The Impact of

Reducing
Emissions

By

Gerardo Quintero
An Analytical Report

November 16, 2014

ABSTRACT

Humans are facing a problem a never

seen before. The planet is heating up, and
according to many scientists humans are to
blame.
For instance, the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change states: Human activities are
continuing to affect the Earths
energy budget by changing the
emissions and resulting atmospheric
concentrations of radiatively
important gases and aerosols and by
changing land surface properties.
Previous assessments have already
shown through multiple lines of
evidence that the climate is changing
across our planet, largely as a result
of human activities.1

eco systems, the melting of the ice caps

around the world, and several other
problems.
If this problem, known as climate
change, is left unchecked climate change
can cause many problems to society. The
breadbaskets of the world could be
destroyed. This could leave most of the
world without anything to eat. The lack of
food could lead to wars. The majority of the
humans on this planet would have to be
relocated; this relocation would be caused
by the rising level of the seas. Also,
important cities for the current economy,
such as New York or London, could be lost
due to the rising sea levels leaving society
vulnerable.

The industrial revolutions brought forth

many technologies that society take for
granted. However, the industrial revolution
brought forth a problem that was not
expected and have never before seen by
humans. The burning of fossil fuels, which
was what made the industrial revolution
possible, produce several gasses that do not
allow the heat to be radiated back into space.
These gases, also known as greenhouse
gases, produce a cover in the atmosphere of
the planet maintaining the heat that enters
from leaving the planet. This extra heat is
causing several problems to weather patterns,
1

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2013).

Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis.
UNEP.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

carbon fuels can help mitigate the

amount of
emissions sent to the
atmosphere.

From: Gerardo Quintero, student of The

University of Texas at El Paso
To: Citizens of the United States

Can the reduction of timber

harvesting help reduce climate
change? Forests are important carbon
pools which continuously exchange
with the atmosphere, due both natural
process and human action.

Can more efficient fuels help? The

burning of fossil fuels has been the main
reason of emissions that have been
added to atmosphere. This problem can
be mitigated with the use of other types
of fuels.

How can society ensure a sustainable

future? Governments and people must
be prepared to change and adapt to what
effects might be brought about by
climate change.

Subject: Possible Solutions to Global

Warming
Global warming is a gradual increase
in the overall temperature of the earths
atmosphere. The human race, with all of the
industrialization of countries, have been
overloading with carbon dioxide (and other
pollutants), that trap heat and are raising up
the planets temperature. That temperature is
having a significant and costly effects on the
planets climate, our health, and environment.
The solution to solve this environmental
problem is to reduce emissions.
The reduction of heat trapping
emission is the key to climate change, and
the warming of the planet. To be able to
reduce emissions the way of life of every
citizen of this nation and planet must change.
Some of the things that can be done to help
reduce the effects of climate change are:

Should society forego fossil fuels? The

burning of fossil fuels have been the
main reason why levels of Carbon
Dioxide (
) has been rising in the
atmosphere.

Should the infrastructure of cities, and

homes, be upgraded? The use of Low-

Climate change is problem that must be

faced to reduce the impact it will have on
society and future generations. If unchecked
Climate Change will be producing harsher
climates. Producing more extreme storms
throughout the planet. People must be
prepare to change and adapt to be able to
maintain society as it is known.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction
Climate change, and the potential impacts it
implies, is one of the main challenges
worldwide. The temperature of the planet
depends mainly on the balancing between
the energy entering and leaving the planets
system. If the balance is interrupted, by
greenhouse emissions, the effects could be
very destructive to the society. This
document proposes several options for the
reduction of emissions.
Purpose
Educate the citizens of the United States
regarding climate change. The effects and
changes that the planet will undergo if
nothing is done to mitigate effects cause by
climate change.

Can more efficient fuels help?

How can society ensure a sustainable

future?

Methods
While analyzing the four research questions,
the best supporting material and information
was obtained through from the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), related academic research,
governmental websites and articles, and
several focus groups.
Limitations
The information in the report is limited to
the noted references.
Conclusion and Recommendations

Scope
The reduction of heat trapping emission is
the key to climate change, and the warming
of the planet. To be able to reduce emissions
the way of life of every citizen of this nation
and planet must change. Some suggestions
that can be done to help reduce the effects of
climate change are:
Should society forego fossil fuels?

Should cities, and homes, infrastructure

be upgrade?

Can the reduction of timber harvesting

help reduce climate change?

Climate change and global warming is a

problem. Climate change may cause the loss
of the breadbaskets of the world; this would
leave humans with not food. Cities will be
lost to the sea. This problem, if ignored, can
cause the death of billions of people and the
destruction of society. This document has
proposed several options to reduce carbon
dioxide emissions.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract . 1
Letter of Transmittal ... 2
Executive Summary . 3
Table of Contents . 4
Introduction ...5
Should Society Forego Fossil Fuels..7
Can the Reduction of Timber Harvesting
Reduce Climate Change..............10
Can More Efficient Fuels Help...11
How Can Society Ensure a Sustainable
Future11
Discussion Results12
Conclusion and Recommendation..13
References.14
Table of Figures:
Figure 1...5
Figure 2...8
Figure 3...9
Figure 4.10
Figure 5.11

INTRODUCTION

The temperature of the planet

depends mainly on a delicate balancing act
between the energy entering and leaving the
planets system. However, that balancing act
has been interrupted due to the changes in
the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect
is the trapping of the suns heat in a planets,
such as Earth, lower atmosphere. This is due
to the greater transparency to visible
radiation from the sun than to infrared
radiation (energy, as heat, released from the
planet while absorbing sunlight) emitted
from the planets surface. The cause of this
effect can be attributed to the concentration
of gases, commonly known as greenhouse
gases (GHG), in the atmosphere such as
carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor
which are called greenhouse gases. This
gases act as a blanket making the Earth
warmer than it would be otherwise. The
Earth releases approximately seven hundred
and eighty giga-tons of carbon dioxide each
year due to natural causes; compared to the
amount of emissions produced by humans
which is approximately thirty giga-tons of
carbon dioxide (
. However, before
humans the Earth would absorb the same
amount of emissions it created. This kept the
balance of carbon dioxide emission in check,
but with humans the balance has been tipped
over. With humans producing approximately
thirty giga-tons of emission yearly the
amount of emissions has risen about fifteen
giga-tons each year, and the reason is the
knowledge that those fifteen giga-tons are
produced by humans is that the amount

isotope carbon-13, which is less common in

fossil fuels than in nature, with time has
been reducing.2

There are several regions that are

named breadbaskets of the world. The
breadbaskets produce most of the grains that
humans eat. For instance, the United States
(U.S.) alone produces half of all world corn
exports, forty percent of soybean exports,
and thirty percent of wheat exports.
Scientists are becoming increasingly
concerned about the real effects they see
now on growing conditions in the Midwest.
Eugene Takle, Professor of Agricultural
Meteorology and Director of the Climate
Science Program at Iowa State University
said, We dont have a long-term reserve.

Veritasim. (2014, September 22). 13

Misconceptions About Global Warming. Retrieved
from https://www.youtube.com

We have a global food supply of about two

or three weeks.3
Studies done by National Ocean
Service show that sea levels are rising. For
instance,
There is strong evidence that global
sea level is now rising at an
increased rate and will continue to
rise during this century. While
studies show that sea levels changed
little from AD 0 until 1900, sea
levels began to climb in the 20th
century. The two major causes of
global sea-level rise are thermal
expansion caused by the warming of
the oceans (since water expands as it
warms) and the loss of land-based
ice (such as glaciers and polar ice
caps) due to increased melting.
Records and research show that sea
level has been steadily rising at a rate
of 0.04 to 0.1 inches per year since
1900.This rate may be increasing.
Since 1992, new methods of satellite
altimetry (the measurement of
elevation or altitude) indicate a rate
of rise of 0.12 inches per year. This
is a significantly larger rate than the
sea-level rise averaged over the last
several thousand years.4

Stebbins, C. (2011, September 5). In the world's

breadbasket, climate change feeds some worry.
Retrieved from Reuters: http://www.reuters.com

With sea levels rising, due to climate change,

the cities close to coastal areas will get
inundated. Major cities such as New York
City and London will be inundated; which is
a major problem for the worlds economy.
Also, in Europe there are nuclear power
plants which produce large amount of
reliable energy with little greenhouse-gas
emissions, but many of those plants are on
the coast, for easy access to cooling
seawater.5 That makes those plants
vulnerable to rising sea levels.
The reduction of heat trapping
emission is the key to climate change, and
the warming of the planet. To be able to
reduce emissions the way of life of every
citizen of this nation and planet must change.
Some suggestions that can be done to help
reduce the effects of climate change are:
Should society forego fossil fuels?

Should cities, and homes, infrastructure

be upgrade?

Can the reduction of timber harvesting

help reduce climate change?

Can more efficient fuels help?

How can society ensure a sustainable

future?

Marshall, M. (2012, December 1). All Change:

Europe in 2050. New Scientist, 216(2893), 8-9.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

(2014, April 10). Is Sea Level Rising? Retrieved from
National Ocean Service: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov

Some regions, such as Europe, require the

use of biofuels to reduce greenhouse gas
emission by 35%.6 However, much more is
needed to solve the problem that is coming
in the near future. Some scientists are
becoming increasingly concerned about the
real effects climate change will have in the
breadbaskets of the world; climate change
will change the way humans and society live
in this world.
SHOULD SOCIETY FOREGO FOSSIL FUELS?

Human activities have caused

increases in the atmospheric concentrations
of GHGs and aerosols, which first became
appreciable in the 19th century.7 Humans are

Hennecke, A. M., Faist, M., Reinhardt, J., Junquera,

V., Neeft, J., & Fehrenbach, H. (2013). Biofuel
greenhouse gas calculations under the European
Renewable Energy Directive - A comparison of the
BioGrace tool vs. the tool of the Roundtable on
Sustainable Biofuels. Elsvier, 102, 55-62. Retrieved
September 4, 2014
7

National Research Council of the National

Academies. (2006). Surface Temperature
Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years, 26.
Washington D. C. : The National Academies Press.

adding approximately thirty giga-tons of

GHGs into the atmosphere. For instance, the
United States is the second consumer of
fossil fuels in the world. However, the
planet is only absorbing half, approximately
fifteen giga-tons, of the emission that are
being produced by humans. This is
interfering with the natural balance of the
planet.2 The
produced from humans is
warming the earth.
However, there are some papers that
state otherwise. For instance the testimony
of Richard S. Lindzen before the Senate
environment and public works committee
which stated:
A review of the research
literature concerning the
environmental consequences of
increased levels of atmospheric
carbon dioxide leads to the
conclusion that increases during the
20th and early 21st centuries have
produced no deleterious effects upon
Earth's weather and climate.
Increased carbon dioxide has,
however, markedly increased plant
growth. Predictions of harmful
climatic effects due to future
increases in hydrocarbon use and
minor greenhouse gases like
do
not conform to current experimental
knowledge. The environmental
effects of rapid expansion of the
nuclear and hydrocarbon energy
industries are discussed.
The average temperature of
the Earth has varied within a range
of about 3C during the past 3,000
years. It is currently increasing as the

Earth recovers from a period that is

known as the Little Ice Age.8
However, it is known
is
produced from fossil fuel combustion has a
specific isotope ratio that is different from
the
produced naturally.9 Also, the
amount of carbon 13, which produced
naturally by the planet and less common in
fossil fuels, is reducing in the atmosphere.2
Humans are breaking the balance
overloading the atmosphere with
,
which traps heat and steadily drives up the
planets temperature.10
If society keeps emitting emissions
into the atmosphere the problem will keep
escalating. Forgoing emissions is a way to
start to face the threat that is climate change.

Senator Smith and the Environment and Public

Works. (2001). Testimony of Richard S. Lindzen
before the Senate Environment and Public Works
Committee on 2 May 2001. Washington: United
States Government
9

Andres, R. J., Marland, G., Boden, T., & Bischof, S.

(1994). Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel
Consumption and Cement Manufacture, 1751-1991;
and an Estimate of Their Isotopic Composition and
Latitudinal Distribution. Oak Ridge: Environment
Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

10

United States Environmental Protection Agency.

(2014, March 18). Causes of Climate Change.
Retrieved from EPA:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/causes.ht
ml

SHOULD CITIES, AND HOMES,

INFRASTRUCTURE BE UPGRADED?

Global warming is bringing more weather

and climate extremes, which will impact U.S.
energy security.11 The National Wildlife
Federations report, More Extreme Weather
and the U.S. Energy Infrastructure states
that more severe droughts, more intense
tropical storms, and heavier rainfall events
could cause major disruptions in the existing
systems that deliver energy to the nation.11
The U.S. depends on coal for almost half the
of all electric power generation.12 Once that
coal is mined it travels through several
means. For instance, through land and trains.
Many of that rail lines are built in river
valleys or needing to cross major rivers to
reach their destinations. However, both rail

11

National Wildlife Federation. (2001). Extreme

Weather and the U.S. Eneryg Infrastructure.
Washington D.C.
12

The United States Department of Agriculture.

(2010). Study of Transporatation Issues. Washington
D. C.: United States Department of Agricultural.
Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.9752/TS041.042010

and barge transportation modes can

experience major disruptions due to flooding
caused by the more extreme weather caused
by global warming.11 When burned that coal,
to produce electricity, produce
that add
to the annual amount of emissions produced
by humans.
The use of Low-carbon fuels can
help mitigate the problem.13 Also, Carbon
Capture and Storage is a technology that can
capture up to 90% of the
emissions
produced from the use of fossil fuels in
electricity generation and industrial
processes.14 Stopping the
entering the
atmosphere. Also the carbon captured can be
used for interesting things such as flower
pots.
According to the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
making changes to the everyday citizens
homes can also help diminish the effects of
climate change. For instance, the EPA states
that replacing your five most used light
13

Committee on Climate Change. (n.d.). Mitigation:

reducing carbon emissions. Retrieved from A
balanced response to the risks of dangerous climate
change: Independent, evidence - based advaice to the
UK Government and Parliament:
http://www.theccc.org.uk/tackling-climatechange/reducing-carbon-emissions/what-can-bedone/low-carbon-fuels/
14

Carbon Capture & Storage Association. (2011).

CCSa. Retrieved from What is CCS?:
http://www.ccsassociation.org/what-is-ccs/

fixtures, or the light bulbs in them, with

more efficient (ENERGY STAR) qualified
products can help the environment while
saving money, and by sealing homes
properly, preventing air leaks, will reduce
the amount of electricity needed to cool or
warm a home.10

Figure 3

Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/maryellen-harte/climate-change-thisweek_b_3858258.html

CAN THE REDUCTION OF TIMBER HARVESTING

REDUCE CLIMATE CHANGE?

Forests are important carbon pools

which continuously exchange
with the
atmosphere, due to both natural process and
human action. As stated before the Earth
releases approximately seven hundred and
eighty giga-tons of carbon dioxide each year
due to natural causes. However, that same
amount is absorbed by the planet. This cycle
is known as the carbon cycle. As stated by
the Northern Institute of Applied Climate
Science:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the
atmosphere is necessary for plants
and trees to grow. Forests play a

specific and important role in the

global carbon cycle by absorbing
carbon dioxide during
photosynthesis, storing carbon above
and belowground, and producing
oxygen as a by-product of
photosynthesis. In the presence of
increased greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, forests become even
more vital by removing CO2 from
the atmosphere to mitigate the
effects of climate change on the
environment.15
The trees need CO2 in the atmosphere to
produce sugar and cellulose needed for the
plant to survive. Annually an acre, of
healthy trees, can store approximately 2.6
tons of
.16 That means that fewer forest
leads to larger amounts of greenhouse gases
entering the atmosphere, and increased
speed and severity of global warming.
Net global change in forest are in the
period 2000 to 2005 is estimated at -7.3
million hectares per year. The net global
amount has gone done from -8.9 million
hectares per year in the period 1990 to

2000.17 That is approximately -18 million

acres per years of forest were lost in the
2000 to 2005 timespan, and with an acre of
trees absorbing 2.6 tons of
that
approximates to 46.8 million tons of
emission that are in the atmosphere that
could have been avoided.

CAN MORE EFFICIENT FUELS HELP?

The burning of fossil fuels has been the

main reason of emissions that have been
added to the atmosphere. This problem can
be mitigated with the use of Low-carbon
technologies. There are a range of promising
low-carbon technologies and systems. Some
of those technologies are:

15

United States Department of Agriculture: Forest

Service. (2012, March 3). Northern Institute of
Applied Climate Science: Forest carbon basics Forest absorb carbon. Retrieved from USDA: United
States Department of Agriculture: Forest Service:
Northern Research Station:
http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/niacs/carbon/forests/

17

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations. (2005). Global Forest Resources Assessment
2005: Progress towards sustainable forest
management. Rome: Publishing Management Service.

16

Evans, E., & Dearmon, M. (n.d.). Americans are

planting... Trees of Strength. Retrieved from NC
State University:
http://www.ncsu.edu/project/treesofstrength/benefits.
htm

10

Renewables These energy

resources derived from sustainable
natural process, including solar, wind,
tidal, and thermo, can be used to
generate electricity. Renewables can
provide heat or may be used to
transport fuel.

Nuclear Power - has been a key

source of electricity generation since
the 1970s. The UK currently has 16
reactors contributing around 20% of
generation in 2011. With the
majority of stations in the UK
expected to retire by 2030,
investment in new replacement
plants will be important for
decarbonisation.

Bioenergy - is a form of renewable

energy and refers to solid, liquid or
gas fuels made from biomass
feedstock. In 2011 energy from
bioenergy in the UK accounted for:
2.2% of heating; 6.3% of electricity
generation; and 2.9% of transport.

Electrification - is the process of

moving from other energy sources to
low carbon electricity. As the
emissions intensity of the power
sector is successfully reduced, then
electrifying vehicles and heating will
offer increasing reductions in overall
carbon emissions.13

Figure 5

HOW CAN SOCIETY ENSURE A SUSTAINABLE

FUTURE?

Climate change has presented

challenges that have been seen before. These
changes can impact, more profoundly,
developing countries.18 The first step is to
accept the vulnerabilities that are within the
homes, communities, and city infrastructures.
Then people must learn how to cope with
the changes cause by climate change. For
instance, households have coped with
climate trends and shocks for decades, and
some rural households in dry land areas
have even moved away from climate
dependency in their livelihood strategies.
This shows that even though being
vulnerable to climate change, households
and communities are not helpless.18
Also, governments must assess the
cost and benefits of adaptation. The total

18

Meltofte Traerup, S. L. (2010). Ensuring

Sustainable Development within a Changing Climate.
Copenhagen: Faculty of Science University of
Copenhagen.

11

economic burden of climate change is

related to three major areas: the costs of
mitigation, the cost of adaptation, and the
cost of residual impacts that cannot be
mitigated or adapted.18 Society must prepare,
and be willing, to change their way of life if
necessary. Governments must make better
choices to their infrastructure. For instance,
in the UK the government must be prepared
to move the nuclear power plants close to
the sea shore. The reason is that with climate
change the sea levels are rising leaving those
power plants vulnerable.
DISCUSSION RESULTS

Should society forego fossil fuels?

The research revealed that the
burning of fossil fuels is creating a curtain of
gases known as greenhouse gases (GHGs).
GHGs are breaking the natural carbon cycle
causing the change in climate throughout the
planet. The planets weather change will
cause more extreme storms, droughts, and
other extreme weather patterns that will
make it complicated for society to continue
as it is known now.
The change in climate will affect
several affect every part of society. For
instance, the agriculture industries of the
world will be affected; producing less food
for the total population of the planet.
Humans only have a global food supply of
about two or three weeks.3
Should cities, and homes, infrastructure
be upgraded?

According to the EPA making

changes to the everyday citizens homes will
help diminish the effects of climate
change.10 Also, the changes of public
transportation in cities will also help
diminish the effects of climate change.
Also, Carbon Capture and Storage is
a technology that can capture up to 90% of
the
emissions produced from the use of
fossil fuels in electricity generation and
industrial processes.14
Can the reduction of timber harvesting
help reduce climate change?
Forests are important carbon pools
which continuously exchange
with the
atmosphere, due to both natural process and
human action. As stated before the Earth
releases approximately seven hundred and
eighty giga-tons of carbon dioxide each year
due to natural causes. However, that same
amount is absorbed by the planet. This cycle
is known as the carbon cycle.
If humans continue to deforest the
planet there will be no place to exchange the
amounts of
from the atmosphere.
Can more efficient fuels help?
The burning of fossil fuels, since the
industrial revolution, has been the main
reason of emissions that have been added to
atmosphere. This problem can be mitigated
by using other types of fuels other than
fossil fuels. For instance, the use of
renewable energy can help with the amount
of
in the atmosphere.

12

How can society ensure a sustainable

future?
The research revealed that to many
climate change is a myth as stated by the
report of Senator Smith and the
Environment and Public works.8 If there is
to be a future society must accept and take
responsibility of what has caused. Only then
will humans have a sustainable future.
CONLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This analytical report researched

areas of climate change and how it is
affecting, and will affect, society. To
mitigate the effects of climate change there
must be changes to be done in the everyday
habits of everyone. To be able to maintain a
future the citizens of this nation, and the
world, must accept that the problem known
as climate change is real. Society must
accept the findings of committees such as
the IPCC which state:
Warming of the climate
system is unequivocal, as is now
evident from observations of
increase in global average air and
ocean temperatures, widespread
melting of snow and ice and rising
global average sea level.19
Only when society accepts this problem as
true can society start changes in the

19

An Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change. (2007). Climate Change 2007:
Synthesis Report. Valencia, Spain.

everyday life of everyone in this nation, and

the world.
The burning, and dependency, of
fossil fuels should forego. Fossil fuels are
creating a curtain that is not allowing the
heat of the planet to leave. Fossil fuels
should be changed by other types of fuels.
For instance, renewable energies which
produce no emissions will help reduce the
amount of
in the atmosphere.
Renewable energies derived from
sustainable natural process; that is why these
types of energies do not produce
when
converted into electricity.
The deforestation of the planet is
also causing to increase the impact of
climate change throughout the world. The
forests are
carbon sinks. Forests absorb
many giga-tons of
that are both
naturally or human produced.

REFERENCES
Andres, R. J., Marland, G., Boden, T., & Bischof, S.
(1994). Carbon Dioxide Emissions from
Fossil Fuel Consumption and Cement
Manufacture, 1751-1991; and an Estimate
of Their Isotopic Composition and
Latitudinal Distribution. Oak Ridge:
Environment Sciences Division Oak Ridge
National Laboratory.
Carbon Capture & Storage Association. (2011). CCSa.
Retrieved from What is CCS?:
http://www.ccsassociation.org/what-is-ccs/
Committee on Climate Change. (n.d.). Mitigation:
reducing carbon emissions. Retrieved from
A balanced response to the risks of
dangerous climate change: Independent,

13

evidence - based advaice to the UK

Government and Parliament:
http://www.theccc.org.uk/tackling-climatechange/reducing-carbon-emissions/whatcan-be-done/low-carbon-fuels/
Evans, E., & Dearmon, M. (n.d.). Americans are
planting... Trees of Strength. Retrieved from
NC State University:
http://www.ncsu.edu/project/treesofstreng
th/benefits.htm
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations. (2005). Global Forest Resources
Assessment 2005: Progress towards
sustainable forest management. Rome:
Publishing Management Service.
Hennecke, A. M., Faist, M., Reinhardt, J., Junquera,
V., Neeft, J., & Fehrenbach, H. (2013).
Biofuel greenhouse gas calculations under
the European Renewable Energy Directive A comparison of the BioGrace tool vs. the
tool of the Roundtable on Sustainable
Biofuels. Elsvier, 102, 55-62. Retrieved
September 4, 2014
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2007).
Climate Change 2007: Synthetic Report
Summary for Policymakers. Valencia.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2013).
Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science
Basis. UNEP.
Marshall, M. (2012, December 1). All Change: Europe
in 2050. New Scientist, 216(2893), 8-9.
Meltofte Traerup, S. L. (2010). Ensuring Sustainable
Development within a Changing Climate.
Copenhagen: Faculty of Science University
of Copenhagen.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
(2014, April 10). Is Sea Level Rising?
Retrieved from National Ocean Service:

http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sealevel
.html
National Research Council of the National Academies.
(2006). Surface Temperature
Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years.
Washington D. C. : The National Academies
Press.
National Wildlife Federation. (2001). Extreme
Weather and the U.S. Eneryg Infrastructure.
Washington D.C.
Senator Smith and the Environment and Public
Works. (2001). Testimony of Richard S.
Lindzen before the Senate Environment and
Public Works Committee on 2 May 2001.
Washington: United States Government.
Stebbins, C. (2011, September 5). In the world's
breadbasket, climate change feeds some
worry. Retrieved from Reuters:
http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/0
5/us-usa-agriculture-climateidUSTRE7843GS20110905
The United States Department of Agriculture. (2010).
Study of Transporatation Issues.
Washington D. C.: United States
Department of Agricultural. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.9752/TS041.04-2010
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Veritasim. (2014, September 22). 13 Misconceptions

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