Figure Drawing without a Model: Anatomy, movement and character expression from memory and imagination.
By Ron Tiner
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About this ebook
From the basics of drawing from life, to drawing the human figure from memory, Figure Drawing without a Model is the perfect introduction to the technique of drawing accurate and evocative figures without a life model. Author Ron Tiner offers a course of instruction illustrated with his own work that is designed to encourage artists of all levels and abilities, including cartoonists and graphic artists.
Starting with informal sketches and a brief introduction to anatomical structure, readers are guided through the process of bringing a figure to life on the page through lessons in figure movement, exploring how the body shows its age, expresses emotion and displays character. Key to learning the skills necessary to produce beautiful and accurate artworks and illustrations is the ability to portray anatomically accurate, yet also dynamic and expressive, figures. To do this from memory and imagination frees the artist to create, wherever, whenever, and with no limitations on pose. By learning the skills taught in Figure Drawing Without A Model, the artist can gain that freedom and apply them to all circumstances.
Perfect for all artists, from the beginner to the more experienced, the breadth of styles and depth of knowledge conveyed from a master of the craft makes it easy to learn the art of figure drawing, and apply those lessons to illustration, graphic design, and in graphic narratives. With his years of experience, Ron Tiner shares how producing accurate figures from memory can elevate your drawing practice and give artists the freedom to explore different styles.
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Figure Drawing without a Model - Ron Tiner
INTRODUCTION
This book is about drawing creatively. It will show you how to use your imagination to create drawings that go beyond what may be set up or posed in a studio and drawn from observation — in other words, how to create drawings that originate in the mind.
This is not something that only the artistically gifted can achieve: it is possible for anybody. When an artist is described as ‘gifted’, ‘talented’, ‘creative’ or ‘original’, it is usually implied that his or her ability is very rare and somehow magically endowed at birth. Most practical books on drawing tend, however unintentionally, to reinforce this myth. Their authors usually avoid the notion of creativity, concentrating almost exclusively upon tuition in drawing from observation of a posed model, a still life or a landscape. On rare occasions they may go so far as to suggest using photographs as a basis for drawing but, aware that this can lead to sterile, lifeless results, mention the practice only as a last resort. Creativity, it seems, is the exclusive domain of that rara avis, the talented genius, who presumably doesn’t need to read how-to-do-it books!
But, however uncommon such talented geniuses might be, imaginative creative artists most certainly are not. Each of us has the natural ability to conceive pictures in our mind. If this were not the case we wouldn’t read books of fiction, for in order to understand the narrative we have to be able to imagine the fictional events, settings and characters as if they were real. These imagined scenes may not be so clearly visualized as to be like a videotape playing inside our heads, but the substance is there. If we develop the necessary skills, we can use such mental pictures as sources for creative drawing.
From top: Life drawing; real size 45cm (17¾in) across; sketchbook drawing preliminary drawing for Thera —The Last Key, written by Bernard King.
Drawing without a model is usually referred to as memory drawing, but this term is rather misleading, because it seems to imply copying memorized images in the same way that one would draw from life. The images stored in the mind may seem to be visual, but as soon as we try to draw them they become elusive, and the resulting drawings can all too easily degenerate into clichés, devoid of any merit and containing little or nothing of the grand designs that the mind originally conceived. What is needed, then, is a means of making accessible the information stored in the mind. The memory is teeming with envisaged and remembered scenes and events — some rooted in real experiences, others in films we have seen or books we have read, and still others born from the imagination in the form of wishes, hopes or fears. In this book I am going to show you a means of tapping this vast resource for the purposes of your own self-expression.
In choosing the human figure, I realize that I am selecting what is generally regarded as the most difficult subject of all to draw. Why should this be? After all, you probably know more about the human figure than about anything else in the world. This is knowledge which you have continually absorbed, without ever consciously thinking about it, throughout your life. You know how to perform very sophisticated actions using your body — you can stand upright without falling over, and you can walk, run, throw, kick, dance …
A six-year-old’s drawing of her mother.
However, when you come to draw these actions, the learning of a lifetime is not immediately accessible to you in any usable form. This is because it is categorized in your mind as a set of physical skills, and is available to you only when you actually want to perform the relevant activity. The knowledge is so firmly and exclusively placed in your mind’s ‘useful skills’ pigeonhole that it is impossible for you to extract it for use in drawing. You know this information with absolute certainty but, although any drawing you saw of the figure in action that didn’t have things spot on would immediately look wrong to you, you would probably have great difficulty explaining just why this should be. This is why, as you read this book, you’ll probably find that much of its content seems familiar to you — and yet, at the same time, fresh. You already know the information, but you may never have thought about it in a rational, analytical fashion.
A human figure is almost invariably one of the first things children attempt to draw. They do so uninhibitedly, without feeling the need to refer to a posed model: indeed, such a notion would most likely seem quite alien to them. At the top of this page is a child’s drawing of her mother. In it, the important parts, such as the smile and the outstretched arms ready to give a hug, are drawn very prominently; while less important details, such as the neck, knees and elbows, are left out altogether. These were not relevant to the child because she was not trying to draw an accurate portrait; instead, she was drawing what her mother meant to her — her emotional response to her thoughts about her mother. The only effect the presence of a posed model might have had on this process would have been to hamper it.
Portrait drawing of my father.
This concept of what a drawing is for is a contentious one. Obviously the drawing has to bear some resemblance to its subject, or no one would know what it was about! However, when you are drawing from a posed model the need to concentrate on close observation tends to close the door to your imagination. So, while the life class is an extremely important — probably the most important — contributor to an artist’s experience, it can limit you if your figure work is exclusively done there. If this limitation is not recognized, life drawing can, rather than provide a springboard for creativity, begin to set parameters that are unnecessarily narrow.
Illustration for a magazine article on clinical depression.
A human figure is the most expressive single image available to the artist, and the most suitable for meaningful imaginative interpretations. We can draw anything in the world, if we know what it looks like, but only when we draw human beings can we truly claim that we know also what they feel like. When we draw the human figure, we are in reality drawing our experience of the world, and by subtle expressive means we can give visual form to our emotional responses. We may emphasize, stretch and distort its universally known proportions in order more easily to convey our understanding of what it is to be human.
One of the aims of this book is to develop the use of drawing as a catalyst for your imagination. Through drawing practice, both with and without a model, the very act of drawing can become the key that opens up your mind so that the flow of your ideas is facilitated and, consequently, your creativity grows.
I believe that all of us have within us the seeds of this ability. Where drawing is concerned, no one is excluded: anyone can do it. But, as with any other skill, doing it well demands practice — preferably structured practice, and plenty of it. The more you draw, the better you will become at it and the more you will unleash your own unique creativity so that your results will become infused with your own originality and individuality.
Two character sketches for a graphic-novel version of Oliver Twist.
In this book we shall therefore examine the basic mechanics of imaginative drawing, limiting ourselves to that which is demonstrable. Since I am an illustrator by trade, the drawings I produce professionally should be accessible to the non-artist: I am concerned with a mode of drawing that stays close to what the normal eye can see. It is up to you, the reader, to take whatever heady flights of fancy you choose, but I hope that in these pages you will find out how to unfurl your wings.
Study of a 15-year-old girl.
Figure of Icarus.
CHAPTER 1
DRAWING FROM LIFE
A page from my sketchbook, reproduced at actual size, showing a busy London street seen from a first-floor window: the drawing took about an hour. I caught individuals and groups from life when they stopped briefly; the walking figures I drew last, to fill in the empty spaces. Because the various figures depicted were in reality there at different times, there is some discrepancy in their relative sizes.
To draw anything well from memory, to invent and improvise creatively, you need first to build up a store of basic knowledge of your subject. The best way to do this is through drawing from life. By making observation studies you can readily and easily absorb great quantities of information about proportion, form and structure — and, of course, in the process you will also be developing your drawing skills. No amount of factual