nh dung to noi day quan cung phai
thch hp vi kieu ket cau mach t e tranh nhng hien tng khong tot nh s..
pha khong sin, ton hao phu tang v.v
2.2. To noi day cua may bien ap
1. Cach k hieu au day :
Cac au tan cung cua day quan may bien ap, 1 au goi la au au, au kia
goi la au cuoi.
- oi vi MBA 1 pha th co the tuy y chon au au va au cuoi.
- oi vi MBA 3 pha, cac au au va au cuoi phai chon 1 cach thong nhat : gia s
day quan pha A chon au au en au cuoi i theo chieu kim ong ho (hnh 2.1a)
th cac day quan pha B va C con lai cung phai c chon nh vay (hnh 2.1b, c).
ieu nay rat can thiet bi v 1 pha day quan k hieu ngc th ien ap lay ra mat
tnh oi xng (hnh 2.2).
day quan ha ap
au au
au cuoi
au trung tnh
a)
b)
a)
b)
hon hp va dung ien ap day e chay ong c, va dung ien ap pha e thap
sang.
- au hnh tam giac () th au cuoi cua pha nay au vi au au cua pha kia: co
the au theo 2 kieu hoac theo th t AX-BY-CZ-A (hnh 2.4a) hoac theo th t
AX-CZ-BY-A (hnh 2.4b). Cach au tam giac c dung nhieu khi khong can ien
ap pha.
- au hnh tam giac h (au hnh V): Thng dung cho to MBA 3 pha khi sa cha
hoac h hong mot may.
- au hnh zic zac (Z) : Luc o moi pha day quan gom 2 na cuon day tren 2 tru
khac nhau noi noi tiep nhau.
a)
b)
Kieu au day nay rat t dung v ton nhieu ong hn va thng ch gap trong cac
may bien ap dung cho cac thiet b chnh lu hoac MBA o lng e hieu chnh sai
so ve goc lech pha.
3. To noi day cua MBA:
117
Muon xac nh va goi ten 1 to au day ta phai chap nhan cac gia thiet sau :
- Cac day quan quan cung chieu tren tru thep.
- Chieu S.. trong day quan hoac chay t au cuoi en au au hoac
ngc lai.
Ta hay xet 1 MBA 1 pha co 2 day quan s cap AX, th cap ax nh hnh 2.6.Neu 2
day quan c quan cung chieu tren tru thep,k hieu cac au day nh nhau (v du
A, a pha tren; X, x pha di nh hnh 2.6 a) th s.. cam ng trong chung khi
co t thong bien thien i qua se hoan toan trung pha nhau (hnh 2.6 b). Neu oi
chieu day quan cua 1 trong 2 day quan, v du day cua day quan th cap ax (nh
hnh 2.6 c) hoac oi k hieu au day, cung day quan th cap ax (hnh 2.6 e) th
s.. trong chung se hoan toan ngc pha nhau (hnh 2.6 d, g). Trng hp th
nhat, goc lech pha gia cac s.. ke t vec t s.. s cap en vec t s.. th
cap theo chieu kim ong ho la 3600 (I/I-12); Hai trng hp sau la 1800 (I/I-6).
a)
b)
I/I-6
I/I-6
I/I-12
c)
d)
e)
g)
118
Th du
a) To noi day Y/ Y:
Y/Y-12
Neu oi chieu quan day hay oi ky hieu au day cua day quai day Y/Y-6. hoan v
th t cac pha th cap, ta se co cac to noi day chan 2, 4, 8, 10.
b) To au day Y/ :
Y/ 11
Thay oi chieu quan day hay oi ky hieu au day cua day quai day Y/ -5. hoan v
cac pha th cap ta se co cac to noi day le 1, 3, 7, 9.
San xuat nhieu may bien ap co to noi day khac nhau rat bat li cho viec che
tao va s dung, v the tren thc te nc ta va lien xo cu ch san xuat cac may
bien ap ien lc thuoc cac to noi day sau: May bien ap mot pha co to I/I-12, may
bien ap ba pha co cac to Y/Y0-12, Y/-11 va Y0/-11 . Pham vi ng dung cua
chung c ghi trong bang di ay:
To noi day
Y/Y0-12
ien ap
CA (KV)
HA (V)
35
230
400
Y/-11
Y0/-11
560
1800
1800
35
525
525
110
3150
3200
6 ,3
3300
7500
119
5600
2. Nhng hien tng xuat hien khi t hoa loi thep MBA
Khi t hoa loi thep may bien ap do mach t bao hoa lam xuat hien nhng
hien tng ma 1 trong so cac hien tng o co the anh hng en tnh trang lam
viec cua may bien ap. Chung ta khao sat xem dong ien t hoa io sinh ra nh
the nao khi may bien ap lam viec khong tai.
a) May bien ap 1 pha :
ien ap at vao day quan s cap se sinh ra io, io sinh ra chay trong loi
thep. Neu ien ap at vao bien thien hnh sin theo thi gian:
U = U m sint
Va coi may bien ap khong co t thong ro, khong co ton hao ong trong day
quan va ton hao trong sat, th U = e = w d
dt
Ngha la t thong cung bien thien hnh sin theo thi gian:
= m sin t -
2
120
= f (t)
= f (i0)
i0
i0 = f (t)
i05
i03
i01
pha vi . Ngha la io ngoai thanh phan song c ban io1 con co cac thanh phan
song ieu hoa bac cao io3, io5, io7, Trong o thanh phan io3 ln nhat va ang ke hn
ca, con cac thanh phan khac rat be co the bo qua. Ta co the xem chnh io3 lam cho
io co dang nhon au, cung t l luan ay ta thay neu mach t cang bao hoa io cang
nhon au.
. Neu ke en ton hao trong loi thep: th quan he = f(io) la quan he t tre B =
f(H)
(1)
b)
a)
ien ap day khong co nhng thanh phan ieu hoa
boi so cua 3 ve mat vat l, ieu nay c giai thch
la doc theo 1 trong 2 mach vong lam thanh hnh
sao s.., nhng thanh phan ieu hoa nay tac dung
ta co the bo qua ch ve 1 va 3 (h b)
cua ca 3 pha cung chieu tai moi thi iem se de dang khep kn nh 1. Do thep
co t tr be nen 3 = (15 20)% 1, th e3 = (45 60)% e1 do o e = e1 + e3 se co
dang nhon au nh h c. Ngha la bien o cua s.. pha tang len ro ret. S tang
vot cua s.. len nh vay hoan toan khong co li va trong nhieu trng hp rat
nguy hiem nh choc thung cach ien cua day quan, lam hong thiet b o lng
Bi v nhng l do o ngi ta khong dung kieu au Y/Y cho to may bien ap 3
pha. Cung can phai noi them rang la s.. pha co tr so va bien o bien oi i
nhieu nhng cac s.. day van luon hnh sin. V day quan noi Y th s.. day
khong co thanh phan bac 3.
oi vi may bien ap 3 pha 3 tru v thuoc he thong mach t chung nen hien
tng se khac i, t thong cung chieu va bang nhau trong 3 tru thep nen chung
khong the
122
3A
3B
3C
Hnh2.14 T thong ieu hoa bac 3
cua may bien ap. Do o phng phap au Y/Y oi vi trong m.b.a 3 pha 3 tru.
may bien ap 3 pha ba tru cung ch ap dung cho cac m.b.a vi dung lng han che
t 5600 kVA tr xuong.
. Trng hp may bien ap noi / Y:
Day quan s cap au nen io3 khep kn trong
o. io co io3 se co dang nhon au, nen tng t
nh may bien ap 1 pha a xet va e eu co
dang hnh sin. Khong co trng hp bat li. Cach
au nay co the s dung cho cac loai may bien
ap.
Do day quan s cap noi Y, io3 khong co nen co dang vat au ngha la co t thong
bac 3: 3 , 3 se cam ng trong day quan th cap s.. bac 3: E23 cham sau 3
90o. en lt E23 gay ra dong ien bac 3 trong mach vong th cap noi I23. V ien
khac (X) day quan ln nen co the xem I23 cham sau E23 = 90o. Ro rang la I23 se sinh
ra t thong th cap 3 (coi nh trung pha vi I23) gan nh ngc pha vi 3. Do
o t thong tong bac 3 : /3 = 3 + 3 gan nh b triet tieu. Anh hng cua t
thong bac 3 khong ang ke, s.. pha gan nh hnh sin. Tom lai khi m.b.a lam viec
khong tai, cac cach au /Y hay Y/ eu tranh c tac hai cua t thong va s..
ieu hoa bac 3.
123
Cau hoi
1. To noi day cua may bien ap la g? S can thiet phai xac nh to noi day.
2. Ve cac s o day quan ng vi to noi day Y/Y - 2, 4, 8, 10 va cac s o day
quan ng vi cac to noi day Y/ - 1, 3, 7, 9.
3. Dong ien t hoa cua may bien ap ln hay be, tai sao? No phu thuoc vao nhng
yeu to nao?
4. Cac ket cau mach t khac nhau va cach au day quan khac nhau anh hng
nh the nao vi dong ien va ien ap luc khong tai cua may bien ap ba pha.
Bai tap
Hay xac nh to noi day cua may bien ap tren hnh ve sau
A
124
Trong chng nay chung ta nghien cu s lam viec cua may bien ap luc tai
cua no la oi xng. Nh vay moi van e lien quan eu c xet tren 1 pha cua may
bien ap 3 pha hay tren cac may bien ap 1 pha.
3.1. Cac phng trnh c ban cua may bien ap
e thay ro qua trnh nang lng trong may bien ap ta hay xet cac quan he
ien t trong may.
1. Phng trnh can bang s..:
e1 = w1
s..:
d
d1
=
dt
dt
e2 = w2
d
d2
=
dt
dt
(3-1)
d 1
d1
=
dt
dt
(3-2)
d 2
d 2
=
dt
dt
Trong o: 1 = w11, 2 = w22 la t thong tan moc vong vi day quan s cap va
th cap.
V cac t thong tan chu yeu i qua moi trng khong t tnh, co o t tham
= Cte (nh dau, khong kh, ong . . .) Nen co the xem 1 , 2 t le vi cac dong ien
tng ng sinh ra chung qua cac he so ien cam tan L1 ,L2 la nhng hang so:
125
1 = L1i1
(3-3)
2 = L 2i2
Do o cac S.. tan s va th cap co the viet :
e1 = L1
di1
dt
di2
dt
e 2 = L 2
Theo nh luat Kirkhoff 2 ta co phng trnh can bang s.. day quan s cap :
U1 + e1 + e1 = i1r1
(3-4)
Hay
U2 = e2 + e2 - i2r2
(3-5)
Neu ien ap, S.., dong ien la nhng lng xoay chieu bien thien hnh sin
oi vi thi gian th (3-4) va (3-5) co the bieu dien di dang phc sau :
.
.
.
.
(3-6)
U1 = E1 E1+ I1 r1
oi vi day quan s :
.
oi vi day quan th :
(3-7)
U2 = E2 + E 2 I2 r2
Khi dong ien bien thien hnh sin theo thi gian th tr so tc thi cua S..
tan s cap c viet :
dI1m sin t
= I1mL1 cos t
dt
= 2I1X1 sin t
2
= 2e1 sin t
2
(3-8)
e1 = L1
Ngha la e1 cung bien thien hnh sin theo thi gian va cham pha so vi i 1
goc 90o do o tr so hieu dung cua no co the c bieu dien di dang so phc :
.
Trong o : x1 = L1
E1 = jI1 x1
goi la ien khang tan cua day quan s cap
.
Tng t ta co
E2 = jI2 x2
Thay cac tr so E1 , E2 vao (3-6), (3-7) ta co cac phng trnh can bang s..
sau :
U2 = E2 jI2 x2 I2 r2 = E2 I2 (r2 + jx 2 ) = E2 I2 z 2
.
(3-9)
I1 w1 + I2 w2 = I0 w1
Chia 2 ve cua phng trnh cho w1 ta co:
w2 .
= I0
w1
.
.
. w
I1 = I0 + I2 2
w1
.
.
.
(3-10)
I1 = I0 + I2
T bieu thc (3-10) ta nhan thay: luc may bien ap co tai, dong ien trong
.
I1+ I2
day quan s cap I1 nh gom 2 thanh phan. Mot thanh phan la Io dung e tao nen t
thong chnh trong loi thep va 1 thanh phan la -I'2 dung de bu lai tac dung cua dong
ien th cap. Do o khi tai tang, tc dong ien th cap I2 tang th thanh phan -I'2
cung tang ngha la I1 tang e gi sao cho Io am bao sinh ra m = Cte.
3.2. Mach ien thay the cua may bien ap
e tien li cho viec nghien cu, tnh toan may bien ap ngi ta thay cac
mach ien va mach t cua may bien ap bang mot mach ien tng ng gom cac
ien tr va ien khang ac trng cho may bien ap goi la mach ien thay the cua
may bien ap. e co the noi trc tiep mach s cap va th cap vi nhau thanh mot
mach ien, cac day quan s va th cap phai co cung mot ien ap. Tren thc te
ien ap cac day quan o lai khac nhau (U1 khac U2). V vay phai qui oi mot trong
hai day quan ve day quan kia e cho chung co cung chung mot cap ien ap. Muon
vay hai day quan phai co so vong day nh nhau. Thng ngi ta qui oi day quan
th cap ve day quan s cap, ngha la coi nh day quan th cap cung co so vong
day bang so vong day quan s cap (w2 = w1). Viec qui oi ch thuan li cho viec
tnh toan ch tuyet nhien khong c lam thay oi cac qua trnh vat ly va nang
lng xay ra trong may bien ap.
127
Trc tien tat ca cac lng qui oi t th cap ve s cap c goi la nhng
lng qui oi va c k hieu them mot dau phay tren au. Th du sc ien ong
th cap qui oi E 2 .
/
Do qui oi day quan th cap ve day quan s cap w2 = w1 nen E'2 = E1.
Ta a biet :
k=
w1 E1
=
w2 E2
E2/ =
E1 =
nen
w1
E2
w2
w1
E2 = kE2
w2
Viec qui oi phai am bao cho P = Cte trc va sau khi qui oi, ngha la :
E
1
I2/ = 2/ I2 = I2
E2I2 = E2/ I2/ nen
E2
k
c) ien tr, ien khang, tong tr th cap qui oi r'2, x'2, z'2 :
Khi qui oi P = Cte nen ton hao ong trong day quan th cap trc va sau khi
qui oi phai bang nhau, ngha la :
I22r2 = I22r2/
2
I
r = 2/ r2 = k 2r2
I2
/
2
x 2/ = k 2x 2
z2/ = r2/ + jx 2/ = k 2 (r2 + jx 2 )
Thay cac lng qui oi vao cac phng trnh can bang s.. va s.t. tren
ta co he thong cac phng trnh o viet di dang qui oi :
.
U1 = E1+ I1 z1
& = E
& &I z
U
2
2
2
.
./
I1 = I0 I2
128
Da vao cac phng trnh s.. va s.t. di dang qui oi, ta co the suy ra
mot mach ien tng ng goi la mach ien thay the cua may bien ap:
Vi
Trong thc te zm >> z1 va z'2 ; zm = 10 50 con z1* z'2* = 0,025 0,01 nen
co the coi zm = . Ngha la coi Io = 0, do o I1 = - I'2. Nh vay may bien ap co the
c thay the bang 1 mach ien rat n gian sau :
e thay ro quan he ve tr so va goc lech pha gia cac lng vat l trong may
bien ap nh , e, I, . . . ong thi e thay ro s bien thien cua cac lng vat l o
nhng che o lam viec khac nhau ta ve o th vec t cua may bien ap.
1. o th vec t cua may bien ap trong trng hp tai co tnh chat ien cam:
. /
./
U 2 = E 2 I 2 r2/ + jx2/
.
./
I1 = I0 I2
at vec t t thong m theo chieu dng truc hoanh, dong ien khong tai I0 sinh ra
m vt trc mot goc . Cac s.. E1 va E/2 do m sinh ra cham sau no 1 goc 900.
V tai co tnh chat ien cam, dong ien I/2 cham sau E/2 mot goc 2 quyet nh bi
ien khang va ien tr cua tai va day quan th cap:
129
2 = arctg
x 2/ + x t/
r2/ + rt/
Da vao cac phng trnh can bang s.. va s.t. ta ve c cac o th vec t
a)
b)
Cac tham so cua may bien ap co the xac nh bang th nghiem hoac bang
tnh toan.
1. Phng phap xac nh cac tham so bang th nghiem
130
at 1 ien ap hnh sin vao day quan s cap U1 = Um, h mach day quan th
cap, nh cac von met, am pemet, oat met ta se o c U1, U2o, Io, Po. T cac so
lieu o ta xac nh c tong tr, ien tr va en khang cua m.b.a luc khong tai:
z0 =
U1
I0
r0 =
P0
I02
x0 = z02 r02
w2 U20
k=
P0
U1I0
Luc khong tai I/2 = 0 nen mach ien thay the cua m.b.a co dang nh hnh 3.7. Nh
vay cac tham so z0, r0, x0 chnh la:
z0 = z1 + zm
; r0 = r1 + rm
; x0 = x1 + xm
Trong cac m.b.a ien lc x1 va r1 rat nho nen coi zo zm, ro rm, xo xm.
Nen ngi ta coi cong suat khong tai Po thc te co the xem la ton hao sat pFe :
Po = pFe.
Khi khong tai ta co he phng trnh :
.
. /
. /
U20 = E2
.
I1 = I0
Do o o th vec t co dang:
131
Day quan th cap b noi ngan mach va ien ap day quan s cap phai c
ha thap sao cho dong ien trong o bang dong ien nh mc In = Im. T cac may
o ta biet c Un, In, Pn :
zn =
Un
In
rn =
Pn
In2
xn = zn2 rn2
Cac ngan mach Un rat be nen t thong chnh luc ngan mach rat be ngha la Io be
do o mach ien thay the cua may bien ap coi nh h mach t hoa.
Hnh 3.10 Mach ien hay the cua m.b.a luc ngan mach.
Vi: zn = z1 + z2/
; rn = r1 + r2/
; xn = x1 + x2/
V ly do dong ien Io rat nho nen ta xem cong suat luc ngan mach Pn la cong
suat dung e bu vao ton hao ong trong day quan s cap va th cap cua m.b.a:
Pn = pcu1 + pcu2 = I12nr1 + I2/ 2nr2/
T mach ien thay the hnh 3.10 ta thay ien ap ngan mach hoan toan can bang
vi ien ap ri trong m.b.a, Un gom 2 thanh phan :
- Thanh phan tac dung Unr = Inrn la ien ap ri tren ien tr.
- Thanh phan phan khang Unx = jInxn la ien ap ri tren ien khang.
o th vec t cua MBA luc ngan mach :
B
132
Tam giac OAB goi la tam giac ien ap ngan mach. Canh huyen bieu th
ien ap ngan mach toan phan Un, cac canh goc vuong chnh la ien ap ri tren
ien tr va ien khang:
Unr = Un cosn
Unx = Un sinn
Un
I z
100 = m n 100
Um
Um
Unr
I r
100 = m n 100
Um
Um
unx % =
Unx
I x
100 = m n 100
Um
Um
Thanh phan ien ap ngan mach tac dung cung co the tnh nh sau :
u nr % =
I m rn I m
I2 r
100 = m n 100
U m I m
Sm
Pn (W)
10Sm (kVA)
Chu y: Ngan mach tren vi ien ap at vao rat nho e cho In = Im c goi la
ngan mach th nghiem. Trng hp m.b.a ang lam viec vi ien ap s cap nh
mc, neu th cap xay ra ngan mach (nh hai day cham nhau, cham at ...vv) th
ta goi la ngan mach s co. Luc nay toan bo ien ap nh mc at len tong tr ngan
mach rat nho cua m.b.a nen dong ien ngan mach s co se rat ln:
U
In = m
zn
Hay la:
Um
Im
In =
100 =
100
Im
znIm
zn
100
100
Im
Um
=
Im
100
un %
Im
100 = 10Im
10
Dong ien ngan mach ln se gay nen s co h hong m.b.a. Do o trong nhng
trng hp o phai bo tr nhng thiet b r le bao ve e cat m.b.a ra khoi li ien.
133
Cac tham so cua mach t hoa co the xac nh t cach tnh toan mach t
cua m.b.a.
ien tr t hoa rm co the xac nh theo bieu thc: rm =
Trong o pFe xac nh theo bieu thc:
pFe
.
I02
f
pFe = p10 / 50 B2tGt + Bg2Gg
50
I0 x =
1, 3
E1
I0x
Q0
mU1
c neu biet cac so lieu cua day quan: Tiet dien day quan S1 va S2, so vong day
w1 va w2 va chieu dai trung bnh cua cac vong day Itb1, Itb2:
wl
r1 = k r 75 1 tb1 ()
S1
w l
r2 = k r 75 2 tb2 ()
Va:
S2
Trong o kr = 1,03 1,05 la he so ke en ton hao gay nen bi t trng tan.
1
1
75 =
)
la ien tr suat cua ong 750 (oi vi nhom th 75 =
29
47
Do o ien tr ngan mach:
2
w
rn = r1 + 1 r2
w2
1 + 2/
i1
Dtbkr
a + a2
Hnh 3.12 ng bieu dien cng
(a12 + 1
)
o t trng
i
3
Dtb la ng knh trung bnh cua hai ong day
= 20 fw12
Trong o:
134
Th du
U1 35000
=
= 20200V
3
3
r0 =
U1f 20200
=
= 4857,6
I 0f
4,16
P0
18500
=
= 356
2
3I0 f 3x4,16 2
rn =
U1n 1520
=
= 16,4
I1f
92,5
Pn
57000
=
= 2,22
2
3I1f 3x92,52
92,5x2,22
I1frn
100 = 1,01
100 =
20200
U1f
92,5x16,3
I1f xn
100 = 7,45
100 =
20200
U1f
135
Cau hoi
1. Tai sao khi tang dong ien th cap th dong ien s cap lai tang len? Luc o t
thong trong may bien ap co hay oi hay khong?
2. Lam the nao e xac nh c tham so t hoa cua may bien ap? Thc chat
cua dong ien khong tai, ton hao khong tai la g? Tai sao dung lng may bien
ap nho th dong ien khong tai lai ln? Khi khong tai, tang ien ap at vao may
bien ap th cos cua may bien ap thay oi ra sao?
3. Lam the nao e xac nh c tong tr s va th cap cua may bien ap? Ton hao
ngan mach la ton hao g? Khi th nghiem ngan mach tai sao phai ha ien ap
xuong, thng bang bao nhieu? Neu at toan bo ien ap nh mc vao luc ngan
mach th sao? Tr so ien ap ngan mach co y ngha g?
Bai tap
1. Mot m.b.a mot pha co dung lng 5kVA co hai day quan s cap va hai day quan
th cap giong nhau. ien ap nh mc cua moi day quan s cap la 11000V va
cua moi day quan th cap la 110V.Thay oi cach noi cac day quan vi nhau se
co cac t so bien oi ien ap khac nhau.Vi moi cach noi hay tnh cac dong ien
nh mc s va th cap.
ap so: a. Day quan s cap va th cap eu noi noi tiep
I1 = 0,227 A; I2 = 22,7 A
b. Day quan s cap noi noi tiep, day quan th cap noi
song song: I1 = 0,227 A; I2 = 45,45 A
c. Day quan s cap noi song song, day quan th cap
noi noi tiep: I1 = 0,45 A; I2 = 22,7 A
d. Day quan s cap va th cap eu noi noi song
song: I1 = 0,45 A; I2 = 45,45 A
2. Cho mot m.b.a co dung lng Sm = 20000kVA, U 1 = 126,8kV, U 2 = 11kV,
f = 50Hz, dien tch tiet dien loi thep S = 35,95 cm2, mat o t thong B = 1,35T.Tnh
so vong day cua day quan s va th cap.
ap so:
w1 = 117694 vong
w2 = 10210 vong
3. Mot m.b.a ba pha Y/Y-12 co cac so leu sau ay Sm = 180kVA,U 1/U 2=6000/
400V, dong ien khong tai Io % = 6,4, ton hao khong tai PO= 1000W, ien ap ngan
mach un %= 5,5 , ton hao ngan mach Pn= 4000W. Gia s r1= r'2 , x1= x/2,
Hay ve mach ien thay the cua m.b.a va tnh cac thanh phan cua ien ap ngan
mach.
ap so:
4. Cho mot m.b.a mot pha co cac so lieu Sm = 6637kVA, U 1/U 2 = 35/10kV,
Pn = 53500W , un % = 8.
a) Tnh zn, rn
b) Gia th r1 = r'2. Tnh ien tr khong qui oi cua day quan th cap.
ap so:
a. zn = 14,8 ; rn = 1,5
b. r2 = 0,061
137
2
2
hao tren ien tr cua day quan 1: p cu1 = I1 r1 va trong loi thep p Fe = I0rm .Phan
Q2 = Qt q2 = U2I2 sin 2
(4-4)
Trong o q2 = I x 2 e thanh lap t trng tan cua day quan th cap.
2
2
Khi tai co tnh chat ien cam (2 > 0) Q2 > 0, luc o Q1 > 0, cong suat phan
khang Q c truyen t pha s cap sang pha th cap.
Khi tai co tnh chat ien dung (2 < 0 ) Q2 < 0. Cong suat phan khang Q
c truyen theo chieu ngc lai t th cap sang s cap neu Q1 < 0 hoac toan bo
cong suat phan khang Q t 2 pha s cap va th cap en dung e t hoa mach t
neu Q1 > 0. S can bang cong suat tac dung va phan khang c bieu th:
138
/
U2/ U1m U2/
U20 U2 U20
=
=
= 1 U2/ *
/
U20
U20
U1m
(4-5)
AB* =
(v n << 1) Do o :
n2
m
2
n2
U* = 1 U =
+m
2
(4-6)
/
2*
Theo hnh ve ta co :
m = Ca + aP = (unr* cos 2 + unx* sin 2 )
Nen
(4-7)
Muon bieu th U* theo % cua U1m ta nhan 2 ve cua bieu thc tren vi 100 v :
U* =
U%
100
unr* =
unr %
100
139
unx* =
unx %
100
Trong thc te muon gi cho ien ap U2 = Cte khi may bien ap lam viec vi
cac tai khac nhau th phai ieu chnh ien ap bang cach thay oi so vong day. Noi
w
cach khac e thay oi t so may bien ap k = 1 . Muon vay gia hoac cuoi day
w2
quan cao ap ngi ta a ra mot so au day vi cac tr so khac nhau (hnh 4-2).
Trong thc te ngi ta co the dung 2 cach e ieu chnh ien ap:
a) BA vi thay oi so vong day trang thai ngat mach.
b) BA vi ieu chnh ien ap khi co tai: chu yeu c san xuat Nga thng
c tnh toan e ieu chnh ien ap trong pham vi 10% qua tng 1%.
Hieu suat cua may bien ap la t so gia cong suat au ra P2 va cong suat
au vao P1.
=
p = p
cu1
P2 P1 p
p
=
= 1
P1
P1
P1
+ pcu2 + pFe = pcu + pFe : Tong ton hao cua may bien ap.
* Khi thiet ke may bien ap ta co the tnh c cac ton hao tren va xac nh bang tnh
toan.
* Luc van hanh cua may bien ap lam viec tai I2 va cho biet co the tnh gian tiep.
- Cong suat au ra P2 ng vi tai I2 va cos2 la :
=
I2
I2m
P2 = U2I2cos2
va coi
U2 U2m
v U2m = U20
140
Sm = U20I2m U 2I2 m
Nen:
Do o :
P2 = Smcos2
2
+ Ton hao ong phu thuoc vao I2: pcu = rnI2 co the bieu th theo ton hao
pcu = r I = r I
2
n2
Nh vay:
2
n 2m
I2
= 2pn
I2d9m
P0 + 2pn
100
% = 1
2
Sm cos 2 + P0 + pn
do o
P0
pn
P0 = 2pn
cuoi cung
1 tram bien ap tang hoac giam ap thng at 2, 3 hay nhieu may bien ap
lam viec song song (hnh 4.3) phu thuoc vao cong suat cua tram nham bao am:
- D tru ve cung cap nang lng cho ni tieu thu trong trng hp s co va can
thiet sa cha may bien ap.
- Giam ton that nang lng trong thi k tai nho cua tram bang cac cat 1 so may
bien ap lam viec song song i.
A
I
a
x
U1
II
A
a)
E2 I
ABC
C
U2
U1
E2II
ab c
b
c
Icb
II
U2
b)
Nhng may bien ap lam viec song song trong ieu kien co li nhat neu thoa man
cac ieu kien sau :
- Cung to noi day.
- ien ap nh mc s cap va th ap bang nhau hoac he so MBA k bang
nhau: U1I = U1II = . . .= U1n va U2I = U2II = . . . = U1n hoac kI = kII = . . . = kn.
141
cbI
E
znI + znII
cbII
0,518
= 5,18
0,05 + 0,05
Tr so dong ien can bang ln hn 5 lan dong nh mc se lam hong may bien ap.
V vay khi lam viec song song may bien ap bat buoc phai cung to noi day.
2. ieu kien cung he so bien ap:
Gia s 2 may bien ap 1 pha lam viec song song thoa man ieu kien 1 va
ieu kien 3, v du kI < kII va xem ien ap li bang ien ap nh mc cua nhng
MBA lam viec song song : U1 = U1mI = U1mII.
.
IcbI
U2
I2I
IcbII
.
I2II
ItI = ItII
Hnh 4.5 o th vec t va s phan phoi phu tai cua cac m.b.a lam
viec song song
a. Khi khong tai
b. Khi co k khac nhau
142
Khi o :
U2I =
U
U1
> U2II = 1
kII
kI
Them vao o cac vec t U2I = 0A1 ; U2II = 0A2 trung pha vi nhau v cung to
.
noi day ieu kien 1 (h4-5a). Di tac dung cua hieu ien ap U2I U2II = U = 0D
trong cac MBA 1 va 2 xuat hien Icb , s phan bo tc thi cua no trong cac may bien
ap 1 va 2 ve trong h4-3 bang nhng mui ten. Chung ta thay oi vi Icb th cac MBA
1 va 2 vao che o ngan mach va dong ien o chay trong day quan MBA theo
chieu ngc nhau nh h4-4b Icb c bieu dien bang 2 vec t Icb2 = - Icb1.
Neu goi znI va znII la tong tr ngan mach cua MBA 1 va 2 th :
.
U
Icb =
znI + znII
.
1 1
k k
U1 U1 II I
k kII
kIkII
= I
=
znI + znII
znI + znII
z nII2 mI
U 2 m
k
100 z nIII2 mII 100
+
I2 mI
U 2 m I2 mII
k
UnI % UnII %
+
I2mI I2mII
kII kI
100 la hieu so t so bien oi tnh theo phan tram so vi tr so
k
trung bnh cua no. I2mI va I2mII la tr so la cac tr so dong nh mc cua MBA 1 va
Trong o: k =
2. thng dong ien Icb c bieu dien theo phan tram so vi dong ien nh mc
cua mot trong nhng MBA. Th du so vi I2mI cua MBA1. Khi o :
Icb % =
IcbI
k.100
k.100
100 =
=
I
S
I2mI
UnI % + UnII % 2mI UnI % + UnII % mI
I2mII
SmII
Neu cong suat nh mc cua cac MA nh nhau ngha la SmI =SmII th khi
UnI = UnII (ieu kien 3) chung ta co znI = znII. Trong trng hp nay tam giac ngan
143
mach A1B1C va A2B2C bang nhau ve o ln va oan A1A2 c chia lam 2 phan
bang nhau tai C. Nh vay trong trng hp nay IcbI lam giam thap ien ap U2I ti
ien ap chung tren thanh gop ien ap th cap. Con IcbII lam tang ien ap U2II ti
cung ien ap ay U20 = OC. o la vai tro cua Icb trong trng hp nay.
Neu cong suat MBA khac nhau th du SmI < SmII th khi UnI = UnII th ien tr
rn va xn t le ngc vi cong suat ngha la : rnI > rnII va xnI > xnII. Tng ng vi ieu
o A1B1C h4-4a se ln hn A2B2C nhng ong dang vi no. V vay iem C
chuyen ong theo A1A2 xuong pha di. Ti gii han khi SmII >> SmI iem C trung
vi iem A2 va tam giac A1B1C trung vi v tr cua tam giac A1BA2. Trong trng
hp o U20 = U2II = 0A2.
Khi co tai, trong MBA xuat hien dong tai ItI va ItII. Dong can bang se cong
vao dong tai lam cho he so tai le ra bang nhau tr thanh khac nhau lam anh
hng xau en viec li dung cong suat cua cac MBA h4-4b.
Theo roct 404-41 khi cac MBA lam viec // trong trng hp chung cho phep
sai khac he so bien ap la k 0,5%. oi vi cac MBA co k < 3 va bien ap t dung
trong tram BA th k 1%.
3. ieu kien 3: UnI = UnII = . . . = Unn
Hnh 4.6 Mach ien thay the cua cac m.b.a lam viec song song
Xet s lam viec // cua 3 MBA co cac ien ap ngan mach UnI , UnII , UnIII. Neu bo qua
dong ien t hoa th mach ien thay the nh h4-6. ien ap ri:
.
. /
. /
. /
U = U1 U2 = U20 U2
.
z=
1
=
1
1
1
+
+
znI znII znIII
1
n
i=1
ni
II =
U
=
znI
I
n
znI zi
III =
U
=
znII
I
n
znII zi
i=1
i=1
144
U
=
IIII =
znIII
.
I
n
znIIIzi
i=1
(2)
Nhng trong trng hp bnh thng s dch chuyen ve pha khong ln lam nen cac
.
dong ien tai xem nh trung pha, co the coi tong dong ien II , III , I III la tong ai
so ngha la :
II = II + III + IIII
Ket luan nay co tnh chat chung co the ap dung cho bat k so MBA la bao
nhieu.
Do o tong so hoc cua cong suat toan bo cac MBA bang cong suat toan bo
cua tai :
SI = SI + SII + SIII
Ta co
V
znI* =
znIIm
Um
Un
zI
z
= n m = n = zn*
Um znmIm znm
Un* =
Ta co the thu c:
znI = zn*
V
Un % =
Um UnI % Um
=
Im
100 Im
Un
100 = 100 .Un* = 100 .zn*
Um
Tng t ta co znII, znIII. The zn vao bieu thc (2) va thay dong ien bang cong suat
toan bo t le vi no bang cach nhan (2) vi ai lng m.Um ta co :
m.UmII =
Hoac:
SI =
m.UmI
UnI % Um m
100 .Im
Smi
UnI %
SmI
S
Smi UnI %
i=1 Uni %
n
Tng t ta co
SII =
SIII =
Smi
UnII %
S
UnIII% Smi
145
SmII
S
Smi UnII %
i=1 Uni %
n
SmIII
S
Smi UnIII%
i=1 Uni %
n
Th du 1: Cho 3 MBA dau 3 pha moi cai co cong suat 100KVA, vi UnI% = 3,5 ,
UnII% = 4 , UnIII% = 5,5. Cong suat tong S = 300KVA. Tnh tai cua moi may.
Giai: Theo cong thc (3) ta co :
3
U
i=1
Do o :
SI =
300 100
x
= 119,5kVA
71,8 3,5
SII =
300 100
x
= 104,5kVA
71,8 4
300 100
x
= 76 kVA
71,8 5,5
Ngha la may bien ap th 1 qua tai 19,5%, con may 3 hut tai 24%. Giam
SIII =
phu tai ben ngoai i 16,2%, ta c s phan phoi phu tai lai gia cac may bien
ap: SI = 100kVA, SII = 87,5kVA, SIII = 63,66kVA. Trong trng hp nay may bien
ap 1 lam viec phu tai nh mc, nhng 2 may kia hut tai. ieu kien lam viec
song song nh vay khong xem la nh y c. V vay roct 401-41 qui nh cac may
bien ap dung vao lam viec song song co ien ap Un lech so vi tr so trung bnh
so hoc cua tat ca cac may bien ap khong c qua 10% va t so cong suat ln
nhat va cong suat nho nhat khong vt qua 3:1.
Th du 2:
Cho ba may bien ap 3 pha co cung to noi day quan va t so bien oi vi cac so
lieu: Sm I = 180kVA, SmII = 240kVA, SmIII = 320kVA; unI % = 5,4 , unII % = 6 ,
unIII % = 6,6. Hay xac nh tai cua moi m.b.a khi tai chung cua m.b.a bang tong
cong xuat nh mc cua chung: S = 180 + 240 + 320 = 740 kVA va tnh xem tai
tong toi a e khong m.b.a nao b qua tai la bao nhieu?
Giai:
Ta co:
3
U
i=1
SI =
740 180
x
= 202,5kVA
121,8 5,4
SII =
740 240
x
= 243kVA
121,8 6
SIII =
740 320
x
= 294,5kVA
121,8 6,6
146
Ta thay m.b.a I co un nho nhat b qua tai nhieu trong khi o m.b.a III co un ln b
hut tai. Tai tong toi a e khong m.b.a nao b qua tai ng vi khi =1. Luc o ta
co:
SI
=
SmI
S
S
UnI % mi
i=1 Uni %
n
=1
S
=1
5,4x121,8
1. Xet ve mat ket cau cua day quan, muon giam U cua m.b.a phai lam nh the
nao?
2. S lien quan cua cac th nghiem khong tai va ngan mach cua m.b.a en viec
xac nh U va nh the nao?
3. Neu xet that chat che th ton hao tong loi thep PFe khi co tai khac vi ton hao
khong tai PO nh the nao se ng vi PFe > PO va PFe < PO.
4. Cho hai m.b.a noi Y/Y-12 va Y/Y-6 co cung t so bien oi k va ien ap ngan
mach un. Muon cho chung lam viec song song vi nhau phai nh the nao? Cung
vi cac ieu kien tren neu hai m.b.a co to noi day Y/ -11 va Y/ -3?
Bai tap
1. Cho ba may bien ap lam viec song song vi cac so lieu sau:
May
Sm(kVA)
U1m(kV)
U2m(kV)
Un(%)
To noi day
1000
35
6,3
6,25
Y/ -11
II
1800
35
6,3
6,6
Y/ -11
III
2400
35
6,3
Y/ -11
Tnh :
a) Tai cua m.b.a khi tai chung la 4500 kVA
b) Tai ln nhat co the cung cap cho ho dung ien vi kien khong mot m.b.a nao b
qua tai.
c) Gia s may I c phep qua tai 20% th tai chung cua cac may la bao nhieu?
ap so
a) S1= 928kVA ; S 2 = 1582kVA ; S 3= 1990kVA
b) 4846kVA
c) 5817kVA
147
2. Tnh dong ien can bang khi hai m.b.a co so lieu sau ay lam viec song song :
Cac so lieu
Sm
kVA
U1
kV
U2
May 1
May 2
320
420
6+/- 5%
6+/-5%
230
220
4
Un
Unr
1,8
1,7
Y/ -11
Y/ -11
To noi day
ap so:
Icb = 496 A
c) U % luc he so tai 0,25; 0,5; 0,75; 1 va he so cong suat cos2 = 0,8(ien cam)
d ) Biet PO = 0,18kW tnh hieu suat cua may cac tai noi tren
ap so: a. U n = 3x190
b. zn = 99 ; xn = 83 ; rn = 54,3
c. U = 1,29%; 2,58%; 3,87%; 5,16%
d. = 94,84%; 96,04%; 95,86%; 95,35%
4. Cho mot m.b.a ba pha co Sm = 5600kVA, Pn = 57.500W, Un %= 5,23 Tnh:
a) Unr %, Unx %
b) U % khi m.b.a lam viec 3/4 tai nh mc vi cos 2 = 0,8
ap so: a. Unr = 1,026% ; Unx = 5,128%
c. U = 2,92%
148
Chng 5
CAC LOAI MAY BIEN AP AC BIET
Gii thieu chung ve may bien ap:
Chng nay trnh bay ve cac loai may bien ap ac biet (MBAB), cac
loai may bien ap nay khong ch chuyen oi nang lng ien nh cac loai may
bien ap thong thng ma con bien oi cac thong so cua nang lng ien ma
chung chuyen oi. Cac thong so o la: tan so, so pha hay dang song ien ap.
Ngoai ra, chung con ap ng mot so yeu cau ac biet nh: ieu chnh ien ap
mot cach lien tuc, tao ra nguon cung cap co ien ap cao, cach ly th cap cua
may bien ap vi tai tr khang, cung cap ien ap pha th cap hoac dong ien
pha th cap can xng vi ien ap hoac dong ien pha s cap.
Cac loai MBAB nay thng c ng dung trong cac thiet b o lng
va ieu khien t ong. Trong o lng chung co nhiem vu bien oi gia tr ien
ap hoac dong ien pha s cap thanh gia tr ien ap hoac dong ien ma cac
thiet b o co the chu ng c vi mot ty le chnh xac. Trong ieu khien t
ong MBAB co nhiem vu tao ra nguon ap hoac nguon dong vi cac gia tr
chuan va chat lng cao.
5.1 May bien ap o lng:
Trong thc te hau het cac he thong eu van hanh vi ien ap va dong
ien rat ln. Cac gia tr nay neu a trc tiep vao thiet b o se lam hong thiet
b o. Do o, cac thiet b o nay can phai c noi gian tiep vi ien ap hoac
dong ien can o thong qua cac may bien ap o lng. Cac may bien ap loai
nay con c dung trong ieu khien ong lc, rle an toan, va cac thiet b t
ong ieu khien khac. May bien ap o lng gom hai loai la: may bien ien ap
va may bien dong ien.
5.1.1 May bien ien ap:
May bien ien ap trong o lng hau het la may bien ap giam ap. Chung
c thiet ke e la giam ien ap cuon th cap xuong con khoang 100 (V) (ay
la gia tr ien ap thch hp vi hau het cac thiet b o). Cau tao cua may bien
ien ap nh sau:
Cau tao:
May bien ien ap la mot may bien ap cach ly vi cuon s cap co so vong
ln va cuon th cap co t vong. Mot vai hnh dang ben ngoai cua may bien ien
ap c trnh bay hnh 1.4.1. ac iem cau tao c trnh bay hnh 1.4.2.
149
Hnh 5.1 Hnh dang ben ngoai cua may bien ien ap.
Hnh 5.2 ac iem cau tao cua may bien ien ap.
Nguyen ly lam viec cua may bien ien ap:
May bien ien ap c thiet ke sao cho ien ap day quan th cap t thay
oi khi tai thay oi t luc khong tai en ay tai (tai nh mc).
Theo ly thuyet may ien ta co:
V2'
V1 .Z '
Z2 + Z'
Trong o:
150
'
V V2
V2
(a)
V1
I2
I '2
(b)
I1
Khi Z >> Z2 th V2' = V1 , luc o t so gia ien ap s cap va th cap luon luon
nh nhau va c xac nh theo cong thc:
V 2 = V1 .W2 / W1 = V1 .n 21
(1.4.2)
Trong o:
W2 so vong day quan th cap.
W1 so vong day quan s cap.
n21 la t so bien ap
Trong hau het cac trng hp o lng th Z2 luon co gia tr ang ke so
vi Z khong the bo qua c do o bieu thc 1.4.2 se khong con ung. Khi o
xuat hien hai loai sai so sau:
Cuon day s cap c quan rat t vong thng ch c quan mot vong
Day quan s cap co tiet dien rat ln do may phai lam viec ieu kien
gan nh ngan mach. ng knh day quan s cap phu thuoc vao cap cong suat
cua may bien dong; may bien dong co cong suat cang ln th ng knh day
quan s cap cang ln.
Day quan th cap cua may bien dong co tiet dien nho va co rat nhieu
vong (hnh 1.4.4).
Hnh dang ben ngoai cua may bien dong ien thng la hnh tron (hnh
1.4.5). V co dang hnh tron kn nen thong thng may bien dong c lap trong
luc lap at mang ien.
Ngo
ra
Ngo
vao
152
Hnh 5.5 Hnh dang ben ngoai cua may bien dong ien
Nguyen ly hoat ong cua may bien dong:
Nh a e cap en tren, may bien dong thng xuyen hoat ong tnh
trang gan nh ngan mach. Do o, mot ieu rat quan trong khi s dung may la
khong c phep e may hoat ong che o khong tai v ien ap khong tai
pha th cap cua may bien dong ien rat ln co the gay hong lp cach ien dan
en pha huy may.
Dong ien ngo ra cua may bien dong ien c xac nh theo bieu thc
sau:
I '2 = I 2 .
W2
Z0
= I1 .
W1
Z 0 + Z '2 + Z '
Trong o:
Z0: tong tr cua may bien dong ien luc khong tai.
Z'2 : tong tr th cap qui oi.
I '2
Giong nh may bien ien ap, may bien dong ien cung co sai so t le va
sai so goc pha. Cac sai so nay se giam manh khi tong Z'2 + Z' giam so vi tong
tr cua may luc khong tai Z 0 . o la ly do tai sao cac nha san xuat may bien
dong ien luon tm moi cach e tang tong tr luc khong tai Z0 cua may bien ap
va giam gia tr Z'2 xuong ket hp vi viec s dung ung loai may bien dong (e
co c Z < ZR).
Sai so t le cua may bien dong ien c xac nh nh sau:
I .W / W1 I 1
i = 2 2
.100%
I1
o lech pha i c minh hoa hnh 5.3 b.
Cap chnh xac va cac gii han sai so cho phep oi vi may bien dong
ien theo tieu chuan cua Nga nh sau:
Cap chnh xac 0,2: i = 0,2% , i = 10 '
153
3.V1 / 2 .
ien ap th cap Va va Vb cua hai may bien ap se tao thanh he thong ien ap
hai pha v chung bang nhau ve tr so:
154
MUC LUC
M au
Phan I: May ien mot chieu (MMC)
Chng 1: ai cng ve may ien mot chieu
Chng 2: Mach t luc khong tai cua MMC
Chng 3: Day quan phan ng cua MMC
Chng 4: Quan he ien t trong MMC
Chng 5: T trng luc co tai cua MMC
Chng 6: oi chieu
Chng 7: May phat ien mot chieu
Chng 8: ong c ien mot chieu
Chng 9: May ien mot chieu ac biet cong suat nho
Trang
01
07
13
22
40
48
56
68
83
96
107
116
125
138
149
155
GIAO TRNH
MAY IEN II
http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
LI NOI AU
Giao trnh MA Y IE N II la mo t cuon sa ch trong bo GIAO TRNH MAY IE N gom
2 tap nham giup sinh vien bac ai ho c hoac cao ang nganh ie n Cong Nghie p, ien
T on g cu a trn g a i Hoc S Pham Ky Thua t TP.HCM lam tai lieu ho c tap, hoa c
co the dung lam ta i lieu tham khao cho sinh vien nganh Cong nghe ien- ien t,
Cong nghe ien t Vien tho ng va cac nganh khac lie n quan en lnh v c ien ien
t.
Giao trnh may ie n trnh bay nh ng ly thuyet c ban ve: cau tao; nguyen ly lam
vie c; cac quan he ien t ; cac a c tnh cung nh cac hien tng vat ly xay ra trong:
May ien mot chieu; May bien ap; May ien kho ng ong bo; Ma y ien ong bo va
ca c loa i may ien a c bie t.
Toan bo giao trnh ma y ien c chia lam 2 tap:
Tap I gom 2 phan : Ma y ien mo t chieu va Ma y ien mo t chieu ac bie t.
May bien ap va cac loa i may bien ap ac biet.
M
. HC
P
T
tn xoay chie u.
Tap II gom 3 phan : Nhn g van e ly luan chung cua cac mayhie
t ua
ykha
K
May ien khong ong bo va cachda
n
g
c
cu
a May ie n kho ng
p am
u
S
H
ong bo .
ng D
o
u
r
May ien onng T
bo va cac loa i may ien ong bo ac biet.
e
y
u
q
e giup sinh vien de da
g tiep thu kien thc mon hoc, giao trnh trnh bay noi dung
Bnan
mot ca ch ngan gon , c ban. moi chng co v du minh ho a, ca u ho i va ba i tap e
sinh vien co the hieu sau hn nhng van e mnh a ho c.
Tac gia
(Email: t_nguyentrong@yahoo.com)
http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
MUC LUC
Trang
Phan III: Cac van e ly lua n chung cua cac may ie n xoay chie u
Chng 1: Sc ien ong cu a day quan may ien xoay chieu
Chng 2: Day quan phan ng may ie n xoay chieu
Chng 3: S c t o ng cua da y quan may ien xoay chieu
2
11
30
47
48
54
77
90
M
. HC
P
T
Phan V: May ie n ong bo (MB)
101
uat
y th
K
Chng 1: ai cng ve MB
102
am
u ph
S
H
Chng II: Cac quan he ie n t trong MB
106
D
uong
r
T
Chng III: Ma y phat ien va o
ng c ien ong bo
116
uyen
qbo
n
Chng IV: Ma y ien o
n
g
a
c
bie
t
135
a
B
http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
1- Vu Gia Hanh, Tran Khanh Ha, Phan T Thu, Nguyen Va n Sau, May ien I,II .
NXB khoa ho c va ky thua t - 1998 .
2- Nguye n Trong Thang, Nguyen The Kie t, Cong nghe che tao va tnh toan s a ch a
May ien , NXB Gia o du c, 1995 .
3- A.E. Fitzerald, Charles kingsley . Electrical Machines. Mc. Graw - Hill, 1990 .
4- Jimmie J. Cathey . Electric machines Analysis and Design Applying Matlab . Mc.
Graw - Hill - 2001 .
HCM
P.
5- E.V.Armensky, G.B.Falk, Fractional Horsepower Electrical
uat T machines, Mir
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p Machines with Power Electronic
H
Electric
6- Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Principle of
D
uong
Tr
Applications, Prentice-Hall, e1986.
n
quy
Ban
Electrical machines, vol.1,2, Mir Publishers Moscow,
7- M.Kostenko, L.Piotrovsky,
1974.
Publishers, Moscow, 1985.
PHAN III
CAC VAN E L LUAN
CHUNG CUA
MAY IEN XOAY CHIEU
D
(m)
2p
ng vi mot bc cc.
B tb =
2
Bm
(1 - 1)
f = 2,22f
= 2x 2,22f = 4,44f
E& v E& td 1
E& td 1
E& td 1
E& td 1
E& v
E& td 1
y =
E& td 1
Etd
y =
Etd
Z
(ranh)
2p
y
y
, =
= 4,44f sin
Th: E = 2E td sin
2
2
(1-3)
E s = 4,44Ws fk n
Z
.
2mp
Z
= 6 th
2p
Trong o: k r =
Eq
q2Rsin
Chng minh:
.
qsin
Ta co E q = E s1 + E s 2 + E s 3 + E s 4
Ve mat tr so Eq = AE = 2AF = 2R sin
q
.
2
Eq = 2
E s sin q
2 sin
2
E q = 4,44ws qfk n k r
qE s sin q
q sin
R=
2
2 = qE K
s
r
Es
2 sin
2
(1-5)
(1-6)
E q = 4,44ws qfk dq
, , tng ng vi so oi cc 3p, 5p,,
3 5
2
=
.l.Bm 3
3
1 = .l.B tb1 =
3 = .l.Btb 3
3
.l.B tb =
.l.B m
1 .f 1 =
.l.B tb1 .f 1 = 2 ..l.B m1 .f 1
Cac sc ien ong: E td1 =
2
2
2
E td 3 =
3f 3 =
.l. B m 3 .3f 1 = 2 ..l.B m 3 .f 1
2
23
=
E td =
.f = 2 ..l.B m .f 1
E
E
= E td1 . 1 + td 3 + ... + td
E td1
E td1
B
B
= E td1 . 1 + m 3 + ... + m
B m1
B m1
= E td1 . 1 + k 2B3 + ... + k 2B
. 1 .f 1 1 + k 2B3 + k 2B
2
B
B m3
=
,..., k B = m la t so gia bien o t cam song bac
B m1
B m1
=
Nhng he so: k B3
= 1 1 3 5 ...
1
1 1
B
B
B
= 1 1 m 3 m 5 ... m
B m1
3B m1 5B m1
1
1
1
= 1 1 k B3 k B5 ... k B
5
T o ta co:
E td =
.f 1
1 + k 2B3 + ... + k 2B
1
1
1 k B3 ... k B
3
ay, k dq1 = k n1 .k r1 ,..., k dq = k n k r la he so day quan cho song ieu hoa bac 1, ,
bac . Khi o sc ien ong tong cua day quan la:
E td =
Trong o: k 3 =
k dq 3
k dq1
2
2
1 + (k B3 .k 3 ) + ... + (k B .k )
1
1
1 k B3 ... k B
3
,..., k =
k dq
k dq1
1. Che tao mat cc t cua may phat ien ong bo theo quy luat.
Nguyen nhan khien cho dang song s khong sin la do s phan bo cua t
trng khac hnh sin. Thong thng B phan bo hnh thang, muon s la hnh sin
th cc t phai got vat 2 au theo hnh dang va kch thc thch hp. Thng
ngi ta che tao mat cc theo quy luat:
x =
cos x
vi b = (0,65 0,75)
Tuy nhien bien phap tren cha cho
c ket qua mong muon. V vay can lam
giam hoac triet tieu cac sc ien ong bac
cao bang cac cach sau:
1
neu chon = 1
2
= sin 1 . = sin ( 1)
2
Ma k n = sin
k n = 0
k n
4
5
6
Khi = 7 k n 7 = 0 E 7 = 0 tng ng vi = .
7
1
1
Ngha la ta rut ngan bc day quan i va th E 5 va E 7 = 0 . Ro rang la
5
7
Khi = 5 k n 5 = 0 E 5 = 0 tng ng vi = .
bien phap nay khong ong thi triet tieu c tat ca cac s.. bac cao nen ngi
ta chon bc day quan sao cho giam c cac sc ien ong bac cao manh bac
5, 7. Trong trng hp o thng rut ngan bt i
theo tng may.
1
. Luc o = (0,8 0,86 ) tuy
6
3. Quan rai:
Khi q = 1 th k r = 1 , tc la tat ca cac song bac cao eu ton tai.
Khi q > 1 va q cang tang th k r cang giam, song k r se lap lai tr so ban au sau
1 so song bac cao nao o theo nhng chu k tng ng. Mot so song bac cao co
k r = kr1 c goi la song ieu hoa tang ( = z vi z = 2mqk 1 va k = 1, 2,
3...). Tom lai phng an nay ch cai thien dang song c phan nao.
4. Ranh cheo:
Tac dung cua no e kh song ieu hoa rang.
T hnh ve ta thay sc ien ong co t cam B m
z
2p
zp
(vi k = 1 th z =
z
1)
p
2p
la cac
z
E z = 0
Cau hoi:
1. V sao yeu cau sc ien ong cua may
ien xoay chieu phai co dang hnh sin.
Lam the nao e am bao yeu cau o?
2. Hay xac nh bieu thc sc ien ong cua day quan 1 pha khi t trng khong
hnh sin?
3. Cac bien phap e cai thien dang song sc ien ong va hieu lc cua cac bien
phap o?
4. Khi dung ranh cheo th tr so sc ien ong do t trng c ban cua day quan
thay oi nh the nao?
Th du:
1. Cho 1 may phat ien co p = 2, ng knh trong cua Stator D = 0.7m t cam
trung bnh Btb1 = 0,6T, chieu dai tnh toan cua Stator l = 1,3m. Cho biet
Btb3 = 0,325Btb1; Btb5 = 0,15Btb1. Hay tnh sc ien ong E1, E3, E5 va sc ien
ong tong Etd cua 1 thanh dan (bo qua cac song bac cao hn 5), f = 50Hz.
ap so: E1 = 47,6V; E3 = 15,5V; E5 = 7,1V; E = 50,6V.
Giai:
1. Ta co: Bieu thc tong quat cua sc ien ong:
E = 2 .w.k n .k r . .f = 2 2 ..l.w.k dq .f 1 .B m
D .0,7
=
= 0,55
2p
2.2
B m1 = B tb1
2
D
E1 = 2 .
.l. B tb1 .f 1
2p 2
Vi =
= 2
2 0,7
.
.1,3.0,6.50
4 2
= 47,63(V)
Bai tap:
1.1. Tnh he so day quan kdq cua day quan hai lp co q = 2; p = 2; z = 24;
=
5
. Biet rang moi boi day co ws = 5 vong va sc ien ong cua thanh dan Etd
6
= 5V. Hay tnh sc ien ong cua moi nhom va s.. cua moi pha cua day quan
o.
ap so: Eq = 93,3V, Ef = 93,3V.
1.2. Cho 1 may phat ien ba pha 6000kW; 6300V; 3000 vong/phut; f = 50Hz;
cos = 0,8; ng knh trong stator D = 0,7m; chieu dai stator l = 1,35m; Btb =
0,4890T; z = 36; day quan 2 lp; y = 13; so vong day noi tiep trong mot pha W =
24. Hay tnh sc ien ong pha cua may.
ap so: Ef = 3353,67V.
10
Z
24
=
=2
2mp 2.3.2
11
Z 24
=
= 12
2
2
S 12
=
=4
m 3
S
12
=
=2
n=
mq 3.2
S fa =
30 0
- Bc day quan y = = 6.
- Gian o khai trien day quan:
12
13
p.360 0 2.360 0
=
= 30 0
Z
24
Z
=
: bc cc
2p
y
= : he so rut ngan bc day
y: bc day
- So ranh cua 1 pha di 1 bc cc:
q=
Z
24
=
=2
2mp 2.3.2
S 24
=
=8
m 3
S
24
=
=4
m.q 3.2
n = 2p au cc that (c c, - )
2. Bc day quan: Quan bc ngan y = . = 5 =
y 5.6
=
=6
AA ZZ
BB XX CC
yy
AA ZZ
BB XX CC
yy
A ZZ BB XX CC
yy
AA ZZ BB XX
CC
yy A
( Z b)
p
N
1 ) canh tac dung,
6
N
+ 1 ) canh tac dung.
6
Bc 4: Lap bang so xac nh cach quan day, bang so thiet lap nh sau:
Chia bang day quan thanh 2p cot.
Lan lt ghi lp tren, lp di, lp tren, lp di, vao au moi cot bieu
th cho canh tac dung tren va di cua moi boi day. Sau o, ghi so th t
ranh vao moi o. Goi y1 la bc boi day va bc y2 tnh nh sau:
y2 = y y1.
Ta ghi so sau cach so trc mot bc y1, roi y2.
Moi khi ghi het mot dong, trc khi viet o au cua dong tiep theo, ta xem
mach co b khep kn sm hay khong. Neu co s khep kn mach sm th
phai tang hay giam bc y2 mot n v.
Neu s o quan dung cho stator th phai tien hanh bien phap va neu bnh
thng tren, ngc lai neu day quan dung cho rotor ta phai chu y cach
Z
; va
3
2Z
1 +
vao v tr o
3
Lap bang so qui nh au day, suy ra so thanh noi chuyen hng trong
moi pha.
Bc 5: Thc hien s o khai trien day quan. Nen ve cac thanh chuyen hng va
cac au vao ra cua moi nhom boi trc tien.
Hnh dang cua bang so xac nh cac nhom cua cac pha c mo ta trong
hnh ve sau.
Bang xac nh cach au cac pha:
Lp tren Lp di Lp tren Lp di
Lp tren Lp di
2p cot
Nhom boi day
Pha
Vao
au
Ra
CH
A
C
B
A
Tong so hang cua bang xac nh cach au cho boi day gom
Z .U r
hang, vi
2p
Z 24
=
= 12
p
2
Z
24
=
=2
2mp 3.4
So phan t S = Z =24.
Bang xac nh cach au cac pha:
Bang co 4 cot tng ng vi 4 cc. So hang =
+(y2 + 1)
16
24.2
= 12 (hang)
4
Lp tren Lp di
1 +y1
6 +y2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Lp tren Lp di
13 +y1
18
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
19
2
21
22
23
24
1
2
3
4
5
}
}
}
}
}
}
Nhom 1
Pha A.
Nhom 2.
Pha C.
Nhom 3
Pha B
Nhom 4
Pha A
Nhom 5
Pha C
Nhom 6
Pha B
17
c
d
Trong o b, c, d la so nguyen (c < d va c/d la phan so toi gian khong rut gon
c).
Bc 2: Lap bang so xac nh phan bo ranh cho 3 pha.
Bang so thanh lap gom 3 cot (tng ng 3 pha A, B, C) so hang cua bang
luon luon bang 2p.
Sau khi ke xong bang, ta ien cac gia tr vao cac o cha trong bang (tong
so o trong bang la 6p o).
Gia tr cua moi o xac nh nh sau:
c
d
c
Neu > 0,5 : ta ghi gia tr (b + 1) cho moi o trong bang.
d
c
Neu = 0,5 : ta ghi gia tr b hay (b + 1) cho moi o trong bang.
d
Bc 3: Bang so thanh lap trong bc 2 la bang phan bo ranh cho moi pha tren
moi khoang bc cc. Neu cong tong so cac gia tr ghi cho cac o trong bang, gia
tr nay co the:
Nho hn tong so ranh thc Z cua ong c, neu moi o ghi gia tr b.
Ln hn tong so ranh Z cua ong c, neu moi o ghi gia tr (b + 1).
Nh vay trong bc 3 ta ieu chnh cac gia tr ghi theo bang 2 e co phan
bo ranh ung theo tong so ranh thc Z ang co tren stator.
Phng phap tang hay giam so ranh phan bo trong bang phan bo ranh
bc 2 c thc hien nh sau:
18
Ta co: =
Vay b = 2, c = 1, d = 1.
Lap bang phan bo:
A
2*
2*
2
2
C
2
2*
2*
2
B
2
2
2*
2*
A
3
3
2
2
C
2
3
3
2
B
2
2
3
3
19
c
d
= (b + 1)c + b(d c) = bc + c + bd bc
cua nhom so th t
Hay qd = bd + c
Vay M =
3.2p
Z
Z
3Z
=
=
=
d
qd
Z
d d
3
2p
20
1
Z
15
=
= 1+
4
2mp 12
Tc la b = 1, c = 1 va d = 4 va q = bd + c = 4 + 1 = 5 la so ranh ng lng
(ang tr) cua 1 pha di 1 cc.
Bc cc 1:
Ranh
Pha
1
A
2
A
3
C
4
B
6
C
7
C
8
B
Bc cc 2:
Ranh
Pha
5
A
Bc cc 3:
Ranh
Pha
9
A
10
C
11
B
14
C
15
B
1
4
vi Z = 15, 2p = 4, q = 1 + ,
12
B
phan bo theo py o
Bc cc 4:
Ranh
Pha
-
13
A
1
4
3
4
y
=
3
3+
3
4
4
= 0,8
5
Trong trng hp nay ta co d = 4 nhom boi day phan bo tren 4 cc, phai co
d - c = 4 - 1 = 3 nhom co b = 1 boi day, phai co c = 1 nhom co b + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
boi day.
=
p.360 2.360
=
= 48 0
Z
15
21
2..p
va
z
co the bieu th thanh hnh sao sc ien ong co z/t vector, trong o t la c so
chung ln nhat cua z va p. trng hp day quan long soc moi vector sc ien
ong ng vi 1 pha va nh vay so pha m =
Z
va neu co t hnh sao sc ien ong
t
trung nhau th moi pha co t thanh dan ghep song song. Tren thc te, luc tnh e
n gian thng xem nh moi thanh dan ng vi 1 pha va nh vay m = z, so
vong day cua 1 pha w = 1/2 va cac he so bc ngan, he so quan rai oi vi tat ca
cac song ieu hoa knv = krv = 1.
S o mach ien cua day
quan long soc nh hnh 2-8a.
Trong o:
+ rt la ien tr thanh dan.
+ rv la ien tr tng oan
gia 2 thanh dan cua vanh ngan
mach.
e xem day quan m pha au
hnh sao va b noi ngan mach, ta
thay the mach ien thc noi tren
bang mach ien tng ng
(hnh 2-8b) da tren c s ton hao
Hnh 2.8 S o mach ien thc (a) va
tren ien tr cua 2 mach ien o
tng ng (b).
phai bang nhau.
oi vi 1 nut bat ky, th du nut 2 ta co:
it2 = iv23 iv12
Do dong ien trong cac oan chia cua vanh ngan mach cung
lech pha nhau goc nh tren hnh (2-9) nen:
l t = 2l v sin
va
lv =
lt
p
= 2l v sin
z
2
p
z
Zl 2t rt + 2 Zl 2v rv = Zl 2t r
22
rv
2 sin 2
p
z
2.5. CACH THC HIEN DAY QUAN MAY IEN XOAY CHIEU
Day quan may ien xoay chieu c at tren cac ranh tren stator hoac rotor. Cac
ranh nay co the co mieng ranh na kn, na h va h nh tren hnh 2.9.
Ranh na kn thng c dung cho day quan stator cua may cong suat
ti 100kW va ien ap en 650V. Cach ien ranh thng day khoang
(0,35 0,65)mm va gom nhng phan t nhieu vong tiet dien tron vi ng knh
(2,2 2,5)mm. Khi long day phai cho tng mot hoac hai vong day qua mieng
ranh. Ranh na h thng c dung cho cac may co cong suat ln t (300
400)kW toc o 1500vg/ph va en 650V.
trng hp nay, boi day (hay phan t) c chia
lam 2 na boi theo chieu rong cua ranh, cac na
boi o gom nhieu vong day tiet dien ch nhat
quan theo khuon nh hnh. Cac na boi day
c boc vai va khi long day cho ca na boi
qua mieng ranh. Ranh h thng dung vi cac
Hnh 2.11 Co nh phan au
loai may co cong suat ln, ien ap cao. Trong
noi cua day quan rotor.
trng hp nay day quan c che tao t day
1. Vong thep
dan co tiet dien hnh ch nhat va cac boi c
2. Vanh ep thep.
cach ien trc khi at vao ranh.
3. Bulong
Sau khi long day vao ranh, mieng ranh c nem kn bang cac thanh nem
bang vat lieu cach ien nh tre, go a c x ly
23
getinac, textolit, va nh vay tac dung cua boi day c ep chat trong ranh.
Neu day quan c at rotor th phan au noi cua no c ai chat bang day
thep e tranh b tung ra do lc li tam khi rotor quay. cac may ien cong suat
ln, e tranh cac lc ien t rat manh luc xay ra ngan mach lam hong phan au
noi day quan Stator, bo phan nay c buoc chat vao cac vong thep co bulong
bat vao than may nh hnh (2-11).
2.6. DAY QUAN 1 PHA.
1. Khai niem
Trong phan ng stator ong c 1 hay 2 pha, ta thng bo tr hai day quan
lech pha khong gian 900, va tao dong ien qua 2 bo day nay lech pha thi gian
900 (hay gan 900) e tao ra mot t trng quay tron khi ong cho ong c.
Neu pha phu c cat khoi nguon ien khi toc o quay rotor at c khoang
75% toc o ong bo, ong c dang 1 pha.
Tng t nh day quan stator ong c 3 pha, day quan stator ong c 1 pha
cung c phan loai thanh cac dang:
o Day quan 1 lp ong khuon hay ong tam.
o Day quan 2 lp.
o Day quan sin; hnh dang nhom boi day quan sin giong nh nhom boi day
ong tam, nhng so vong cua moi boi trong nhom boi day quan sin khong
bang nhau (chenh lech so vong gia moi boi day quan sin trong 1 nhom
tuan theo 1 t le nh trc).
ac iem cua day quan ong c 1 pha thng khong co dang q phan so nh
trong day quan ong c 3 pha. Do o, tong so ranh stator phai phan bo theo t le
nh trc cho pha chnh va pha phu.
Thong thng, neu goi QA: Tong so ranh phan bo cho pha chnh.
QB: Tong so ranh phan bo cho pha phu.
Ta co t le phan bo nh sau:
QA = 3QB
QA = 2QB
QA = QB
Phan bo t le nay ch dung cho trng hp day quan dang 1 lp hay 2 lp.
Cac cong thc va k hieu hay dung cho day quan 1 lp hay 2 lp:
Goi qA : So ranh phan bo cho pha chnh tren mot bc cc t.
qB : So ranh phan bo cho pha phu tren mot bc cc t.
Vi cac nh ngha tren, ta co quan he sau:
(2-1)
QA + QB = Z
QA
2p
Q
qB = B
2p
(2-2)
qA =
(2-3)
24
(2-4)
Tuy theo loai ong c 1 pha hay 2 pha, khi dung day quan 1 hay 2 lp ta co
the chon phan bo:
QA = 2QB hay QA = QB khi ong c dang 2 pha dung tu thng trc.
QA = 3QB hay QA = 2QB khi ong c dang 1 pha dung pha phu khi ong
hay dung tu khi ong.
Tuy nhien, vi 1 ket cau stator, tng ng vi 1 so ranh stator Z co trc va
vi 1 gia tr 2p yeu cau ta khong the chon mot trong cac phan bo tren tuy y ma
phai co ieu kien e cho qA va qB khong phai dang phan so.
Cac yeu cau ieu kien c xac nh nh sau:
ieu kien s dung phan bo QA = QB:
qA + qB =
Z
cho day quan stator, ta can co qA va qB la cac
2
Tom lai:
Muon s dung phan bo QA = QB ta can co ieu kien la boi so cua 2.
ieu kien s dung phan bo QA = 2QB:
Khi Q A = 2Q B ta co Q A =
2Z
Z
va Q B =
3
3
nguyen va q B = nguyen
Muon qA va qB la cac so nguyen
3
3
la boi so cua 3
qA =
Tom lai:
Muon s dung phan bo QA = 2QB ta can co ieu kien la boi so cua 3.
Tng t, khi xet phan bo QA = 3QB, ta suy ra ieu kien nh sau:
Muon s dung phan bo QA = 3QB ta can co ieu kien la boi so cua 4.
Z
180 0
va =
2p
Tuy theo la boi so cua 2, 3 hay 4, chon phan bo ranh cho pha chnh va
pha phu. Tnh qA va qB.
25
2
Z = 24 ranh pha chnh.
3
1
Q B = Z = 12 ranh pha phu.
3
QA =
180
= 20 0 ien.
Trong hnh 2.13, day quan 1 lp dang ong khuon phan tan n gian.
Trong o, ta k hieu cac au pha chnh la A, X va pha phu la B, Y.
Trong o y min =
Tnh : Goc lech ien gia 2 ranh lien tiep.
Bc 2:
Can c theo , qA, qB ta xac nh phan bo ranh cho pha chnh va pha phu.
Phan bo nay xac nh v tr cho cac canh tac dung tren cua cac boi day
trong day quan 2 lp.
Bc 3:
Tuy theo gia tr y ta ve lan lt tng nhom boi day cho pha chnh va pha
phu.
Ve hoan chnh pha chnh roi pha phu.
Kiem tra cc tnh tao bi bo day va goc lech pha v tr cho 2 pha chnh va
phu.
Th du 2: Ve s o day quan 2 lp cho stator ong c 1 pha co Z = 36 va 2p = 4.
Giai:
Bc 1: Vi Z = 36 va 2p = 4, ta tnh c:
Bc cc = 9ranh/bccc, vay co gia tr le va la boi so cua 3, do o ch co
the dung phan bo QA = 2QB.
27
Vay
2
Z = 24 ranh pha chnh.
3
1
Q B = Z = 12 ranh pha phu.
3
QA =
180
= 20 0 ien.
2
3
2p = 4, = 7/9.
2.3. Ve gian o khai trien cua day quan song 3 pha 2 lp vi cac so lieu sau:
Z = 36, 2p = 4
29
(3-2)
That vay, gia s ta xet mot iem bat ky tuy y cua song s.t. co tr so khong
oi th:
F = Fm sin(t )
sin(t ) = const
hay la t = const
(3-3)
ao ham cua theo t theo bieu thc (3-3) chnh la toc o goc quay bieu th
bang rad/s,
d
< 0 ng vi song quay ngc [dau + trong bieu thc (3-2)].
dt
Hnh 3-2a va b cho thay v tr cua cac song quay thuan va ngc cac thi iem
khac nhau.
Hnh 3.2 V tr cua song quay ngc (a) va quay thuan (b) thi
iem t = 0 va t = T/4; (c) bieu th s.t. quay bang vector quay.
31
S.t. quay tron co the bieu th bang mot vector co o ln Fm khong oi quay vi
toc o goc + va - , mut vector o ve thanh mot hnh tron nh tren hnh 3-2c.
e thay ro quan he gia cac s.t. ap mach va s.t. quay trc het chu y rang:
Fm sin t cos =
1
1
Fm sin(t ) + Fm sin(t + ) =
2
2
(3-4a)
= F1 + F2
ngha la s.t. ap mach la tong cua hai s.t. quay: F1 quay thuan vi toc o +
va F2 quay ngc vi toc o - . Bien o cua cac s.t. quay o bang mot na
cua s.t. ap mach. Hnh 3-3 bieu th vector s.t. ap mach F tong cua hai vector
s.t. quay F1 va F2 cac thi iem t =
Mac khac t bieu thc:
T
5T
va t =
.
4
12
(3-4b)
ta cung thay rang s.t. quay tron la tong hp cua hai s.t. ap mach khac pha
nhau ve thi gian la
:
2
(3-5)
(3-6)
hoac khi hai s.t. ap mach co bien o bang nhau, lech pha nhau
:
2
ve thi gian
2
(3-7)
32
Phan tch moi s.t. ap mach cua bieu thc tren thanh hai s.t. quay tron
theo bieu thc (3-4a), vi chu y rang sin(t + ) = sin(t + ) ta co:
F=
Fm + F' m
F F' m
sin(t ) + m
sin(t + ) = F1 sin(t ) + F2 sin(t + ) (3-8)
2
2
Vay s.t. F la tong hp cua hai s.t. co bien o khac nhau quay theo hai
chieu thuan va ngc vi cung mot toc o, c bieu th bang mot vector quay F
ma mut cua vector ve thanh hnh elip nh tren hnh 3-4. Truc ln a va truc nho b
cua t trng elip co gia tr bang:
a = 2(F1 + F2) = 2Fm
(ng vi = 0, t =
)
2
trong o: F1 = Fm cos' ;
vi ' =
; ' = +
2 4
2 4
F2 = Fm sin(' )
S.t. tong F trng hp nay cung bieu th c bang mot vector quay ma
mut cua vector ve thanh hnh elip co truc ln a = 2(F1 + F2) ng vi khi
+
hay la ' = va t =
. T trng elip khi hai s.t.
2
2
2
lech pha nhau ve thi gian goc = c trnh bay tren hnh 3-5.
3
(t ' ) = (t + ') =
33
Khi hai s.t. ap mach lech pha nhau trong khong gian goc
ta co:
theo (3-7)
2
trng hp nay S.t. F cung la s.t. elip. Truc ln cua hnh elip la a =
3
va t =
4
4
T trng elip do hai s.t. ap mach lech nhau trong khong gian goc =
34
H.2 = i.w s
1
i.w s
2
(3-13)
35
Sc t ong phan bo hnh ch nhat trong khong gian va bien oi hnh sin
theo thi gian o co the phan tch theo day Fourier thanh cac song ieu hoa bac
1, 3, 5, 7, vi goc toa o c chon nh tren hnh (3 -15b) ta co:
Fs = Fs1 cos + Fs 3 cos 3 + ... + Fs cos + ... =
=
=1,3,5
(3-14)
cos
Trong o:
Fs =
cos .d =
Fs sin
.
2
(3-15)
(3-16)
I.w s
2 2
2 2
I.w s sin =
I.w s = 0,9
2
"+" khi = 1,5,9,....
(3-17)
Fsm =
Ta thay rang sc t ong cua 1 phan t trong co dong ien xoay chieu la
tong hp cua song ap mach phan bo hnh sin trong khong gian va bien oi
hnh sin theo thi gian.
2.p
. Neu em phan
Z
tch 3 song ch nhat o theo cap so Fourier th tong cua 3 song o cung chnh la
tong cua tat ca cac song ieu hoa cua chung.
Di ay ta se cong cac song ieu hoa cung bac cua cac sc t ong cua 3
phan t, cuoi cung lay tong cua cac sc t ong hp thanh ng vi tat ca cac bac
e co sc t ong tong cua day quan o.
= 2Fq1 k n1
2
y
nen co:
(3-21)
= 2.Fq k n (3-22)
2
2qk
=1,3,5
(3-23)
va chu y rang
Trong o:
Ff =
wk dq
2 2 wk dq
I = 0,9
.
I (3-25)
p
p
37
2
(hnh
m
2
.
m
m-1
im 1
i3
4
2
)
m
i 2 = 2I sin(.t
(3-26)
i m = 2I sin t (m 1)
m
=1,3,5
F2 =
=1,3,5
sin t. cos
sin(t
2
2
) cos ( )
m
m
(3-27)
Fm =
f
=1,3,5...
2
2
sin t (m 1) cos (m 1)
m
m
ong cua day quan m pha se la tong cua tat ca cac sc t ong quay thuan va
sc t ong quay ngc o.
Ta co:
Ff
F
sin(t ) + f sin(t + )
2
2
2
2
F2 = Ff sin(.t ) cos( ) =
m
m
F
2 F
2
2
2
Fm = Ff sin t (m 1) cos (m 1) =
m
m
F
2
= f sin (t ) + (m 1)( 1) +
2
m
Ff
2
F1 = Ff sin t cos =
(3-28)
2. = 2mk + 1
3. = 2mk 1
(3-29)
Trc het ta hay xet tong cua cac sc ien ong quay thuan, tc la tong cua
cac so hang th nhat ve phai cua cac bieu thc tren. Cac sc t ong quay
thuan o co the viet nh sau:
Ff
sin(t )
2
F
2
= f sin (t ) + ( 1)
2
m
F1l =
F2l
(3-30)
Fml =
Ff
2
sin (t ) + (m 1)( 1)
2
m
Tong cua chung la tong cua nhng song quay hnh sin lech nhau goc
2
trong o co tr so xac nh nh sau:
m
Vi nhom = mk :
2
2
2
( 1)
= (mk 1)
= 2k
m
m
m
( 1)
2
lam
m
thanh mot hnh sao oi xng (hnh 3-13a) do o tong cua chung bang khong.
Vi nhom = 2mk + 1 ta co:
( 1)
39
2
= 4k
m
m
Ff sin(t )
= 2 mk +1 2
(3-31)
Vi nhom = 2mk 1 :
( 1)
2
4
= 4k
m
m
4
(hnh 3-13c) do o tong cua chung bang khong.
m
Tng t nh vay xet tong cua cac sc t ong quay ngc tc la tong cua cac
so hang th hai ve phai cua bieu thc tren ta se thay tong cua cac sc t ong
co = mk va = 2mk + 1 bang khong. Rieng nhom sc t ong ng vi
= 2mk 1 trung pha nhau nen tong cua chung la:
Fng =
m
Ff sin(t + )
= 2 mk 1 2
(3-32)
Nh vay sc t ong cua day quan m pha, ta co the viet gop lai cho tong
cua cac song quay thuan va quay ngc nh sau:
F(m ) =
m
Ff sin(t m )
= 2 mk 1 2
(3-33)
Trong o:
wk dq
m
Ff = 0,45m
I
2
p
(3-34)
w
n
hay la n = .
(3-35)
ieu o co the chng minh bang cach lay ao ham theo t cua bieu thc
t = const e cho sc t ong bac o luon co gia tr khong oi khi quay.
40
3
Ff sin(t m )
= 6 k 1 2
(3-36)
Trong o:
wk dq
3
Ff = 1,35
I
2
p
(3-37)
Ta co the ket luan rang sc t ong cua day quan ba pha la tong cua cac
sc t ong bac = 6k + 1 = 1, 7, 13, quay thuan va cac sc t ong bac
= 6k 1 = 5, 11, 17, quay ngc. Bien o cua sc t ong quay bac bang
3/2 lan bien o cua sc t ong mot pha bac va toc o quay cua sc t ong
bac la n =
n
.
oi vi day quan hai pha at lech nhau trong khong gian goc ien 2 th
thay m = 2 vao ta c:
F(2 ) = Ff sin(t m )
(3-38)
= 4 k 1
Trong o:
Ff = 0,9
wk dq
Ngha la sc t ong cua day quan hai pha la tong cua cac sc t ong
= 4k + 1 quay thuan va cac sc t ong bac = 4k 1 quay ngc. Bien o cua
sc t ong quay bac bang bien o cua sc t ong mot pha bac , toc o
quay cua sc t ong bac la n =
Chu thch:
Khi dong ien m pha trong day quan m pha la khong oi xng th ta co the
phan tch dong khong oi xng o thanh dong ien m pha th t thuan I1, dong
ien m pha th t ngc I2 va dong ien m pha th t khong I0 theo phng phap
cac thanh phan oi xng.
Thanh phan dong ien oi xng th t thuan I11, I21,..., Im1 se sinh ra sc t
ong cua day quan m pha:
F1(m ) =
m
F1f sin(t m )
= 2 mk 1 2
(3-39)
Trong o:
wk dq
m
F1f = 0,45m
I1
2
p
m
F2 f sin(t )
= 2 mk 1 2
(3-40)
Trong o:
41
wk dq
m
F2 f = 0,45m
I2
2
p
sinh ra trong day quan m pha cac sc t ong ap mach cung pha ve thi gian va
lech nhau trong khong gian
F01 = F0 f sin t cos
2
:
m
......
(3-41)
F0 m = F0 f sin t cos (m 1)
m
Trong o:
F0f = 0,9m
wk dq
I0
2
va co tong bang khong.
m
Qua nhng phan tch tren ta thay sc t ong cua day quan m pha khi co
dong ien m pha oi xng chay qua bao gom cac sc t ong quay va cac sc t
ong ap mach. Trong cac may ien xoay chieu cac sc t ong ap mach chu
yeu ch sinh ra trong t trng tan cua day quan, con cac sc t ong quay se
tham gia trc tiep vao cac qua trnh bien oi nang lng c ien, ta thay cac sc
t ong quay tron thuan va ngc cung bac, co bien o khac nhau do I1 I2 tong
hp lai se cho nhng sc t ong elip.
42
Im
2
Im
2
Lap lai cach ve tren ta co cac ng bieu dien sc t ong cua tng pha va
sc t ong tong nh tren hnh (3-18b).
Ta thay rang khi dong ien bien oi 1 phan ba chu ky T/3 th sc ien ong
tong cua day quan ba pha cung xe dch trong khong gian khoang cach 2 3 va co
tr so cc ai cua sc t ong tong o trung vi truc cua pha B la pha co dong
ien cc ai thi iem t = T 3 .
T nhng ket qua phan tch tren ta co the ket luan nh sau:
1. Sc t ong cua day quan 3 pha la sc t ong quay.
Khi dong ien bien oi c 1 chu ky T th sc t ong o quay c 2
trong khong gian. Neu may co p oi cc th sc t ong o quay c 1/p vong.
Vay toc o quay cua sc t ong la:
n=
60f
(vg/ph)
p
2. Truc cua sc t ong luon trung vi truc cua pha co dong ien cc ai:
e co phng phap tong quat ve ng phan bo sc t ong cua day quan
khi q 1 , ta nhan xet rang tr so cua sc t ong tang ty le vi phu tai ng A
doc chu vi h. Do day quan ch at tap trung trong cac ranh nen sc t ong
khong thay oi khoang gia cac ranh ma ch thay oi v tr cua ranh ty le vi
tong ai so cac dong ien trong ranh o. Truc ngang cua ng bieu dien c
ve v tr sao cho hnh thanh vi ng bieu dien sc t ong o cac dien tch
tren va di truc ngang bang nhau, the hien rang t thong cua cc N va cc S
phai cung 1 tr so.
Trnh t tien hanh nh sau:
1. Ve gian o khai trien cua day quan hnh 9-15 va xac nh cac vung pha
lp tren va lp di cua day quan.
2. Xac nh tr so cua dong ien cac pha thi iem cho biet, sau o xac
nh tr so va chieu cua dong ien cac lp tren va lp di cua ranh va
tong ai so cua dong ien trong cac ranh.
3. Veng phan bo s.t. ty le vi tong ai so cac dong ien trong ranh.
4. Xac nh v tr cua truc ngang.
Chu y rang tren hnh 3-19 ch ve ng bieu dien s.t. ng vi mot oi cc
cua day quan.
44
Cau hoi:
1. Phan biet s.t. ap mach va s.t. quay. Sc t ong trong may bien ap
khac s.t. o nh the nao?
2. Phan tch s.t. cua day quan 1 pha quan rai bc ngan. Bieu thc va tnh
chat cua s.t. o?
3. Phan tch s.t. cua day quan 3 pha quan rai bc ngan. Bieu thc va tnh
chat cua s.t. o?
4. Tac dung cua bc ngan va quan rai oi vi s.t.?
5. at ien ap xoay chieu 3 pha vao day quan ba pha. Gia s 1 pha b t th
s.t. cua day quan thuoc loai s.t. nao?u5:
1. Cho mot may phat ien 3 pha toc o quay n = 75vg/ph, day quan 1 lp,
dong ien i qua moi phan t I = 230A (tr so hieu dung), so ranh phan
tnh Z = 480, moi phan t co 4 vong day, tan so f = 50Hz. Tnh:
a. Bien o cua cac song ieu hoa s.t. bac 1, 3, 5 cua moi phan t khi I = Im.
b. Bien o cua cac sc t ong 1, 3, 5 cua day quan moi pha.
Giai:
a) Bien o cua cac song ieu hoa s.t.
Fs =
2 2
.I .ws
2 2
.I .ws =
2 2
.230.4 = 828,3 (A/cc)
1.
2 2
.I .ws =
2 2
.230.4 = 276 (A/cc)
3.
2 2
.I .ws =
2 2
.230.4 = 165,66 (A/cc)
5.
60. f 60.50
=
= 40
p=
n
75
Z
480
=
=
=6
2 p 2.40
y = 1 = 5
y 5
= =
6
p.360 40.360
=
=
= 30 0
Z
480
F f =
45
480
Z
=
=2
2.m. p 2.3.40
w = q. p.ws = 40.2.4 = 320
q.
sin .
2
k dq = sin . . .
2
q. sin
2
=1
q=
q.
30
sin 1.2.
2 = sin 1. 5 . .
2 = 0,933
k dq = sin . . .
30
2
6 2
2. sin 1.
q. sin
2
2
2 2 w.k dq
2 2 320.0,933
F f =
.
.I =
.
.230 = 1545,6 (A/cc)
p
1.
40
=3
q.
30
sin 3.2.
sin .
2 = 0,5
2 = sin 3. 5 . .
k dq = sin . . .
30
6 2
2
2. sin 3.
q. sin
2
2
sin .
F f =
2 2 w.k dq
2 2 320.(0,5)
.
.I =
.
.230 = 276,1 (A/cc)
p
3.
40
=5
q.
30
sin 5.2.
2 = 0,067
2 = sin 5. 5 . .
= sin . . .
30
6 2
2
2. sin 5.
q. sin
2
2
sin .
k dq
F f =
2 2 w.k dq
2 2 320.0,067
.
.I =
.
.230 = 22,2 (A/cc)
p
5.
40
46
PHAN IV
MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO
47
1. Phan loai:
- Theo ket cau cua vo co the chia lam cac loai: kieu h, kieu bao ve, kieu
kn, kieu chong no, kieu chong rung,
- Theo ket cau cua rotor chia lam 2 loai:Rotor day quan va rotor long soc.
- Theo so pha: m = 1, 2, 3.
2. Ket cau: Giong nh cac may ien quay khac, may ien khong ong bo
gom cac bo phan chnh sau:
Phan tnh hay stator: Tren stator co vo, loi thep va day quan.
. Vo may:
1
e co nh loi thep va day quan, khong dung e
lam mach dan t. Thng lam bang gang hay thep
tam han lai.
. Loi thep: La phan dan t. V t trng i qua loi
thep la t trng quay nen e giam ton hao, loi sat
2
c lam bang nhng la thep ky thuat ien day
0,35mm hay
3
0,5mm ep lai. Khi ng knh ngoai loi thep Dn <
990mm th dung ca tam tron ep lai, 2 mat co sn
Hnh 1.1 Stator ca may cach ien. Khi Dn > 990mm th phai dung nhng
tam hnh re quat (segment) ghep lai thanh khoi
ien khong ong bo.
tron. Mat trong cua thep co xe ranh e at day
1. Vo may.
quan.
2. Loi thep.
. Day quan: Day quan cua stator c at vao
3. Day quan.
cac ranh cua loi sat va c cach ien tot oi vi
ranh.
Phan quay hay rotor: Gom loi thep va day quan.
. Loi thep:
Dung cac la thep ky thuat ien nh stator. Loi sat c ep trc tiep len truc
quay, pha ngoai co xe ranh e
at day quan.
. Day quan: Co 2 loai:
Loai rotor kieu day quan:
Rotor co day quan giong nh day
quan stator. Day quan 3 pha cua
rotor thng au hnh sao, con ba
Hnh 1.2 Rotor day quan cua ong c
au kia c noi vao 3 vanh trt
ien khong ong bo
thng lam bang ong at co nh
48
mot au truc va thong qua choi than co the au vi mach ien ben ngoai. Khi
may lam viec bnh thng day quan rotor c noi ngan mach.
49
n1 n
.100
n1
Nh vay khi: n = n1 s = 0; n = 0 s = 1
n > n1 s < 0; n < 0 s > 1 (rotor quay ngc chieu t trng quay)
vi n < n1. May lam viec che o ong c ien (bien ien nang thanh c nang).
3. Trng hp rotor quay ngc chieu t trng quay ( < n < 0 hay
+ > s > 1).
V mot ly do nao o rotor quay ngc chieu vi t
trng quay th luc o chieu cua E, I , may lam
viec giong nh che o ong c ien. V moment
M sinh ra ngc chieu vi n nen co tac dung ham
rotor lai. Trong trng hp nay may va lay ien
nang li ien va lay c nang ong c s cap.
Hnh 1.8 Che o ham ien t
n
0
n1
+
s
+
1
0
V may lam viec cac toc o n khac n1 cua t trng quay nen ta goi la may
ien khong ong bo.
1.3. CAC AI LNG NH MC
May ien khong ong bo co cac ai lng nh mc ac trng cho ieu
kien ky thuat cua may. Cac tr so nay do nha may thiet ke, che tao quy nh va
c ghi tren nhan may. V may ien khong ong bo chu yeu lam viec che o
ong c ien nen tren nhan may ghi cac tr so nh mc cua ong c ng vi tai
nh mc. Cac tr so o thng bao gom:
+ Cong suat nh mc au truc (cong suat au ra) Pm (kW hay W) hoac
Hp hoac Cv, 1Cv = 736W (theo tieu chuan Phap), 1kW = 1,358Cv, 1Hp =
746W (theo tieu chuan Anh).
+ Dong ien day nh mc Im (A).
+ ien ap day nh mc Um (V).
+ Kieu au day stator.
+ Toc o quay nh mc nm (vg/ph).
+ Hieu suat nh mc m .
+ He so cong suat nh mc cos m .
Cong suat nh mc ma ong c ien tieu thu:
P1m =
Pm
= 3U m I m cos m , Pm = 3U m I m cos m m
m
Moment nh mc au truc:
51
M m =
Pm 1
Pm ( W )
.
= 0,975
(kGM )
n m ( vg / ph )
9,81
Th du:
Typ AM 160 L4 R1
3 ~ Mot
Nr 28600 1
/ 220/380 V
42/24 A
11kW
cos
0,77
1455 1/min
50 Hz
Lfr. Y 250 V
25 A
Isol. KL. B
lP 44
VDE 0530/69
Hnh 1.9 Nhan may ong c ien khong ong bo rotor day quan.
Hnh 1.9 la nhan may cua mot ong c ien 3 pha rotor day quan. Cac so
lieu bieu th:
/Y 220/380 V: ong c co the hoat ong vi ien ap day nguon 220 V khi
ong c au va 380V khi ong c au Y.
42/24 A: Dong ien day nh mc tng ng vi moi cach au /Y.
11kW: Cong suat nh mc cua ong c.
14551 1/min: Toc o quay nh mc cua ong c.
50 Hz: Tan so nh mc cua nguon.
Lfr. Y 250V: Day quan rotor au hnh Y, ien ap day rotor 250V.
25A: Dong ien nh mc cua rotor.
Isol. KL.B: Cap cach ien cua ong c.
IP 44: Loai va kieu bao ve c ghi bang k hieu ngan, so th nhat ch cap bao
ve chong vat la ben ngoai (cap 4 bao ve chong vat la ben ngoai >1mm), so
th hai ch cap bao ve chong nc (cap 4 chong tia nc t moi hng).
1.4. CONG DUNG CUA MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO.
May ien khong ong bo la loai may ien xoay chieu chu yeu dung lam
ong c ien. Do ket cau n gian, lam viec chac chan, hieu suat cao, gia thanh
ha nen ong c khong ong bo la loai may c dung rong rai nhat trong cac
nganh kinh te quoc dan. Trong cong nghiep thng dung may ien khong ong
bo lam nguon ong lc cho may can thep loai va va nho, ong lc cho cac may
cong cu, Trong ham mo dung lam may ti hay quat gio. Trong nong nghiep
dung e lam may bm hay may gia cong nong san pham. Trong i song hang
ngay, may ien khong ong bo cung dan dan chiem mot v tr quan trong: quat
gio, may quay a, ong c trong tu lanh, may bm nc, Tom lai pham vi ng
dung cua may ien khong ong bo ngay cang rong rai.
52
Tuy vay, may ien khong ong bo co nhng nhc iem nh: cos cua
may thng khong cao lam va ac tnh ieu chnh toc o khong tot nen ng
dung cua no co phan b han che.
Cau hoi:
1. Cong thc tnh toc o ong bo?
2. Cac cach phan loai may ien khong ong bo 3 pha? ac iem cua tng
loai?
3. Tai sao may ien khong ong bo c dung pho bien nhat?
53
rotor h mach.
Ta gia thuyet rotor cua may ien khong ong bo h mach (v tr 1 hnh 2.1)
va ng yen, stator c at vao li ien co ien ap U1, tan so f1. Trong trng
54
hp nay may ien khong ong bo c xem nh may bien ap luc khong tai.
Di tac dung cua ien ap U1 trong stator co dong ien khong tai I0 tao nen sc
t ong F1, F1 tao nen t thong phan ln t thong la moc vong vi hai day
quan cua may, con phan kia 1 ch moc vong vi day quan stator. Neu may co
p oi cc th toc o ong bo n1 cua la n1 = 60f1/p (vong/phut). T thong
sinh ra day quan stator va rotor cac s.. E1 va E2 xac nh theo cong thc:
E 1 = 2f 1 w 1 k dq1
(2-1)
E 2 = 2f 1 w 2 k dq 2
.
E 1 = jI 0 .x1
(2-2)
o th vector khi khong tai cua may ien khong ong bo tng ng ve
nguyen tac vi nhng o th vector khi khong tai cua may bien ap. Nhng trong
quan he ve lng gia o th co mot s khac nhau ro ret:
Trong may ien khong ong bo: I0 = (20 50)%Im
Trong may bien ap:
I0 = (3 10)%Im
ien ap ri tren day quan may ien khong ong bo khi khong tai chiem
(2 5)%Um con cua may bien ap thng khong qua (0,1 0,4)%Um.
He so bien oi s.. cua may ien khong ong bo:
U 1 = E 1 + I 0 Z1
ke =
E1
=
E2
2 .f 1 w 1 k dq1
2 .f 1 w 2 k dq 2
w 1 k dq1
w 2 k dq 2
(2-3)
Trong may ien khong ong bo cung nh trong may bien ap cac ai lng
cua day quan rotor c quy oi ve day quan stator ngha la thay cuon rotor that
bang mot cuon khac cung co so vong day, bc day quan va so ranh cua mot
pha di mot cc nh la cuon s cap.
Sc ien ong cua day quan rotor c quy oi ve stator:
(2-4)
E2 = keE2 = E1
Khi rotor h mach va ng yen trong may ch co ton hao ong cua stator
p Cu1 = m1I02r1, ton hao sat stator, rotor: pFe1 + pFe2. Cong suat P10 do may
tieu thu t li P10 = m1I02r1 + pFe1 + pFe2. Trong may ien khong ong bo I0
va r1 tng oi ln nen ton hao ong pcu1 chiem 1 thanh phan ang ke trong P10. oi vi may bien ap ta bo qua pcu1 luc khong tai.
55
m1 2 w 1 k dq1
.
.I1
p
m 2 2 w 2 k dq 2
F2 =
.
.I 2
p
F1 =
(2-5)
F1, F2 quay vi toc o n1 = 60f1/p va tac dung vi nhau sinh ra sc t ong tong
khe h F0
.
(2-6)
Giong nh cach phan tch may bien ap, ay co the coi dong ien stator gom 2
F1 + F 2 = F 0
.
thanh phan:
I 1 = I 0 + ( I ' 2 )
.
I0 F0 =
m1 2 w 1 k dq1 .
.I0
.
. m1 2 w1 k dq1 .
I' 2 F ' 2 =
.
. I '2
So sanh sc t ong F 2 do dong ien I 2 cua rotor va thanh phan I' 2 cua dong
ien stator sinh ra, ta co: F2 = F ' 2
m 2 2 w 2 k dq 2 .
m 2 w 1 k dq1 .
.
.I2 = 1
.
. I' 2
p
p
Hay:
ki =
I2
.
I2 '
m1 w 1 k dq1
(2-7)
m 2 w 2 k dq 2
.
I
Do o dong ien quy oi cua rotor sang stator bang: I' 2 = 2
ki
Dung cac he so bien oi s.. va dong ien (2-3), (2-7) chung ta co the xac
nh c ien tr va ien khang qui oi r2 va x2 cua rotor.
Khi qui oi r2 chung ta xuat phat t ton hao ong cua day quan rotor khong phu
thuoc vao s qui oi o:
m 2 I 22 r2 = m1 I' 22 r' 2
T o ta c:
56
I2
m mwk
r2 = 2 1 1 dq1 r2
m1 m 2 w 2 k dq 2
I' 2
w 1 k dq1 m1 w 1 k dq1
=
.
r2 = kekir2 = kr2
w 2 k dq 2 m 2 w 2 k dq 2
2
m
r' 2 = 2
m1
(2-8)
x' 2 =
x 2 x' 2
=
r2
r' 2
r' 2
x 2 = k.x 2
r2
(2-9)
cac phng trnh s.. s cap cua may ien khong ong bo luc ngan mach viet
hoan toan nh oi vi may bien ap:
.
.
.
U 1 = E 1 + I 1 Z1
.
.
.
.
E' 2 = E 1
.
.
.
I1 + I' 2 = I 0
.
.
E1 = I 0 Z m
(2-10)
ay Z1 = r1 + jx1; Z2 = r2 + jx2
.
U1
U1
I1
=
Z1 + Z' 2 Z n
2.2. MAY IEN KHONG ONG BO LAM VIEC KHI ROTOR QUAY.
Trong trng nay no c xem nh mot may bien ap tong hp ngha la
ay khong ch co bien oi ien ap dong ien va so pha ma con ca tan so va cac
dang nang lng na. Tom lai viet phng trnh s.. cua may ien khong ong
bo va giai theo dong ien, chung ta co the co c ve nguyen tac, nhng gian o
ang tr nh oi vi may bien ap.
(2-11)
U 1 = E 1 + I1 (r1 + jx 1 )
60f 1
p
n 2 p n 1 n n 1p
=
.
= s.f 1
60
n1
60
(2-12)
E 2 = j. I 2 .x 2 .s tao bi 2
E 2s + E 2 = E 2s j. I 2 .x 2 .s = I 2 .r2
hay
E 2s
E 2 .s
I2 =
=
Z 2s r2 + j.x 2 .s
.
Do o:
E 2 .s
Hay:
(2-15)
I2 =
r22 + x 22 .s 2
.
E' 2 s
E' 2 .s
I' 2 =
=
hay I' 2 =
Z' 2s r' 2 + j.x ' 2 .s
.
E' 2 .s
r' 22 + x ' 22 .s 2
E 2 .s
E2
=
I2 =
r2 + j.x 2 .s r2
+ j.x 2
s
.
(2-16)
Bieu thc cua I 2 co mot y ngha vat ly mi: mach th cap bay gi thay cho
s.. khi rotor quay E2s vi f2 = s.f1 se la s.. E2 khi rotor ng yen vi tan so f1.
ien khang khi rotor quay x2.s mach th cap se la ien khang khi rotor ng
yen x2. Muon trong mach th cap van ch co dong ien I2 co cung tr so va pha
oi vi I2 ch can thiet thay r2 thc bang 1 ien tr mi bang:
trng cho cong suat c tren truc. Trong o r2 =
1 s
s
r2
1 s
: ac
= r2 + r2
s
s
Nh vay, neu rotor quay muon trong o van la dong ien ay, can a vao
mach th cap 1 ien tr gia tng: r2
1 s
s
59
n1
Nh vay: n2 + n = n1 n + n = n1
Ngha la s.t. cua rotor quay trong khong gian luon luon quay vi toc o va
chieu nh s.t. cua stator (khong phu thuoc vao tnh trang lam viec).
Bi v F1 va F2 quay cung toc o va chieu trong khong gian nen co the xem
rang no chuyen ong tng oi vi nhau va tao thanh song s.t. tong F0. Nh
vay, hnh sin s.t. F2 can phai lech ve khong gian tng oi vi F1 1 goc F0 u e
tao nen , theo ieu kien can bang s.t.:
.
F1 + F' 2 = F 0
I1 + I' 2 = I 0
(2-17)
U 1 = E 1 + I1 (r1 + j.x 1 )
.
.
r'
0 = E' 2 + I' 2 ( 2 + j.x ' 2 )
s
.
.
E' 2 = E 1
.
.
.
I1 + I' 2 = I 0
.
.
E1 = j I 0 Z m
(2-18)
4. Mach ien thay the cua may ien khong ong bo: Tng t nh
cua may bien ap.
Da vao he phng trnh (2-18), ta co the thiet lap c mach ien thay the
hnh T cho may ien khong ong bo vi r' 2
1 s
ac trng cho s the hien cong
s
1 s
).
s
Hnh 2.5 Mach ien thay the hnh T cua may ien khong ong bo.
60
Khac vi may bien ap ch co s bien oi ien nang ien ap nay qua ien
nang ien ap khac, ong c khong ong bo la mot may ien bien oi ien
nang ra c nang. Khi giam phu tai ien ap cac cc thng khong thay oi, con
khi phu tai bien oi th t thong ho cam va s.. tng ng vi no
E1 = E2 cac au cc cua mach t hoa hnh T cung bien oi di anh hng
cua ien ap ri I1z1 mach s cap. Vi nhng ly do tren, ta thay rang mach ien
thay the hnh T oi khi khong tien li cho viec nghien cu cac qua trnh cong tac
cua may ien khong ong bo.
Tien li hn la gian o thay the hnh trong o mach t hoa c a ra
cac au cc stator va vi moi s bien thien cua phu tai, ngha la khi he so trt s
thay oi th dong ien van khong oi va bang dong ien khong tai ly tng I00
khi s = 0 (hnh 2-6).
nh la hieu so hnh hoc cua dong ien mach chnh I1 va dong ien khong tai
.
z'2s + z m
U1
=
I1 =
U1
z' z
z1 .z ' 2 s + z1 z m + z ' 2 s z m
z1 + 2 s m
z'2s + z m
.
I 00
U1
=
=
z1 + z m
Vi 1 = 1 +
U1
z m (1 +
z1
)
zm
U1
U1
=
=
1 .z m z' m
z1
va z' m = 1 z m = z1 + z m
zm
I' ' 2 = I1 I 00 = U 1
z 1 .z' 2s + z 1 z m + z' 2s z m z1 + z m
61
U 1 .z m2
=
=
(z1 + z m )(z1 .z '2 s + z1 z m + z '2 s z m )
.
z
z
z1 1 + 1 + z ' 2 s 1 + 1
zm
zm
U1
U1
U1
1 z1 + 1 z ' 2 s
1 (r1 + jx1 ) + 1 2 (
r '2
+ jx' 2 )
s
Cac quan he va nhan c tng ng vi gian o thay the hnh (da vao
bieu thc cua I 00 va I' ' 2 ta ve c gian o thay the)
.
U 1 i1 z 1 U 1
I' ' 2 =
=
z' 2 s
z' 2 s
.
U1
z1 + z ' 2 s (1 +
(z' 2s + z m )z 1
1
z1 .z' 2s + z1 z m + z' 2s z m
z1
)
zm
U1
=
z1 + z ' 2 s
z
r
I' 2
x
z
= 1 + 1 = 1 , coi rm << xm , 1 = 1 + 1 = (1 + 1 ) j 1
zm
rm
I' ' 2
xm
zm
r1
rat be nen co the bo qua phan ao cua 1
rm
x
1 = 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 trong thc te : 1 = 1,04 1,08
xm
Pt = P1 p Cu1 p Fe = m1 I' 2
r' 2
: cong suat ien t.
s
V trong rotor co dong ien nen co ton hao ong trong rotor p Cu 2 = m1 I' 2 r' 2 , do
o cong suat c truc ong c ien la:
.
1 s
Pc = Pt p Cu 2 = m1 I' 2 (
)r' 2
s
62
Pc =
vay
p Cu 2 (1 s)
s
Pc = (1-s)Pt
p Cu 2 = sPt
Cong suat a ra au truc ong c ien P2 se nho hn cong suat c v khi
may quay co ton hao c p c va ton hao phu p f :
P2 = Pc p c p f
P2
P
= 1
P1
P1
P = p
Cu1
+ p Fe + p Cu 2 + p c + p f
q 2 = m1 I' 22 x ' 2
x' 2
> 0 ; 0 < 2 < / 2
r'2
s
.
I1 = I 0 I' 2 ; U 1 = E 1 + I1 (r1 + jx 1 )
.
.
r'
E ' 2 = I ' 2 rs'2 + jx' 2 E ' 2 = I ' 2 2 + jI ' 2 x' 2
s
.
.
63
Pc = P1 ( p c + p f )
Pt = Pc - p Cu 2
P2 = Pt ( p Cu1 + p Fe )
P2
P1
b) o th vector:
.
1 s
)r' 2 < 0, ngha la
s
x' 2
sx '
= 2 <0
r' 2 s
r' 2
1 s
)r' 2 < 0, nen may lay cong suat c
s
.2
m1 I 2 r' 2
> 0 nen may nhan cong suat ien
s
t. Tat ca cong suat c va ien lay ngoai vao eu bien thanh ton hao ong tren
mach rotor:
1 s
2
Pt + ( Pc ) = m1 I ' 22 + m1 I ' 22
= m1 I ' 2 r ' 2 = pCu 2 .
s
64
Hnh 2.11 o th vec t (a), gian o nang lng (b) cua may ien
khong ong bo che o ham ien t.
Th du 1:
Mot ong c ien khong ong bo rotor day quan khi e rotor h mach va
cho ien ap nh mc vao stator th ien ap tren 2 vanh trt canh nhau la 250V.
Khi ong c lam viec vi tai nh mc th toc o n = 1420 vong/phut. Tnh:
a) Toc o ong bo.
b) Toc o t trng quay do dong ien sinh ra so vi toc o rotor.
c) Tan so dong ien rotor.
d) Sc ien ong cua rotor khi tai nh mc.
Giai:
a) V he so trt cua ong c rat be s = (3 6)% nen toc o ong bo cua t
trng quay n1 = 1500vong/phut, tc la may co 2 oi cc (khi tan so la 50
Hz).
b) Toc o cua t trng rotor so vi rotor la:
n2 = n1 n = 1500 1420 = 80 vong/phut.
n2 quay cung chieu vi rotor.
c) Tan so dong ien rotor:
f2 =
pn 2 2.80
=
= 2,66Hz
60
60
s=
n 1 n 1500 1420
80
=
=
= 0,053
n1
1500
1500
65
Cau hoi:
1. Phan tch nhng iem giong va khac nhau trong nguyen ly lam viec cua
may ien khong ong bo va may bien ap.
2. Mot ong c ien khong ong bo day quan, trc kia so vong day cua 1
pha cua day quan rotor eu noi noi tiep, nay phan oi thanh 2 mach song
song. Hoi nh vay co anh hng en ien ap va dong ien tren vanh trt
cua rotor hay khong? Co anh hng g en tham so rotor a qui oi r2 va
x2? Neu he so trt s trc va sau khi oi van nh nhau th cong suat a
vao va a ra co thay oi g khong?
3. Neu day quan stator cua mot ong c khong ong bo at vao 1 ien ap
th t thuan co tan so f1 e sinh ra t trng thuan, day quan rotor at
vao 1 ien ap th t nghch co tan so f2 e sinh ra t trng nghch. Hoi
luc o rotor quay theo chieu nao? Toc o bao nhieu? Khi tai thay oi th
toc o thay oi khong?
4. Tai sao dong ien khong tai phan tram cua may ien khong ong bo I0%
ln hn dong ien khong tai phan tram cua may bien ap, con dong ien
ngan mach phan tram In% th lai nho hn? Dong ien khong tai ln anh
hng nh the nao en tnh nang cua may?
5. Tm s lien he gia cac cong suat cua gian o nang lng vi cac cong
suat, cac ton hao tren mach ien thay the.
Bai tap:
2.1.
Mot ong c khong ong bo co cac so lieu sau: day quan stator va rotor eu
noi Y; so ranh stator Z1 = 72; so ranh rotor Z2 = 12; so thanh dan mot ranh
stator.
Sr1 = 9 va rotor Sr2 = 2; day quan bc u co 4 oi cc.
Khi lam th nghiem ngan mach, ien ap at vao stator la Un = 110V; dong ien
In = 61A va cos = 0,336. Tnh:
a) ien tr va ien khang ngan mach rn, xn.
b) ien tr va ien khang day quan rotor r2, x2. Cho biet r1 = 0,159 ;
x1 = 0,46 .
c) Cong suat ong c ien tieu thu va cong suat tieu hao tren day quan khi
ngan mach.
2.2.
Mot ong c ien khong ong bo ba pha rotor long soc co cac so lieu sau:
Pm = 11,9kW; Ufm = 220V; Ifm = 25A; f = 50Hz; 2p = 6; pCu1 = 745W;
pCu2 = 480W; pFe = 235W; pc = 180W; pf = 60W. Tnh cong suat ien t,
moment ien t va toc o quay cua ong c.
66
2.3.
Mot may ien khong ong bo ba pha 6 cc, 50Hz. Khi at ien ap nh mc
len stator con day quan rotor h mach th s.. cam ng tren moi pha day quan
rotor la 110V. Gia thiet toc o luc lam viec nh mc la
n = 980vong/phut, rotor quay cung chieu vi t trng quay. Hoi:
a) May lam viec che o nao?
b) Luc o s.. rotor E2s bang bao nhieu?
c) Neu gi chat rotor lai va o c r2 = 0,1 , x2 = 0,5 ; hoi che o lam
viec nh mc I2 bang bao nhieu?
2.4.
Mot ong c ien khong ong bo ba pha au Y, 380V, 50Hz, nm =
1440Vong/phut. Tham so nh sau: r1 = 0,2 , r2 = 0,25 , x1 = 1 , x2 = 0,95 ,
xm = 40 , bo qua rm. Tnh so oi cc, toc o ong bo, he so trt nh mc, tan
so dong ien rotor luc tai nh mc. Ve mach ien thay the hnh T va can c vao
o tnh ra tr so thc va tng oi cua cac dong ien I1, I0 va I2.
2.5.
2.6.
Mot ong c ien khong ong bo ba pha, tieu thu nang lng ien la 60kW,
tong ton hao tren stator la 1kW, he so trt s = 0,03. Tnh cong suat c va ton
hao ong cua rotor.
2.4. MOMENT IEN T VA AC TNH C CUA MAY IEN KHONG
ONG BO
M0 =
p c + p f
P0
P
60
.P0 = 9,55. 0
n
2n
67
P2
n
P0 P2 Pc
P
M t =
+
=
= 9,55. c
n
2n
Toc o goc quay cua rotor.
=
60
M2 =
P2
= 9,55.
M t =
Pt
P
= 9,55 t
1
n1
2n 1
: toc o goc quay ong bo cua t trng quay
60
Pc Pt
n
=
Pc =
Pt = Pt = (1 s)Pt
1
1
n1
1 =
t o ta co:
Pt m 2 E 2 I 2 cos 2
=
1
1
E 2 = 2f 1 w 2 k dq 2 m
1 =
M t =
2f 1
p
2
m 2 pw 2 k dq 2 I 2 cos 2 = C M I 2 cos 2
2
Pt
pCu 2 s
2f1 p
I ' '2 =
U1
2
R' 2
2
+ ( X 1 + X '2 )
R1 +
s
(2-19)
vi
R 1 = 1 r1
X 1 = 1 x 1
M t =
;
;
R ' 2 = r' 2
2
1
X' 2 = 12 x ' 2
pm1U 12 R ' 2 / s
R'2
2
2f 1 R1 +
+ ( X 1 + X '2 )
s
(Nm)
(2-20)
Ket luan: Vi tan so va cac tham so cho trc, Mt t le thuan vi bnh phng
ien ap va t le nghch vi bnh phng cua tan so.
Da vao (2-19), (2-20) ta co the tm c ac tnh
I = f(s); M = f(s); I2max s =
s < 0 Mt < 0 (may phat ien)
dM
= 0 th ta
ds
R' 2
R'
R' R'
2 R'
2f1 m1U P R1 +
+ X n 22 + 2 2 R1 + 2 22
s
s
s s
s
dM
=
2
2
ds
R'
2
(2f1 ) 2 R1 + 2 + ( X 1 + X ' 2 )
s
2
1
dM
=
ds
2f 1 m1U 12 P
R' 2
s
R' 22
2
2
R
X
1
n
s2
R' 2
2
2
(2f 1 ) R1 +
+ (X 1 + X '2 )
s
= R12 + X n2
0
s2
s2
R' 2
R12 X n2 +
sm =
R12 + X n2
(2-21)
Trong may ien khong ong bo: R1 << Xn thng R1 = (10 12)%Xn do o
R1 be hn Xn en mc co the bo qua c. Trong trng hp nay:
69
sm
R' 2
R' 2
=
X n X 1 + X 2
M max =
M max =
M max =
pm1U 12 R12 + X n2
2f1 R1 R12 + X n2
) +X
2
2
n
pm1U 12 R12 + X n2
[(
pm1U 12 R12 + X n2
4f 1 R1 R12 + X n2 + X n2 + R12
pm1U 12
4f 1 R1 + R12 + X n2
]
(2-22)
pm1U 12
M max =
2
4f1 1 r1 + r12 + ( x1 + x' 2 )
2
2
Neu tnh gan ung bo qua R1 << X n ta co:
M max
pm1U 12
pm1U 12
=
4f 1 [ R1 + X n ] 4f1 1 [ r1 + ( x1 + 1 x' 2 )]
(2-23)
M max
goi la he so nang lc qua tai cua ong c, noi len kha
M m
pm1U 12 R' 2
[(
pm1U 12 R' 2
2f1 1 r1 + 12 r ' 2
) + ( x
2
2
1 + 1 x' 2
)]
2
(2-24)
(2-25)
Nhan xet:
Vi tan so va cac thong so cho trc moment m may t le thuan vi bnh
phng ien ap.
70
Mmm = Mmax vi ieu kien ien tr tac dung cua rotor bang ien khang tan
cua may.
Mmm giam neu xn cua may ln khi nhng ieu kien khac cua may giong
nhau.
Moment m may thng c bieu dien bang t so:
k mm =
M mm
: boi so cua Mmm
M m
R2
R1 +
s
R'
R1 + 2
s
R12 + X n2
2
+ Xn
R' 2
= R12 + x n2
sm
R'
2 R' 2 R1 + 2
sm
2
2
R' 2
2 R1 R' 2
+
s
s
71
at
R'2
lam tha so chung:
max
R' R s
2 2 1 m + 1
s m R' 2
M
=
M max
R'2 s s m
R
+
+ 2 1 s m
sm sm
s
R' 2
Rs
2 1 m + 1
M
R' 2
=
M max s s m
R
+
+ 2 1 s m
s
R' 2
sm
(2-26)
s m = s m k m + k m2 1
4. ac tnh c va van e on nh
Ta a biet: M2 = Mt M0
Do M0 << M2 nen ac tnh c cua ong c M2 =
f(n) co the coi bang Mt = f(n) va no co dang nh
M = f(s) h2-12.
Phan tch s lam viec on nh cua ong
Hnh 2.14 S lam viec on nh
c:
cua ong c ien va may cong
Gia s ong c lam viec vi 1 moment
phu tai Mc nao o. Theo phng trnh can bang moment ong c co the lam viec
hai iem A va B.
9 Xet trng hp may lam viec iem A: Neu v mot ly do nao o MCA
tang
MCA1 > MCA Ml < 0; nA nA1. Tai nA1: MA1 > MCA1 Ml > 0
nA1 nA nen iem A la iem lam viec on nh.
ieu kien lam viec on nh:
dM dM C
dM dM C
>
<
hay
ds
ds
dn
dn
hay
ds
ds
dn
dn
s=
n1 n
n1
n = n1(1-s)
Vi
s=
p Cu 2
Pt
p Cu 2 p Cu 2
= (1,5 5)% . So be ng
Pt
P2
ng thang M = 9,55
P2
.
n
P2 P1 p
p = P2
=
= 1
P1
P1
P1
P2 + p
% =
P2
.100
P2 + p
= arctg
Khi lam viec bnh thng M Mm nhng trong mot thi gian ngan, may co
the chu qua tai ln hn (qua tai) ma khong b h hong g th c goi la nang
lc qua tai cua may. Thng cac ong c cong suat be va trung bnh co kM = 1,6
1,8. ong c cong suat trung bnh va ln hn co kM = 1,8 2,5. ong c ac
biet kM = 2,8 3 va cao hn na.
II. Cac ac tnh cua ong c khong ong bo trong ieu kien khong
nh mc
1. ien ap khong nh mc:
Gia thiet U < Um, ta a biet M U12 nen khi U1 giam x lan th M giam x2
lan. Neu bo qua ien ap ri coi U 1 E 1 th khi U1 giam th s.. va cung
giam theo mc o nh vay. Neu moment tai M = C M I 2 cos 2 = const th I2 tang
lam nong may (he so trt phai thay oi e cho I2 bien thien nghch vi ).
Khi ong c ien lam viec vi ien ap thap tai nhe (< 40%) th p
giam, I2 tang t may t nong cos giam tang. Khi may lam viec ay tai nen
cung cap Um e I2 khoi tang.
2. Tan so khong nh mc f f1 .
Neu f = f1 5%f1 th coi nh f = const.
Neu bo qua ien ap ri: U E = 2f1 w 1 k dq f = const khi U = const th
1
. Khi f giam tang I0 tang pFe = m1I 02 rm tang (loi sat nong).
f
M C = C M I 2 cos 2 = const tang I2 giam s.Pt = pCu2 = m1 I' 22 r' 2
60f 1
giam may lam nguoi kem.
p
74
Th du 1:
Mot ong c ien khong ong bo ba pha rotor long soc co cac so lieu sau:
Pm = 11,9kW; Ufm = 220V; Ifm = 25A; f = 50Hz; 2p = 6; nm = 960vong/phut;
pCu1 = 745W; pCu2 = 480W; I2 = 20,25A; xn = x1 +x2 = 2,18 . Tnh moment
ien t cua ong c. Coi 1 = 1
Giai:
p Cu1
745
=
= 0,398
2
mI1
3.25 2
p
480
r'2 = Cu22 =
= 0,39
m1I'2 3.20,252
60f 60.50
Toc o ong bo:
n=
=
= 1000 vong/phut
p
3
n n 1000 960
He so trt:
s= 1
=
= 0,04
n1
1000
ien tr:
r1 =
M =
Moment ien t:
m1 pU 12 r ' 2 / s
r'
2
2f1 r1 + 2 + ( x1 + x' 2 )
s
3.3.220 2.0,39
0,04
= 120( Nm)
2
0,39
2 50 0,398 +
+ 2,18 2
0,04
Cau hoi:
1. Neu ien ap nguon giam i 5% th anh hng en Mmax, Mmm nh the
nao? Neu moment tai khong oi th anh hng en n, I1, , cos nh
the nao?
2. Mot ong c ien khong ong bo thiet ke vi tan so f = 60Hz neu em
dung tan so 50Hz va gi ien ap khong oi th ien khang tan,
cos , Mmax, Mmm va ton hao khong tai se thay oi nh the nao?Co
anh hng en cong suat cua may hay khong?
3. Moment phu cua ong c khong ong bo la nhng moment nao? Y
ngha va anh hng cua cac loai moment o?
4. Ve va giai thch cac ng ac tnh lam viec cua ong c khong ong
bo.
5. Cho nhng ket luan chnh khi ong c lam viec trong ieu kien khong
nh mc va ien ap khong oi xng.
2.7.
Cho mot ong khong ong bo rotor day quan co Pm = 155kW; p = 2;
U = 380V; au Y; pCu2 = 2210W; pc = 2640W; pf = 310W;
r2 = 0,012 .
75
76
d
dt
G.D 2
: hang so quan tnh
49
U 1pham
(R 1 + R ' 2 )2 + X 2n
d
>0
dt
= (4 7 )I m
I mm =
M mm
R 2n + x 2n
U m
Zn
m1 I 2mm r' 2
=
1
I mmk =
R 2n + (x n + x k )
M mmk =
m1 I 2mmk r' 2
1
T o ta co:
I mmk
=
I mm
R +x
2
n
2
n
R + (x n + x k )
2
n
= k <1
M mmk
R 2n + x 2n
= k2
= 2
2
M mm
R n + (x n + x k )
Theo phng phap nay Imm giam k lan th Mmm giam k2 lan. Phng phap
ch c dung trong cac trng hp ma van e tr so Mmm khong co y ngha quan
trong.
b) Dung bien ap t ngau ha ien ap m may:
Khi m may ong D1 va D3, khi n n m ong D2, ngat D3.
Goi: - U1, I1: la ien ap va dong ien cua li.
- Umm, Imm: ien ap tren cc ong c va dong
ien stator cua ong c khi m may.
- kT: la t so bien ap (kT < 1).
kT =
w1
U1
I'
=
= mm
w 2 U' mm
I1
78
Nh vay, khi m may bang bien ap t ngau dong ien t li vao s cap
may bien ap giam i k T2 so vi Imm khi noi trc tiep va moment m may giam k T2
lan so vi Mmm trc tiep.
c) Phng phap oi noi Y - :
Ch s dung vi ong c co 2 cap ien ap 220/380 va lam viec bnh thng
cap ien ap 220V.
Cach m may: ong cau dao oi noi D2 ve v tr
m may (Y).
ong D1 khi n n m oi D2 sang v tr lam viec.
Goi: - UL: la ien ap day cua li.
- UfY, U f : ien ap pha khi day quan noi Y, .
- ImmLY, I mmL : dong ien day m may trong li
khi au Y,
- ImmfY, I mmf : dong ien pha m may
trong day quan stator khi noi Y, .
- Zn: tong tr ngan mach mot pha.
Neu ong ong c ien vao li khi au Y: Hnh 3.4 M may bang
U
UL
phng phap sao tam giac
=I
= fY =
I
mmLY
mmfY
Zn
3.Z n
Va
U f U L
=
Zn
Zn
Lap:
3.U L
Zn
I mmLY
UL
Zn
1
=
=
.
I mmL
3.Z n 3.U L 3
60f 1
neu f1 a cho th khi p thay oi n1 thay
p
oi thay oi.
n = n1(1-s)
S o nguyen tac oi so oi cc: Co the oi noi
so oi cc stator bang cach sau:
at vao stator mot day quan va thay oi so cc
bang cach oi noi tng ng cac phan cua no, ch
dung vi ong c co 2 cap toc o co t so bien toc
2 : 1.
Che tao 2 day quan oc lap co so oi cc khac
nhau, ch dung vi ong c co t so bien toc 4/3 hoac 6/5.
Che tao 2 day quan oc lap tren stator, moi bo day
lai co oi noi cac cc.
V du: Muon cho ong c co 4 cap toc o quay ong
bo quay ong bo 1500, 1000, 750, 500vong/1 phut th
tren stator co the at 2 day quan: mot day quan co so
cc la 2p = 4 va 2p = 8, con mot day quan co so cc la
2p = 6 va 2p = 12.
Hnh 3.6 S o nguyen ly ve
thay oi so oi cc
80
Toc o
S o
Nhanh
Y//Y
Cham
Lien ket
Nguon vao T4; T5; T6
Noi tat T1 T2 T3
Nguon vao T1 , T2 , T3
Toc o
Nhanh
S o
Cham
Y//Y
Lien ket
Nguon vao T4; T5; T6
Nguon vao T1; T2; T3
Noi tat T4 T5 T6
Toc o
S o
Nhanh
Y//Y
Cham
Lien ket
Nguon vao T4; T5; T6
Noi tat T1 T2 T3
Nguon vao T1; T2; T3
Hnh 3.9 S o ra day, ong c hai cap toc o, loai moment va cong suat
thay oi (M,P =var).
81
Neu ong c rotor day quan phai oi noi so oi cc ong thi tren ca stator
va rotor, ieu nay hi phc tap nen cac ong c co oi noi so oi cc p thng la
rotor long soc. Cach oi noi tren hnh 3.6a, b goi la oi noi noi tiep, con cach oi
noi tren hnh 3.6c goi la oi noi song song.
Phng phap au gia cac pha e oi cc:
Tuy theo cach au Y hay va cach au day quan pha song song hay noi
tiep ma ngi ta che tao ong c ien hai toc o thanh hai loai: M = const va
P = const.
Khao sat lan lt tng s o oi toc o ta rut ra cac nhan xet e van hanh
cung nh tnh toan sa cha; e n gian khi khao sat ta at:
Ud : ien ap day nguon cung cap cho ong c.
I : Dong ien cho phep i qua day dan cua moi pha day quan (tng ng
vi mot gia tr mat o dong ien chon cho day dan).
th : Hieu suat ong c van hanh tai toc o thap (ng vi 2p2).
c : Hieu suat ong c van hanh tai toc o cao (ng vi 2p1).
Ud
3
(3-1)
(3-2)
Hay : th = 0,866. th
Pc
c . cos c
(3-3)
Ta suy ra: M c =
(3-4)
(3-5)
Trong o nc = 2nth
Vay :
Tom lai:
M th Pth n c
P
.
=
= 2 th
Mc
Pc n th
Pc
. cos th
M th
= 3 . th
Mc
c . cos c
(3-6)
(3-7)
Theo mot so tai lieu thiet ke may ien cho ong c 2 cap toc o t so bien toc
2/1 ta co c:
th . cos th
0,7
c . cos c
(3-8)
Pth
M
0,6 va th 1,2
Pc
Mc
TOM LAI:
Vi s o au oi toc o, dang Y//Y (toc o nhanh) va (toc o cham) khi thay
oi toc o:
Tai toc o thap cong suat at khoang 0,6 lan cong suat khi van hanh tai
toc o cao.
Tai toc o thap moment at khoang 1,2 lan moment khi van hanh tai toc
o cao (trong ky thuat ta co the xem nh moment khong oi).
b) Trng hp thay oi toc o (P = const).
+ Khi van hanh toc o cao ta co mach ien au .
+ ien ap moi pha day quan: U pha = U d
+ Dong ien moi pha la I.
+ Cong suat c tren truc ong c khi van hanh tai toc o cao la Pc ; ta co:
Pc = 3( U d )(I)c . cos c
(3-9)
Ud
3
- Dong ien qua moi pha la 2I (moi pha co 2 nhanh song song).
- Cong suat c tren truc ong c khi van hanh tai toc o thap la Pth :
U
Pth = 3 d (2I) th . cos th
3
Vay :
(3-10)
Suy ra :
. cos th
Pth
= 1,15. th
Pc
c . cos c
(3-11)
(3-12)
84
. cos th
M th
= 2,3. th
Mc
c . cos c
(3-13)
TOM LAI:
Vi s o au oi toc o dang au (toc o nhanh), Y//Y (toc o cham) khi
thay oi toc o:
Tai toc o thap cong suat bang 0,8 lan cong suat khi van hanh tai toc o
cao (trng hp nay, trong ky thuat xem nh cong suat khong oi).
Tai toc o thap moment gap 1,6 lan moment khi van hanh tai toc o cao.
c) Trng hp thay oi toc o, moment va cong suat thay oi (M, P =
var).
+ Khi van hanh toc o cao ta co mach ien au Y//Y.
+ ien ap moi pha day quan: U pha =
Ud
3
+ Dong ien moi pha la 2I (mot pha co hai nhanh song song).
+ Cong suat c tren truc ong c khi van hanh tai toc o cao la Pc ; ta co:
U
Pc = 3 d (2I) c . cos c
3
Vay : Pc = 2 3 (U d .I) c . cos c
(3-14)
Ud
3
85
(3-15)
=
= 0,5. th
Pc 2 3 (U d .I ) c . cos c
c . cos c
Suy ra:
M th th . cos th
=
M c c . cos c
(3-16)
(3-17)
TOM LAI:
Vi s o au oi toc o, dang Y//Y (toc o nhanh) va Y (toc o cham) khi thay
oi toc o:
Tai toc o thap, cong suat at khoang 0,35 lan cong suat khi van hanh tai
toc o cao.
Tai toc o thap moment at khoang 0,7 lan moment khi van hanh tai toc
o cao.
n = n (1 s ) =
60f 1
(1 s )
p
M'
M
(1)
U'1 f '1
U
=
1 = const Tc la ien
U1
f1
f1
1
1
M
n
f1
86
M' f 1
=
the vao (1), ta co:
M f '1
Tc la
U'1 f '1
=
U1
f1
f1
U' 2 f '
U' 2
21 = 1 1 = const
f '1
f1
f '1
U1
Khi M n 2 (M f 2 ) :
U'
f '2
U
M' f '12
= 2 1 = 21 21 = const
M f1
U1 f1
f1
e M = const. Nhng: s =
1
lan
x
p Cu 2 m1 I' 22 r' 2
1
=
; Pt = M 11 = const s' = 2 s
Pt
M 11
x
(v M = const, 1 = const).
Toc o quay cua rotor:
n = n 1 (1 s') = n 1 1 2 s
x
4. Them ien tr phu Rf vao mach cua rotor (oi vi rotor day
quan):
Hien tng vat ly cua qua trnh xay ra khi ieu chnh toc o: a Rf vao n
cha thay oi kp I2 giam M = c M I 2 cos 2 giam Ml < 0 n giam
s tang E2s = sE2 tang tang at ti tr so ma M = Mc.
Ta hay xem cac ng cong M = f(s) tren hnh: Neu M = const th ong c
lam viec on nh tng ng vi cac iem a, b, c, d. Ta thay rang khi a Rf vao
87
rotor co the ieu chnh c n < nm trong mot gii han u rong. Xong do co ton
hao tren Rf ( p CuR ) P2 giam giam.
f
60f 60.50
=
= 1500vg / phut.
p
2
He so trt nh mc:
s m =
n 1 n 1500 1485
=
= 0,01
n1
1500
r2 r' 2 + rf
=
s
s'
r s' r2 s r2 (s's) 0,02(0,3 0,01)
rf = 2
=
=
= 0,58
s
s
0,01
1
s
X2
88
X2 =
X=
U' =
s 0,01 1
=
=
s' 0,3 30
1
30
1
1
U m =
U m = 0,183U m
X
30
Cau hoi:
1. Tai sao khi them ien tr phu vao mach rotor th co the cai thien c ac
tnh m may cua ong c ien khong ong bo rotor day quan? Neu them
ien khang vao th ac tnh m may co b anh hng khong?
2. Tom tat cac phng phap m may ong c khong ong bo va so sanh u
nhc iem cua moi phng phap.
3. Trong ong c ien rotor day quan, neu noi ien khang vao mach ien
rotor th co the ieu chnh toc o c khong, luc o ac tnh c thay oi
nh the nao?Mmm, Mmax, sm, sm, hieu suat, cos thay oi nh the nao?
4. Tom tat cac phng phap ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo, so
sanh u khuyet iem va pham vi ng dung cua tng phng phap?
89
I. ai cng
ong c khong ong bo mot pha
thng c c dung trong cac dung cu
sinh hoat va cong nghiep, cong suat t vai
watt en khoang vai nghn watt va noi vao
li ien xoay chieu 1 pha.
Do nguyen ly m may khac nhau va
yeu cau tnh nang khac nhau ma xuat hien
nhng ket cau khac nhau, nhng noi cho
cung van co ket cau c ban giong nh ong
c ien KB ba pha, ch khac la tren stator
co 2 day quan: Day quan chnh hay day quan
Hnh 4.1 ong c ien
lam viec va day quan phu hay day quan m
khong ong bo 1 pha.
may. Rotor thng la long soc. Day quan chnh
thng c noi vao li ien trong suot qua trnh lam viec, con day quan phu
thng ch noi vao khi m may. Trong qua trnh m may, khi toc o at en 75
en 80% toc o ong bo th dung ngat ien kieu ly tam cat day quan phu ra khoi
li. Co loai ong c sau khi m may, day quan phu van noi vao li. o la
ong c ien mot pha kieu ien dung (hay con goi la ong c ien hai pha).
Hnh 4.2 Nguyen ly lam viec cua ong c ien khong ong bo 1 pha.
au tien, ta xet che o lam viec cua ong c ien mot pha khi day quan
m may a ngat ra khoi li. Day quan lam viec noi vi ien ap mot pha, dong
ien trong day quan se sinh ra t trng ap mach . T trng nay co the phan
90
tch thanh hai t trng quay A va B co chieu ngc nhau, co n1A = n1B va
bien o bang bien o t trng ap mach (hnh 4.2a). Nh vay, co the xem
ong c ien mot pha tng ng nh 2 ong c ien ba pha giong nhau co
rotor at tren cung mot truc va day quan stator noi noi tiep nhau sao cho t
trng cua chung sinh ra trong khong gian theo chieu ngc nhau (hnh 4.2b).
en lt chung lai tng ng mot ong c ien ba pha co hai day quan noi noi
tiep nhau tao ra A va B (hnh 4.2c).
Trong ong c ien mot pha cung nh trong hai mo hnh cua chung, t
trng quay thuan va quay nghch tac dung vi dong ien rotor do chung sinh ra
tao thanh 2 moment MA va MB. Khi ong c ng yen (s = 1) th MA = MB va
ngc chieu nhau, do o moment tong M = MA + MB = 0. ong c khong quay
c ngay ca khi khong co Mc tren truc.
Neu quay rotor cua ong c ien theo mot chieu nao o (v du quay theo
chieu cua t trng day quan A nh hnh 4.2b) vi toc o n th tan so cua s..,
dong ien cam ng rotor do t trng quay thuan A sinh ra se la:
f 2A =
p(n 1 n ) pn 1 (n 1 n )
=
= sf 1
60
60n 1
p(n 1 + n ) pn 1 2n 1 (n 1 n )
=
[
] = (2 s)f 1
60
60
n1
Hnh 4.3 ac tnh M = f(s) cua ong c ien khong ong bo 1 pha.
Khi s = 1 th M = 0, ong c khong the bat au quay c khi tren stator ch
co mot day quan va ieu kien lam viec cua ong c khi rotor quay theo chieu
91
III. Phng phap m may va cac loai ong c ien mot pha
1. Cac phng phap m may:
i.Dung day quan phu:
Nh chung ta a biet, neu ch co day quan chnh noi vao li ien th t
trng trong day quan mot pha la t trng ap mach, nen ong c ien khong
ong bo mot pha khong the t m may c v khi s = 1 th M = 0. Muon ong
c t m may (khi ong) th t trng trong may phai la t trng quay hoac t
nhat t trng quay ngc B phai yeu hn so vi t trng quay thuan A , e
tao ra t trng quay co the dung vong ngan mach hoac day quan phu va phan
t m may. Day quan phu at lech pha vi day quan chnh mot goc 900 ien
trong khong gian tren mach t stator, phan t m may dung e tao s lech pha
ve thi gian gia dong ien trong day quan chnh va day quan phu co the la ien
tr, cuon day hoac tu ien, tu ien c dung pho bien v dung tu ong c co
moment m may ln, he so cong suat cos cao va dong ien m may tng oi
nho.
. Dung ien tr e m may:
e lam cho Imm lech pha so vi Ilv
ta noi them mot ien tr hay ien cam
vao cuon day m may. Mmm cua loai
ong c nay tng oi nho. Trong thc
te
te ch can tnh toan sao cho ban than day
quan phu co ien tr tng oi ln la
c (dung boi day quan ngc) khong
can noi them ien tr ngoai.
Hnh 4.4 M may bang ien tr
. Dung tu ien m may:
92
93
Hnh 4.8 ong c ien 1 pha kieu ien dung khi U ng = U pha
-
S o hnh 4.8a
+ ien ap nguon bang ien ap pha cua ong c Ung = Uf.
+ ien dung lam viec cua tu ien C LV = 4800
If
F
U ng
S o hnh 4.8b
+ ien ap nguon bang ien ap pha cua ong c Ung = Uf
+ ien dung lam viec cua tu ien C LV = 1600
If
F
U ng
94
ii.Khi ien ap nguon ien 1 pha bang ien ap day cua ong c ba pha.
Co the au day theo s o sau:
- S o hnh 4.9b
+ Ung = Ud
If
F
U ng
+ C LV = 2740
If
F
U ng
+ U c 1,15U ng
thch lay li ien xoay chieu, nguon ieu khien lay tn hieu ieu khien, co
nhieu loai ieu khien : ieu khien bien o, ieu khien pha, ieu khien hon hp
(ca bien o va pha). Tong quat t trng quay co the la ellip do tnh bat oi
xng cua ien ap hoac pha (pha nho hn 900).
Khi co tn hieu ieu khien trong khe h se hnh thanh t trng quay va
ong c lam viec vi ac tnh moment thuan (ac tnh c thong thng). Khi mat
tn hieu ieu khien, trong day quan stator ch con nguon ien 1 pha ( Ukt), t
trng ap mach do dong ien 1 pha sinh ra c phan thanh 2 t trng quay
thuan va ngc, tng ng ta co 2 ac tnh c thuan va ngc, ac tnh c tong
M se tao ra 1 moment ngc vi moment thuan (la ac tnh c thong thng cua
ong c KB khi co ca 2 ien ap kch thch va ieu khien) lam rotor ng lai
(H 4.10c).
97
I2 =
E 2 F E 2T .e j
.
Z 2 F Z 2T
99
100
PHAN V
MAY IEN ONG BO
101
1. Phan loai
- Theo ket cau co the chia may ien ong bo lam 2 loai:
+ May ien ong bo cc an thch hp vi toc o cao (2p = 2).
+ May ien ong bo cc loi thch hp khi toc o thap (2p 4) .
- Theo chc nang co the chia may ien ong bo thanh:
+ May phat ien ong bo:
May phat turbin hi co n cao thng c che tao cc an co truc may nam
ngang.
May phat turbin nc: V toc o thap, thng che tao theo cc loi.
May phat Diezen: Keo bi ong c Diezen thng cau tao cc loi.
+ ong c ien ong bo: Thng c che tao cc loi, e keo cac tai khong
oi hoi phai thay oi toc o.
+ May bu ong bo: e cai thien he so cos cua li.
2. Ket cau
a) May ong bo cc an:
Rotor lam bang thep hp kim chat lng cao c ren thanh khoi tru, gia
cong phay ranh e at day quan kch t, phan khong phay ranh hnh thanh mat
cc t. May co the c che tao vi so cc t 2p = 2 va 2p = 4 nen co toc o
quay cao. May ong bo hien ai cc an thng 2p = 2, D = (1,1 1,15)m, chieu
dai toi a cua rotor l 6,5m .
Day quan kch t at trong ranh cua rotor c che tao bang day ong
tran tiet dien ch nhat quan theo chieu mong thanh cac boi day ong tam. Cac
102
vong day c cach ien vi nhau. Hai au cua day quan th i luon vao trong
truc noi vi 2 vanh trt va choi than.
Stator tng t nh cua may ien khong ong bo, loi thep c ghep
bang cac la ton silic E41 day 0,5 mm co phu sn cach ien 2 mat.
b) May ong bo cc loi:
Cac cc loi c che tao vi so cc 2p 4 . ng knh rotor D co the ln
ti 15m . Chieu dai l nho lai vi t le l/D = 0,15 en 0,2.
Rotor cua may ien ong bo cc loi cong suat nho va trung bnh co loi
thep c che tao bang thep uc va gia cong thanh khoi lang tru hoac khoi hnh
tru, tren co at cac cc t. Cc t tren loi thep rotor c ghep bang cac la thep
day (1 1,5)mm (hnh 1.1), co nh cc t tren loi thep nh uoi hnh T, ai
oc,
Stator cua may ien ong bo cc loi giong nh stator cua may ien ong
bo cc an.
Truc cua may ong bo cc loi co the at nam ngang nh cac ong c
ong bo, may bu ong bo, may phat ien Diezen, may phat turbin nc cong
suat nho.
oi vi may phat tuabin nc cong suat ln, toc o cham , truc cua may
c at thang ng.
1.3. NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC C BAN
a. Cc loi 2p = 4
b. Cc an 2p = 2
Hnh 1.3 Cau tao cua may ien ong bo.
1. Stator (phan ng); 2. Rotor (phan cam); 3. Cuon kch t
Stator cua may ien ong bo co cau tao giong nh stator cua may ien
khong ong bo. Day quan ba pha hay m pha noi chung cua stator cung co so oi
cc nh rotor. Stator co day quan goi la phan ng. Rotor cua may ien ong bo
co cuon day kch t, c cung cap dong ien mot chieu t nguon qua 2 vanh
trt va choi than. Cong dung cua cuon kch t la tao ra trong may mot t
trng. Rotor cung cuon kch t goi la phan cam. Nguyen ly lam viec nh sau:
Cho dong ien kch t mot chieu vao day quan kch t tren rotor th se tao
ra t trng rotor. Khi quay rotor bang ong c s cap vi toc o n, t trng cua
rotor se cat day quan phan ng stator va cam ng tren o s.. xoay chieu hnh
sin (neu t trng phan bo trong khe h khong kh la hnh sin), co tr so hieu
dung la:
E 0 = 4,44 fw1 k dq1
Trong o: E0, w1, kdq, la s.. pha, so vong day mot pha, he so day quan, t
thong trung bnh di moi cc t rotor. Neu rotor co p oi cc th tan so cua s..
se la.
f = p.n(Hz), n tnh bang vong/giay.
104
p.n
(Hz), n tnh bang vong/phut.
60
Sc ien ong stator bao gom mot he thong s.. ba pha oi xng, co cac
truc lech nhau trong khong gian 1200 ien, cho nen s.. cac pha lech nhau 1200
ien. Khi noi day quan stator vi cac tai 3 pha oi xng th trong cac cuon day
nay se mang 1 he thong dong ien oi xng luc o se tao nen t trng quay
cung nh day quan stator cua may ien khong ong bo. T trng quay cua
stator se quay theo chieu quay cua rotor vi toc o:
f =
n1 =
60 f
p
1. ai cng
T trng trong may ien ong bo la do dong ien trong cac day quan
stator va rotor sinh ra. Khi may ien lam viec khong tai, trong day quan xoay
chieu stator khong co dong ien (I = 0) t trng trong may ien ch do dong
ien mot chieu It chay trong day quan kch t at tren cac cc t sinh ra. Neu
rotor quay, t trng cua cac cc t nay quet cac day quan cua stator va cam
ng trong o s.. khong tai E0 cua may.
Khi may lam viec co tai ( I 0 ) th ngoai t trng cua cc t con t trng
cua dong ien tai I sinh ra. Khi co tai t trng trong may la tong cua 2 t
trng:
+ T trng do day quan kch t It sinh ra, tao ra s.. E0.
+ T trng do dong ien phu tai I i qua day quan phan ng gay nen goi la t
trng phan ng tao ra s.. E. Neu la may ba pha th t trng do dong ien tai
ba pha chay trong day quan ba pha la t trng quay. T trng nay co the phan
tch thanh t trng c ban va cac t trng bac cao co chieu quay va toc o
khac nhau. Trong so cac t trng nay, t trng c ban la quan trong nhat v co
toc o va chieu quay giong t trng cac cc t.
Sc ien ong (s..) do t trng trong khe h sinh ra:
.
E = E0 + E
2. Phan ng phan ng
Khi may phat ien lam viec, t trng cua cc t rotor t cat day quan
stator cam ng ra s.. E0 cham pha so vi t mot goc 900. Day quan stator noi
vi tai tao nen dong ien I cung cap cho tai. Dong ien I trong day quan stator
tao nen t trng quay phan ng. Goc lech pha gia E0 va I do tnh chat cua tai
quyet nh, tac dung cua t trng phan ng len cc t goi la phan ng phan
ng.
106
c) Tai thuan tr R:
Khi tai la oi xng va thuan tr th dong
ien ba pha trong day quan stator se trung pha
vi cac s.. tng ng ( = 0 ) nh hnh 2.1,
la goc lech pha gia E& va I& .
Dong ien sinh ra t thong phan ng
cung pha vi dong ien. Phng cua F thang
goc vi phng cua Ft va phan ng phan ng
la ngang truc (lam meo t trng cua cc t),
Ft : t trng cc t vt trc s.. 1 goc
900.
i.
Tai thuan cam L:
S.. E vt trc dong ien I mot goc
= + 900 nh hnh 2.2 ta thay F va Ft cung
phng nhng ngc chieu va phan ng
phan ng la doc truc kh t co tac dung
lam giam t trng tong.
ii.
Tai thuan dung C:
S.. E cham sau dong ien I mot goc 900
ngha la = 90 0 chieu cua F trung vi chieu
Ft, phan ng phan ng la doc truc tr t co tac
dung lam tang t trng tong.
Hnh 2.3 o th vec t sc ien ong
tai thuan dung = -900
iii.
Tai hon hp:
Co the phan tch F ra lam hai thanh phan
doc truc va ngang truc:
Fd = Fsin
Fq = Fcos
Tng t ta phan tch dong ien I lam hai thanh
phan:
Id = I.sin
Hnh 2.4 o th vec t sc ien ong tai
Idq = I.cos
hon hp 0 < < 90 0
107
(2-1)
U = E I(r + jx )
(2-2)
U = E + I (r + jx )
Trong o:
U la ien ap 2 au cc may.
r, x : ien tr, ien khang tan cua day quan phan ng.
E : S.. cam ng trong day quan do t trng khe h F sinh ra.
Khi mach t cua may khong bao hoa co the xem nh cac t trng Ft, F
oc lap sinh ra trong day quan cac s.. E0, E theo nguyen ly xep chong ta co:
.
(2-3)
E = E0 + E
U = E I(r + jx )
.
U = E 0 + E I(r + jx )
.
Ta co: E = j I x nen
.
U = E 0 I[r + j(x + x )]
(2-4)
U = E 0 I(r + jx b )
108
o th vector:
Vector j I x do t thong tan sinh ra khong phu thuoc vao t dan cua khe h
109
theo cac hng doc truc va ngang truc. Tuy nhien co the phan tch no thanh cac
.
= j I q x j I d x
U = E 0 + E d + E q I(r + jx )
.
= E 0 j I d x d j I q x q I r j I x
.
= E 0 j I d ( x d + x ) j I q ( x q + x ) I r
.
(2-5)
= E 0 j I d x d j I q x q I r
ien E 0 va cac ien ap ri Ir, jIxb. ong c ien ong bo thng co cau tao cc
loi nen ta co:
.
U = E 0 E d E q + I(r + jx )
.
= E 0 + j I d x d + j I q x q + I r + j I x
.
= E 0 + j I d x d + j I q x q + I r
trong o:
(2-6)
E d = jIx d , E q = jIx q
111
Cong suat ien P2 au ra se bang cong suat ien t tr i ton hao ong
p Cu tren day quan phan ng va ton hao sat t p Fe :
P2 = Pt p Cu p Fe
2. oi vi ong c ien
Gia thiet P1 la cong suat ien a vao ong c. Mot phan e bu vao ton hao
ong p Cu va ton hao thep p Fe cua stator, phan con lai la cong suat ien t
chuyen t stator sang rotor.
Pt = P1 p Cu p Fe
Cong suat Pt tr i ton hao do ma sat va quat gio p c va ton hao phu p f
con lai chuyen thanh cong suat c co ch P2 th qua trnh bien oi nang lng
tien hanh ngc lai. Gian o nang lng cua may phat ien va ong c ien
ong bo trnh bay tren hnh 2.8. Ta thay trng hp ong c ien, cong suat
ien t Pt truyen qua t trng stator sang rotor, ngoai ra ton hao kch t p t lay
t cong suat ien cua li khac trng hp may phat ien, lay t cong suat c
tren truc.
112
Trong o:
E 0 U cos
xd
Iq =
U sin
xq
(2-7)
va = do o:
E0
U2 1
1
sin + m
( ) sin 2
xd
2 xq xd
(2-8)
) sin 2
x d*
2 x q* x d*
Ta nhan thay cong suat ien t gom 2 thanh phan: Thanh phan Pc = mU
(2-9)
E0
sin
xd
la thanh phan cong suat ien t chnh cua may phat. No phu thuoc vao ien li
U va s kch t hoac s.. E0.
Thanh phan th 2: Pp = m
U2 1
1
( ) sin 2 la thanh phan cong suat ien t phu,
2 xq xd
khong phu thuoc vao s kch t va ch xuat hien khi xd xq. oi vi may cc an
xd = xq nen thanh phan nay bang khong. T bieu thc (2-9) ta co:
P=
mUE
sin
xd
(2-10)
Tren hnh 2.9 ve cac quan he gia hai thanh phan Pc va Pp cua cong suat tong P
trong trng hp may phat ien cc loi khi E0 = const va U = const.
113
Hnh 2.9 ac tnh goc cong suat tac dung cua may phat ien
ong bo cc loi.
V khi co tr so dng hoac am, tr so cua Q theo cong thc tren van
khong oi nen ac tnh goc cong suat phan khang cua may phat ien va ong c
ien ong bo giong nhau va co dang nh hnh 2.10.
Th du:
Mot may phat ien turbin nc co cac tham so x d = 0,843 ; x q = 0,554 . Gia th
may lam viec tai nh mc vi Um; Im; cos m = 0,8 .Hay tnh sc ien ong
(s..)E0, goc tai m va o thay oi ien ap U .
Giai:
Ta co: U& m = 10 0
I&m = 1 36 0 9 (v cos m = 0,8 ; m = 36 0 9 )
U& m + jI&m x q = 10 0 + (1 36 0 9).0,554
= 1 + j (0,8 j 0,6).0,554
= 1,332 + j 0,443
0,443
m = artg
= 18 0 5
1,332
Goc gia cac vect E& va U& co tr so:
0
= m + m = 36 0 9 + 18 0 5 = 55 0 4
E& 0 = U cos + I d x d
Cau hoi:
1. V sao trong may phat ien ong bo cc loi phai chia sc t ong F
thanh 2 thanh phan Fd va Fq?
2. Neu ro s khac nhau gia o th s... va o th sc t ong cua may
phat ien ong bo.
115
Hnh 3-1 S o noi day xac nh ac tnh cua may phat ien ong bo.
E0 = + jI xd
(3-1)
I no
I m
(3-2)
K=
U m
xd
(3-3)
U m
1
=
x d I m x d*
I no i to
=
I m i tn
(3-4)
Trong o:
it0 la dong ien kch thch khi khong tai luc U0 = Um.
Itn la dong ien kch thch luc ngan mach khi I = Im.
117
U m % =
E 0 U m
100
U m
(3-5)
5. ac tnh tai
ac tnh tai la quan he U = f(it)
khi I = const; cos = const va f = fm.
Vi cac tr so khac nhau cua I va
cos se co cac ac tnh tai khac
nhau, trong o co y ngha nhat la ac
tnh tai thuan cam ng vi
cos = 0( = ) va I = Im.
2
o th vector tng ng vi che o lam viec o khi bo qua tr so rat nho cua r
nh hnh 3-9.
ac tnh tai thuan cam co the suy ra c
t ac tnh khong tai va tam giac ien khang.
Cach thanh lap tam giac ien khang nh sau:
T ac tnh ngan mach (ng 2 tren
hnh 3-8) e co tr so In = Im, dong ien kch
thch itn hoac s.t. Ftn can thiet bang
Ftn i tn = OC . Nh a biet (xem muc 2), khi
may lam viec che o ngan mach, s.t. cua
cc t Ftn = OC gom 2 phan: mot phan e
khac phuc phan ng kh t cua phan ng
BC = k d Fd sinh ra Ed; phan con lai
OB = OC BC se sinh ra s.. tan t
.
thang cua ac tnh khong tai (ng 1) v luc o mach t khong bao hoa. Tam
giac ABC c hnh thanh nh tren c goi la tam giac ien khang. Cac canh
BC va AB cua tam giac eu ty le vi dong ien tai nh mc
Im.
Di ay trnh bay cach thanh lap ac tnh tai thuan cam t ac tnh khong
tai va tam giac ien khang.
em tnh tien tam giac ien khang ABC (hoac tam giac OAC cung c)
sao cho nh A ta tren ac tnh khong tai th nh C se ve thanh ac tnh tai
thuan cam (ng 3). Neu cac canh cua tam giac ien khang c ve ty le vi
dong ien tai I = Im, th ac tnh tai thuan cam U = f(it) tren la ng vi I = Im.
e chng minh ta chu y rang, hai trng hp ngan mach vi I = Im va tai
thuan cam vi I = Im, s.. E va phan ng kh t Fd khong thay oi, do o
cac canh AB = E va BC = k d Fd cua tam giac ien khang eu khong oi. Nh
vay vi 1 s.. tuy y cua cc t F0 = OP luc khong tai, ien ap au cc may U0 =
E0 = PM, con khi co tai thuan cam vi I = Im, ien ap au cc may U = PC. S
d nh vay v luc co tai thuan cam nh tren, s.t. co hieu lc ch bang OP PQ =
OQ (trong o PQ = BC = BC la phan ng kh t cua phan ng) va s..
E = QA' . Ket qua la U = E E = QA'AB' = QA'AB = QB' = PC' .
Tren thc te do anh hng cua bao hoa, ac tnh tai thuan cam co c
bang th nghiem tai trc tiep hi khac va co dang nh ng net t. Nguyen
nhan cua s sai khac o la cho, khi dong ien kch t tang, cc t cua may
cang bao hoa do t thong tan cua day quan kch t ln hn th s.t. cua cc t
can thiet e khac phuc phan ng kh t cua phan ng cang phai ln hn, ngha
la canh BC cua tam giac ien khang cang phai dai hn.
120
3.2. GHEP MAY PHAT IEN ONG BO LAM VIEC SONG SONG
Hnh 3.10 Hoa ong bo may phat ien 3 pha bang anh sang
a) Hoa ong bo kieu anh sang:
Ta co the hoa ong bo kieu anh sang bang hai phng phap: phng phap
noi toi hay en toi (may phat ien 2) va phng phap anh sang quay (may phat
ien 3).
. Phng phap en toi:
S o hoa ong bo bang phng phap
en toi c the hien tren H3.10a va H3.11.
Quay may phat 2 en n = n1.
ieu chnh cho UFII = UL khi UFII trung
pha va cung th t pha vi UL th khong co
ien ap at tren cac en nen cac en se toi.
Neu tan so may phat va li khong bang
nhau th cac vector ien ap li va may phat
se quay vi cac toc o goc khac nhau, goc
lech pha gia chung se thay oi t 0 en
Hnh 3.11 o th vector ien ap
1800, ien ap at len cac en se thay oi t
pha cua li va may phat noi
0 en hai lan ien ap pha va en se lan lt
theo phng phap en toi.
sang toi, s sai khac ve ien ap gia may
phat va li cang ln th cac en sang toi
cang nhanh: khi f FII f L nhieu th en nhap nhay rat nhanh, khi f FII f L th en
sang toi rat cham. Khi en toi tng oi lau (khoang 3 en 5 giay) th ngi ta
122
may phat ien vao li theo phng phap t ong bo khi mach kch t h mach
v luc ay trong cuon day kch t se cam ng ra mot s.. ln hn co the lam hong
cach ien.
Phng phap t ong bo cho phep hoa ong
bo nhanh chong khi can x ly khan cap.
Tuy nhien co khuyet iem la dong ien
ong cau dao kha ln.
124
1. ieu chnh cong suat tac dung P cua may phat ien ong bo.
a)
Trng hp may phat ien lam viec trong he thong ien cong suat
vo cung ln.
trng hp nay U va f la khong oi nen neu gi dong ien kch thch It
khong oi th E0 la hang so, theo bieu thc (2-8) th P la ham so cua goc va
ng bieu dien cua no co dang nh a biet tren hnh 2-9. che o lam viec
xac lap cong suat tac dung P cua may ng vi goc nhat nh phai can bang
vi cong suat c tren truc quay may phat ien. ng bieu dien cong suat c
cua ong c s cap c bieu th bang ng thang song song vi truc ngang
va cat ac tnh goc iem A tren hnh 3-14. Nh vay muon ieu chnh cong
suat tac dung P cua may phat th phai thay oi goc , ngha la dch chuyen
giao iem A bang cach thay oi cong suat c tren truc may. Cong suat tac
dung cc ai Pm ma may phat ien co the cung cap cho he thong ien ng vi
khi dP d = 0 .
Ap dung ieu kien o oi
vi bieu thc (2-9) cua may phat
ong bo cc an suy ra c
m = 90 0 va:
Pm =
mE 0 U
(3-6)
xd
A 2 + 8B 2 A
4B
Trong o: A =
Va Pm =
mE 0 U
xd
B = mU 2 (
1
1
)
xq xd
mE 0 U
mU 2 1
1
sin m +
( ) sin 2 m
xd
2 xq xd
(3-7)
Khi ieu chnh cong suat tac dung can chu y rang may phat ien ong bo
ch lam viec on nh tnh khi 0 < < m . e thay ro ieu o, gia th rang may
ang lam viec giao iem A ng vi 1 < m . Neu do mot nguyen nhan nao o
cong suat c Pc cua ong c s cap tang len trong mot thi gian ngan, sau o lai
tr ve tr so ban au th rotor cua cac may phat ien se quay nhanh hn. Nh vay
goc se tang them + va tng ng cong suat P se tang them P . V luc o
cong suat Pc a tr ve tr so ban au nen P + P > Pc, ket qua la rotor se b
ghm va may phat ien tr lai lam viec goc ban au sau vai chu ky dao
ong. Trai lai neu may phat ien lam viec xac lap 2 > m , v du iem B
tren hnh 3-14 th khi cong suat c thay oi nh tren, goc tang them se lam
125
cho P cua may phat ien giam, nh vay P < Pc, ket qua la rotor quay nhanh
them, goc cang tang va may phat ien se mat ong bo vi li ien.
T nhng ieu noi tren ta thay rang, khi ieu chnh cong suat tac dung ma muon
gi cho may phat ien lam viec on nh th phai co ieu kien sau:
dP
>0
d
Trong o
(3-8)
dP
c goi la cong suat chnh bo ac trng cho kha nang gi cho may
d
Pcb =
mE0U
1
1
cos + mU 2 ( ) cos 2
xd
xq xd
Va oi vi may cc an:
Pcb =
(3-9)
mE 0 U
cos
x b
ng bieu dien cong suat chnh bo nh tren hnh (3-14). Ta thay khi
khong tai ( = 0) , kha nang chnh bo tc kha nang cua P gia cong suat c a
vao may va cong suat tac dung a ra li ien ng vi s thay oi lam cho
may phat van duy tr lam viec ong bo vi li ien la ln nhat, con khi = m
th kha nang chnh bo bang 0.
Tren thc te van hanh e e phong trng hp U hoac E0 giam hoac nhng
nguyen nhan khac lam cho cong suat P a ra li ien giam theo nhng van
duy tr ong bo, may phat ien thng lam viec vi cong suat nh mc Pm ng
vi < 30 0 . Nh vay kha nang qua tai cua may phat ien ong bo c xac nh
bang t so:
km =
Pm
Pm
1
sin m
Theo quy nh th can am bao km > 1,7 va muon nh vay th may phai co t
so ngan mach K ln, ngha la xd phai nho (hoac khe h ln).
Can chu y rang khi ieu chnh cong suat tac dung P, do thay oi nen
cong suat phan khang cung thay oi theo.
b) Trng hp may phat ien cong suat tng t lam viec song song
Gia s co hai may phat ien cong suat bang nhau lam viec song song.
trng hp nay, trong ieu kien tai cua li ien khong oi, khi tang cong suat
tac dung cua mot may ma khong giam tng ng cong suat tac dung cua may
kia th tan so cua li ien se thay oi cho en khi co s can bang mi va khien
cho ho dung ien phai lam viec trong ieu kien tan so khac nh mc. V vay, e
gi cho f = const khi tang cong suat tac dung cua mot may th phai giam cong
suat tac dung cua may kia. Chnh cung bang cach o ma co the thay oi s phan
phoi cong suat tac dung gia hai may.
126
2. ieu chnh cong suat phan khang cua may phat ien ong bo
mUE 0
sin P1 = const , trong o U, xb khong
x b
oi nen P E 0 sin = OB = const. va mut cua vector E luon nam tren ng thang
2 thang goc vi OB.
Ket qua phan tch cho thay rang, muon ieu chnh cong suat phan khang Q
th phai thay oi dong ien kch thch It cua may phat ien.
Vi moi tr so cua P = const., thay oi Q va ve o th vector s.. nh tren ta
xac nh c quan he I = f(It) goi la ac tnh hnh V cua may phat ien ong bo.
Thay oi cac tr so cua P vi phng phap tren se thanh lap c mot ho cac ac
tnh hnh V tng ng vi khi cos = 1 . Khu vc ben phai cua ng Am ng vi
tai co tnh cam > 0 va che o lam viec qua kch thch cua may phat ien, khu
vc ben trai cua ng o ng vi tai co tnh dung ( < 0 ) va che o lam viec
thieu kch thch cua may. ng Bn ng vi gii han lam viec on nh cua li
khi may phat ien lam viec che o thieu kch thch.
phan khang se tang lam thay oi ien ap U cua li ien, anh hng en trang
thai lam viec bnh thng cua ho dung ien. Nh vay e duy tr trang thai lam
viec bnh thng cua li ien vi U = const, khi tang dong ien kch thch cua
mot may th phai giam tng ng dong ien kch thch cua may th hai. Bang
phng phap o se thc hien c s phan phoi lai cong suat phan khang Q gia
hai may phat ien.
day quan nay h mach se co ien ap cao, lam hong cach ien cua day quan, do
luc bat au m may t trng quay cua stator quet no vi toc o ong bo.
Cung can chu y rang, neu em noi ngan mach day quan kch thch th se
tao thanh mach mot pha co ien tr nho rotor va sinh ra moment can ln khien
cho toc o quay cua rotor khong the vt qua toc o bang mot na toc o ong
bo. Hien tng nay co the giai thch nh sau. Dong ien co tan so f2 = sf1 trong
day quan kch thch b noi ngan mach se sinh ra t trng ap mach. T trng
nay co the phan tch thanh hai t trng quay thuan va quay ngc vi chieu
quay cua rotor tng oi so vi rotor n1 n, trong o n1 la toc o t trng quay
cua stator va n la toc o cua rotor.
T trng quay thuan co toc o so vi day quan phan tnh:
nth = n + (n1 n) = n1
ngha la quay ong bo vi t trng quay cua stator. Tac dung cua no vi t
trng quay cua stator tao nen moment khong ong bo va ho tr vi moment
khong ong bo do day quan m may sinh ra va co dang nh ng 1 tren hnh
3-18.
T trng quay ngc co toc so vi day quan phan tnh:
nng = n (n1 n) = 2n n1 = 2n (1-s) n1 = n1 (1-2s) va sinh ra trong day quan
phan tnh dong ien tan so:
f = f1(1-2s)
Nh vay khi 0,5 < s < 1 , ngha la toc
o quay cua rotor n < n1/2 th t trng
quay ngc quay so vi day quan phan
tnh theo chieu ngc so vi chieu quay
cua rotor. Tac dung cua no vi dong ien
phan tnh tan so f se sinh ra moment phu
cung dau va ho tr vi moment khong
ong bo do t trng quay thuan tac dung
vi day quan m may (ng 2 tren hnh
3-18). Khi s = 0,5 (n < n1/2), t trng quay
Hnh 3.18 ng cong momen
ngc ng yen so vi day quan phan tnh,
cua ong c ong bo m may
moment phu bang khong. Va khi 0 < s <
khong ong bo vi day quan
0,5 (n < n1/2), th t trng quay ngc se
kch t b noi ngan mach.
quay cung chieu vi chieu quay rotor. Tac
dung cua no vi dong ien phan tnh tan so f luc o sinh ra moment phu trai
dau vi moment khong ong bo do t trng quay thuan, do o co tac dung nh
moment ham.
Ket qua la khi day quan kch t b noi ngan mach, ng bieu dien moment
cua ong c trong qua trnh m may tong cua cac ng 1 va 2 co tac dung nh
ng 3 tren hnh 3-18. Ro rang la khi moment can Mc tren truc ong c u ln
129
k m Pm i tb
.
.
GD 2 n 2m i tm
(3-10)
trong o:
km la nang lc qua tai che o ong bo vi dong ien kch t nh mc itm;
Pm la cong suat nh mc, kW;
itb la dong ien kch t khi ong bo hoa;
GD2 la moment ong lng cua ong c va may cong tac noi truc no, kG.m2.
e tranh viec m may qua hai giai oan nh trnh bay tren, trong o phai
thao tac tach day quan kch thch khoi ien tr RT va sau o noi may kch t, co
the noi thang day quan vi may kch
t trong suot qua trnh m may theo
s o tren hnh 3-17b nh thng gap
gan ay. Nh vay, trong day quan
phan ng cua may kch t se co dong
ien xoay chieu nhng ieu o khong
gay tac hai g. Khi rotor at en toc
o quay n = (0,6 0,7)n m , may kch
thch bat au cung cap dong ien
kch t cho ong c ien ong bo,
nh o ma luc en gan toc o ong
Hnh 3.19 Quan he U, I, it, n = f(t) khi
bo ong c c keo vao toc o ong
m may ong c ong bo 1500kW theo
bo. Can chu y rang qua trnh m may
s o hnh 3-17b.
theo s o tren hnh 3-17b c thc
hien trong nhng ieu kien kho khan
hn v ong c ien ong bo c kch thch qua sm, nh vay se tao nen dong
ngan mach:
130
In =
(1 s)E 0
(3-11)
r2 + (1 s) 2 x 2d
trong o:
E0 la s.. cam ng do dong ien kch t it;
xd la ien khang ong bo doc truc khi s = 0.
Do o ong c phai tai them cong suat:
Pn = mI 2n r
pPn
(3-12)
khien cho qua trnh keo ong c vao toc o ong bo gap kho khan hn, v vay
phng phap m may ong c ong bo theo s o tren hnh 3-17b ap dung c
tot khi moment can tren truc ong c ien M c = (0,4 0,5)M m . Ch khi day quan
m may c thiet ke hoan hao mi cho phep c m may nh tren vi Mc =
Mm. Do cach m may nay n gian, hoan toan giong cach m may cua ong c
ien khong ong bo nen ngay cang c ng dung rong rai.
Hnh 3-19 trnh bay s bien oi dong ien phan ng I, dong ien kch t it
va toc o quay n trong qua trnh m may luc khong tai ong c ong bo
(Pm = 1500kW; Um = 6kV; nm = 1000vg/ph) trc tiep vi ien ap nh mc
theo s o tren hnh 3-17b.
9 Cac phng phap m may khac
M may theo phng phap hoa ong bo
Cac ieu kien hoa ong bo oi vi ong c ong bo hoan toan giong nh
cua may phat ien ong bo. Trng hp nay ong c ong bo c quay bi
may noi cung truc vi no (th du trong bo ong c ong bo- may phat ien mot
chieu, may phat ien mot chieu luc m may lam viec nh ong c ien e quay
ong c ong bo en toc o ong bo).
Trong mot so trng hp co the m may ong c ien ong bo bang nguon
co tan so thay oi. Muon vay ong c ong bo phai lay ien t mot may phat
ien rieng co tan so ieu chnh c t khong en tan so nh mc trong qua
trnh m may. Nh vay ong c c quay ong bo vi may phat ngay t luc toc
o con rat thap. Can chu y rang trong trng hp nay, dong ien kch thch cua
ca ong c va may phat ien eu phai do nguon ien 1 chieu rieng cung cap.
b. ieu chnh cong suat phan khang cua ong c ien ong bo.
ong c ien ong bo co ac iem la co the thay oi cos cua may bang
cach thay oi dong kch t. Ta dung o th n gian e chng minh ieu nay.
Da vao phng trnh can bang ien ap cua ong c:
Neu bo qua r :
131
Khi ong c keo tai khong oi th cong suat tac dung P a vao ong c se
khong oi:
P = mUI cos = m
U
Ix b cos = const
xb
Vi U = const th khi P = const (tai khong oi). Neu It thay oi th -E0 thay
oi dan en thay oi, do o cos thay oi.
Tng ng ta co ac tnh hnh V nh sau:
tnh hnh V tc la quan he I = f(it) cua ong c ien ong bo. Cach thanh lap ac
tnh nay cua ong c ong bo hoan toan giong nh cua may phat ien ong bo.
Ta thay rang khi kch thch thieu, ong c tieu thu cong suat ien cam cua li
ien ( > 0) va ngc lai khi qua kch thch, ong c phat cong suat ien cam
vao li ien < 0 , ngha la tieu thu cong suat ien dung. V vay co the li
dung che o lam viec qua kch thch cua ong c ien ong bo e nang cao he
so cong suat cos cua li ien.
Th du:
Hai may phat ien giong nhau lam viec song song co ien tr phan ng
r = 2,18 , ien khang ong bo xb = 62 cung cung cap ien cho mot tai la
1830 kW vi cos = 0,83 (cham sau). ien ap au cc cua tai la 13800V. ieu
chnh kch t cua hai may sao cho mot may co dong ien phan khang la 40A.
Tnh: a) Dong ien cua moi may phat ien.
b) S.. E0 cua moi may va goc pha gia cac s.. o.
Giai:
Dong ien tai co tr so:
I=
P
3U cos
1380x10 3
3x13800.0,83
= 92,3(A)
cham sau ien ap = arccos 0,83 = 330 9 va bieu th di dang so phc nh sau:
I = 92,3 330 9 = 76,8 j51,4(A) .
V cong suat tac dung phan phoi eu cho hai may nen dong ien tac dung
76,8
= 38,4(A) , hn na dong ien phan khang cua may A la
2
40A, do o: I&A = 38,4 j40 va I&B = I& I&A = 38,4 j11,4(A).
13800
Cung nh vay:
Cau hoi:
1) Phan tch hau qua xay ra oi vi may phat ien khi hoa ong bo
ma khong thoa man tng ieu kien ghep song song vi li ien.
2) V sao khi ghep song song may phat ien vao li ien bang
phng phap t ong bo, day quan kch thch phai c noi tat qua
ien tr triet t?
133
3) Lam the nao e ieu chnh cong suat tac dung P va cong suat phan
khang Q cua may phat ien ong bo. Viec ieu chnh P va Q khi
lam viec trong li ien cong suat ln va khi lam viec trong li
ien cong suat nho (th du ch co hai may phat ien cong suat tng
t lam viec song song) khac nhau nh the nao?
Bai tap
3.1.
Cho hai may phat ien ong bo lam viec song song, cung cap ien cho hai
tai:
Tai 1: St1 = 5000kVA; cos 1 = 0,8
Tai 2: St2 = 3000kVA; cos 2 = 1
May th nhat phat ra P1 = 4000kW; Q1 = 2500kVAr.
Tnh cong suat may phat th hai va he so cong suat moi may phat.
S: P2 = 3000kW; Q2 = 500kVAr
Cos 1 = 0,848; Cos 2 = 0,986
3.2.
Cho hai may phat ien ong bo noi Y hoan toan giong nhau va co xb =
4,5 lam viec song song. Tai chung, ien ap 13,2 kV la 26000 kW, he so
cong suat la 0,866 c phan eu cho hai may. Neu thay oi kch t e phan
phoi lai cong suat phan khang sao cho he so cong suat cua mot may cos 1 = 1
th luc o he so cong suat cos 2 cua may kia la bao nhieu? Tnh E0 va cua
moi may trong trng hp o.
S: cos 2 = - 490
E1 = 8039,1V; 1 = 190
E2 = 10880,83 V; 2 = 140.
134
Khi khong co nguon kch t th Pe = 0, luc o li dung cong suat ien t phu
Pu e tao ra moment.
mU 2
Pu =
2
1
1
Sin 2
x
q xd
e thc hien c xd xq roto cua may c che tao nh hnh 4.1 vi cau
tao nh tren hnh 4.1a, roto c ghep bang nhng la thep tron co nhng cho
khuyet e tang khe h gia ca cc va do o tang t tr cua mach t hng ngang
truc, tren roto co at day quan m may kieu long soc e m may. hnh 4.1 b
c, roto c che tao bang cach o nhom vao cac tap la thep, ay nhom co tac
dung cua day quan m may.
Do khong co day quan kch t nen ong c phai lay dong ien t mang
ien va co cos thap ( do cau tao roto nen dong ien t hoa ln e tao nen t
thong can thiet qua mach t co t tr ln ). Trong lng ong c phan khang
thng gap 2, 3 lan trong lng ong c khong ong bo cung cong suat. Thng
cac ong c phan khang c che tao vi cong suat 50 100 W.
Hnh 4.1.
135
Co mot hay nhieu cuon day ieu khien (quan tap trung hoac quan rai).
Rotor phan khang (khong co day quan) va rotor tac dung (co day quan
kch thch hoac nam cham vnh cu).
137
ZS : So rang Stator.
m : So pha.
tR =
360 0
: Bc rang Rotor (o).
ZR
tS =
360 0
: Bc rang Stator (o).
ZS
S =
tR
360 0
=
= Goc bc (o/bc).
m
m.Z R
RS =
360 0
= ZR.m (bc/vong).
S
Toc o : n =
f
60f
60f
=
= S (vong/phut).
6
RS
Z R .m
Th oi vi ong c hnh 2, ta co :
tR =
360 0
360 0
=
= 22.50
ZR
16
tS =
360 0
360 0
=
= 300
ZS
12
S =
360 0
360 0
=
= 7.50
m.Z R
3.16
a)
b)
c)
cac mach t ong va ieu chnh, thiet b ong ho, tnh toan, trong may cat got
lam viec theo chng trnh.
Hnh 4.3 trnh bay cau tao cua loai ong c bc n gian nhat. Stator va
rotor co so oi cc khac nhau. Khi ong ien ap vao day quan 1-1, th rotor v
tr hnh 4.3 a, khi tiep tuc ong ien vao day quan 2-2 th rotor quay i mot goc
150 ( b ). Ngat dong ien qua day quan 1-1 th rotor quay tiep them 150 ( hnh
4.3 c ), v.v
Co the thay oi goc quay bang cach thay oi so oi cc hoac ghep cac oi
stator va rotor lech nhau mot goc nhat nh tren cung mot truc.
Vi cau tao khac nhau, ong c bc co the cho cac goc quay t 10 1800.
Tan so xung gii han e ong c co the m may c va ng ma khong mat
bc vao khoang 10 10000 Hz.
140