LI CAM OAN

Nhm n:
1. Nguyn Vnh Kiu, lp 09DT2
2. Trn Th Mai Hng, lp 09DT2
3. Nguyn Th Tho, lp 12DTLT
Khoa: in t - Vin thng
Trng: i Hc Bch Khoa - i Hc Nng.
Nhm em thc hin n chuyn ngnh Tm hiu cm bin ph trong
h thng v tuyn nhn thc.
Nhm em xin cam oan ni dung ca n ny khng phi l bn sao
chp ca bt c n hoc cng trnh c t trc.

LI M U
Thng tin v tuyn ang ngy cng pht trin mnh m trn th gii vi
nhng ng dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc thng tin, trong dch v v trong
cuc sng hng ngy. Cc k thut khng ngng c hon thin p ng
nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng. V vn t ra cho ton th gii v mi quc
gia l s khan him ph tn s hin c.
tn dng c ph tn s ca h thng khi c cp pht, mt cng
ngh mi xut hin nhm gii quyt vn ny, l v tuyn nhn thc
(Cognitive Radio). Xut pht t tng v gi ca c hng dn, nhm em
thc hin ti Tm hiu cm bin ph trong h thng v tuyn nhn
thc.
V thi gian thc hin v kin thc thc t c hn nn ni dung n ny
kh trnh khi nhng hn ch v thiu st, do nhm em mong cc thy c
thng cm v mong nhn c s nh gi ca cc thy c nhm c th
hon thin vn kin thc ca bn thn.
Qua y, nhm xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong Khoa in t Vin Thng - i hc Bch khoa Nng gip , ging dy, cung cp cho
nhm nhng kin thc quan trng. c bit nhm em xin gi li cm n chn
thnh, su sc ti c gio Trn Th Hng, ngi hng dn, gip , ch
bo tn tnh nhm hon thnh n ny. Cui cng nhm em xin chc cc
thy c sc khe v t c nhiu thnh cng trong cuc sng.
Nng, ngy 20 thng 01 nm 2014
Nhm sinh vin
Nguyn Vnh Kiu
Trn Th Mai Hng
Nguyn Th Tho

LI CAM OAN
LI M U
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V MNG V TUYN NHN THC
1.1 Gii thiu chng .............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Truy nhp ph v tuyn ..................................................................................... 2
1.3 Vn khan him v hiu sut s dng ph ...................................................... 3
1.4 Gii php v tuyn nhn thc v truy cp ph ng ........................................... 4
1.5 Kt lun chng ................................................................................................ 4
CHNG 2: COGNITIVE RADIO - V TUYN NHN THC
2.1 Gii thiu chung ................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Khi nim v tuyn nhn thc - Cognitive Radio (CR) ...................................... 5
2.3 Kin trc mng .................................................................................................. 6
2.4 Hot ng ca mng V tuyn nhn thc........................................................... 8
2.4.1 Trn bng cp php ......................................................................................... 8
2.4.2 Trn bng khng cp php .............................................................................. 9
2.5 Kin trc vt l ................................................................................................ 10
2.6 V tuyn nh ngha mm (SDR) cho h thng v tuyn nhn thc ................. 12
2.7 M hnh v tuyn thng minh da trn SDR .................................................... 13
2.8 Qun l ph ..................................................................................................... 15
2.8.1 Cm bin v phn tch ph tn ...................................................................... 15
2.8.2 Chia s v phn phi ph ng ..................................................................... 16
2.9 Kt lun chng .............................................................................................. 18
CHNG 3: CM BIN PH V TUYN NHN THC
3.1 Gii thiu chng ............................................................................................ 19
3.2 Cm bin ph .................................................................................................. 19
3.3 Phn loi.......................................................................................................... 20
3.4 Cm bin ph da vo nng lng ................................................................... 20
3.4.1 Phng php ................................................................................................. 20
3.4.2 u im v nhc im ca phng php .................................................... 24

3.5 Cm bin ph da vo nng lng_ Matched filter .......................................... 25

3.6 Cm bin ph kt hp (Cooperation spectrum sensing).................................... 26
3.6.1 Gii thiu...................................................................................................... 26
3.6.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca CSS ..................................................................... 27
3.6.3 Hot ng ca CSS trong knh truyn Fading .............................................. 28
3.6.4 Cm bin ph kt hp nhanh ( Robust CSS ) ............................................... 29
3.6.4.1 Phn tp kt hp cho cm bin ph kt hp (Cooperative Diversity) .......... 30
3.6.4.2 Phn tp chuyn tip cho cm bin ph kt hp (Relay Diversity) ............. 30
3.6.4.3 Phn tp a ngi dng cho cm bin ph kt hp ..................................... 31
3.6.4.5 Quyt nh b thiu cho cm bin ph kt hp (Censored decision) .......... 32
3.7 Kt lun chng .............................................................................................. 33
CHNG 4: NG DNG CA V TUYN NHN THC
4.1 Gii thiu chng ............................................................................................ 33
4.2 Lnh vc chnh ph .......................................................................................... 33
4.3 Qun l v cu h trong tnh hung thm ha .................................................. 33
4.4 Cu ha ........................................................................................................... 34
4.5 Chng ti phm ............................................................................................... 34
4.6 iu khin giao thng ...................................................................................... 34
4.7 Y t.................................................................................................................. 35
4.8 Mi trng ...................................................................................................... 35
4.9 Qun i .......................................................................................................... 36
4.10 Kt lun chng ............................................................................................ 36
CHNG 5: M PHNG CM BIN NNG LNG
5.1 Gii thiu chng ...................................................................................................... 37
5.2 Cm bin v quyt nh s dng ph ......................................................................... 37
5.3 Phng php cm bin da vo nng lng ............................................................... 38
5.4 Kt lun chng ........................................................................................................ 40
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI
TI LIU THAM KHO

Chng 1: Tng quan v mng v tuyn nhn thc

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V MNG V TUYN NHN

THC
1.1 Gii thiu chng
Tn s l mt ngun ti nguyn v cng qu gi trong thng tin v tuyn. Hin
nay, tn s vn cn l mt ngun ti nguyn hn ch. Tnh cht hn ch y uc
hiu l di tn s th v hn song con ngi mi ch c th s dng c khong
100 GHz u tin truyn tn hiu v tuyn.
Trong khi c rt nhiu ng dng v tuyn cng s dng ngun ti nguyn
hn ch ny. Chnh v vy m vic s dng tn s phi c qun l mt cch cn
thn trong phm vi mi quc gia v trn ton th gii. phm vi mt quc gia,
ngun ti nguyn tn s c qun l bi y ban qun l tn s ca nh nc. y
ban ny thc hin vic phn chia v cp giy php quyn s dng cc di tn s
khc nhau cho cc nh khai thc cung cp mt dch v nht nh. y ban ny
cng a ra cc quy nh tiu chun m bo khng xy ra s chng ln v gy
nhiu ln nhau gia cc mng ca cc nh khai thc . Vic cp pht cc di tn s
cng phi tun th cc nguyn tc chung mang tnh quc t nhm iu ha vic s
dng tn s gia cc quc gia v vng lnh th vi nhau.
Hin nay, cc mng v tuyn u c c im l s dng nhng di tn s c
nh. Tc l h thng u c thit k hot ng trn di tn m n c cp
php. Trc ht, mt s di tn c n nh cho cc mc ch ti quan trng ca
x hi nh cc dch v khn cp, m bo an ton, dch v hng khng Cc di
tn khc c n nh cho nhng mc ch s dng mang tnh thng mi nh pht
thanh, truyn hnh, in thoi di ng t bo Cui cng, c mt khi lng nh
ph tn s khng cn cp php v bt k ngi no cng c quyn s dng n.
Mc d chnh sch cp pht tn s c nh c nhiu u im song n cng gy
ra s lng ph rt ln trong vic s dng ngun ti nguyn tn s. Hin nay, nhiu
cuc nghin cu ch ra rng cc di tn s c cp php ang c s dng
vi hiu sut rt thp. Theo nh y ban truyn thng lin bang M FCC, hiu sut

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Chng 1: Tng quan v mng v tuyn nhn thc

s dng cc di tn s c cp php ch t c t 15% n 85% tng s ph

tn kh dng v gi tr ny thay i c theo thi gian v v tr a l i vi tng di
tn. Hnh 1.1 cho thy tnh hnh s dng tn s trong di t 1 GHz n 6 GHz. Da
vo hnh trn, ta thy bn cnh nhng di tn s 0-2GHZ c s dng rt hiu qu
th nhng di tn s t 3-5GHz c s dng rt t. iu ny cho thy mt khi
lng ln ph ang c s dng vi hiu sut rt thp.

Hnh 1.1 Hiu qu s dng tn s

H thng v tuyn nhn thc (Cognitive Radio) c th gii quyt vn ny
nh vo kh nng s dng ph linh hot, cho php nhiu k thut, ngi dng khc
nhau chia s cng mt dy tn.
Hin nay trn th gii h s dng k thut cognitive xy dng h thng wifi
802.22 nng cp bng tn chun VHF v UHF vn dnh cho TV vi tm sng xa
hn 100 km v tc t 22 Mbps (mi knh) c a vo kho st chu u,
Canada, M v cc th trng khc.
Vit Nam ngy cng c nhiu cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng cng nh
cc chun vin thng mi c ng dng th ti nguyn ph s ngy cng hp dn.
Trong tng lai khng xa, c th cng ngh v tuyn thng minh s c ng dng
Vit Nam c th ti u ha vic s dng ti nguyn ph.
1.2 Truy nhp ph v tuyn
Truy nhp ph v tuyn hin nay b gii hn bi cc c quan qun l ph ca
quc gia. Phn ln ph dnh cho cc dch v v tuyn c cp php. Truy nhp
m i vi hu ht ph ch c cho php vi cng sut truyn rt nh.

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Chng 1: Tng quan v mng v tuyn nhn thc

Trong vng vi thp k qua, nhiu chun khng dy, cng ngh v dch v mi
cho ph khng cp php mi ra i.Trong s ph bin l IEEE 802.11
WLAN, Wi-fi, v Bluetooth cho IEEE 802.15 WPANs. H thng ng dng khng
dy trong ph khng cp php ny thc s thnh cng v thng mi. Ngy cng
nhiu h thng v tuyn s dng khong ph ny, chng t rng n c th hu dng
thay i cch qun l ph hin ti nhm hng ti truy cp ph m v linh hot.
Gii hn v tr hon ca truy cp ph ang tht nghn v lm chm li qu
trnh pht trin cc dch v v tuyn mi. Nhng h thng ny c th ci thin v
sc khe, an ninh, mi trng lm vic, gio dc, gii tr. S pht trin y ha hn
v s lng thit b v tuyn da trn cc chun khng dy c th b tr hon bi
nhng gii hn trn.
1.3 Vn khan him v hiu sut s dng ph
Ph v tuyn l ti nguyn c hn. Cm t ph v tuyn ch khong tn s
in t gia 3KHz v 300GHz. Hnh 1.1 minh ha khong tn s m thng ch
ph tn s. Hu ht cc h thng thng tin v tuyn hin nay yu cu bo v cht
ch chng li nhiu t cc h thng v tuyn khc. Ngy nay, ph cp php c
m bo khi nhiu.
Phn ln ph v tuyn c cp cho cc h thng thng tin v dch v truyn
thng xc nh trong Hnh 1.1. Tuy nhin, ti nguyn ph li b lng ph bi nhiu l
do.
Th nht, s tht bi v mt kinh t ca cc dch v v h thng v tuyn cp
php c th dn n ph khng s dng. V d, WiMAX xut hin nhng khng
thnh cng v thng mi, ph WiMAX c xc nh v c cp php
nhiu nc, nhng li khng c s dng trn din rng. Ph WiMAX v th
lm lng ph ti nguyn ph.
Th hai, H thng v tuyn ca qun i cng nh cng an yu cu ph cho
h thng m ch yu hot ng khi c bin c. Do vy thm phn lng ph ti
nguyn ph.

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Chng 1: Tng quan v mng v tuyn nhn thc

Th ba, s pht trin cng ngh dn n s ci thin hiu sut ph trong h

thng thng tin cp php hin ti, v d nh pht sng tivi s. Do s yu cu t
ph hn cung cp cng mt dch v.
Ni tm li, mt phn ln ph ang c s dng khng hiu qu. Hn bao
gi ht, cn tm ra mt cng ngh gip vic truy cp ph mt cch linh hot. Nh
vy mi c th gii quyt vn khan him v lng ph ph hin nay.
1.4 Gii php v tuyn nhn thc v truy cp ph ng
Truy cp ph ng ch vic s dng linh hot thay i ph tn theo thi gian
di gii hn cho php ca c quan qun l.
V tuyn nhn thc cng vi truy nhp ph ng c th vt qua vn m ta
cp n .
V tuyn nhn thc khng ch l cng ngh v tuyn mi m cn cha nhng
thay i mang tnh cch mng trong vic qun l ph. V tuyn ny c thit k
s dng v chia s linh hot ph m khng nh hng h thng v tuyn cp
php.
1.5 Kt lun chng
Bi ton v vic s dng ph mt cch hiu qu c t ra i hi cn phi
c mt cch thc tip cn vic chia s ph tn s mt cch tt hn. T chng ta
xy dn mt h thng mng v tuyn nhn thc (v tuyn thng minh) gii
quyt vn trn. Mt h thng nh th da trn s linh hot trong vic chia s ph
tn gip tn dng ti a ph tn c cp php.

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Chng 2: Cognitive radio v tuyn nhn thc

CHNG 2: COGNITIVE RADIO - V TUYN NHN

THC
2.1 Gii thiu chung
Khi nim v v tuyn nhn thc - cognitive radio c xut gii
quyt cc vn hiu qu ph tn v c nhn c s quan tm ngy cng
tng trong nhng nm gn y.
Chng ny kho st nhng tin b gn y trong nghin cu lin quan n
CR. Cc nguyn tc c bn ca cng ngh v tuyn nhn thc, kin trc ca mt
mng v tuyn nhn thc v cc ng dng ca n. Cc cng trnh hin c trong cm
bin ph c xem xt v cc vn quan trng trong vic phn b ph tn ng.
2.2 Khi nim v tuyn nhn thc - Cognitive Radio (CR)
H thng v tuyn thng minh l h thng m cc phn t ca n c kh nng
thay i cc tham s (cng sut, tn s) trn c s tng tc vi mi trng hot
ng. Mc ch ca v tuyn thng minh l cho php cc thit b v tuyn khc
hot ng trn cc di tn cn trng tm thi m khng gy nhiu n cc h thng
v tuyn c quyn u tin cao hn hot ng trn di tn . cho php tn dng
ti a ti nguyn ph tn nh trn, v tuyn thng minh phi c nhng tnh nng c
bn nh sau:
Cm bin ph (Spectrum sensing): gim st band tn ph, bt ly nhng
thng tin ca cc band tn ph ny v xc nh l hng tn s hay ph trng.
Qun l ph (Spectrum management): Sau khi cm bin ph v quyt nh
c khong ph no trng, CR tin hnh vic qun l chn ra khong ph no l
ti u, p ng c cc yu cu v cht lng trong mng thng tin nh QoS
(Quality of service). Chc nng ny c th chia lm 2 bc: phn tch ph v quyt
nh ph.
S dng ph linh hot (Spectrum mobility): CR c th linh hot thay i tn
s ang s dng chuyn qua mt tn s sn c khc m c th ci thin c
cht lng ca mng thng tin nhm t c cht lng tt nht c th.

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Chng 2: Cognitive radio v tuyn nhn thc

Chia s ph (Spectrum Sharing): Trong mt mng thng tin khng ch c 1

m rt nhiu CR cng hot ng. Do vy cn phi c chc nng chia s ph gia
cc CR trnh xung t.

Hnh 2.1 S dng ph linh hot

2.3 Kin trc mng
Thnh phn kin trc ca mng, c th phn thnh hai nhm l mng chnh
(primary network) v mng V tuyn nhn thc (secondary network). Cc thnh
phn c bn ca hai nhm mng ny c xc nh nh sau:
Mng chnh (Primary network): Mng chnh c quyn truy nhp ti mt
vi bng ph nht nh, chng hn nh mng TV qung b, hay mng t ong
ni chung. Cc thnh phn ca mng chnh bao gm:
Ngi dng chnh (Primary user): Ngi dng chnh (hay ngi dng
c cp php) c giy php hot ng trong mt bng ph nht nh.
Truy nhp ny ch c gim st bi trm gc chnh v khng b nh
hng bi nhng hot ng ca bt k ngi dng khng c cp php
khc. cng tn ti vi cc trm gc V tuyn nhn thc v ngi dng
V tuyn nhn thc, nhng ngi dng chnh ny khng cn bt c s
iu chnh hoc chc nng cng thm no.
Trm gc chnh (Primary base-station): Trm gc chnh (hay trm gc
c cp php) l thnh phn c s h tng mng c c nh, c giy
php ph, nh BTS hay Node B trong mng t ong. V nguyn tc, trm
gc chnh khng c kh nng chia s ph vi nhng ngi dng CR. Tuy
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Chng 2: Cognitive radio v tuyn nhn thc

nhin, trm gc chnh ny c th yu cu c c kh nng ny.

Ngi dng v trm gc mng chnh khng phi l thit b c chc nng
CR.
Mng v tuyn nhn thc( Secondary network): Mng v tuyn nhn
thc (hay mng Truy nhp ph tn ng, mng th cp, mng khng c
cp php) khng c giy php hot ng trong mt bng mong mun. Do
, n ch c php truy nhp ph khi c c hi. Mng V tuyn nhn thc
c th hoc khng gm mng c c s h tng v mng ad hoc, cc user, cc
thnh phn ca mng V tuyn nhn thc nh sau:
Ngi dng V tuyn nhn thc: Ngi dng CR(hay ngi dng khng
c cp php, ngi dng th cp) khng c giy php s dng ph. Do
, cn c cc chc nng cng thm chia s bng ph cp php.
Trm gc V tuyn nhn thc: Trm gc CR(hay trm gc khng cp
php, trm gc th cp) l thnh phn c s h tng c nh vi cc kh
nng ca V tuyn nhn thc. Trm gc CR cung cp kt ni n chng
ti nhng ngi dng secondary m khng cn giy php truy nhp ph.
Thng qua kt ni ny, ngi dng CR c th truy nhp n cc mng
khc.
C ngi dng v trm gc CR u l nhng thit b c chc nng v tuyn
nhn thc. Nu mt vi mng th cp cng dng chung mt bng tn th vic s
dng ph tn c b tr phi hp bng thit b trung tm mng.
B phn chia ph (Spectrum broker): B phn chia ph (hay server lp
lch) l mt thc th mng trung tm ng vai tr trong vic chia s cc ti
nguyn ph tn gia cc mng CR khc nhau. B phn chia ph c th kt
ni vi tng mng v c th phc v vi t cch l ngi qun l thng tin
ph, nhm cho php cc mng CR cng tn ti.

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Chng 2: Cognitive radio v tuyn nhn thc

Hnh 2.2 Kin trc mng V tuyn nhn thc

2.4 Hot ng ca mng V tuyn nhn thc
Mng V tuyn nhn thc c th hot ng trong c bng cp php v khng
cp php, do , cc chc nng yu cu cho mng CR khc nhau ty theo ph l
cp php hay khng.
2.4.1 Trn bng cp php
Nh ch ra trn Hnh 1.1, ta thy c nhng h ph khng s dng trong
bng ph c cp php. Do , cc mng CR c th c s dng khai thc cc
h ph ny thng qua cc cng ngh thng minh. Kin trc ny c miu t trong
hnh di trong cc mng CR cng tn ti vi cc mng chnh ti cng mt v tr
v trn cng mt bng ph.

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Chng 2: Cognitive radio v tuyn nhn thc

Hnh 2.3 Mng v tuyn nhn thc hot ng trn bng cp php
C nhiu thch thc khc nhau thc hin cc mng CR trn bng cp
php v s tn ti ca nhng ngi dng chnh. Mc d, mc ch chnh ca mng
CR l xc nh ph tn c sn tt nht, nhng cc chc nng ca v tuyn nhn
thc trong bng cp php li bao gm pht hin s c mt ca cc ngi dng
chnh. Dung lng knh ca cc h ph ph thuc vo nhiu xung quanh nhng
ngi dng chnh. Do , vic trnh nhiu cho nhng ngi dng chnh l vn
quan trng nht trong kin trc ny. Hn na, nu ngi dng chnh xut hin trong
bng ph m nhng ngi dng CR s dng th ngi dng v tuyn nhn thc
ngay lp tc phi b li ph hin thi v chuyn ti ph mi sn c khc, gi l
chuyn giao ph.
2.4.2 Trn bng khng cp php
Cc mng CR c th c thit k hot ng trn cc bng khng cp php
ci thin hiu qu ph trong phn ph ny. Mng v tuyn nhn thc hot ng
trn bng khng cp php c minh ha trn Hnh 2.4. Tt c thc th trong mng
c quyn nh nhau khi truy nhp ti cc bng ph. Nhiu mng CR cng tn ti
trong mt vng ging nhau v s dng cng mt phn ph nh nhau. Cn c cc
thut ton chia s ph nhn thc c th ci thin hiu qu s dng ph v h tr
QoS cao.

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Chng 2: Cognitive radio v tuyn nhn thc

Hnh 2.4.Mng V tuyn nhn thc hot ng trn bng khng cp php
Trong kin trc ny, nhng ngi dng CR tp trung vo pht hin vic
truyn ca nhng ngi dng CR khc. Khc vi hot ng trn bng cp php,
vic chuyn giao ph khng b kch thch bi s c mt ca nhng ngi dng
chnh khc. Tuy nhin, v tt c nhng ngi dng CR c quyn truy nhp ph nh
nhau, nn h phi cnh tranh vi nhau trong cng bng khng cp php. Do ,
kin trc ny i hi cc phng php chia s ph phc tp gia nhng ngi dng
CR. Nu nhiu mng CR nm trong cng mt bng khng cp php th phi c
phng php chia s ph ph hp gia cc mng ny.
2.5 Kin trc vt l
Kin trc chung ca mt h thng thu pht CR c minh ha nh hnh di
y. Trong cc b phn chnh ca h thng l phn u (RF Front-End) v phn
x l bng gc. Mi b phn u c th c ti cu hnh thng qua ng iu
khin ( control) nhm thch ng vi cc iu kin thay i lin tc ca mi trng.

Hnh2.5 B thu pht CR

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Chng 2: Cognitive radio v tuyn nhn thc

Trong cm bin ph v tuyn thng minh, ch c RF trc l khc vi mt

thit b thu chnh thng thng. Hnh 2.6 cho thy loi RF in hnh, c RX nm
u vo. Thnh phn ca RX n bao gm c ng-ten, khuch i tn hiu nhiu tn
s thp (LNA), dao ng ni, v iu khin li t ng, tt c u c bng thng
rng, c th hot ng tt c cc tn s m ti cc v tuyn thng minh
c th mun hot ng. Pha trc cng phi c kh nng chn knh m v
tuyn thng minh mun s dng, bng cch iu chnh dao ng ni (v d, b dao
ng iu khin in p, VCO).

Hnh 2.6 Phn u (RF Front- End)

RF Filter: C tc dng chn la khong bang thoongmong mun bng cch
cho tn hiu qua b lc thng di.
LNA: (Low noise anplifier): b khuch i nhiu thp c tc dng: loi nhiu
tn s nh, khuch i nhiu thp tn hiu nh ng vo ca my thu ti mc cn
thit i tn,tng nhy my thu. LNA thng c t mt n ba tng khuch
i tuyn tnh, c iu hng chn lc tn s - bang thng tn hiu mong mun. C
tc dng khuch i tn hiu mong mun ng thi gim tn hiu nhiu.
MIXER: ti b i tn th tn hiu thu c s c trn vi tn s gc c
pht ra v c truyn ti gii bang gc hay tn s trung tn.
VCO (voltage_controlled oscillator): c bit n nh l mt b iu chnh
tn s bng in p. C tc dng nh b kha pha gip tn s ra n nh.

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Chng 2: Cognitive radio v tuyn nhn thc

Channel selection filter: c dng chn knh mong mun ng thi loi
b knh k cn.C hai cch chn knh: direct convertion receiver v
superheterodyne.
AGC(Automantic gain control): L h thng iu chnh li my thu da
vo bin tn hiu thu ng thi m rng gii rng, cho php ta tng hoc gim
khuch i khi tn hiu thu yu hay mnh bng cch thay i in p phn cc.
PLL (Phaxe locked loop): L h thng hi tip vng kn.
2.6 V tuyn nh ngha mm (SDR) cho h thng v tuyn nhn thc
c im chnh ca v tuyn nhn thc l kh nng thch nghi vi ni m cc
thng s v tuyn (bao gm tn s, cng sut, iu ch, bng thng) c th thay i
ph thuc vo mi trng v tuyn, hon cnh s dng, iu kin mng, v tr a l.
V tuyn nh ngha mm (SDR) c th cung cp mt s chc nng v tuyn
linh hot bng cc trnh s dng cc b phn v mch tng t c nh. V vy v
tuyn nhn thc c thit k da trn SDR hay ni cch khc SDR l cng ngh
li cho v tuyn nhn thc.
Theo , thit b v tuyn nh ngha bng phn mm SDR (Software Defined
Radio) s l mt phn t quan trng trong h thng v tuyn nhn thc. Cc tham
s ca thit b SDR c thay i mt cch linh ng bng phn mm m khng
cn phi thay i cu trc phn cng. N khc vi nhng thit b v tuyn trc
kh nng nhn thc (cognitive capability) v kh nng cu hnh li
(reconfigurability).
Kh nng nhn thc (Cognitive capability): kh nng nhn thc cp n
kh nng ca cng ngh v tuyn c th nm bt hay cm nhn thng tin t
mi trng v tuyn trong n hot ng. Kh nng ny khng th n
gin thc hin c bng cch gim st cng sut mt vi bng tn, m l
nhng cng ngh tinh vi hn, nh: hc tp t qun v quyt nh hot ng
l cn thit nm bt s thay i theo thi gian v khng gian trong mi
trng v tuyn v trnh nhiu vi cc user khc. Thng qua kh nng nhn
thc ny, cc phn ph cha s dng mt thi im v a im s c

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Chng 2: Cognitive radio v tuyn nhn thc

xc nh. Do , phn ph tt nht v cc thng s thch hp c th c la

chn.
Kh nng ti cu hnh (Reconfigurability): trong khi kh nng nhn thc
cung cp kh nng nhn bit ph ca CR, th kh nng ti cu hnh cho php
CR lp trnh ng theo mi trng v tuyn. C th hn, CR c th c lp
trnh truyn v nhn trn nhiu tn s v s dng cc cng ngh truy cp
ng truyn khc nhau c h tr bi thit k phn cng ca n.
2.7 M hnh v tuyn thng minh da trn SDR
tng v v tuyn thng minh l mt h thng m trong cc b chuyn
i s-tng t, b tch-ghp sng, mch lc... u l phn mm. M hnh v tuyn
thng minh in hnh trn c s SDR. Theo , cc chc nng v cc c tnh c
bn nh sau :
Khi anten di rng (Wideband antenna) c c im l hot ng trn
ton b bng tn v tuyn nhn thc (di tn ny rt rng). tn dng trit
ti nguyn ph tn v tuyn cn trng mt cch tc th, anten di rng
phi c kh nng qut tn s rt rng sao cho c th pht hin c hu ht
nhng thay i ca mi trng (thi gian khng s dng ca cc di tn s
cp php). Ton b ph tn kh qut c chia thnh N bng nh, v mi
thit b v tuyn nh ngha bng phn mm (SDR) s hot ng trn mt
bng tn nh . Ngoi ra, h thng a anten c xut to bp sng
v li phn tp nhm tng cng phn gii khng gian v ci thin
hiu qu tch sng.
Khi duplexer c dng nh hng (phn b) tn hiu cho cc anten,
hay ni cch khc n phn cch tn hiu thu v tn hiu pht.

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Chng 2: Cognitive radio v tuyn nhn thc

Hnh 2.7 M hnh v tuyn thng minh in hnh trn c s SDR

Khi la chn tn s ng (Dynamic Frequency Selection - DFS) l mt
qu trnh la chn tn s t ng c dng trong v tuyn nhn thc
trnh gy nhiu n cc h thng v tuyn khc c quyn u tin cao hn khi
hot ng cng bng tn. Khi hot ng, ph tn s ch c la chn s
dng khi n khng b chim dng bi thit b khc, v s dng chim dng
ph tn ny ngay khi cc thit b v tuyn c quyn u tin cao hn c nhu
cu s dng.
Khi v tuyn c nh ngha bng phn mm (Software Defined
Radio - SDR) hot ng ng thi trong module thu. Mi khi SDR c
iu khin hot ng trong mt di tn nht nh thng qua phn mm m
khng phi thay i cu trc phn cng. L do ca vic s dng nhiu
module SDR song song thay v ch mt module SDR duy nht l gim
phc tp ca thit b SDR. S liu u ra ca cc khi SDR c a vo
cng mt khi chc nng, khi ny thc hin quyt nh ti u (thng minh)
da trn nhng thng tin t cc SDR thnh phn, trong thc hin la chn
v kt hp gia cc lung thng tin sau tch sng ti to lung thng tin
cng nh cc tn hiu iu khin cc tham s phn pht.

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Chng 2: Cognitive radio v tuyn nhn thc

Khi cm bin mi trng (Incumbent Profile Detection IPD) pht hin

s hin hu ca thit b v tuyn c quyn u tin cao hn da trn cc
thng tin v: s phn b ph tn, thi im chim dng ph tn ca cc
thit b v tuyn c cp php, v tp tham s cng sut pht.
Khi tng hp tn s thch ng pha pht c nhim v to ra tn s sng
mang tham kho chun mt cch chnh xc phc v cho qu trnh iu ch
cao tn v chuyn i bng tn. Mun vy, cn phi khai thc thng tin t
khi cm bin mi trng (IPD) nh: s phn b ph tn, thi im
chim dng ph tn ca cc thit b v tuyn c cp php, v tp tham s
cng sut pht. Cc thng s ny cho php xc nh chnh xc mc cng sut
pht nhm m bo v tuyn thng minh khng gy nhiu n cc thit b v
tuyn khc.
Khi iu khin cng sut pht (Transmit Power Control - TPC) cho
php thch ng mc cng sut pht theo s thay i tn s lm vic ca thit
b v tuyn thng minh.
Khi cng nh thi (Timing Gate) cho php m bo rng v tuyn thng
minh ch pht tn hiu nhng tn s hin khng b chim dng.
2.8 Qun l ph
2.8.1 Cm bin v phn tch ph tn
Mt trong nhng yu t quan trng ca v tuyn nhn thc l kh nng o
c, nhn bit cc thng s v c tnh knh truyn, ph tn c sn, cng sut, cc
chnh sch... ca mi trng v tuyn xung quanh. V vy cm bin ph tn l mt
k thut quan trng lm nn v tuyn nhn thc. Cm bin ph tn c nhim v xc
nh tn s no ang c s dng bi cc user chnh, ph tn no ang trng. T
b thch nghi CR thay i cc thng s pht sao cho t c hiu sut ph cao
nht. V vy, vic cm bin v phn tch ph tn l bc quan trng u tin trong
qun l truy nhp ph ng.

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Chng 2: Cognitive radio v tuyn nhn thc

K thut cm bin ph tn trong CR chia thnh 4 nhm:

Da vo bn pht ca PU: pht hin tn hiu PU da vo tn hiu nhn
c ti u thu user CR, bao gm cc phng php: mch lc, pht hin
nng lng, dng sng, c tnh...
Da vo bn thu ca PU: c hi ph xc nh da vo nhng thng tin hin
th ti u thu ca PU.
Cooperative detection : tn hiu PU c xc nh nh vo vic phi hp
vi cc user khc, c thc hin bng cch cm bin tp trung hoc phn
phi. Cm bin tp trung ngha l node trung tm s thu thp thng tin t cc
thit b CR khc, xc nh ph ri v pht tn thng tin n CR khc. Ngc
li vi n l cm bin phn phi, thng tin c chia s gia cc node CR
nhng vic xc nh h ph l do mi node quyt nh.
M hnh qun l giao thoa can nhiu: phng php ny dng trong cc h
thng bng thng rng, khi m SU truyn d liu ng thi vi PU nhng
phi m bo truyn cng sut thp hn, trnh can nhiu vi nhau.
Ngoi ra cng c nhng phng php khc nh: da vo wavelet,
phng php multi-taper, c lng ph...
2.8.2 Chia s v phn phi ph ng
Vic chia s ph tn gia cc h thng v tuyn khc nhau thc cht l chia s
vic s dng cc di tn s gia cc mng truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau m thi. V
trong cc h thng, ti nguyn v tuyn ch yu c cc mng truy nhp s dng
truyn dn tn hiu t mng n khch hng. C ch hot ng ca phn b tn
s ng gia cc mng truy nhp nh sau: S dng cc khong tn s lin k
cp pht cho cc mng truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau. Cc khong tn s n nh
cho mi h thng c phn cch bng mt bng tn bo v, vic lm ny cng
ging vi c ch phn b tn s c nh hin nay. Tuy nhin, c ch phn b ti
nguyn ny b rng ph gn cho mi mt mng truy nhp v tuyn c thay i
ty theo thay i ca yu cu ph tn ca tng mng theo thi gian v khng gian.

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Chng 2: Cognitive radio v tuyn nhn thc

Hnh 2.8 Phn b tn s c nh v phn b tn s ng.

C ch phn b ph tn lin k ng ny c u im l vic qun l v phn
b ti nguyn ph tn n gin; trong khi vn c c nhng u im nh i vi
phng php phn b tn c nh, nh kim sot c nhiu t cc mng truy nhp
v tuyn khc ch cn dng mt bng tn bo v. Hn th na, c ch ny ti thiu
ha vic hp tc qun l gia hai mng truy nhp bi v chng ta ch cn xc nh
c v tr ca di tn bo v gia hai bng tn n nh lin k.
Tuy nhin, do s n gin trong vic qun l ph tn ca c ch nn cng c
nhng nhc im nh: Nu mun tng bng tn cho mt mng truy nhp v tuyn
th bng tn ca mng truy nhp v tuyn ln cn s b ct gim. Do , nu mt
mng truy nhp v tuyn c nhu cu tng lng bng tn cp php s khng c
p ng nu nh mng truy nhp v tuyn bn cnh khng th ct gim bng tn
ca mnh c. Mc d cn tn ti nhc im nh vy nhng phng php phn
b ti nguyn ny vn c ngha trong vic tn dng cc bng tn trng ca cc h
thng mng truy nhp khch da trn quy lut dch v m khng phi s dng cc
thut ton iu khin qu phc tp.
Hin nay, phng php phn b ti nguyn v tuyn ng ang c tp trung
nghin cu trong cc mng truy nhp v tuyn l mng di ng 3G (UMTS) v h
thng truyn hnh qung b s mt t DVB-T. La chn hai loi mng truy nhp
ny a vo nghin cu v hai mng truy nhp ny c c ch cung cp dch v
hon ton khc nhau. Mt bn l cung cp dch v theo yu cu ca khch hng
(mng di ng) trong khi mng truyn hnh qung b s mt t th pht qung

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Chng 2: Cognitive radio v tuyn nhn thc

b tn hiu n cc khu vc khc nhau. i vi mng di ng th nhu cu v bng

tn ch yu tp trung vo gi lm vic trong khi cc dch v truyn hnh li ch
yu tp trung vo ngoi gi lm vic. c im khc bit v quy lut dch v ny
lm cho vai tr ca vic phn b ph tn ng trn tr nn cp thit v quan trng
hn. Hn th na, mng 3G-UMTS v mng truyn hnh qung b v tuyn s mt
t DVB-T c chung b rng sng mang (Vi 3G-UMTS l 5 MHz trong khi
DVB-T l 8 MHz). Mt phn tch v qui lut s dng dch v ca hai h thng trn,
c trnh by hnh sau.

Hnh 2.9 Phn b lu lng thay i theo thi gian ca dch v DVB-T v
UMTS
2.9 Kt lun chng
V tuyn nhn thc c xem l mt h thng c tnh ch ng cao trong vic
chia s ph tn cho ngi dng. V tuyn nhn thc gii quyt tt vn ph tn b
trng trong nhng khong thi gian v v tr m ngi dng khng s dng.

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Chng 3: Cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc

CHNG 3: CM BIN PH V TUYN NHN THC

3.1 Gii thiu chng
Vic cm bin ph l nhim v thit yu ca mng v tuyn nhn thc, n cho
php ngi dng th 2 c th pht hin ra khong ph trng v c c hi tn
dng nhng khong tn s ny m khng nh hng g n h thng trn.V vy
cm bin l cha kha k thut trong cognitive radio. Vn cm bin ph ny
c trnh by c th trong chng ny.
3.2 Cm bin ph
Trong h thng 802.22,c BS v CPE thc hin cm bin knh theo chu k.
Bi v cm bin knh c th trong khong bng hay ngoi khong bng nn c 2
giao din c yu cu ti CPE. Mt anten trc tip th c s dng kt ni
vi BS, v mt anten ng hng th c dng cm bin ph. BS hng dn
CPE cm bin bng TV, v kt qu cm bin s c gi tr li cho BS xy
dng mt bn cc ph trng cho cc t bo m c dng qun l ph. Giao
thc MAC cn c thit k cung cp cc yu cu ca qun l ph bao gm
thay i knh truyn, s hon hay khi phc knh, s bao gm hay loi tr ca
nhiu knh t mt knh truy cp.
pht hin mt dch v TV truyn thng, h thng IEEE 802.22 cung cp
my cm bin bng tn th v cm bin tinh nh hnh:

Hnh 3.1C ch cm bin th v tinh

ci thin h thng cho ph hp. Cm bin nhanh ( hay gi l cm bin th),
v d nh cm bin nng lng, th thc hin trong thi gian ngn gim s gin

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Chng 3: Cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc

on trong truyn d liu. Kt qu ca s cm bin ny c s dng phn tch

hot ng ca knh truyn. Nu c mt nng lng truyn dn c pht hin, th
h thng cm bin tinh s hot ng. Gii thut ca cm bin tinh ny s tn thi
gian xc nh cc tn hiu t dch v ngun. C 2 phng php cm bin th v
tinh ny u p ng c yu cu ca chun IEEE 802.22.
c bit, tn hiu TV s vi cng sut ngng l -116 dBm cng c pht
hin vi xc sut pht hin gn 0.9( gi tr ln nht ca xc sut bo sai l 0.1). H
thng dch v th cn c pht hin trong vng khng qu 2 giy sau khi dch v
ny bt u truyn d liu.
3.3 Phn loi
Trong h thng CR c th chia cm bin ph ra lm 2 loi
Occupancy sensing (cm bin s chim gi ph): pht hin s chim gi
ph trong khu vc ln cn,qua xc nh c di ph no ang
trng(white spaces) hoc ang di mc s dng(gray spaces).Mt v d
v Occupancy sensing l b pht hin da vo nng lng (Energy_based
detection).
Identity sensing (cm bin cc c trng): phn bit c di ph ang b
chim gi bi primary user hay l ang b chim gi bi mt CR user
khc.iu ny c bit quan trng i vi mi trng c nhiu CR user,khi
white space phi c chia s cho nhiu user.Mt v d v Identity
sensing l cm bin da vo c im( feature-based detection).
3.4 Cm bin ph da vo nng lng
3.4.1 Phng php
Phng php cm bin bng nng lng (Energy detection) l mt phng
php cm bin ph pht hin khong ph c ng k c th s dng c
hay khng. Theo phng php pht hin bng nng lng ny, gii thut a ra
quyt nh c c s dng khong ph hay khng l da vo s so snh ca tn
hiu u ra ca b cm bin ny vi mt mc ngng xc nh trc. Kh khn
vic cn phi la chn mc ngng thch hp ng vi cc primary signals.

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Chng 3: Cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc

Phng php ny hot ng hiu qu khi ch s SNR cao.

Gii thut ca phng php ny th gi s rng mi trng hot ng ca tn
hiu khng co hin tng Fading v xc sut pht hin ng tn hiu, xc sut bo
hiu sai tn hiu ln lt c cho bi :

(m, )
2
Pd Q( 2 , ) v Pf
(m)

(3.1)

ng thi n c c im nh sau:
B pht hin ny lm vic nhy cm vi mi trng c cng sut nhiu khng
xc nh. Khi mi trng c cng sut nhiu thay i th b pht hin ny c th
p ng ngay. iu ny gy kh khn cho vic pht hin.
B pht hin ny ch lm nhim v pht hin, n khng c kh nng phn bit
c u l tn hiu PU hay SU.
B pht hin bng phng php nng lng ny th n gin hn so vi
phng php matched filter, v n c th c thc hin bi cc dng c phn tch
tn hiu nh FFT (fast Fourier Transform). FFT chuyn tn hiu t min thi gian
sang min tn s. K thut ny xc nh cng sut ca tn hiu thng qu gi tr mt
ph cng sut ca tn hiu . Nu cng sut ny vt qu gi tr ngng th
iu th hin s c mt ca PU.
c c 1 nh gi chnh xc v nng lng ca tn hiu ti tn s m ta
quan tm, ta phi tnh ton c lng gi tr ca tn hiu nhn c. iu c
ngha l vic ly mu cc gi tr ca tn hiu th cn thit c c kt qu tt
nht.
Tuy nhin, b pht hin nng lng vn cn c s dng bi v n n gin
v n c s dng lm nn tng cho vic thit k nhng b pht hin mnh hn.
Ngoi ra c ngh rng s dng n lm di tn bo v an ton nh gi
nhiu ca bng tn PU v tng kh nng nhn bit nhiu cha xc nh. Gii thut
ca phng php ny c trnh by nh sau:
pht hin 1 tn hiu nm trong di bng thng B bit trc, ta c th th t
vn v gi thit nh sau :

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Chng 3: Cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc

H 0 : x(n) v(n)
H1 : x(n) s(n) v(n), n 1, 2,..., N,

y:
Gi thit H0 th hin s khng tn ti ca tn hiu, tc l ,tn hiu nhn c
x(n) cha ng ch l nhiu Gauss trng cng tnh (AWGN) , v(n)
~CN(0,

).

Gi thit H1 th hin cho s c mt ca tn hiu, tc l tn hiu nhn c

x(n) gm 1 tn hiu s cp S(n) cng vi nhiu v(n).
N tng ng ti s ln ly mu.
Qu trnh quyt nh c thc hin nh sau:

n1 x(n) (y)
N

(3.2)

Gi tr (y) ny c so snh vi gi tr ngng dnh gi s c mt ca

tn hiu.
Nu (y) > th: Theo gi thit H1; ngha l tn ti tn hiu trong knh tn s
ny.
Theo gi thit H0; ngha l kt qu pht hin l sai, trng hp ny l khng
c tn hiu nhng b pht hin vn bo c pht hin c.
Ngc li, nu (y) < th khng hin din tn hiu trong knh tn s ny.
Trong gii thut ny,ngi ta a ra 2 nh ngha v xc sut pht hin ng
tn hiu Pd v xc sut pht hin sai ca b pht hin Pf.
Trong phn cm bin ph ny, ta trng tm vo tn hiu nng lng c xy
dng trong min tn s. Tn hiu ny c nhn dng bi mt ph cng sut vi
s ln ly mu hp l:

1 N 1
Pp (w) | x(n)e jwn |2 , w [ , ]
N n 0
^

(3.3)

Khi b pht hin ca chng ta c yu cu phi tha mn gi tr Pd , Pf v

gi tr t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR cho trc, khi , s ln ly mu s c xc

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Chng 3: Cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc

nh nh sau tha mn yu cu trn:

N 2[Q1 (Pf )-Q1 (Pd ) 1 2SNR ]2 SNR 2

(3.4)

Trong Q l xc xut ca mt bin ngu nhin Gauss:

1
Q( x)
2

/2
e d
2

(3.5)

Theo cng thc tnh N trn, ta thy s ln ly mu N th t l nghch vi bnh

phng ca SNR.
Gii thch mt cch n gin nh sau, vi tn hiu c ng k PU m c
t s SNR cng cao th s ln ly mu s cng thp m vn m bo c cht
lng ca b pht hin. V ngc li, khi t s SNR ca tn hiu PU thp th i
hi ta phi tng gi tr ca s ln ly mu nu mun b pht hin hot ng. iu
ny hm rng b pht hin bng nng lng khng phi l la chn tt khi m tn
hiu c ch s SNR thp. Xa hn na,khi m nhiu trong mi trng khng xc
nh m lun thay i th b pht hin ny c dng vi mc ch khc.

Trong thc t th ngi ta tnh mt ph cng sut da trn FFT vi s

gii thut nh trn, tn hiu c a vo, sau khi qua b chuyn i t tn hiu
tng t sang tn hiu s, qu trnh ly mu s c x l trong b FFT, sau
bnh phng, ly trung bnh nh cng thc nu trn. Cui cng, kt qu ny s
c so snh vi gi tr ngng quyt nh s c mt ca tn hiu trong nn
nhiu hay khng. Tuy nhin, trong b FFT ny ta cn ch n rng bng
thng c ph hp vi di bng m chng ta quan tm hay khng. ng thi kch
thc ca FFT cng c gii hn ca n bi v mt FFT c kch thc ln th s m
bo cht lng ca qu trnh x l nhng n li lm tng thi gian cm bin.

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Chng 3: Cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc

3.4.2 u im v nhc im ca phng php

u im
Phng php pht hin nng lng ny c xem l phng php ph bin v
n gin nht v c khi nim ln thc hin. Mt b pht hin ny c v nh l 1
bc x k, hot ng ti u trong iu kin mi trng ch c cng sut ca tn hiu
v nhiu. V vy,tuy n n gin nhng li chnh l phn trng tm ca qu trnh
cm bin ph.
Phng php cm bin da vo nng lng ny thng c dng ch yu
pht hin tn hiu vi mt gi tr nhiu xc nh. S d n c la chn trong k
hoch cm bin ph ca h thng Cognitive Radio l v:
N khng cn nhiu thng tin ca tn hiu do x l n gin.
Qu trnh ci t, thc hin tng i n gin khi s dng gii thut
FFT, gii thut c th cm bin nhanh v d dng phn tch vi h
thng OFDM.
nh gi c mt ph cng sut (PSD) ca tn hiu nhn c
trong vng ln cn v sau thit lp c gi tr ngng da vo vic
xc nh white spaces v gray spaces.
Tuy nhin, khi m trong mi trng m nhiu cao, tn hiu b trn ln hon
ton trong nhiu th phng php cm bin bng nng lng khng cn ph hp
na. gii quyt vn ny, chng ta co nhng phng php ti u hn, s c
cp trong phn sau.
Nhc im
B pht hin bng phng phpnng lng ny th n gin hn so vi
phng php matched filter, v n c th c thc hin bi cc dng c phn tch
tn hiu nh FFT. Mc d b pht hin ny n gin thc hin nhng bn cnh
n cng c nhng hn ch:
Tc cm bin ph tn hiu chm.
Ngng thc hin pht hin tn hiu li nhy cm vi s thay i ca
nhiu trong mi trng truyn tn hiu.

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Chng 3: Cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc

Khng phn bit c u l tn hiu, u l nhiu.

PU and SU khng th phn bit c, trong khi PU th cn c u tin
trong vic s dng.
3.5 Cm bin ph da vo nng lng_ Matched filter
c xem nh l phng php ti u cho vic nhn dng tn hiu, matched
filter c dng khi t s SNR l ln nht. c th thc hin qu trnh nhn dng
bng b lc thch nghi th cc secondary user trong h thng CR cn phi c c
y nhng thng tin: bng thng, tn s trung tm, dng iu ch v tc baud,
nh dng khung v dng xung ca tn hiu ngun pht i v cn phi t c s
lin kt vi tn hiu ngun v thi gian, ng b sng mang v lng t knh. Nu
b lc thch nghi khng nm c y v chnh xc nhng kin thc v tn hiu
ngun th b lc thch nghi s khng hot ng hiu qu.
u im
Mt trong nhng u im ni bt ca Matched Filter l ch cn khong thi
gian ngn c th t c xc sut pht hin cao.
Xc sut li trong vic tch sng l thp.
Nhc im
Cn phi bit c nhng thng tin v tn hiu ngun (tn hiu t primary
pht ra) mi c th thc hin c.
Vi vic thc hin nhn dng tn hiu bng phng php Matched filter i
hi mi h thng CR cn phi c mt my thu chuyn dng cho mi dng tn
hiu pht ra.

Trang 25

Chng 3: Cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc

3.6 Cm bin ph kt hp (Cooperation spectrum sensing)

3.6.1 Gii thiu

Hnh 3.2 H thng cm bin ph kt hp

Cc bc thc hin CSS c th c lit k di y :
Bc 1: Mi mt CR thc hin vic cm bin ph mt cch c lp v sau
a ra mt quyt nh nh phn.
Bc 2: Tt c cc CR s gi quyt nh nh phn ca chng v mt b nhn
chung (common receiver) l mt im truy cp (access point) trong mng
LAN khng dy hoc trm c s (base station) trong mng t bo.
Bc 3: B nhn chung s kt hp nhng quyt nh nh phn v a ra mt
quyt nh cui cng rng c hay khng c PU trong bng tn ang quan st.
Nh vy trong h thng CCS, mi mt thnh vin u a ra quyt nh nh
phn da vo vic quan st ca ring mnh. Ti b nhn chung, tt c cc quyt
nh mt bit (one-bit decision) c kt hp vi nhau da trn php logic OR.
Thut ton ny c gi l decision fusion.
Mt dng khc ca CSS c tn gi data fusion. Thay v phi gi quyt nh
mt bit cho b nhn chung nh bc 2 th mi CR ch cn gi trc tip gi tr quan
st ca n.

Trang 26

Chng 3: Cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc

3.6.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca CSS

Trong h thng CSS, mi CR a ra quyt nh c lp v vic cm bin
ph. Nu quyt nh ca CR l H0 th mt k hiu {-1} s c gi cho b nhn
chung. Ngc li nu quyt nh l H1 th {1} s c gi i.Qu trnh truyn
nhng quyt nh t tt c cc CR v b nhn chung c th c xem nh mt
giao thc truy cp a ngi dng (multiuser access protocol), m c th da trn
TDMA hoc FDMA. B nhn chung s tp hp tt c K quyt nh v a ra quyt
nh cui cng da vo lut OR. K hiu Z l trng thi quyt nh ca b nhn
chung . Ta c

{H 0BS ,1 ,..., H 0BS ,K }, H 0 ( signal _ is _ absent )

otherwise, H1 ( signal _ is _ absent )

(3.6)

BS,i l quyt nh H0 m b nhn chung nhn c t CR th i (vi i=1,,K).

T biu thc trn ta thy rng b nhn chung quyt nh rng PU vng mt
nu v ch nu tt c cc CR u quyt nh PU vng mt. Ni cch khc, ch cn t
nht mt CR quyt nh rng c xut hin PU th b nhn chung s quyt nh c
xut hin PU. V vy, xc sut bo ng sai ca CSS c cho bi:
K

Q f Prob{H1 | H0 } 1 Prob{H 0 | H0 }=1- (1 Pf ,i )

i 1

(3.7)

Xc sut b st ca CSS c cho bi:

K

Qm Prob{H0 | H1 } Pm,i
i 1

(3.8)

Vi Pf,i v Pm,i ln lt l xc sut bo ng sai v xc sut b st ca CR th

i. Gi s rngmi CR u c cng Pf v Pm khi :

Q f 1 (1 Pf ) K ( Pf ) K

(3.9)

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Chng 3: Cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc

Tm li, CSS c thc hin thng qua 2 knh: knh cm bin (t PU n

CR) v knh bo co (t CR n b nhn chung). Bng cch tng s lng cc CR
kt hp vi nhau, xc sut b st trong vic cm bin ph s tht s c gim
xung ng k. Cho d mt CR c th mc li trong vic pht hin tn hiu ca PU
th vn cn nhiu c hi pht hin cho cc CR khc. Mt u im khc ca CSS l
kh nng giao tip qua li gia cc CR trong mng. Khi mt CR xa PU, tn hiu
nhn c s rt yu khng th cm bin c. Tuy nhin, thng qua mt CR khc
nm gn PU, tn hiu ca PU c th c pht hin d dng.
3.6.3 Hot ng ca CSS trong knh truyn Fading
Trong thc t, knh bo co gia CR v b nhn chung s xut hin hin
tng Fading v Shadowing nh CR3 trong hnh. Cc hin tng ny s lm gim
tin cy trong vic truyn bo co cm bin ph t CR v b nhn chung.
nh ngha: Xc sut li bo co (reporting error) ca CR th i, k hiu Pe,i ,
c nh ngha l xc sut li ca vic truyn tn hiu qua knh bo bo gia CR
th i v b nhn chung.
nh l: t Qf v Qm ln lt l xc sut bo ng sai v xc sut b st ca
CSS th :
K

Q f 1-[(1 Pf ,i )(1 Pe,i ) Pf ,i Pe,i ]

i 1

(3.10)

Qm [Pm,i (1 Pe,i ) (1 Pm,i ) Pe,i ]

i 1

(3.11)

H qu: Gi s rng cc CR u c Pf,i= Pf v Pm.i = Pm vi tt c i = 1,, K

v xc sut li bo co l ging nhau vi mi CR, khi :
K

Q f 1-[(1 Pf )(1 Pe ) Pf Pe ]

Qm Pm (1 Pe ) (1 Pm ) Pe ]

(3.12)

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Chng 3: Cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc

Hn na Q cn b chn bi:

Qf Qf

lim Pf 0 Q f 1 (1 Pe ) K KPe

(3.13)

Chng ta d dng nhn thy khi tng s lng CR trong mng CSS (K tng) s
lm tng gii hn ca xc sut bo ng sai f . gii quyt vn ny cn phi
a ra mt cng ngh mi.
3.6.4 Cm bin ph kt hp nhanh ( Robust CSS )
Qua cc phn trnh by, chng ta ch ra rng vic tng s lng CR trong
mng CSS s nng cao c xc sut pht hin, tuy nhin vic ny li b gii hn
bi tin cy ca knh bo co. Do vy ngi ta a ra nhng cng ngh CSS
ci tin.
3.6.4.1 Phn tp kt hp cho cm bin ph kt hp (Cooperative Diversity)

Hnh 3.3 Phn tp kt hp cho cm bin ph kt hp

Chng ta xt trng hp mng CSS vi 2 CR nh hnh v.V c 2 CR ny gn
nhau nn knh truyn gia chng c th gi s l l tng. u tin 2 CR s thc
hin vic cm bin ph c lp v thu c kt qu l D1 cho CR1 v D2 cho CR2.
Sau chng s trao i quyt nh ca mnh cho nhau.Cui cng th CR1 s gi
{D1, D2} trn 2 khe thi gian v cho b thu chung. Tng t CR2 s gi {-D2, D1}
v cho b thu chung. Vi cch lm nh vy mi bo co s c gi v cho b thu
chung thng qua hai knh truyn fading c lp. iu ny nng space diversity ln

Trang 29

Chng 3: Cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc

thnh 2. Tng qut, khi s lng CR trong mng CSS l K, n c th nng diversity
ln thnh K. Tm li, bng cch li dng s Cooperative diversity gia cc CR nm
gn nhau, chng ta c th gim xc sut li bo co, nng cao kh nng thc hin
CSS.
3.6.4.2 Phn tp chuyn tip cho cm bin ph kt hp (Relay Diversity)
Khi knh bo co ca CR gp phi hin tng Shadowing th quyt nh ca
n s khng gi c ti b nhn chung. V vy m cc i ca cooperative
diversity t c trong CSS s b gim. Gi s rng CR th i tht bi trong vic
gi quyt nh ca n ti b nhn chung v hin tng Shadowing. Khi th cng
sut tn hiu nhn c ti b nhn chung s yu n ni b ha vo trong nhiu. B
nhn chung s a ra mt quyt nh ngu nhin gia H0 v H1 v CR th i lc ny
khng cn ng tin cy. Mt mng c nhiu CR khng ng tin cy nh vy s lm
gim kh nng CSS. gii quyt vn ny, ti b thu chung s nh gi SNR
ca tn hiu nhn c. Nu SNR nh hn mt mc ngng cho trc th CR
mi b cho l khng ng tin cy. Di s gim st ca b thu chung, CR khng
ng tin cy c th chuyn tip kt qu cm bin ph ca n cho mt CR khc c
trng thi knh truyn tt nh hnh di y

Hnh 3.4 Phn tp chuyn tip cho cm bin ph kt hp

3.6.4.3 Phn tp a ngi dng cho cm bin ph kt hp
gim xc sut li bo co, chng ta c th phn tp a ngi dng trong
CSS. Hnh di y minh ha cho phng php ny. y mng c phn cp
thnh hai lp. Trong lp u tin, CR no c SNR cao nht s c chn l CR
chnh, cc CR cn li s hng kt ni ca mnh v CR chnh ny. Mi mt CR s

Trang 30

Chng 3: Cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc

gi quyt nh cm bin ph ca mnh v cho CR chnh, v ti y CR chnh s

tng hp cc quyt nh da vo lut OR a ra quyt nh ca mnh. tng th
hai hay l tng cao hn, cc CR chnh s kt ni trc tip vi b nhn chung. Da
vo cc quyt nh do cc CR chnh gi v, b nhn chung s a ra quyt nh
cui cng da vo lut OR.

Hnh3.5 Phn tp a ngi dng cho cm bin ph kt hp

u im ca phng php ny l ch CR no c SNR cao nht mi c lm
CR chnh, vic ny gip lm gim xc sut li bo co. Ngoi ra tng s bit bo co
gi v cho b nhn chung s c gim ng k v khng phi tt c cc CR trong
mng m ch c cc CR chnh mi c php gi bo co v cho b nhn chung.
iu ny gip lm gim bng thng cho knh truyn.
3.6.4.5 Quyt nh b thiu cho cm bin ph kt hp (Censored decision)
i vi mng CSS c s lng CR ln, tng s bit quyt nh ca cc CR
truyn v cho b thu chung s rt ln v n i hi vic bng thng knh truyn v
kt qu trong mt khong thi gian cm bin di. Chng ta bit rng quyt nh ca
mi CR l D {0,1}, D nhn c bng cch so snh gi tr quan st ca CR (k
hiu l O) vi mt mc ngng cho trc .
Gi tr quan st O nm trong vng ln cn ca s khng cn ng tin cy do
nhiu. loi tr iu ny, mt quyt nh b thiu s c s dng trong CSS.
Bng cch t [1 , 2] l khong ln cn ca mc ngng ,phng php ny ch

Trang 31

Chng 3: Cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc

cho php CR no c gi tr quan st O ngoi khong [1 , 2] mi c gi quyt

nh cm bin ph D v cho b nhn chung.

0, 0 O 1
D
1, O 2

(3.14)

Cn nu 1 < O < 2 th CR s khng gi bt c g cho b nhn chung. Xc

sut trng hp ny xy ra c cho bi:

K 1 Prob{1 O 2 }

( 3.15)

V mi CR c php gi th ch gi mt bit quyt nh v cho b nhn chung.

Cho nn chnh l t s gia tng s bit quyt nh c gi v cho b nhn chung
trn tng s K CR ca mng. V vy tng s bit quyt nh trung bnh s l K.
Phng php ny gip gim s lng bit quyt nh gi v cho b nhn chung m
khng cn tc ng nhiu n qu trnh cm bin ph. l nh vic loi b khng
truyn nhng quyt nh cm bin ph khng ng tin cy v cho b nhn chung.
3.7 Kt lun chng
Vi vic tm hiu cc phng php cm bin ph trong h thng v tuyn
nhn thc a ra cho chng ta cch nhn nhn v cch thc lm vic ca h
thng. y l nhng kin thc nn tng gip chng ta i su nghin cu v tm hiu
v mng v tuyn ny.

Trang 32

Chng 4: ng dng ca v tuyn nhn thc

CHNG 4: NG DNG CA V TUYN NHN THC

4.1 Gii thiu chng
Vi vic s dng linh hot ph tn s trong iu kin gii hn, v tuyn nhn
thc m ra c hi ng dng trong nhiu trng hp ca cuc sng. Trong chng
ny s gii thiu mt vi ng dng ca h thng v tuyn nhn thc chng ta c
th nhn nhn vai tr to ln ca n.
4.2 Lnh vc chnh ph
V tuyn thng minh c ng dng trong an ton cng cng v ng ph vi
trng hp khn cp nh thm ha. V cc mng khn cp lin quan ti thng tin
khn nn cn m bo truyn thng tin cy vi tr nh nht. Thm vo , truyn
thng khn cp yu cu mt lng ph ng k x l lng lu lng rt ln,
bao gm thoi, video, v d liu. Cc mng v tuyn nhn thc c th cho php s
dng ph sn c bng cch duy tr u tin truyn thng v thi gian p ng.
Mt s trng hp in hnh ng dng v tuyn nhn thc gii quyt vn
ca chnh ph trong bo v, an ninh, an ton, v tnh hung thm ha .
4.3 Qun l v cu h trong tnh hung thm ha
Trong trng hp thm ha xy ra, mng khng dy c nhn nh mng in
thoi c th khng hot ng v khong ph dng cho an ninh cng cng c th qu
ti bi s lng cc kt ni khn cp. Lc ny v tuyn nhn thc c th s dng
nhng khong ph trng c c php hoc khng php v cc thit b mng khng
ng nht thit lp v duy tr kt nikhn cp tm thi. V d n c th thit lp
kt ni trn bng GSM s dng im truy cp WLAN.

Trang 33

Chng 4: ng dng ca v tuyn nhn thc

Hnh 4.1 ng dng v tuyn nhn thc trong thi quen ngi dng
4.4 Cu ha
Cu ha ng vai tr quan trng trong vic gii quyt cc thm ha: chy nh,
chy rng.... Ni chung lnh cu ha phi lm vic trong mi trng thay i lin
tc do thng tin phi c cp nht lin tc. Chng hn nh trong thm ha chy
rng th cc thng tin cn thit l nhit , tc gi v hng gi, s lng lnh
cu ha. V tuyn nhn thc s thit lp kt ni hiu qu nht ty vo iu kin
knh truyn (sc gi, nng, m) nhm duy tr vic trao i thng tin gia lnh
cu ha v b phn ch huy.
4.5 Chng ti phm
Cc thng tin lin quan n ti phm rt quan trng trong qu trnh iu tra v
phi mang tnh bo mt. V tuyn nhn thc gip vic trao i cc thng tin
mt cch nhanh chng v mang tnh bo mt cao, ngn chn ngi dng khng xc
thc nh cp thng tin.
Ngoi ra v tuyn nhn thc cn ng dng trong mt s lnh vc cng cng
khc.
4.6 iu khin giao thng
Giao thng l mt vn ln c bit l vo gi cao im. Trung tm qun l
giao thng s truyn cc thng tin v v tr giao thng tc nghn, d on v a ra
con ng thay th cho ngi ang tham gia giao thng nh vo h thng v tuyn
Trang 34

Chng 4: ng dng ca v tuyn nhn thc

nhn thc. Ti cc ct n bo hiu giao thng, da vo thng tin nhn c v lu

lng ngi trn cc hng quyt nh n xanh v s sng trong bao lu.
4.7 Y t
Trong tnh hung cp cu: cc xe cp cu c trang b h thng lin lc
khng dy truyn cc thng tin v bnh nhn v trung tm iu khin. Nhng
thng tin ny cn bng thng rng truyn c tn hiu thoi v video v tnh trng
bnh nhn c th chn on v a ra phng php iu tr kp thi. Do vy v
tuyn nhn thc c ng dng nhm o bo s nhanh chng, thng sut v tin
cy ca thng tin.
Cng ngh y sinh: Cng ngh ny gn cc thit b in t vo c th con ngi
thay th mt s b phn v bo co cc thng tin khi cn thit. V tuyn nhn
thc c kh ng pht hin cc m bt thng hay t bo mu trong c th con ngi
v bo co cho bc s. N ng vai tr quan trng trong vic cu ngi.
Tr gip cho ngi m: V tuyn nhn thc ng vai tr nh i mt ca
ngi m. N c th nhn cc thng tin v khu vc an ton i, thi gian an ton
bng qua ng v con ng i t nh n cng s hay cc ni khc.T n
s a ra ch dn v ng i cho ngi m.
4.8 Mi trng
D bo thi tit: Mng li cm bin dc dng pht hin cc thng s thi tit
nh nhit , tc gi, p sut khng kh, m trong thi gian di. Nu chng
c trang b kh nng nhn thc, chng c th lin lc qua li m khng cn s
can thip ca con ngi. Bng cch ny cc cm bin s pht hin, thu thp, v chia
s thng tin ti u ha hot ng. Sau khi c thu thp y , d liu c gi
v trung tm iu khin bi cm bin gn nht ti u cng sut s dng, mng
s dng v thi gian tr.
Kim sot nhim khng kh: pht hin tp cht trong khng kh l u tin chnh
bo v sc khe con ngi. V tuyn nhn thc c th c lng thng minh tp
cht trong khng kh, truy xut d liu lin quan n nhim v bo ng khi mc

Trang 35

Chng 4: ng dng ca v tuyn nhn thc

nhim vt qua gii hn cho php. Mc ngng cng c th c v tuyn

nhn thc iu chnh ph thuc vo cc yu t khc.
Hin tng nng ln ton cu: y l ti nng trong th gii hin i ni m mi
trng b nhim bi s pht trin cng nghip, giao thng Kt qu l tri t
ngy cng nng ln v lm tan bng hai cc lm tng mc nc bin v e da
cuc sng ca nhiu sinh vt. tnh ton tnh hung thm khc ny v thit lp
bin php phng nga. Do vy cn theo di ng i ca s thay i a l v thi
tit bng cch s dng thit b t iu khin v bo co d liu v trung tm nh v
tuyn nhn thc.
4.9 Qun i
Mt trong nhng ng dng tim nng nht ca mng V tuyn thng minh l
mi trng v tuyn trong qun i. Cc mng V tuyn thng minh c th cho
php cc v tuyn qun i la chn bng tn s trung tn (IF), s iu ch v s
m ha ty , thch ng vi mi trng v tuyn bin i ca chin trng. Cc
mng quan i ny cng cn bo mt cao v bo v thng tin trong mi trng c
ch. Cc mng V tuyn thng minh c th cho php nhn vin qun i thc hin
chuyn giao ph tm bng ph an ton cho chnh h v cc phe ng minh ca
h.
4.10 Kt lun chng
V tuyn nhn thc c kh nng ng dng rng ti trong nhiu lnh vc, m ra
lnh vc nghin cu rng ri vi nhiu hng i mi. V tuyn nhn thc gip gii
quyt nhiu vn ang tn ti trong h thng v tuyn hin nay, c bit l s
khan him ph tn s.

Trang 36

Chng 5: M phng cm bin nng lng

CHNG 5: M PHNG CM BIN NNG LNG

5.1 Gii thiu chng
hiu r hn v l thuyt cm bin ph v tuyn nhn thc, chng ta s i
vo m phng mt phng php cm bin ph c bn. T kt qu m phng chng
ta s kim chng li nghin cu v l thuyt chng 3.
5.2 Cm bin v quyt nh s dng ph
Qu trnh d tm v quyt nh s dng di ph nu n trng ca v tuyn
nhn thc c th c m phng nh sau.
V tuyn nhn thc ang quan st di bng tn t 0-6 KHz. Trong di bng
tn ny c 5 tn hiu PU ang hot dng vi tn s sng mang Fc ln lt l 1KHz,
2KHz, 3KHz, 4KHz, 5KHz.
Xt trng hp di ph trn ang b y bi cc PU nh hnh 10.1. Khi ,
CR s ln lt cm bin tng khong ph tn s trong di bng tn. Sau khi cm
bin ph, n s a ra kt qu l khng c kho ng ph no trng trong di bng
tn ang quan st. Do vy n s quyt nh khng s dng khong ph trnh gy
nhiu ln cc PU.
Power Spectral Density
10
5

Power/frequency (dB/Hz)

0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35

3
Frequency (kHz)

Hnh 5.1 Trng hp cc di ph ang b y

Trang 37

Chng 5: M phng cm bin nng lng

Trong trng hp di ph b lp y, h thng tip tc cm bin n khi no

pht hin s trng ph th s lp tc chn ngi dng CR vo v tr trng.
Power Spectral Density

10
5

Power/frequency (dB/Hz)

0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30

3
Frequency (kHz)

Hnh 5.2 Qu trnh cm bin v s dng ph ca CR

5.3 Phng php cm bin da vo nng lng
Cht lng ca b pht hin nng lng c c trng bi th biu din
mi quan h gia xc sut pht hin trung bnh Pd v SNR ca tn hiu ng vi mt

Trang 38

Chng 5: M phng cm bin nng lng

gi tr xc sut cnh bo sai nht nh. ng vi mt mc SNR chng ta s c mt

xc sut pht hin ng.
Pd and SNRdB
1.1

0.9

0.8

Pd

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1
-20

-15

-10

-5
SNRdB

10

Hnh 5.3 Mi quan h gia Pd v SNR

nh gi cht lng ca phng php cm bin nng lng, ngoi vic th
hin ng cong c tnh ca Pd v SNR chng ta cn phi quan tm ti ng c
tnh my thu: ng ny th hin mi quan h gia Pd v Pf ng vi mt gi tr SNR
nht nh. M phng vi mc SNR =-5, cho ta thy: mun tng Pd th ng thi ta
cng phi tr gi bng vic tng Pf .
SNR=-5

Pd

10

-1

10

10
Pf

Hnh 5.4 Mi quan h Pd v Pf vi SNR= -5dB

Trang 39

Chng 5: M phng cm bin nng lng

Chng ta s tip tc xem xt quan h ca Pd v Pf theo mc ngng. Vi kt

qu m phng tip theo s cho ta thy rng khi gim mc ngng th Pd tng ln
nhng ng thi xc sut P f cng tng ln theo. T t ra bi ton l bn cn
chn mc ngng bao nhiu xc sut Pd l ln nht.
Pd, Pf and Threshold
1
Pd
Pf

0.9
0.8
0.7

Pd & Pf

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

1.5

2.5
3
3.5
Decision Threshold

4.5

Hnh 5.5 Mi quan h Pd v Pf vi mc ngng

5.4 Kt lun chng
Chng ta thc hin m phng qu trnh cm bin nng lng trong h thng v
tuyn nhn thc, nhn xt v nh gi mt s kt qu m phng. Trong gii hn n v
kh nng tm hiu ca nhm ch thc hin m phng phng php u tin c s nh
gi v khi qut l thuyt thc hin trc .

Trang 40

KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI

Vo tuyn nhn thc l mt lnh vc v cng mi m, mang li li cao khi c
a vo ng dng. Trong phm vi n chuyn ngnh, chng em mi i tm hiu
v nguyn l ca h thng, thc hin m phng mt phng php trong qu trnh
cm bin ph.
Trong qu trnh lm thc hin n khng trnh khi nhng kh khn, c ch
quan ln khch quan: s mi m ca ti, hn ch ca kin thc c nhn.
Qu trnh pht trin v vn thiu ht ph tn s lm cho vic ci thin h
thng v tuyn l iu cn thit. V tuyn nhn thc ra i ang c hng pht
trin mnh m. Vi ti ny, c th pht trin v hon thin m phng cc phng
php c v pht trin phng n mi. Thc hin m phng ton mng v tuyn
nhn thc.
ng thi, nghin cu a h thng v tuyn nhn thc vo thc t l mt
iu thit yu hin nay.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Ekram Hossain, Dusit Niyato & Zhu Han (2009). Dynamic Spectrum
Access and Management in Cognitive Radio Networks. Cambridge University
Press.
[2]

Ian F. Akyildiz,

Won-Yeol Lee, Mehmet C. Vuran, Shantidev Mohanty

(2006). NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless

networks: A survey.
[3] Yonghong Zeng and Ying-Chang Liang (2007). Covariance Based Signal
Detections For Cognitive Radio. IEEE.
[4] Zhi Quan, Shuguang Cui, H. Vincent Poor, and Ali H. Sayed (2008).
Collaborative Wideband Sensing for Cognitive Radios. IEEE.
[5] Huseyin Arslan (2007). Cognitive Radio, Software Defined Radio, and
Adaptive Wireless Systems. Springer.
[6] Anant Sahai and Danijela Cabric (DySPAN 2005). Cyclostationary
Feature Detection. Berkeley Wireless Research Center.