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M U.
1. BN CHT CA B TNG CT THP:
B tng ct thep la vt liu xy dng phc hp do BT va ct thep cung cng tac
chu lc:
B tng la a nhn tao c ch tao t cac vt liu ri ( Cat, soi,...goi la ct liu)
va cht kt dnh (Xi mng hoc cac cht deo).
B tng ct thep:
B tng
Ct thep
Nen tt
Keo kem
Keo, nen tt
thy ro y ngha kinh t ky thut cua vic t ct thep vao BT tao nn 1 kt cu BTCT, lam th
nghim n gian sau:
Nen
- Un mt dm b tng ta thy dm b pha hoai kha sm do
vt nt xut hin vung b tng chu keo. Trong khi o
vung BT chu nen ng sut nen con kha be so vi kha nng
chu nen cua BT. Nh vy kha nng chu lc cua BT vung
Keo
nen cha c tn dung ht gy lang ph vt liu (Ma
thng kha nng chu nen cua BT ln hn t 10-20 ln kha
nng chu keo cua no).
Cung dm tng t nh vy nhng nu t mt
Nen
lng ct thep thch hp vao vung b tng chu keo th kha
nng chu lc cua dm tng ln rt nhiu. Khi BT vung keo
b nt th ct thep se thay th BT tip nhn toan b ng lc
Keo
trong vung keo, va dm vn con kha nng chu tai. Dm
BTCT ch b pha hoai khi BT vung nen b ep v hoc ct
thep chu keo b t.
Mc khac thep chu keo va nen u tt nn co th t thep vao ca vung chu nen tng kha nng
chu lc cua vung nen , giam kch thc tit din hoc chu cac lc keo xut hin ngu nhin.
Vy thc cht b tng ct thep la mt vt liu xy dng hn hp ma trong o b tng va ct
thep a lin kt hp ly vi nhau cung lam vic trong mt kt cu.
S d b tng va ct thep co th cung lam vic c la do:
- Lc dnh bam gia BT va ct thep: B tng khi ninh kt th dnh cht vi ct thep nn
ng lc co th truyn t BT sang ct thep va ngc lai. Lc dnh co y ngha hang u, nh o co th
khai thac ht kha nng chu lc cua ct thep, han ch b rng khe nt...
- Gia b tng va thep khng xay ra phan ng hoa hoc co hai. B tng co c chc,
bao boc bao v ct thep khng b han r va ngn nga tac dung co hai cua mi trng i vi thep.
- B tng va thep co h s gian n nhit gn bng nhau (ct= 1,2.10-5; b=10-51,5.10-5).
Nn khi nhit thay i trong pham vi thng thng di 1000C th ng sut ( ban u ) xay ra
trong vt liu khng ang k.
Chng 1
Chng 1
3. U NHC IM CU BTCT
3.1. u im:
Re tin hn so vi thep khi kt cu co nhp va va nho, cung chu tai nh nhau. S dung
vt liu a phng (cat, soi, a..) tit kim thep.
Chu lc tt hn kt cu g va gach a. Kt cu BTCT chu c tt ca cac loai tai trong
tnh, ng va ng t.
Chu la tt hn g va thep. B tng bao v cho ct thep khng b nung nong sm. Ch cn
lp b tng day 1,52 cm u tranh hu qua tai hai do nhng am chay bnh thng gy ra.
Tui tho cua cng trnh cao, chi ph bao dng t. BT co cng tng theo thi gian,
chng chu tac ng cua mi trng tt, ct thep c BT bao boc bao v khng b g.
Vic tao dang cho kt cu thc hin d dang. Va BT khi thi cng dang nhao co th
vao cac khun co hnh dang bt ky, ct thep u deo un theo hnh dang cua kt cu.
3.2. Nhc im :
Trong lng ban thn ln nn gy kho khn cho vic xy dng kt cu co nhp ln bng
BTCT thng.
Khc phuc: Dung BT nhe, BTCT LT, kt cu vo mong,...
B tng ct thep d co khe nt vung keo khi chu lc. Vi kt cu BTCT co khe nt
trong vung chu keo la kho tranh khoi, thng thng th b rng khe nt khng ln lm va t anh
hng n cht lng s dung cua kt cu. Tuy nhin trong thc t cung co trng hp co nhu cu
phai ngn nga hoc han ch khe nt: kt cu trong mi trng xm thc, cac ng ng hay b
cha cht long.. khc phuc: Tnh toan han ch khe nt, s dung BTCT LT..
Cach m va cach nhit kem hn g va gach a. Co th s dung kt cu co l rng, kt cu
nhiu lp, BT xp..
Thi cng phc tap, kho kim tra cht lng. Khc phuc: B tng ct thep lp ghep.
Kho gia c va sa cha. (ong inh, uc,...) . Thit k cn phai phu hp yu cu s dung
hin tai va d kin phat trin m rng, .
Chng 1
Chng 2
a
a (= 10cm)
a
4a
P
a = b (= 15cm)
b
Chng 2
Cac yu t nay u anh hng n cng BT nhng mc co khac nhau. Th du t l N/X anh
hng ln n Rn con sach cua ct liu anh hng nhiu n RK ...
* Thi gian (tui cua BT):
Cng cua b tng tng theo thi gian, luc u tng nhanh sau tng chm dn.
Cng b tng tng theo thi gian c xac nh theo cng thc thc nghim:
Cng thc cua Sec (1926):
R
Rt=R1+(R10- R1)lgt.
R28
Cng thc cua Nga (1935), (Skrantaep):
Rt
(vi t = 7-300 ngay)
t
lgt
t 28
Rt = R28.
0,7 R28.lgt.
lg28
Trong o: R1, R10, R28, Rt, la cng cua b tng tng ng vi tui 1, 10, 28 va t ngay.
(Cng thc cua Sec, kha phu hp vi thc t nhng bt tin v phai xac nh cng b
tng tui 1 ngay va 10 ngay; cng thc Nga cho kt qua phu hp vi thc t khi tui b tng 7
ngay bng xi mng Porland va dng h trong iu kin bnh thng).
* iu kin th nghim:
Lc ma sat gia ban nen va mu th anh hng n cng BT khi nen. Khi b nen ngoai
bin dang theo phng lc tac dung, mu con n ngang. Chnh s n ngang qua mc lam cho BT b
pha v do ng sut keo (kha nng chu keo cua BT kem hn chu nen nhiu ln).
Bi trn
Bin dang ngang u
Kt qua cho thy trng hp 1 mu co cng ln hn: R(1) > R(2). Giai thch:
Trng hp (1): Lc ma sat trn mt tip xuc gia ban nen va mu th co tac dung nh mt vanh
ai can tr s n ngang cua BT khi mu th chu nen. Cang xa mt tip xuc th anh hng cua lc
ma sat cang giam nn mu b pha hoai theo nhng ng nt dang 2 hnh chop.
Trng hp (2): Khng co lc ma sat nn BT t do n ngang khi chu nen va ng sut keo ngang
phn b kha ng u trn chiu cao mu nn cac vt nt theo phng ng va gn song song nhau.
(Khi th nghim khng c phep bi du ...)
Kch thc mu th cung anh hng n cng BT: Mu kch thc nho chu anh hng
cua lc ma sat ln nn co cng ln hn mu th co kch thc ln. Do vy khi th nghim cac
mu th co kch thc khac vi mu th tiu chun (150*150*150) th phai qui v cng mu
th tiu chun bng cach nhn thm vi h s qui i. Mu lng tru co cng be hn mu khi
vung co cung kch thc ay Rlt= (0.7-0.8)R...
Tc gia tai khi th nghim cung anh hng n cng cua mu: Khi tc gia tai
chm cng at khoang 0.85 tr s thng thng va khi gia tai nhanh cng cua mu co th
tng 1.2-1.4 ln. Khi th nghim phai tun theo quy trnh TN, thng vi tc 2kg/cm2-s.
Chng 2
* iu kin dng h: Mi trng co nhit va m ln th thi gian ninh kt cua BT co th rut
ngn i rt nhiu. Nu dng h BT bng hi nc nong th cng tng nhanh trong vai ngay
u nhng BT se don hn va co cng cui cung thng thp hn so vi BT dng h trong iu
kin tiu chun.
1.2. Mc B tng:
La tr s cua cac c trng c ban v cht lng cua BT. Tuy theo tnh cht va nhim vu cua
kt cu ma quy nh mac theo cac c trng khac nhau.
d
h
Chng 2
b1
dang cua BT khng phuc hi hoan toan, khi b= 0
(2)
vn con d. Tc la bin dang toan phn cua BT gm
0
2 phn: Mt phn co th khi phuc goi la bin dang
v1
D
(1)
b
ch
v2
v3
b
b
d
Tnh cht an hi cua BT c c trng bi mun an hi ban u Eb. Mun bin dang
deo cua BT Eb la mt gia tr thay i. Quan h gia Eb va Eb c rut ra t quan h - trn.
b= Eb. h ; b= Eb.( h+ d) = Eb. b.
Eb=
h
h
Eb= Eb vi =
la h s an hi.
b
b
Khi be bin dang chu yu la an hi, ( 1) Khi ln bin dang deo tng ln giam dn
(v1=0,2 hay 0,15).
Bin dang gii han khi nen trung tm 0,002.
Bin dang gii han khi un 0,0035.
Eb thay i theo mac BT (co bang tra).
Khi chu keo cung co bin dang an hi va bin dang deo: Ebk= kEb .
Bin dang cc han khi keo kha be 0,00015.
Rk
2R
= k .
Th nghim cho thy khi BT chu keo sp nt th k 0,5 nn ch=
0.5E b
Eb
Eb
0,4 Eb vi =0,2 la h s Posson.
Mun chng ct: G=
2(1 + )
Chng 2
Hin tng bin dang deo tng theo thi gian trong khi ng sut khng i goi la hin tng
t bin cua BT.
N
b
tb
2
t
2
1
0
Nh vy bin dang deo ban u cung la mt phn cua t bin (bin dang t bin nhanh). Khi b nho
th tb co gii han, con khi b gn at n Rn th tb tng khng ngng va mu b pha hoai.
Cac nhn t anh hng n bin dang t bin:
- ng sut trong BT ln bin dang t bin ln.
- Tui BT luc t tai ln bin dang t bin be.
- m W mi trng ln bin dang t bin be.
- T l N/X ln, cng ct liu be bin dang t bin ln.
- Cung t l N/X nhng lng X tng bin dang t bin tng.
Co th biu din t bin qua mt trong hai ch tiu sau:
- c trng t bin: = tb/ h. Khng th nguyn.
- Sut t bin: c= tb/ b (cm2/KG).
Cac ch tiu , c u tng theo thi gian, va at n gii han n nh la 0, c0.
* Tac hai cua hin tng t bin:
- Lam tng vong cua cu kin.
- Lam tng un doc cua cu kin chu nen.
- M rng khe nt trong BT.
- Gy mt mat ng sut trong ct thep ng lc trc.
b
Chng 2
- Cat nho hat, ct liu rng co ngot tng.
- Cht phu gia lam BT ninh kt nhanh co ngot tng.
- BT chng hp nhit cao th co ngot t hn.
Co ngot la mt hin tng co hai:
- Lam thay i hnh dang va kch thc cu kin.
- Gy ra khe nt trn b mt BT (V co ngot khng u trn b mt va chiu su bn trong
co ngot t can tr bin dang co ngot bn ngoai lam cho lp BT nay chu keo gy nt), lam thay
i cu truc cua BT, giam kha nng chu lc va tui tho cua cng trnh.
Cac bin phap khc phuc:
- Chon thanh phn ct liu hp ly, han ch lng nc trn, t l N/X hp ly.
- m chc BT, bao dng BT thng xuyn m trong giai oan u.
- Cac bin phap cu tao nh b tr khe co dan, t ct thep cu tao nhng ni cn thit
chu ng sut do co ngot gy ra, v.v..
2. CT THP:
2.1. Yu cu i vi ct thp dng trong BTCT:
- am bao cng theo thit k.
- Phai co tnh deo cn thit.
- Phai dnh kt tt va cung chu lc c vi BT trong moi giai oan lam vic cua kt cu.
- D gia cng: d un, ct, va han c ...
- Tn dung c trit kha nng chu lc cua ct thep khi kt cu b pha hoai.
- Tit kim thep va tn t sc L.
Chng 2
CI
CII
CIII
CIV
6-40
10-40
6-40
10-32
2.200
3.000
4.000
6.000
gh%
25
19
14
6
3. B TNG CT THP
3.1. Lc dnh gia B tng v ct thp:
S d gia BT va ct thep co th cung cng tac chu lc c la nh lc dnh gia chung.
a Cc nhn t to nn lc dnh:
- Lc ma sat do b mt g gh cua ct thep (y la nhn t chu yu vi thep co g).
- Lc dan do keo xi mng co tac dung nh mt lp h dan BT vao ct thep (25%).
- Do co ngot khi ng cng BT ep cht vao ct thep lam tng lc ma sat.
Chng 2
b Th nghim xc nh lc dnh:
Ch tao mu bng cach BT m ly
mt oan ct thep, ri tin hanh th
nghim keo hoc nen cho ct thep tut
khoi BT.
Lc dnh c biu th bng sut dnh
trung bnh tac ng trn 1cm2 b mt
ct thep.
N
.
tb =
. d . ln
N
d
tb
max
max
ln
d
tb
ln
N
Trong o: N la lc keo (nen) tut ct thep.
d la ng knh ct thep.
ln la chiu dai oan ct thep chn vao BT
Lc dnh cc ai: max=
N
1
=
. .
. . d . ln . tb
1< 0
(=a)
(1)
(2)
Chng 2
Suy ra:
a =
0 . Ea
n
. + 1
kc =
. 0 . E b
;
1+
. n
Trong o n =
Ea
Fa
va =
.
Eb
Fb
b nh hng n t bin:
Ct thep cung anh hng n bin dang t bin cua BT nn thng di tac dung cua tai trong dai
han gia BT va ct thep co s phn phi lai ni lc.(Se xet sau cac cu kin chu lc cu th).
Chng 2
am bao chiu day lp BT bao v.
Bao v ct thep chng lai tac dung cua dong in khuych tan 1 chiu (gy in phn) bng
cach chu y vn cach in, ng dy thoat in, v.v..
Chng 3
Chng 3
Tai trong ngang (gio, lc ham cu truc trong cac nha cng nghip, ng t..).
- Theo tr s khi tnh theo PP trang thai gii han: chia lam 2 loai
Tr s tiu chun (Tai trong tiu chun): la tai trong do thit k qui nh ly trong iu kin
lam vic bnh thng cua kt cu (Tt nhin tr s tai trong tiu chun nay cung a c ly hn
chut t so vi tai trong thng xuyn tac dung ln kt cu, theo s liu thc t hoc cac kt qua
thng k).
Tai trong tnh toan: la tai trong a co xet n s tng giam bt thng cua tai trong thc t so
vi tr s tiu chun trong trng hp nguy him nht.
S tng giam cua tai trong tnh toan so vi tai trong tiu chun c biu th qua h s tin cy v
tai trong (h s vt tai) n.
TTTT=n.TTTC.
(3-1)
TTTC, n: Ly theo TCVN 2737-1995.
Th du: - i vi trong lng ban thn n=1,1; co khi n<1 nu s giam tai la nguy him.
- i vi cac loai khac n=1,21,4.
- Theo thi han tac dung cua tai trong: chia lam 2 loai
Hoat tai co mt phn tac dung dai han (gm trong lng cac thit b c nh, tai trong trn
san nha kho, trong lng mt s b phn cua cng trnh co th thay i v tr (nh tng ngn), ap
lc cac cht long, cht kh trong ng ng, b cha..)
Va mt phn tac dung ngn han (do cac thit b vn chuyn di ng, ngi i lai, ac va
cac thit b nhe, tai trong gio, tai trong phat sinh do vn chuyn va lp ghep, trong lng cua vt
liu va thit b xy dng hay sa cha cng trnh..)
1.2. Ni lc:
- Vi kt cu tnh nh (dm, ct ..n gian): Dung PP tnh cua SBVL hoc CHKC.
- Vi kt cu siu tnh (dm ln tuc, khung, vo mong..): V BTCT la vt liu hn hp, BT vung nen
thng co vt nt, BT chu nen va ct thep co bin dang deo.. Nn khi tnh toan theo cac PP cua
CHKC hoc ly thuyt an hi th kt qua cung ch c xem la gn ung (Vi kt cu thng thng
mc sai s trong pham vi cho phep)
tnh ni lc va thc hin cac t hp ni lc cn thanh lp mt s s tnh:
- Mt s tnh vi tnh tai (cho ni lc Tg).
- Mt s s tnh vi cac trng hp co th xay ra cua hoat tai (cho cac ni lc Ti).
Ni lc tnh toan la t hp cua Tg va cac Ti: T= Tg + Ti
(3 - 2)
Chng 3
Chng 3
( Vit Nam PP ng sut cho phep vn c dung trong qui pham tnh toan cu cng,
ng b, ng st.).
Chng 3
R
Th nghim cac mu th, co cng trung bnh:
Rtb =
i =1
(3 - 8)
2
i
(3 - 9)
n1
Cng theo mt xac sut am bao qui nh: Rxs = Rtb - s.d = Rtb(1-s.v). (3 - 10)
d
la h s bin ng.
Trong o: v =
R tb
t Di = Ri - Rtb, lch qun phng:
d=
s la h s chun phu thuc vao xac sut bao am va quy lut cua ng cong phn phi.
Chng 3
Cng tiu chun cua BT ly theo xac sut bao am 95% va vi dang phn phi chun, ta co
s=1.64, vi BT nng va cht lng thi cng trung bnh v=0.135.
(3 - 11)
Cng tiu chun cua BT: Rtc = Rtb(1-1,64.0.135) 0.78Rtb.
Chng 3
liu la an hi deo nn cha trit . Khc phuc bng cach dung ly thuyt deo tnh ni lc nhng
rt phc tap kho ap dung cho ngi thit k.
a. Khung ct buc:
b. Khung ct hn:
Buc
Buc
Van khun
Thanh ni ngang
(1-3 thanh/m).
2. Li ct thep :
Co th buc hoc han li phng hoc
cun nhng am bao mi cun G 500 kg
phu hp cn cu thiu nhi khi thi cng.
Chng 3
2d
3,25d
4d
d
d
3.4. Un ct thp:
4d 10m
F
F
r 10d
F
3.5. Ni ct thp:
lneo
Nen: lneo 200 mm.
va loai ct thep
b. Ni hn:
Han i u: cho loai thep AI-AIV.
Han i u co nep: AI-AIV.
Han ghep: AI-AIII.
d2
d1
d
{ 0.85
10 mm
2
Chng 3
d8
d10
4d
8d
4 ng han 2 bn
2 ng han 1 bn
5d
10d
(1/2)
(1/2)
3.6. L p BT bo v :
- Co tac dung bao v ct thep di tac dung xm thc cua mi trng, am bao lc dnh gia BT va
ct thep.
- Lp BT bao v tnh t mep ngoai BT n mep gn nht cua ct thep khng c be hn tr s ti
thiu a0 quy nh nh sau:
i vi ct chu lc:
a0 = 10mm : Ban va vo co chiu day <100
a0 = 15mm : Ban va vo co chiu day 100, dm hoc sn co h<250.
a0 = 20mm : Dm co h 250, ct.
a0 = 30mm : Mong lp ghep va dm mong.
a0 = 35mm : Mong tai ch co BT lot.
a0 = 70mm : Mong tai ch khng co BT lot
i vi ct ai, cu tao:
a0 = 10mm : Khi h 250.
a0 = 15mm : Khi h 250.
Ngoai ra lp BT bao v con tuy thuc vao mi trng s dung va cht lng bao quan ma co th
tng 5 20mm hoc giam 5mm (nhng ti thiu a0 = 10mm).
c2
t0
t0 50
c1 c2
{ 30d
t0
t0
c2
c1
t0
{ 25d
t0 1.5d
{ 25d
Chng 4
M&Q
Q=0
Cu kin chu un la loai cu kin c ban rt quan trong c s dung rng rai va thng
gp nht nh dm, san, cu thang, ...
Co th quy v hai loai c ban: ban va dm.
1. C IM CU TO:
1.1
Bn:
1. nh ngha: Ban la
loai kt cu phng co chiu day
Ct phn b
kha be so vi chiu dai va chiu
rng. (h=330 cm, thng t
610 cm).
h
Ban co th 1 nhp hay
Ct chu lc
nhiu nhp, toan khi hay lp
ghep.
Trong kt cu nha ca ban co kch thc mt bng thng bng 24m.
Chiu day ban chon theo yu cu chu lc va cng (bin dang, vong, goc xoay..).
2. Ct thep trong ban gm co ct chu lc va ct phn b (AI, AII).
Chng 4
oan gi ta ban phai co u chiu dai keo ct chu lc mt oan neo lneo >5d su vao
gi (Thng ly lneo=10d; d la ng knh ct chu lc). Trong pham vi gi phai co ct phn b.
S hiu BT thng 150 200# i khi 300#.
1.2
Dm:
1. nh ngha:
Dm la loai kt cu co chiu ngang
va chiu cao kha be so vi chiu dai.
2. Hnh dang tit din dm:
Tit din dm thng co dang
ch nht, I, T, hp, khuyn, ...
h
b
1 1
Chiu rng h = h
2 4
Dm mong
50 h 600.
{-- BBii ss cucuaa 100
h > 600.
( tin qui cach hoa van khun va tiu chun hoa kch thc cua dm ).
4. Ct thep:
Ct thep trong dm thng dung AI, AII, AIII co ng knh t 10 32 bao gm ct doc
chu lc, ct ai, ct xin, ct doc cu tao.
a. Ct dc chu lc:
Chu M. t doc theo nhp dm vung BT chu keo hay nen. ng knh d = 10-32
Xac nh theo tnh toan, co th b tr 1, 2 hay nhiu lp (khi b 150 phai co t nht 2 thanh)
Ct xin
Ct ai
Ct doc
chu lc
Ct doc ct
ai 2 nhanh
ai 4 nhanh
b. Ct ai:
Dung chu lc ct, lin kt ct doc thanh khung, gn vung BT chu keova vung BT chu
nen vi nhau chu m men.
Tnh toan theo lc ct.
ng knh ct ai thng dung: 6mm i vi h < 800; 8mm i vi h 800.
c.Ct xin:
Dung chu lc ct Q hoc co luc ch a ct doc ln chu M(-) trn.
Chng 4
Thng la ct doc un ln vi goc nghing :
- 450 khi h 800.
- 600 khi h > 800.
- 300 khi dm thp va ban.
d. Ct dc cu to:
Khi dm co chiu cao ln h > 700 th trn khoang cach Ct gia
gia phai t ct thep phu cach nhau 40 - 50 cm. =10 14.
Co tac dung gi n nh ct ai, chu ng lc co ngot va nhit
.
Ct gia: la ct doc t trong vung BT chu nen gi
v tr ct ai (tao thanh khung). t theo cu tao, ng knh
10 14.
(Cac yu cu cu tao se trnh bay chi tit trong cac muc sau ). lam ct chu lc trong
chu un ngi ta con dung thep hnh (Ct cng) va khung ct han khng gian.
Ct doc
phu
Ct doc
chu lc
cu kin
2. S LM VIC CA DM
Quan sat mt dm BTCT chu tai cho n
luc b pha hoai, ta thy s lam vic cua dm din
bin nh sau:
Ban u khi tai trong cha ln dm vn con
KHE NT
KHE NT
nguyn ven. Tai trong tng ln n mt mc nao
3.1
Giai on I:
Ia
x
aFa
KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHIP
bk
b<Rn
x
aFa
3
bk=Rk
Chng 4
BT phat trin (nht la vung keo). S ng sut
trong BT cong i. n khi ng sut trong min
BTchu keo at n Rk (bk=Rk) th BT vung keo
sp sa nt TTUS-BD cua TD vao giai oan Ia.
3.2
Giai on II:
II
b<Rn
IIa
b<Rn
3.3
Giai on III:
Trng hp 1
(pha hoai deo)
Trng hp 2
(pha hoai don)
Tit din ch nht la loai TD ph bin nht cua cu kin chu un, v mt cu tao no thng co
hai loai: Trn tit din ch t ct chu keo goi la ct n; Trn tit din co ct chu lc t ca
trong vung keo ln vung nen : Ct kep. Ta se ln lt xet tng trng hp.
Chng 4
Chng 4
: 0=0,62.
Th du: Vi ct thep co Ra 3000 kg/cm2, BT M 200
- BT M 250 300
: 0=0,58.
.R .b.h 0
R .b.x
T RaFa=Rnbx Fa= n
0 n
= Fa max.
Ra
Ra
Goi =
Fa
la ham lng ct thep th ham lng cc ai:
b.h 0
max =
Rn
Famax
= 0
Ra
b.h 0
Mt khac nu ct thep t qua cung b pha hoai don khi BT vung keo nt ma lng ct thep
khng u chu toan b ng lc t BT vung keo truyn sang, vy:
min max. Vi min=0,05%.
d) Cac bai toan ap dung:
Bai toan 1: Bit kch thc TD b, h, mmen M, Mac BT, loai ct thep (Rn, Ra). Tnh ct thep Fa ?
Giai:
- Cn c mac BT va nhom ct thep: (tra bang) Rn, Ra, 0, A0.
- Tnh h0 = h - a .
V cha co Fa nn phai gia thuyt trc a : a = 15-20 vi ban, a = 30-60 vi dm.
M
(4 - 8)
- T phng trnh (4 - 5) xac nh A: A =
R n bh 02
- Kim tra A theo iu kin han ch:
Nu A A0 (thoa man K han ch) tra bang co
M
Fa=
(4 - 9)
Tnh Fa:
.R nh0
Kim tra ham lng thep: = Fa/(b.h0) min. Phu hp khi =0,3 0,6% i vi ban.
=0,6 1,2% i vi dm.
Co Fa chon thep va b tr trn tit din. Chu y kim tra lai h0 thc t so vi h0 chon ban u
(hchon= h - achon): Yu cu h0 cu tao h0 chon (thin v an toan).
Nu A > A0 th hoc tng kch thc TD .
tng Mac BT.
t ct thep vao vung nen (t ct kep).
Bai toan 2: Bit M, Mac BT, loai ct thep. Yu cu chon b, h, va tnh ct thep Fa ?
Giai:
- Cn c mac BT va nhom ct thep: (tra bang) Rn, Ra, 0, A0.
Ap dung cac cng thc (4 - 4) & (4 - 5) bai toan vi 2 phng trnh cha 4 n: b, h, va Fa. giai
cn chon trc 2 n, tin nht la chon trc b & :
Chon trc b theo kinh nghim, theo yu cu cu tao, theo kin truc..
Chon : = 0,3 0,4 i vi dm.
= 0,1 0,25 i vi ban.
( c chon sao cho lng thep tnh c phu hp vi kch thc TD)
T chon tra bang c A. Chiu cao lam vic cua TD h0 :
M
1
h0 =
(4 - 9)
.
A Rnb
Chng 4
Chiu cao TD: h = h0+ a (a chon nh BT1) (h nn chon tron s va t s h/b= 2 4 la hp ly.
Nu khng thoa man phai chon lai b va tnh lai nh ban u).
Sau khi co bxh hp ly th vic tnh Fa tin hanh ging nh bai toan 1.
Bai toan 3: Bit b, h, Fa, Mac BT, loai ct thep. Tnh kha nng chu lc cua tit din Mtd.
Giai:
- Cn c mac BT va nhom ct thep: (tra bang) Rn, Ra, 0, A0.
- Cn c vao cach b tr ct thep xac nh c a ri tnh h0 = h - a .
Bai toan vi 2 phng trnh cha 2 n , Mtd nn bai toan hoan toan xac nh.
R a Fa
.
T (4 - 4) =
R n bh 0
Nu 0: tra bang co A, th vao (4 - 5) Mtd = A.Rnb.h02.
Nu > 0 chng to Fa qua nhiu, BT vung nen b pha hoai trc nn kha nng chu lc c
tnh theo kha nng cua vung nen, tc chon = 0 hay A=A0 Mtd=A0.Rnbh02.
M
A0.
R n bh 02
M
> A0 th: - Tng kch thc TD.
R n bh 02
Chng 4
Phng trnh hnh chiu cac lc ln phng truc dm:
.X= 0 RaFa= Rnbx + RaFa.
(4 - 11)
Tng m men vi truc qua trong tm ct thep Fa va vung goc vi mp un cua dm:
.MFa= 0 Mgh = Rnbx.(h0 - 0,5x) + RaFa(h0 - a). (4 - 12)
iu kin cng (am bao cho TD khng vt qua TTGH th I) la:
M Mgh M Rnbx.(h0 - 0,5x) + Ra.Fa(h0 - a).
(4 - 13)
Cung dung mt s ky hiu nh trng hp ct n:
t = x/h0 , A = .(1 - 0,5), Cac cng thc trn vit lai nh sau:
T (4-11) RaFa = .Rnbh0 + Ra.Fa.
(4 - 14)
2
T (4-13) M A.Rnb h0 + Ra.Fa(h0 - a).
(4 - 15)
(Ta co cac cng thc tng t trng hp t ct n, ch co thm thanh phn lc RaFa).
d) iu kin han ch:
cu kin khng b pha hoai don t pha BT chu nen phai thoa man iu kin:
x 0h0 hay A A0.
(4 - 16)
ng sut nen trong Fa at n Ra phai thoa man iu kin:
x 2a.
(4 - 17)
(ng sut nen trong Fa at n Ra khi Fa co bin dang tng i ln. Nu Fa qua gn truc TH th
khi BT b nen hong ng sut trong Fa vn con < Ra).
Cac cng thc c ban ch ap dung tnh toan TD khi cac K han ch c thoa man.
e) Cac bai toan ap dung:
Bai toan 1: Bit M, b, h, Mac BT, loai ct thep. Tnh Fa, Fa ?
Giai:
- Cn c mac BT va nhom ct thep: (tra bang) Rn, Ra, Ra, 0, A0.
- Xac nh h0 = h - a (a va a c chon trc nh trng hp ct n).
M
0.5
(4 - 18)
- Kim tra iu kin cn thit tnh ct kep : A0 A =
R n bh 02
Hai phng trnh (4 - 14), (4 - 15) cha 3 n s , Fa, Fa nn phai loai bt n s bng cach
chon trc =0 tc A=A0. (Bng cach nay ta li dung ht kha nng chu nen cua BT nn ct thep
Fa, Fa tnh ra co (Fa+ Fa) be nht).
M - A 0 R n bh 02
Thay A = A0 vao (4-15) tm c: Fa=
(4 - 19)
R 'a (h 0 a' )
Th Fa vao (4-14) c:
Fa =
0 R n bh0
Ra
R 'a '
F
Ra a
(4 - 20)
Chng 4
- Kim tra A theo iu kin han ch:
Nu A A0: tra bang x = .h0.
R 'a '
. Rn bh0
Nu x 2a:
Fa=
+
F
Ra a
Ra
(4 - 22)
Nu x < 2a: Fa qua gn truc TH, ng sut trong ct thep chu nen Fa ch at a< Ra. n
gian va thin v an toan xem hp lc cua vung nen trung vi trong tm Fa (ly x = 2a).
S ng sut luc o co dang:
aFa
a
MFa = 0: M = RaFa.(h0 - a).
(4 - 23)
a
M
h
0 M
Fa =
(4 - 24)
R a (h 0 a ' )
RF
a a
Bai toan 3: Bit b, h, Mac BT, loai ct thep, Fa, Fa. Kim tra kha nng chu lc cua TD Mtd = ?
Giai:
- Cn c mac BT va nhom ct thep: (tra bang) Rn, Ra, Ra, 0, A0.
Bai toan vi 2 phng trnh cha 2 n s nn hoan toan xac nh.
R a Fa R a' Fa'
T (4 - 14) =
.
(4 - 25)
R n bh 0
Kim tra iu kin han ch:
2a '
0 . T tra bang A Mtd = A.Rnbh02+RaFa(h0 - a).
- Nu
h0
2a '
(tc x < 2a) th ly x = 2a tnh : Mtd= Ra.Fa(h0 - a).
- Nu <
h0
(4 - 26)
4.2
a)
h
b
h
b)
bs
h
c)
d)
Tit din ch T gm canh va sn. Nu canh ch T nm trong vung nen c) se tng thm din
tch BT vung nen nn tit kim vt liu hn TD ch nht, khi tit din ch T co canh nm trong
Chng 4
vung keo a), luc o canh khng gop phn vao kha nng chu lc cua TD nn c tnh nh TD ch
nht b*h.
Trong thc t b rng canh bc tuy thuc vao cu tao kt cu, co th ln hoc be, nhng trong
tnh toan th b rng o khng th vt qua mt gii han nht nh.
Canh s d chu lc c la nh co ng sut ct truyn lc ep t sn
bc
ra canh, cho nn cach sn mt quang nao o th ng sut se kha be.
Do vy b rng canh dung trong tnh toan c xac nh theo vn
hc
c
c
h
C (phn canh cung chu lc vi sn) quy nh ly nh sau:
Trong moi trng hp C 1/6 l (l: nhp tnh toan cua dm)
b
c)
i vi dm c lp:
bc
Khi hc 0,1h :
C 6 hc
0,05h hc 0,1h : C 3hc
c
c
hc < 0,05h :
C=0.
S
S
i vi dm san toan khi:
Khi hc 0,1h : C 9 hc
Khi khng co sn ngang hoc
hc 0,1h : C 6 hc sn ngang tha hn sn doc
Khi co cac sn ngang khng tha lm : C 12 hc
Va tt nhin C 1/2 S (S la khoang cach gia cac mep sn)
Tit din ch T co th t ct n hoc ct kep. Nhng TD ch T t ct kep (theo tnh toan) t khi
dung v khng kinh t (rt t gp TD ch T cn t ct kep do a co vung chu nen ln).
Chiu cao tit din dm co th chon s b theo cng thc gn ung:
h = (1520). 3 M
Vi h=cm, M=Tm.
b = (0,40,5).h
Rn
hc
h h0
Mgh
h h0
Fa
hc
x
Mgh
Fa
RaFa
RaFa
a
b
a) Truc trung hoa qua canh
b
b) Truc trung hoa qua sn
- Nu truc TH qua canh th TD ch T c tnh nh TD ch nht bcxh, v n trang trai gii han
din tch vung BT chu keo khng anh hng n kha nng chu lc cua TD ma ch co BT chu nen.
10
Chng 4
- Nu truc TH qua sn th tnh toan theo TD ch T. n TTGH xem kha nng chu lc cua vt liu
c tn dung ht : Fa Ra, BT vung nen Rn.
phn bit truc TH qua canh hay sn, ta xac nh M men un trn TD khi truc TH i
qua mep gia canh va sn:
MFa = 0 Mc= Rn.bc.hc.(h0 - 0,5hc).
(4 - 28)
Nu Mc M th truc TH qua canh, tnh toan theo TD ch nht bcxh nh muc IV.1.
Nu Mc < M th truc TH qua sn, tnh toan theo TD ch T, se xet di y .
b) Cng thc c ban:
X=0 RaFa=Rnbx+Rn.(bc-b)hc.
(4 - 29)
MFa=0 Mgh = Rnbx.(h0 - 0,5x) + Rn.(bc - b).hc.(h0 - 0,5hc). (4 - 30)
iu kin cng : M Mgh
Hay
M Rnbx.(h0 - 0,5x) + Rn.(bc - b).hc.(h0 - 0,5hc). (4 - 31)
t , A tng t nh TD ch nht, ta co:
RaFa=.Rnb.h0+ Rn.(bc-b)hc
(4 - 32)
2
M A.Rnb.h0 +Rn.(bc - b)hc. (h0 - 0,5hc)
(4 - 33)
c) iu kin han ch:
iu kin han ch vung nen TD khng b pha hoai don:
0 hoc A A0.
d) Tnh toan tit din:
* Bai toan tnh ct thep: Bit b, bc, hc, h, M. Mac BT, loai ct thep. Tnh Fa ?
Giai:
M - R n (b c - b)h c (h 0 0.5h c )
T (4-33), tnh A: A =
(4 - 34)
R n bh 20
V la ct n nn A A0 tra bang c
a.Rn bh0 + Rn (bc b)hc
T (4-32), tnh Fa : Fa =
Ra
(4 - 35)
Kim tra ham lng ct thep cua TD ch tnh cho phn sn, tc =[Fa/(b.h0)].100 phai am bao
theo yu cu i vi TD ch nht a bit.
Nu A >A0: th phai t ct kep.
* Bai toan kim tra cng tit din:
Bit b, bc, h, hc, Mac BT, loai ct thep, Fa. Tnh Mtd ?
Giai:
R a Fa R n (b c - b)h 'c
T (4-32) xac nh : =
.
(4 - 36)
R n bh 0
Nu 0 tra bang co A va tnh Mtd theo (4 - 33):
Mtd= A.Rnb.h02+ Rn.(b - bc).hc.(h0 - 0,5hc)
(4 - 37)
Nu > 0 th ly = 0 tc A = A0, tnh Mtd theo (4 - 33):
Mtd= A0.Rnb.h02+ Rn.(b - bc).hc.(h0 - 0,5hc)
(4 - 38)
Th du tnh toan: Xem sach.
5.
11
Chng 4
Khi xet s lam vic cua dm BTCT chu un ta a bit dm b pha hoai hoc la theo TD thng goc
(Tai ch co M ln) hoc la theo TD nghing (Tai ch co Q ln). S pha hoai theo TD nghing
thng theo 2 kiu:
Kiu 1: Vt nt nghing chia dm thanh 2 phn ni vi nhau
bng vung BT chu nen ngon khe nt va bng ct doc, ct ai, ct
xin i ngang qua khe nt. Hai phn dm nay quay xung quanh vung
nen, vung nen thu hep lai cui cung b pha huy. Luc o ct thep at
gii han chay hay b keo tut v neo long.
Kiu 2: Khi ct thep kha nhiu va neo cht th s quay cua 2 phn dm b can tr. Dm b pha
hoai khi min BT chu nen b pha v do tac dung chung cua lc ct va lc ep. Hai phn dm co xu
hng trt ln nhau va tut xung so vi gi ta.
S pha hoai theo TD nghing gn lin vi tac dung cua M va Q ma trong o vai tro lc ct Q la
ang k. Cho nn mun am bao cho dm khoi b pha hoai trn TD nghing th phai tnh toan sao
cho TD u kha nng chu c M va Q. Trn thc t thng ngi ta tach vic tnh toan cng
trn TD nghing chu lc M va Q ring ra tin tnh toan.
5.2
5.3
Gia thuyt: Ni lc trong cac ct thep la lc keo doc theo truc cua no.
Do ng sut trong ct ngang khng u nn ly bng gia tr trung bnh: Ra = 0.8Ra.
12
Chng 4
b. iu kin cng :
Y= 0: Q Qb+.Ra.F+.Ra.Fx.Sin .
MD= 0: M RaFa. Za+.RaF.Z+.Ra.Fx.Zx.
(4 - 41)
(4 - 42)
Zx2
Zx1
Q
Trong o:
Q: Lc ct tnh toan tai TD i qua
D=Rnbx+RaFa
im u khe nt nghing.
M
M: Mmen tnh toan tai TD i qua
a
im cui khe nt nghing.
Za
Ra: Cng tnh toan cua ct
RaFa
RaF1
ai va ct xin khi tnh cng trn TD
nghing . Ra=0,8Ra.
RaF2
Z1
Q
RaFx1
Za, Z, Zx: Canh tay on cua cac hp
Z2
RaFx2
C
lc cac lp ct thep doc, ct ai, ct xin.
F, Fx: Din tch tit din 1 lp ct ai, 1 lp ct xin.
Za, Z, Zx: Canh tay on cua cac hp lc cac lp ct thep doc,ct ai,ct xin.
F, Fx: Din tch tit din 1 lp ct ai, 1 lp ct xin.
Qb: Kha nng chu lc ct cua BT vung nen c xac nh theo cng thc thc nghim:
2R k b.h 02
Qb =
(4 - 43)
C
C: Hnh chiu cua TD nghing ln phng truc dm.
Dung iu kin cng (4 - 41) tnh toan ct ai va ct xin. iu kin (4 - 42) se c thoa
man bng mt s bin phap cu tao va khi cn thiet co th dung tnh toan (M ln).
5.4
13
Chng 4
C0 =
2R k bh 20
q
(4 - 47)
Thay C0 vao QB ta co c kha nng chu lc trn TD nghing nguy him nht C0 la Qb:
Qb =
8R k bh 02 .q d 2,8h0 R k b.q d
(4 - 48)
8R k bh 20 .q
Q2
q
;
(4 - 49)
8R k bh 02
R .n.f
Mt khac theo (4-45): q= ad d
u
8R k bh 20
= utt.
(4 - 50)
Nn
u Ra.n.f.
Q2
Xac nh umax:
Co th xay ra trng hp pha hoai theo TD
nghing nm gia 2 ct ai nh hnh ve.
2R k b. h 20
2R k b. h 20
Luc o Q Qb=
u
= umax.
u
Q
1.5R k b. h 20
an toan, qui pham qui nh: umax=
.
(4 - 51)
Q
C=Umax
l/4
l/4
l/4
14
Chng 4
5.5
tng kha nng chu ct trn TD nghing ngi ta con t thm ct xin (Nht la trong cac
cu kin dung khung ct thep buc). Ct xin thng la nhng ct doc un ln vi goc nghing .
Thng = 450 khi dm co h 800.
= 600 khi dm co h > 800.
= 300 khi dm co h thp va ban.
Ct xin co nhim vu chu phn lc ct vt qua kha nng cua ai va BT.
* iu kin cng trn tit din nghing C bt ky: Q QB+.Ra.Fx.sin. (4 - 53)
* iu kin cng trn tit din nguy him nht C0: Q Qb+.Ra.Fx.sin .
* Tnh ct xin:
Muc ch xac nh ct ai va ct xin cung BT chu lc ct trn tit din nghing nhng ta
ch co mt phng trnh ma cha rt nhiu n v vy phai loai bt n bng cach chon trc ai (Tc
bit n, f, u thoa cac yu cu cu tao) tnh ct xin (Fx).
R a n. f
.
- Tnh q=
u
- Tnh
C0 =
- Tnh Qb =
2R k bh 20
q
(Ging nh ch co ct ai).
8R k bh 02 .q
15
Chng 4
Trn tit din nghing C bt ky
Fx =
Fx =
Qi QDB
R a sin
Qi Qb
Ra sin
Fx1
Fx1
C0
Qi Qb
Ra sin
Fx1
Fx2
C1
C0
C2=C0
Tuy vy qui pham cho phep tnh toan mt cach n gian va an toan hn bng cach ch xem C0 ch
ct qua 1lp ct xin. Khi o iu kin cng se la:
Q1 Qb+Ra.Fx1.Sin.
Q2 Qb+Ra.Fx2.Sin.
....
Trong o Q1, Q2, ...
tng ng tai u tng mt ct C0, ta tnh c:
Q Qb
umax
Fxi = i
(4 - 54)
umax
Ra sin
Q1
Yu cu b tr ct xin:
Q2
Trn oan dm co Q > Qb phai b tr ct xin.
Q3
Qb
Qb
umax
umax
umax
umax
umax
16
Chng 4
la 5d thng la la 10d.
d
la
C
la 1,5d.
b. Un ct dc chu k o:
d
la
M
118
222
1-1
(2)
(1)
17
2
1
Chng 4
ng (1) va (2) c ni vi nhau bng oan xin tng ng vi v tr cac im un cua ct xin.
ng gp khuc bao ngoai BBM la BBVL.
2. Un ct doc:
Khoang cach t khi im cua ct xin
trong vung keo (Tit din I-I) n TD ma tai o ct
doc c tn dung ht kha nng chu lc (Tit din
II-II) phai (h0/2). Nu iu kin nay khng am
bao th iu kin cng trn TD nghing chu M
se khng c am bao.
Thc vy, am bao cng trn tdng
N1-N, th canh tay on Zx phai khng nho hn canh
tay on Za. iu nay xay ra khi khoang cach t (I-I)
n (II-II) h0/2.
h0/2
N1
II
Za
N1
I
II
Zx
18
Chng 4
Fa1
Fa2
2
B
A-A
Fa1
B-B
Fa=Fa1+Fa2
W
Fa1
MA
MB
Mg
M0
Nhng nu ct ngay tai o th kha nng chu un trn TD nghing (Chng han oA) se khng
c am bao, v thc t M tac dung ln tdng o la MA>M0 nhng ct chu keo vn la Fa1=Fa-Fa2 va
co thm mt s t ct ai chu m men un ma thi. S ct ai ma tdng oA ct qua khng u
chu phn mmen MA-M0. khng b pha hoai trn TD nghing do m men ta phai keo ct thep
Fa2 ra ngoai mt ct ly thuyt o-o mt oan W na (n im B). Xet TD nghing AB th tuy M0<
MA nhng lng ct ai i qua mt ct nghing AB u ln chu c phn mmen MA-M0 o.
Ngi ta a chng minh c rng:
0,8.Q
W=
+ 5d va W 20d;
2.q d
Trong o
Q: Lc ct tai im ct ly thuyt, ly bng dc cua biu mmen.
d: ng knh ct doc b ct.
R .n.f
q= ad d .
u
5d: oan cn thit ct doc bt u chu lc.
Khi trong vung ct thep co ct xin th:
0,8.Q - Q x
W=
+ 5d va W 20d;
2.q d
Trong o
Qx= Ra.Fx.Sin vi Fx din tch nhng lp ct xin trong vung ct thep. n
gian va an toan Fx la din tch lp ct xin ct qua TD ct ly thuyt, la din tch lp ct xin nm
phia trc mt ct ly thuyt.
Th du: Xem sach.
19
Chng 4
20
Chng 5
SAN PHNG.
1. GII THIU CHUNG:
San BTCT c s dung kha rng rai trong xy dng va di nhiu dang khac nhau: san nha dn dung, cng
nghip, cac dang mai bng, mai nghing, ban cu thang, cac dang mong, ay b, tng chn..
San BTCT co u im la kha nng chu lc ln, a nng, thit k va thi cng n gian.
1.1
Phn loi:
1.2
Tnh cht lam vic cua ban chu yu phu thuc cao lin kt va kch thc cac canh cua ban. Xet mt s dang
c ban sau:
- Khi ban ch co lin kt 1 canh hoc 2 canh
i din, tai trong tac dung ln ban ch c
truyn theo phng co lin kt, hay ban ch
lam vic theo 1 phng. Ta goi la ban loai
dm.
q
q
q
- Khi ban co lin kt ca 4 canh (hoc 2, 3
canh khng ch i din), tai trong c truyn
vao lin kt theo ca 2 phng. Ta goi loai nay
la ban k 4 canh (lam vic 2 phng).
q2
Vi ban lam vic 1 phng ta d dang xac
nh c ni lc trong ban (nh tnh ni lc
dm), nhng vi ban k 4 canh th khng n
q1
gian:
- Xet ban k t do 4 canh chu tai trong phn b u;
l1
Goi tai trong truyn theo phng canh be l1 la q1,
tai trong truyn theo phng canh ln l2 la q2.
Ta co:
q = q1+ q2.
(5 - 1)
Ct 2 dai ban co b rng bng n v tai chnh gia ban theo 2 phng.
vong tai im gia cua mi dai:
l2
q2
q1
l1
l2
5
.
;
384 E.J
5 q 2 .l 24
f2 =
.
;
+ Theo phng l2:
384 E.J
im gia cua 2 dai ban ang xet trung nhau, tc
f1 = f2 q1 .l14 = q 2 .l 24 .
+ Theo phng l1:
T (5 - 1) va (5 - 2): q1 =
q1 =
f1 =
l 24
l14 + l 24
l 24
l14
.q va
q2 =
Chng 5
q1 .l14
q2
(5 - 2)
l14
l14 + l 24
.q;
l2
q1
(5 - 3)
l1
.q2 ;
(5 - 4)
l2
q
>3 th 1 >81, nh vy phn ln tai trong tac dung trn ban c truyn
l1
q2
theo phng canh ngn l1, va co th bo qua phn tai truyn theo phng canh dai l2 (tc xem ban nh loai
dm).
1.3
Vung BT co
Xet 1 dm chu un cho n khi b pha hoai. Gia s dm c cu tao thep
bin dang deo
sao cho khi b pha hoai co:
- ng sut trong ct thep chu keo at gii han chay;
- ng sut trong BT vung nen at gii han chu nen va co bin dang deo
ct thep chu keo
ln;
at gii han chay
Luc nay tai TD ang xet co bin dang tng nhng ni lc khng tng va co
gia tr la gii han chu un Mgh.
Ta noi rng tai TD a xut hin 1 khp deo (khp deo khac vi khp bnh thng la tai khp deo co 1 m
men khng i goi la m men khp deo Mkd = Mgh).
Vi kt cu tnh nh, s xut hin khp deo ng thi vi kt cu b pha hoai.
Vi kt cu siu tnh xut hin khp deo lam giam 1 bc siu tnh cua h. S pha hoai cua kt cu khi s
khp deo u h b bin hnh.
- Trang thai khi xut hin khp deo cui cung trc khi kt cu b pha hoai goi la trang thai cn bng
gii han.
- Phng phap tnh theo s deo (xet n s hnh thanh cac khp deo cho n khi h sp b pha hoai) goi
la tnh theo trang thai cn bng gii han.
b S phn b li ni lc:
Khi xut hin khp deo, trong dm co s phn b lai ni lc. Xet dm chu tai co s nh sau:
MA MB
P
- Nu tnh theo s an hi, ty s
,
la khng i vi 1 dang tai trong.
M nh M nh
Khi P tng n P1 gia s tai gi A xut hin khp deo trc. Luc nay nu P
tng th m men tai gi A khng tng, con tai cac TD vn tng.
MA
Khi P tng n P2 gia s tai gi B xut hin khp deo. Nu P tng th m
men tai cac gi A va B khng tng, con tai cac TD vn tng.
b
MB
Mnh
Khi P tng n P3 gia nhp hnh thanh khp deo, kt cu b pha hoai: y la TT cn bng gii han.
KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHIP
Chng 5
Nh vy khi hnh thanh khp deo, trong kt cu co s phn b lai ni lc, y la yu t co li tranh s pha
hoai cuc b.
MkdA
P
MkdB
Khi tai cac gi hnh thanh khp deo, t s trn co th thay ngam
bng cac lin kt khp va mt m men khp deo.
a
b
Goi M0 la m men cua dm n gian tng ng vi P3, ta co:
MkdA
MkdB
b
a
M0 = Mkd-nh + .MkdA + .MkdB .
l
l
Kt hp vi quan h M0 = M(P3) xac nh c tai trong TT cn
Mkdnh
bng gii han.
S kt cu:
San co th co dm chnh t theo phng doc hoc theo phng ngang (tuy thuc s b tr chung cua cng
trnh, yu cu thng gio, chiu sang..).
Cac b phn chnh cua san:
3l1
1
1. Ban,
4. Ct,
2
2. Dm phu,
5. Tng.
3l1
3. Dm chnh,
3
San gm ban san va h dm (sn) uc lin
3l1
khi: ban k ln dm phu, dm phu gi ln
5
l2
dm chnh, dm chnh gi ln ct va tng,
l1
l1
4
Khoang cach dm phu l1 = (1-4)m, thng l1
l2
l1
= (1,7-2,8)m.
l1 l1 l1 3l1
3l1
l2
l2
l2
Khoang cach dm chnh l2= (4-10)m, thng
l2 = (5-8)m.
5
1
1
1
Chiu day ban hb = l1. (trong moi trng hp hb 6cm)
35 25
5cm vi san mai;
2
3
4
l
l
l
l
1
1
1
1
6cm vi san nha dn dung;
7cm vi san nha CN;
1
1
1 1
Chiu cao dm phu hdp = nhp; Chiu cao dm chnh hdc = nhp;
20 12
12 8
B rng dm bd = (0,3 - 0,5)hd;
Nu chu vi san c k ln tng gach, oan k:
(12cm va hb) vi ban;
22cm vi dm phu;
34cm vi dm chnh;
2.2
Tnh ni lc sn:
Chng 5
l
l1
l
l1
l1
q.l 2
16
ph
tr
Q ph
B = Q C = Q C = .. =0,5.q.l;
(5 - 11)
bt
l1
bc
l1
4
l1
l1
l1
l1
Chng 5
- S tnh: nh dm lin tuc gi ta la ct va tng. (la
kt cu chu lc chnh, han ch bin dang cua h, tnh
theo s an hi)
- Tai trong: gm tai trong dm phu truyn vao la tp
trung, va trong lng ban thn phn sn dm chnh cung
c qui v thanh tp trung.
Tnh tai:
G = gd.l2 + G0.
Hoat tai
P = pd.l2.
- Nhp tnh toan: ly bng khoang cach trong tm cac gi l;
- Ni lc: Ni lc dm chnh c xac nh theo trnh t sau:
+ Xac nh va ve B ni lc do tnh tai G c:MG, QG va do cac trng hp bt li cua hoat tai: MP1, QP1,
MP2, QP2,..
+ Cng B ni lc do tnh tai MG, QG vi tng trng hp hoat tai: MPi, QPi c: Mi, Qi.
+ Tai mi TD chon trong cac B tng cng mt gia tr dng ln nht va mt gia tr m co tr tuyt i ln
nht ve BB ni lc (co th xac nh BB ni lc bng cach ve cac B tng cng ln cung mt truc va
cung t l, hnh bao se la cac oan ngoai cung).
Cn chu y n tnh i xng va co nhng nhn xet v anh hng cua cac trng hp hoat tai bo qua cac
trng hp khng cn thit, giam khi lng tnh toan.
Vi dm u nhp chu tai trong cac nhp ging nhau co th dung cac cng thc va bang lp sn ve BB
ni lc:
Tung nhanh dng BB m men: M = (0.G + 1.P).l ;
(5 - 12)
Tung nhanh m BB m men: M = (0.G - 2.P).l;
(5 - 13)
Tung nhanh dng BB lc ct: Q = 0.G + 1.P ;
(5 - 14)
Tung nhanh m BB lc ct:
Q = 0.G - 2.P;
(5 - 15)
Cac gia tr 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2 tra bang.
2.3
Tnh ct thp:
a Tnh ct thp bn:
Chng 5
Tnh ct ngang chu ct: i vi dm chnh thng lc
ct ln nn phai b tr ct xin.
Tnh ct treo: Tai v tr dm phu gi ln dm chnh cn
b tr ct treo trong dm chnh tranh pha hoai cuc b
do tai trong tp trung. Ct treo co th la ct ai t day
hn hoc la cac thanh thep un ch V.
P
Din tch ct treo cn thit: Ftr =
;
Ra
h1
h1 bdp h1
h1 bdp h1
B tr ct thp sn:
c
0.25l 0.25l
0.25l 0.25l
B tr ct thp bn:
l1
0.15l
l1
1/6.l
0.25l 0.25l
l1
l1
1/4.l 1/4.l
l
1/8.l
1/4.l 1/4.l
l
.l
1/6.l
1/6.l
l1
0.25l 0.25l
d B tr ct thp dm:
l1
.l
.l
.l
1/6.l 1/6.l
1/6.l
1/8l
1/4l
1/4l
6/a200
1/3.l
Li thep
Cu tao
Dm chnh
1/3.l
Li thep
Chu lc
Khung han
nhp
Khung thep
dm chnh 15d
Thanh ni
15d
Khung thep
cu tao
Khung thep
trn gi
Chng 5
Nu dung khung buc:
+ Gia nhp b tr ct doc chu m men
dng mep di, vao gn gi co th un 1
phn thep ln chu m men m, thep con
lai keo vao gi 2 thanh.
+ Trn gi, ngoai cac thanh un t nhp ln,
phai t thm mt s thanh u theo yu cu,
ra xa gi tin hanh ct bt ct thep theo BB
m men.
Khung han
nhp
Ct
Thanh ni
S kt cu:
l1
l1
3.2
l1
l2
l2
l2
l2
l2
l1
B tr thp bn:
Mt di
Mt trn
B tr cac li thep, ct thep co th song song vi cac canh
hoc theo phng xin (cheo vung goc vi cac vt nt),
hiu qua chu lc nh nhau, tuy nhin vi li co ct thep
song song vi cac canh thi cng n gian hn.
Nn dung cac li han:
+ Gia nhp s dung cac li co ct chu lc theo 2 phng.
Co 2 cach b tr thep nay: t thep u (dung 1 li thep) va
t thep khng u (dung 1 li chnh cho toan ban va 1
li phu t gia ban).
+ Trn gi: dung li thep co ct chu lc theo phng vung goc vi cac sn, b rng cua li ly bng
0.5l1. (co th dung li hep vi ct ngang chu lc, nu li rng co ct doc chu lc c trai vung goc vi
dm.
0.5l1
0.5l1
lk
7
l2
0.5l1
l2
0.5l1
Chng 5
Nu dung li buc: + Gia nhp t theo tnh toan, vao gn gi (day bin lk) co th giam.
+ Trn gi: co th un 1/2 -> 2/3 lng thep nhp ln, va t thm ct mu xen ke u yu cu.
3.3
S tnh:
Theo kt qua quan sat s lam vic cua k 4 canh, khi trang thai CBGH theo cac khe nt se hnh thanh khp
deo, chia ban thanh cac ming cng (nh vy co th xem ban nh gm cac ming cng ni vi nhau bi cac
MII
khp deo).
MI f MI
Wq = WM.
(5 - 16)
Cng kha d cua ngoai lc:
M1
M1
Wq = y.q.dF = q. y.dF = q.V;
(5 - 17)
l1
F
F
Vi V la th tch cua hnh khi tao bi mt phng ban ban u va
3.l l
cac ming cng trang thai CBGH, V = f.l1. 2 1 ;
6
Cng kha d cua ni lc: WM = i.Mi.li;
(5 - 18)
Theo cu tao ta co 2 cach b tr thep nhp, do o m men khp deo cung khac nhau:
Khi b tr thep u:
WM = i.Mi.li = (2.M1 + .MI + .MI).l2 + (2.M2 + .MII + .MII).l1 ;
2f
2f
V kha be nn: tg =
WM =
.[(2M1 +MI +MI).l2 + (2M2 +MII +MII).l1];
l1
l1
3.l l
T (5 - 16) q. l12 . 2 1 = (2M1 +MI +MI).l2 + (2M2 +MII +MII).l1;
(5 - 19)
12
Khi b tr thep khng u: ct thep chu m men dng gia nhp gp i ay bin nn:
M
M
WM = 2.M1.(l2 - 2lk) + 2. 1 .2.lk + (MI + MI)..l2 + 2.M2.(l1 - 2lk) + 2. 2 .2.lk + (MII + MII)..l1;
2
2
3
.l
l
T (5 - 16) q. l12 . 2 1 = (2M1 +MI +MI).l2 + (2M2 +MII +MII).l1 - 2.(M1 + M2).lk; (5 - 20)
12
Trong cac phng trnh (5 - 19) & (5 - 20) co cha 6 m men cn tm, co th ly M1 lam n s, con cac m
KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHIP
Chng 5
men con lai c biu din qua M1 vi cac h s c chon theo iu kin hnh thanh khp deo:
l
M
M'
M'
MI
M II
= 2
a2 = 2
aI =
; a 'I = I
aII =
; a 'II = II
l1
M1
M1
M1
M1
M1
1,0 - 1,5
1,5 - 2,0
3.4
1,0 - 0,3
0,5 - 0,15
2,5 - 1,5
2,0 - 1,0
2,5 - 0,8
1,3 - 0,3
l1
l1
q.l1
l1
q.l1
l2
l2
l2
+ Lc ct trong dm:
MB
MB
;
Tai bn trai gi th 2: Q Btr = Q0 +
;
l
l
= QCtr = QCph = .. = Q0;
Chng 5
1
4. SN SN PANEN LP GHP:
4.1
ld
S kt cu:
San gm:
- Pa nen k ln dm hoc tng;
- Khoang cach gia cac dm (nhp cua panen) lp = (2,8
-> 6,8)m;
- Nhp dm ld = (4 -> 7,2)m;
4.2
Cu to panen:
lp
ld
ld
lp
1. Panen 2. Dm
lp
lp
3. Ct
4. Tng
a Panen c:
Co th 1 lp hoc nhiu lp (gm 1lp BTCT
chu lc va lp cach m, nhit).
Chiu day h = 80->150.
u im: D san xut, nhanh, lin kt n
gian, chiu day san thp.
Nhc im: Tn VL, cach m kem.
100
120
1000
40
1000
30
50
50
200
b Panen c l:
580
Co th 1 hoc nhiu l, mt ct cac l co th
hnh thang, ch nht, tron, bu duc..
Chiu cao tuy thuc chiu dai (nhp).
Chiu dai (nhp) = (2,5 -> 4,5)m.
B rng = (45 -> 60)cm loai 1 l;
(90 -> 120)cm loai nhiu l;
B day canh = (2 -> 3)cm tuy thuc vung nen hay keo.
B day sn = (2,5 -> 5)cm.
u im: Tao c trn va san phng. Cach m, cach nhit tt, t tn VL.
Nhc im: Kho ch tao.
200
25 1180
c Panen sn:
Gm ban va sn. Thng co 2 sn doc va cac sn ngang cach nhau (1,5 -> 2,5)m.
Sn ngang co kch thc be hn sn doc, sn co th pha trn hoc pha di (sn pha di ban
nm trong vung nen se hp ly v mt chu lc, sn pha trn se co c trn phng..)
Chiu day canh 50 -> 60 khi sn pha di;
30 -> 35 khi sn pha trn;
4.3
50
80
S tnh: Coi panen nh 1 dm n gian k t do ln dm.
Nhp tnh toan: Ly bng khoang cach trong tm cac gi.
Tai trong: Gm tnh tai va hoat tai phn b cua san trn din tch b
mt panen ang xet (a v thanh tai trong phn b trn dm bng
tai trong san nhn b rng panen).
Tit din tnh toan: tnh kha nng chu un cua panen, qui i
TD panen v cac dang n gian nh ch I, ch T.
KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHIP
200 350
2
1490
10
Chng 5
Tnh toan ct thep:
- Ct doc chu m men b tr trong vung keo.
- Ct ai chu ct b tr trong sn (vi panen c tnh theo kha
nng chu ct cua BT).
3
b Tnh un cc b:
(vi panen sn hoc panen co l)
Tnh ban chu un: Xem ban lin kt an hi vi sn, tnh nh
ban k 4 canh hoc loai dm.
Tnh sn ngang: Nh dm n gian k t do ln cac sn doc.
Khi thit k panen, co th chon chiu cao panen theo cng thc sau:
c.l0 .R a g c . + pc
h=
;
.
Ea
qc
Trong o:
gc la tai trong tiu chun tac dung dai han (trn 1m2 san).
pc la tai trong tiu chun tac dung ngn han. Tai trong toan phn qc = gc + pc ;
la h s xet n s giam cng do tai trong dai han;
( = 2 vi panen co l, = 1,5 vi panen sn co canh trong vung nen).
c la h s thc nghim c = 18 -> 20 vi panen co l, c = 30 -> 34 vi panen sn.
(vi thep AII tr lai chon c ln, vi thep mac cao chon c be)
4.4
Cu to ct thp ca panen:
4.5
Ct chu lc
Ct cu tao
Khung thep
Li thep
Li thep
Khung thep
(trong sn)
11
Chng 6
CU TO:
Cu kin chu nen thng gp trong ct cua khung nha, trong thn vom, thanh dan, v.v.. Lc nen N tac dung
theo phng truc doc cua cu kin.
- Khi lc nen trung vi trong tm TD ngang cu kin: nen trung tm.
- Khi lc nen t lch so vi truc cua cu kin: nen lch tm.
N
e0
N
N
M=N.e0
b
h
Fb=
b
h
k.N
Rn
Trong o:
manh :
Vi TD bt ky:
Vi TD ch nht:
l0
0
r
=
l0
0b
b
i vi ct nha 0 =120,
0b =31
0b =52
i vi cu kin khac
0 =200,
Trong o: l0 la chiu dai tnh toan cua cu kin tuy thuc vao iu kin lin kt hai u cu kin ...
1.2. Cu to ct thp :
Ct thep doc chu lc co 1240. Khi b >200 th nn dung 16.
Ham lng ct thep trn tit din cua cu kin nen trung tm:
min t =
Fa
100% 3% ;
F
Fa Fa va Fa=Fa ( i xng ).
Chng 6
=
Fa
Fa,
100% ; =
100% ;
Fb
Fb
min + 3,5%
Thng t= + = 0,5% 1,5%.
min i vi cu kin chu nen lch tm:
min =0,05 khi manh 17 hoc h 5.
=0,1
17< 35 hoc h 10.
=0,2
35< 83 hoc h 24.
=0,25
> 83.
i vi cu kin chu nen trung tm th tnh theo canh be va min ly gia tr gp i gia tr trn.
* B tr ct thep doc:
h 400
Khi chiu cao h > 500 th vi cu kin chu
h 400
nen lch tm cn b tr ct doc cu tao trn
b 400
canh h: d 12 va khoang cach gia chung
400.
b 400
Ct ai: Vai tro cua ct ai rt
quan trong: n nh cho ct doc chu nen,
nh v ct doc khi thi cng, chu lc ct,
chu cac ng sut do co ngot va thay i
h >400
nhit .. Ngoai ra ct ai con co tac dung
b >400
tng kha nng chu nen cua BT (han ch
bin dang n ngang cua BT).
ng knh ct ai 5, 0,25d ct doc
b >400
400
400
max, khoang cach cac ct ai 15d ct doc
chu nen min. Trong oan ni buc ct doc
600 h 1000
th khoang cach ct ai 10d doc min.
Thng ct ai khng tnh toan ma ch t
theo cu tao, ch khi nao lc ct ln mi
tnh.
Khi co yu cu bn cao hoc tnh deo cao, cac thanh ct doc chu lc c b tr trong mt ng tron va ct ai
vung goc c thay bng ct ai un tranh hnh xon c.vi nghing khoang 35-85mm.. Cac ct co ct ai xon
thng co TD tron, cung co th vung hoc a giac u canh.
2.
2.1. S ng sut:
Xet 1 thanh BTCT chu nen trung tm cho n khi b pha hoai:
- ng sut trong BT at Rn;
- ng sut trong ct thep at Ra;
Rn
Ra Fat
N .(Rn.Fb + Ra.Fat).
(6 - 1)
Fat
1 3% th Fb=F.
1 > 3% th Fb=F- Fat.
Chng 6
N
- Tnh
Fat =
.
tra bang
RnF
R ,a
(6 - 2)
Fat
100 3%
F
+ Nu t < min th nn giam kch thc tit din, hoc ly Fat = min.F b tr cho TD.
+ Nu t > 3% th tng kch thc tit din hoc tng mac BT. Nu khng tng c th ly Fb = F-Fat tnh
lai Fat va khi t > 3% th phai t ct ai day hn.
Bai toan 2:
Kim tra kha nng chu lc tit din. Bit kch thc TD, Fat , l0, mac b tng, loai thep. Tnh
[N]?
Giai:
3.
Chng 6
=
(6 - 4)
N
1
N th
Trong o Ndh: Lc doc ti han cua cu kin xac nh theo cng thc thc nghim:
Ndh=
6.4 S
E b J b + E a J a (6 - 5)
2
l k dh
Ja , Jb: M men quan tnh cua toan b din tch ct thep doc, va cua tit din BT
i vi truc qua trong tm TD va vung goc vi mp un.
S: H s k n anh hng lch tm ban u.
- e0 < 0.05 h ly S=0.84.
- e0 > 5 h ly S=0.122.
- 0.05h < e0< 5h ly S =
0.11
+ 0.1 (6 - 6)
e0
0.1 +
h
kdh: H s k n anh hng cua tai trong dai han theo cng thc thc nghim:
kdh= 1 +
M dh + N dh .y
M+N.y
(6 - 7)
y: kh/cach t trong tm TD n mep chu keo hay chu nen be khi chu tai trong toan phn.
M, N: Ni lc do toan b tai trong gy ra.
Mdh, Ndh: Phn ni lc do tai trong dai han gy ra.
Nu Mdh ngc chiu vi M th Mdh mang du (-).
Khi tnh ra kdh<1 th ly kdh=1 tnh.
Khi l0/r 28 (hoc l0/h 8) th bo qua anh hng un doc.
a) S ng sut:
e
e0
Goi e la khoang cach t im t N
a
e
n trong tm ct thep Fa;
Goi e la khoang cach t im t N
n trong tm ct thep Fa;
Theo s bn th:
a
e = e0 + 0.5h - a (6 - 8)
- ng sut trong BT vung nen at Rn phn b dang CN.
- ng sut trong ct thep chu nen Fa la Ra.
- ng sut trong ct thep chu keo Fa la Ra.
(Ta thy rng s ng sut ging nh cu kin chu un t ct kep).
b) Cng thc c ban:
Fa
Rn
RaFa
x
h
RaFa
Fa
b
(6 - 10)
Hay
Chng 6
Giai:
xac nh h s un doc phai gia thit ham lng ct thep t:
t% =
Fa + Fa '
100 = (0,81,2)%
F
Fa =
N.e A 0 R n b.h 02
R a ' (h 0 a' )
(6 - 11)
0 R n b.h 0 N R a '
+
Ra
Ra
.Fa '
(6 - 12)
Sau khi tnh c ct thep phai kim tra lai so vi ct thep gia thit ban u co xp x khng nu sai lch nhiu
phai gia thit lai tnh lai va phai so sanh > min.
Bai toan 2:
Bit b, h, M, N, Rn, Ra, Ra, l0 va Fa. Tnh Fa ?
Giai:
Cung gia thit T tnh va e.
Theo (6-10) tnh A =
(6 - 13)
Nu: A > A0 Tc Fa qua t, xem Fa cha bit, tnh lai nh bai toan 1.
Nu: A A0
tra bang
2. a '
.R n b.h 0 N R a '
0 th Fa =
+
.Fa ' (6 - 14)
h0
Ra
Ra
2. a '
Nu: <
Tc ng sut trong Fa cha at Ra, xem trong tm vung nen trung vi trong tm Fa:
h0
Nu:
MFa = 0:
(6 - 15)
N.e'
;
Fa =
R a (h 0 a ' )
(6 - 16)
Trong o
e = e0 - 0.5h + a.
(6 - 17)
Bai toan 3:
Khi t ct thep i xng (Fa = Fa). Bit b, h, l0, M, N, Ra, Ra, Rn. Tnh Fa=Fa ?
Giai:
Gia thit t tnh va e nh bai toan 1.
Khi t ct thep i xng Fa=Fa va vi loai ct thep thng Ra= Ra th (6-9) tr thanh:
N=Rnb.x
Suy ra
x=
Nu:
2a x 0h0 t (6-10):
Nu:
Nu:
Fa= Fa =
N
Rnb
(6 - 18)
N.(e h 0 + 0.5 x)
R a ' (h 0 a' )
b. Trng hp lch tm b:
a) S ng sut:
Tuy theo lch tm e0 va cu tao ct thep ma
trn tit din hoc co mt vung chu keo be hoc toan b
tit din chu nen.
(6 - 19)
Fa
Rn
N
RaFa
e0
h0
e
aFa
Fa
b
Chng 6
Biu ng sut trong BT co dang ng cong
nhng n gian tnh toan ngi ta i thanh hnh ch
nht co chiu cao vung nen x.
ng sut trong Fa at Ra
ng sut trong Fa ch at a keo hoc nen.
Khi e0 kha be th Fa chu nen, nu Fa kha be th a Ra.
b) Cng thc c ban:
Fa
N
e0
x h0
e
aFa
Fa
b
MFa= 0:
MFa = 0:
X = 0:
Rn R F
a a
(6 - 20)
(6 - 21)
x=h-(
0.5h
+ 1.8 - 1.4 0) e0. (6 - 24)
h0
(6 - 26)
Khi e0 0,15h0 ct thep Fa c t theo cu tao (Fa chu keo vi ng sut a kha be).
Khi e0< 0,15h0 ct thep Fa chu nen vi ng sut ang k va phai c tnh toan theo iu kin (6-21):
Fa =
Trong o:
N.e' R n b. x (0.5x a )
a (h 0 a' )
0 = 1
(6 - 27)
. e0
. R '
h0 a
(6 - 28)
N
.
Rnb
Chng 6
N + R a . Fa Ra ' . Fa '
Rn . b
(6 - 29)
Nu: 2a x 0h0 Lch tm ln. Tnh e theo (6 - 8) ri kim tra theo iu kin (6 - 10):
Ne Rnb.x (h0-0.5x) + RaFa(h0- a).
Nu x < 2a th xac nh e theo (6 - 17) ri kim tra theo (6 - 15):
Ne RaFa (h0-a).
Nu x > 0h0 : Lch tm be. Tnh lai x theo (6-24) hoc (6-25), tnh e theo (6 - 8), e theo (6 - 23). Ri kim tra
theo iu kin (6 - 20):
Ne Rnb.x (h0-0.5x) + RaFa (h0-a).
Khi x > 0,9 h0 th kim tra thm theo iu kin (6 - 21):
Ne Rnb.x (0,5x - a) aFa (h0-a).
Vi a xac nh theo (6 - 28)
0 = 1
. e0
. R ' .
h0 a
Chng 7
RaFat
Ra
Fa
RaFa
a
e
h/2
e0
N
h/2
h0
a
e
a
RaFa
b
Fa
(7 - 2)
(7 - 3)
Trong o:
e = 0.5h - e0 - a.
e= 0.5h + e0 - a.
T hai cng thc trn tnh c Fa & Fa.
Fa =
N. e
;
R a .(h 0 a' )
Fa =
N.e'
;
R a .(h 0 a' )
Chng 7
M
> 0.5h - a.
N
Fa
Rn
RaFa
a. S ng sut:
h0
RaFa
b
Fa
MFa = 0 :
X = 0:
(7 - 4)
(7 - 5)
A = (1-0,5).
c. iu kin hn ch:
Tng t cu kin chu un,
d. Cc bi ton p dng:
Bai toan 1:
Bit M, N, b, h, Rn, Ra, Ra. Tnh Fa, Fa ?
Giai:
Bai toan co 3 n: x, Fa, Fa. Chon trc x = 0h0 (Tn dung ht kha nng vung b tng chu nen). Tc
A = A0, t (7 - 4) tnh c:
N.e - A 0 R n b. h 02
Fa =
;
R a '.(h 0 a' )
T (7 - 5) tnh c:
Fa =
(7 - 6)
N + 0 R n b. h 0 + R a '. Fa '
;
Ra
(7 - 7)
Bai toan 2:
Giai:
T (7 - 5) tnh:
A=
(7 - 8)
Co A
.
Tra bang
Nu
2a'
< 0 tnh Fa theo (7 - 5):
h0
Fa=
Nu
MFa = 0 :
N + . R n b. h 0 + R a '. Fa '
;
Ra
(7 - 9)
2a'
th ly x =2a tnh. (Xem gn ung rng hp lc vung nen trung vi trong tm Fa). T
h0
N.e = Fa. Ra (h0- a);
(7 - 10)
N.e'
Fa =
.
R a .(h 0 a' )
(7 - 11)
Nu > 0 chng to Fa a co la qua nho, khng u nn xem Fa la cha bit tnh ca Fa & Fa nh bai toan 1.
Chng 7
Bai toan 3:
Giai:
Xac nh chiu cao vung BT chu nen t (7 - 5):
x=
R a . Fa - R a '. Fa ' N
.
Rn.b
(7 - 12)
Q 2,8
(R k .b.h 0 - 0.2N).h 0 .q d .
(7 - 14)
Chng 8
2. C IM CU TO:
Trong cu kin chu xon, ct thep co
tac dung: chu M men un, lc ct va m
men xon.
V ng sut keo chnh nghing 450, nu dung ct
dang lo xo t nghing 450 theo phng ng sut keo chnh
se hiu qua cao, nhng do thi cng phc tap nn t dung.
Thng dung ct doc t theo chu vi va ct ai chu xon:
- Ct doc chu xon cn c neo chc vi lneo hoc co cac bin phap neo t bit.
- Ct ai: Trong khung buc phai co oan u chng nhau 30d. Trong khung han ct ai
tao thanh vong kn, u mut c han im vi ct doc tai cac goc, hoc ni vi cac thanh ngang
thanh vong kn vi chiu dai oan han 10d.
30d
Trong cu kin co TD ch T.
Han 10d
I cn b tr ai thanh vong kn trong
sn va canh.
Chng 8
Trong o
Mx 0.1Rn.b2.h ;
b la canh be cua TD.
(8 - 1)
a. S ng sut:
B RaFa
- TD vnh ABDE co canh chu nen
A
AB nghing vi truc goc , hnh chiu ln
M
phng truc cu kin la C. Canh DE nghing
M
h h0 x
D
vi truc goc 1.
E
RaFa
- ng sut trong BT vung nen at Rn,
a
Raf
theo phng vung goc vi canh AB.
1
- ng sut trong ct doc chu keo
B
h
(trn canh DE) at Ra.
D
b
- ng sut trong ct doc chu nen
E
(trn canh AB) at Ra.
h
A
- ng lc trong mi nhanh ct ai la
C
Raf (ch xet trn canh DE, anh hng cua
cac ai trn BD va AE khng ang k).
(S ng sut trn TD vnh gm 2 vung keo va nen nh cu kin chu un).
Fa
Fa
M
b.C
Mx
(2.h + b)
b
Vi tg = ;
C
qd
R ad f d
M
t
v=
;
m =
; =
Mx
R a .Fa (2.h + b)
R a .Fa (2.h + b).u
R a Fa (h 0 0.5x).(1 + m d .C 2 ).b
Ta co iu kin cng :
Mx
;
C + v.b
Kt qua nguyn cu cho thy rng gia tr m trong pham vi: m0 m 3m0
1
Vi
m0
b
2 + 4. v
.(2h + b). b
2h + b
(8 - 4)
(8 - 5)
(8 - 6)
Chng 8
a. S ng sut:
Raf
Fa1
M
RaFa1
Pha hoai trn TD vnh, vung nen
h
D
nm theo canh bn AE tao vi truc goc .
Fa1
Hnh chiu canh chu nen AE ln
E
RaFa1
truc cu kin la C.
b0
a
C
- ng sut trong BT vung nen at Rn,
b
theo phng vung goc vi canh AE.
- ng sut trong ct doc chu keo Fa1 (trn canh BD) at Ra.
- ng sut trong ct doc chu nen Fa1 (trn canh AE) at Ra.
- ng lc trong mi nhanh ct ai la Raf (ch xet trn canh BD, anh hng cua cac ai trn
AB va ED khng ang k).
Q. b
1 +
.C
2. M x
R ad f d
Trong o:
m1 =
(8 - 9)
R a . Fa1 (2. b + h). u
m0 m 3m0 ;
Vi m1 thoa iu kin:
Xac nh m0 theo (8 - 6) nhng hoan i vai tro cua h & b.
Gia tr C c xac nh v phai cua (8 - 8) cc tiu. Va C 2b + h;
Ngoai ra nu thoa man iu kin:
Mx 0.5 Q.b
(8 - 10)
th co th khng cn kim tra iu kin (8 - 8), ma kim tra theo iu kin sau:
3. M x
Qb
(8 - 11)
Q+
h
Trong o Qb : Kha nng chu ct cua ct ai va BT (xac nh nh cu kin chu un).
Chng 8
- S b b tr ct doc, ct ai. B tr thm ct doc trn canh h (theo yu cu cu tao chu xon).
- Tnh m hoc m1 , kim tra vi m0 theo (8 - 5);
- Xac nh chiu cao vung BT chu nen x theo (8 - 2) hoc (8 - 7). Kim tra x theo cac iu kin han
ch nh cu kin chu un. (Khi xac nh x n gian va an toan co th bo qua ct thep chu nen).
- Xac nh gia tr C v phai (8 - 4) hoc (8 - 8) be nht, so sanh gia tr be nht o vi Mx.
Chng 9
f [f].
(9 - 1)
- f: vong ln nht cua cu kin trong iu kin lam vic bnh thng.
- [f]: vong cho phep cua loai kt cu o. (Theo qui pham).
- Dm cu truc chay in.
[f] = (1/600) L
- San co trn phng, cu kin cua mai.
Khi
Nhp L 6m.
[f] = (1/200) L.
6m < L 7,5m
[f] = 3cm.
L > 7,5m
[f] = (1/250).L.
* Chu y:
- Khi tnh vong th dung tai trong tiu chun v o la tai trong tac dung ln kt cu trong iu kin lam vic
bnh thng. Khi nao co tai trong vt qua tr s tiu chun th ch la nht thi va khi tai trong tr v tr s tiu chun
th vong cung giam i.
- V b tng co tnh t bin nn tai tac dung dai han se lam tng vong cua cu kin ln. Do o cn phn bit
tai trong tac dung dai han va tai trong tac dung ngn han. Tai trong tac dung dai han gm trong lng ban thn va mt
phn tai trong s dung. Theo tiu chun nha nc v Tai trong va tac ng TCVN 2737-95) a a ra nhng qui nh
cu th.
Cu kin cn tnh vong thng co khe nt trong vung keo nn c s tnh toan la giai oan II cua trang thai ng
sut va bin dang.
Chng 9
Xet dm chu un vi tai trong tng dn: luc u dm
cng va khng b nt, toan b tit din b tng chu
ng sut (ng bin dang la oan OA). Khi tai trong
tng vt nt xut hin, tai tit din b nt m men
quan tnh giam lam giam ro rt cng cua dm. Cac
oan dm co xut hin vt nt cac nhiu, s vt nt
cang nhiu cang lam giam cng, vong cua dm
tng nhanh hn.
Nh vy bt u t im A dm co vong
phi tuyn ro rt do s giam cng khi tng
dn cac vt nt. Theo thi gian, vong
tng do tnh t bin cua b tng.
Theo Sc bn Vt liu th cong truc dm
c xac nh theo phng trnh vi phn ng an
hi:
Trong o:
P
D
B
M
EJ
-
Nhng BTCT la vt liu an hi deo, khng ng cht, trong min chu keo lai co khe nt
nn khng th biu th cng cua dm bng EJ c.
Vi dm BTCT cn xet n s thay i cng do bin dang deo va nt. M men quan tnh cua
dm thay i t tit din khng nt ln hn tit din b nt. Do s thay i nay ma vic tnh toan
vong cua dm BTCT tr nn khng n gian.
Thng cng cua dm BTCT c k hiu bng ch B va cong truc dm c biu th bng
1 M
=
(9 - 2)
quan h sau:
B
b. Trng thi ng sut bin dng ca dm sau khi xut hin khe n t:
Xet mt oan dm chu un. Sau khi xut hin khe nt trang thai US - BD th hin trn hnh ve.
- ng sut trong ct thep chu keo: Tai tit din co khe nt toan b lc keo do ct thep chu. ng sut keo
trong ct thep tai tit din co khe nt la a, ng sut giam dn vao khoang gia hai khe nt v co BT cung tham gia chu
keo.
- ng sut trong BT chu keo: Tai khe nt ng sut trong BT bng khng. Cang xa vt nt, ng sut trong BT
tng dn va ln nht tai khoang gia hai khe nt va bng bk.
Do o sau khi xut hin khe nt th truc
b
trung hoa cua dm co dang ln song (Tc x
x
x
bin thin). tnh toan ngi ta thay truc trung
Z
c
1
hoa thc t bng truc trung hoa trung bnh vi M
chiu cao vung nen trung bnh x .
Bng thc nghim ngi ta a xac lp
aFa
a
c quan h gia x va x .
x = x 1
0.7
100 + 1
(9 - 3)
bk
ln
ln
2
Chng 9
b
a
va
= b.b
Vi b 1. (pxi)
(9 - 4)
= a.a
Vi a 1.
(9 - 5)
Trong o:
- b: H s xet n s bn dang khng ng u cua th BT chu nen ngoai cung doc theo oan dm
ang xet (vi BT nng b = 0.9, khi chu tai trong rung ng b = 1).
- a: H s xet n s lam vic chu keo cua BT nm gia hai khe nt. Xac nh bng tnh toan.
Mt khac khi chp nhn gia thit tit din phng i vi dm co chiu cao vung nen x th bin dang t i
trung bnh cua BT chu nen b va cua ct thep chu keo a co quan h:
a =
a
Ea
= a
a
Ea
b
b =
= b
Eb
. Eb
(9 - 6)
: la h s an hi cua BT vung nen. Vi BT nng: = 0,45 khi tai trong tac dung ngn han,
= 0,15 khi tai trong tac dung dai han.
Tai tit din co khe nt, biu ng sut trong BT vung nen c xem la hnh ch nht. Xet cn bng ni ngoai lc ta co:
a =
Mc
;
Fa Z 1
b =
Mc
Fb Z 1
(9 - 7)
Trong o:
- Fa: la din tch ct thep chu keo.
- Fb: la din tch vung b tng chu nen.
- Z1: Canh tay on ni lc ngu lc tai tit din co khe nt.
Nu tit din co ct thep chu nen Fa th qui i Fa thanh din tch BT tng ng.
Khi o:
b =
Vi Fbq = Fb +
Mc
Fbq Z 1
(9 - 8)
Ea
n
Fa
, Fa = Fb +
Eb
h0
ln
( a + b ). l n
h0
x
A
ED = b.ln; FG = ( b+ a).ln.
Xet 2 tam giac ng dang OAB va EFG:
Mc
=
h0 Z 1
ln
MC
B
F
( a + b )
h0
a
b
+
E a Fa . E b Fbq
(9 - 9)
b ln a ln
bln
(9 - 10)
Chng 9
B=
h0 Z 1
(9 - 11)
a
b
+
E a Fa . E b Fbq
Nhn vao cng thc xac nh B ta thy cng cua dm BTCT khac dm bng vt liu an hi, no khng
nhng phu thuc vao c trng hnh hoc cua TD ma con phu thuc vao tai trong (Fb co x,...) vao tinh cht an hi deo
cua BT. Mun tng B th tng h0 la hiu qua nht. (Ngoai ra co th tng mac BT hay b rng tit din nhng kem hiu
qua).
.Fa + b.x.
(9 - 12)
bc
Fbq =(+).b.h0.
(b b)h +
,
c
,
c
Vi
Fa
,
a
b. h0
x
h0
hc
x
: Chiu cao tng i cua vung BT chu nen =
xac nh theo cng thc
h0
1
thc nghim:
=
(9 - 13)
1 + 5( L + T )
18
. +
10 . n
hc
b
bc
Fa
Mc
hc,
'
;
T
=
;
'
=
;
'
1
R cn . b. h 20
h0
2
Fa
Ea
=
;
n=
;
b. h 0
Eb
Trong o
L=
b) Tnh 1:
Canh tay on ni ngu lc tai tit din co khe nt. Nu gia thit s ng sut cua min BT chu nen la hnh ch nht
th d dang tm c 1 t iu kin:
1=
S bq
Fbq
Sb +
F , (h a ' )
a 0
( '+ ). b. h0
hc,
x n
2
2
,
c
,
c
( '+ ). b. h0
' . '+ 2
1= 1
h
2. ( '+ ) 0
b
(9 - 14)
c) Tnh a:
Ta co:
a =
a
a
a = a - k. a2 ;
a2
a
a1
bk
ln
KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHIP
ln
4
Chng 9
a = 1 k .
Ta c:
a2
a
k .
Ta c:
Vi
a2. Fa.Z = Mb
a2 M b
= c
a
M
a2
M
M
= k . bnc = k . bnc
a
M
M
a = 1 k .
M bn
Mc
(9 - 15)
* Tiu chun thit k cho phep dung cng thc thc nghim sau:
a = 125
. S.
R kcWn
1
Mc
(9 - 16)
Trong o:
S H s phu thuc hnh dang mt ngoai ct thep va tai trong tac dung.
Tai trong tac dung ngn han S = 1,1 thep g; S=1,0 thep trn.
Tai trong tac dung dai han: S = 0,8 cho moi loai thep.
Khi tnh a nu (RKc.Wn)/Mc > 1 th ly bng 1 tnh v rng c s tnh vong la giai oan II trang thai S BD, tc la khi min BT chu keo a co khe nt.
bc
RKc: Cng chu keo tiu chun cua ct thep.
b
Fa
* Tnh Wn:
hc
ng sut trn tit din khi sp nt nh
aFa
x
hnh ve.
ng sut trong vung BT chu nen phn
h
b
Mn
b dang hnh tam giac co = 1, vung BT chu
keo xem gn ung hnh ch nht co tr s bng
aFa
hc
RKc (do BT vung keo co bin dang deo ln,
=0,5). Nu keo dai canh nghing hnh tam giac
vung nen th se ct mep ngoai chu keo 1 oan
2RK).
Vy ng sut trong th BT chu nen ngoai cung (theo gthuyt TD phng)
Fa
bc
2Rkc
b = 2Rkc .
Rkc
x
hx
(9 - 17)
Trong o:
Wn=
,
,
,
x
h
x 2F (x 0,5h c ) x h c
h
+
+ + Fc h c + c
.
6
2
3
hx
3
3 2
b.(h - x).
Chng 9
+ 2.n.Fa . h 0
x
x a' x
. a' ;
+ 2.n.Fa '
3
h x 3
(9 - 18)
x
b. h
1
=1=12.(b. h + n. Fa )
h
2.(1 + n. 1 )
Fa
Trong o 1 =
.
b. h
x
h x
Vy:
Wn = b.(h - x). + + 2.n.Fa. h 0
2 6
3
=
(b c b). h c + 2. n.Fa
Trong o: 1 =
b.h
(7 - 19)
(7 - 20)
(b c, b). h c, + 2. n. Fa,
1 =
b. h
Cng thc gn ung cua Wn sai s khng ang k khi n.1 0,25 va 1 0,3.
Khi tit din ch nht khng t ct thep th = 1/2, luc o Wn k hiu la :
Wbn=(7/24).b.h2
(Tc Mmen khang an hi deo ln hn momen khang an hi 7/4 ln).
Cung co th xac nh Wn t mmen kha an hi W0:
(7 - 21)
Wn = .W0.
Trong o la h s k n bin dang khng an hi cua BT vung keo va phu thuc vao hnh dang tit din, tr s co
bang tra.
P2
P1
5 qcl4
5 M cmax 2
.
=
.
.l ;
f=
384 EJ
48 B min
M2
M1=Mmax
B1=Bmin
Khi chu tai trong bt ky th vong c biu din theo cng thc tng
quat:
M cmax 2
1
2
f = .
.l = .
.l ;
B min
max
1/
M 1c
B1
M 2c
B1
(7 - 22)
b. Dm lin tc:
i vi dm lin tuc th ta xem B khng i trn tng oan co mmen cung du va cng c xac nh
theo mmen ln nht cua oan dm o (ly bng cng be nht).
Tng t dm n gian, trn mi oan dm co m men cung du ta xem cong t l vi m men:
M ic
B i_ min
Chng 9
Cng thc tng quat xac nh vong
cua cu kin:
M
f=
M4c
M2c
M(x).
(x).dx ;
M1c
(7 - 23)
B2
Trong o:
M3c
M5c
B4
B1
B
B3
B5
1/
M5c
B5
M3c
B3
M1c
B1
Theo tiu chn thit k, vong toan phn cua dm chu tai trong tac dung ngn han va tai trong tac dung dai
han c xac nh theo cng thc:
P
(7 - 24)
f = f1 - f2 + f3.
f1
f3- f2
Trong o:
- f1: vong do tac dung ngn han cua toan b tai trong.
Png + Pdh
- f2: vong do tac dung ngn han cua tai trong dai han.
- f3: vong do tac dung dai han cua tai trong dai han.
(Chu y khi tnh f1, f2 cac gia tr va a phai ng vi tnh cht ngn han
Pdh
cua tai trong con f3 th va a ng vi tnh cht dai han cua tai trong.)
Co th giai thch cng thc tnh f bng th.
Sau khi tnh c f, tiu chun thit k con yu cu iu chnh (tng,
giam) xet n s sai lch do thi cng va anh hng cua lc ct.
f2
f3
Cp II: Cho phep co vt nt ngn han vi b rng han ch. Khi tai trong ngn han thi tac dung
th khe nt phai c khep kn lai.
Cp III: Cho phep nt vi b rng khe nt han ch.
cho kt cu BTCT khng nt th tt nht la dung BTCT ng lc trc. i vi BTCT thng cho du tnh toan
khng cho nt nhng vt nt vn co th xut hin do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra.
Cac ng sut keo trong b tng do keo doc, m men, lc ct tao ra cac vt nt khac nhau:
Chng 9
Vi cac cu kin chu keo se b nt thng goc trn toan b tit din ngang. Cac vt nt cach nhau khoang 0.75
n 2 ln b rng tit din. Nhiu vt nt nho se xut hin lp co ct thep, cac vt nt nay ni vi nhau gia tit
din. Kt qua la b rng vt nt tai v tr hi tu cac vt nt gia chiu cao tit din se ln hn.
Cac cu kin chu un co vt nt trong vung keo. Cac vt nt nay keo dai gn nh ti truc trung hoa. Vi dm
co chiu cao tit din ln cac vt nt vung co ct thep vi cach khoang tng i gn b rng be. B rng vt nt ln
ch giao nhau cua cac vt nt gia chiu cao tit din.
ln
M
bk + ln
an/2
.ln = an + bk
a .ln + ln
Trong o:
-
an/2
an =
a
a
Ea
.ln.
= a.
a
Ea
vao ta c:
an = a.
.ln.
Ea
(7 - 25)
Trong o:
- a: Xac nh nh khi tnh vong.
- a: ng sut trong ct thep tai TD co khe nt
a =
Mc
.
Fa Z 1
k .Eb
E
bk
Mc
ln
a1
2
an
Rk
Chng 9
Khi BT sp nt th k = 0,5 an =
Rk
. n = 2.n.Rk
0.5
xac nh ln ta xet iu kin cn bng cua oan ct thep gii han bi 2 TD (1) & (2) :
a1 . Fa = 2n. Rk . Fa + . s. ln
Phng trnh cn bng:
Trong o:
- : ng sut dnh trung bnh trn oan ln.
- s: Chu vi ct thep.
ln =
Rut ra:
a1
2n. R k ) Fa
;
.
(7 - 26)
Nh vy nu cng keo cua BT ln, lc dnh gia BT va ct thep ln, chu vi ln th khoang cach hai khe nt nho, an
nho. i vi nhng kt cu cn han ch b rng khe nt th nn dung ct co g vi ng knh nho.
an = k . c. .
Trong o:
a
Ea
.(70 20 p). 3 d .
(7 - 27)
Fa
.
b. h 0
F
p= 100. = 100. a
F
p= 100. = 100.
- d: ng knh ct doc chu keo tnh bng mm, nu chung gm nhiu loai ng knh khac nhau d1,
d2, d3,... vi s lng thanh tng ng n1, n2,... th dung ng knh tng ng:
n . d12 + n 2. d 22 + ...
d=
n . d1 + n 2. d 2 +...
- a, Ea: ng sut trong ct thep chu keo tai TD co khe nt va mun an hi cua ct thep o.
a =
Mc
Z1. Fa
a =
Nc
Fat
Khi trn kt cu co tai trong tac dung ngn han va dai han th b rng khe nt toan phn la
an = an ngh + an dh.
Trong o: - an ngh: B rng khe nt do phn tai trong ngn han (c tnh vi c = 1 va a do tai trong ngn han gy ra).
- an dh: B rng khe nt do phn tai trong ngn han (Tnh vi c = 1,5 va a do tai trong dai han gy ra).
Chng 10
6
5
e0
1
l
e0
N
S PP cng trc:
1. Ct thep LT
2. B cng
3. Van khun
Chng 10
4
e0
1
l
5
N
S PP cng sau:
1. Ct thep LT
2. C.kin BTCT
3. ng ranh
2.3. Vt liu:
a) B tng va va:
- B tng nng mac 200. Chon mac BT phu thuc dang, loai va ng knh ct thep LT, co dung neo hay khng
dung neo, phu thuc cng cn thit khi bt u gy LT, phu thuc loai va mc tai trong tac dung ln cu kin.
- Va dung lp kn cac khe thi cng, cac mi ni cac cu kin lp ghep, lam lp bao v ct thep va neo: mac 150.
- Va dung bm vao cac ng ranh: mac 300 va phai co linh ng cao (d chay..), t co ngot.
b) Ct thep:
Dung thep cng cao. Tt nht la dung si thep cng cao. Thng dung cac bo si 3 si, 7 si.. co th bn hoc
khng bn.
Co th dung ct thep thanh co g cng cao nh thep can nong A-IV, thep gia cng nhit AT-IV tr ln.
Chon loai thep cho cu kin phu thuc vao loai kt cu va iu kin lam vic cua ct thep di tac dung cua tai trong,
mi trng, nhit ..
Khi chiu dai 12m nn dung thep thanh, 12m dung loai dy cap hoc bo si thep cng cao.
- Nu dung kch 1 chiu th dung neo kiu cc: bn ngoai la mt cc thung ay bng thep, bn trong
la khi BT vi cac si thep LT c bo cht nh cht hnh cn va vong kep.
d
3d
d1
4d
2.5d
d2 5
2d
1.5d+2d1+3mm
2d20d
4d
10
1ng d=35-50mm
6d
=3 - 4
200
Neo Freyssinet
6
Neo kiu cc
Chng 10
3. C IM CU TO:
Trong cu kin BTCT LT s lin kt tt gia BT va ct thep la rt quan trong. Do o vic b tr ct thep cn tun thu
cac qui nh sau:
- PP cng trc:
Khng c dung thep khng co g, khng co vin hoc khng gia cng b mt lam BTCT LT.
Nu dung thep co g, thep tron hoc thep ban xon lai.. th khng cn thit co neo, nhng phai cach u mut mt oan
truyn lc ltr ct thep mi phat huy tac dung:
01
R0
ltr = m tr
Trong o:
+ n d ;
0 - ng sut trong ct thep sau khi k n cac hao hut xay ra trc khi bung CT.
R0 - Cng chu nen cua BT luc bung ct thep.
d - ng knh ct thep ULT.
mtr, n - Cac h s ly theo bang sau:
H
mtr
0.3
1.8
1.8
1.8
H
mtr
1.25
1.4
1.6
1.8
Thep bn 7 si d=15
12
9
7.5; 6; 4.5
s
n
25
25
30
40
- PP cng sau: Nht thit phai dung cac loai neo c bit.
ng sut nen tai u cu kin rt ln thng > cng chu nen cua BT, tranh pha hoai cuc b cn phai tng TD
tai u cu kin, hoc gia c bng ct ai day kn, cac li thep phu trn oan 2 ln chiu dai thit b neo ( 10 ln
ng knh ct doc va 200). B tr 5-8 li cach nhau 50-70 ng knh thep cua li 5 va 1/4 ng knh ct
doc.
Co th cu tao cac tm thep m di cac neo hoc un bt ct thep neo ln mep trn gia s tp trung ng sut. (tai
v tr un ct doc cn b tr ct ai phu gia cng)
80
Chng 10
- Trong pp cng sau:
Nu ct thep ng lc trc t trong cac ranh th chiu day lp BT bao v
k t mt ngoai cua cu kin n mt trong ranh (20 va 1/2 ng knh
ranh), khi ng knh ranh > 32 th lp bao v ng knh ranh.
Khi trong ranh b tr mt s bo si hoc thep thanh th lp BT bao v 80 vi thanh bn, (60 va 1/2 b rng ranh) vi mt ay.
Khoang cach gia cac ranh (ng knh ranh va 50), ng thi sao cho vic cng ct thep c d dang, khng b pha hoai cuc b khi bung ct
thep.
4. CC CH DN C BN V TNH TON:
4.1. Tr s ng sut trong BT v ct thp:
- Tr s ng sut gii han 0 & 0 trong ct thep FH & FH theo qui pham khi cng thep bng phng phap c hoc:
(10 - 1)
i vi thep thanh:
0.35RHC 0 0.95 RHC ;
(10 - 2)
i vi thep si cng cao:
0.25RHC 0 0.75 RHC ;
- Tr s ng sut khng ch: kim tra ng sut trong ct thep thi im kt thuc vic cng trn b hoc tai v tr t
lc cng khi cng trn BT.
Khi cng trn b: Tr s ng sut khng ch ly bng tr s ng sut gii han 0 & 0 sau khi a k n cac tn hao do
bin dang cua neo va cua ma sat (neo & ms):
HK = 0 - neo - ms ;
(10 - 3)
HK = 0 - neo - ms ;
HK = 0 - nH.BH ;
(10 - 4)
Khi cng trn BT: HK = 0 - nH.BH ;
Trong o
BH & BH la ng sut trc trong BT ngang mc trong tm FH & FH (co k n cac tn hao trc
khi ep BT).
nH la t s gia m un an hi cua ct thep ULT EH va m un an hi cua BT:
nH = EH / Ea;
- H s chnh xac khi cng mt: Xet n cac sai s cua cac dung cu o, do cac nguyn nhn khac cha c xet n mt
cach chnh xac khi tinh toan..
mt = 0.9 hoc 1.1 nu vic giam hoc tng ng sut trc trong ct thep la bt li i vi kt cu.
mt = 1 khi tnh toan cac hao tn ng sut trong ct thep hoc khi tnh toan s m rng khe nt, bin dang.
R0 0.8 Rtk;
- Cng cua BT luc bung ct thep LT R0:
R0 140 KG/cm2;
Va nu dung ct thep thanh loai AT-IV va dy cap: R0 200 KG/cm2;
Trang thai ng sut cua TD
ng sut nen tng khi ngoai lc tac dung
ng sut nen giam khi ngoai lc tac dung
T s bH / R0
ung tm
0.50
0.45
0.65
0.55
Khi nen:
Lch tm
0.55
0.50
0.75
0.65
0
Khi cng bng PP c hoc, i vi thep si: ch = 0.22
(10 - 5)
0.1 .0 ;
R HC
i vi thep thanh:
ch = 0,1.0 - 200 ;
Tr s 0 khng k n cac hao tn ng sut. Nu tnh c ch < 0 th ly ch = 0;
(10 - 6)
Chng 10
(10 - 7)
neo =
Trong o
.EH ;
(10 - 8)
L
L - Chiu dai cua ct thep cng (trong PP cng trc la khoang cach gia 2 b cng,
trong PP cng sau la chiu dai cua ct thep nm trong cu kin).
- Tng cac bin dang cua ban thn neo, cua cac khe h, s ep sat cac tm m.. Ly
theo thc nghim . Nu khng co s liu thc nghim th ly = 2mm;
;
(10 - 9)
kx +
e
Trong o
e - H s logarit t nhin.
k - H s xet n s sai lch v tr t ng so vi v tr thit k. (Tra bang)
x - Chiu dai oan ng (tnh = m) k t thit b cng gn nht n TD tnh toan.
- H s ma sat gia ct thep va thanh ng;
- Tng goc xoay cua truc ct thep (tnh = radian);
Trong PP cng trc nu co ga cac thit b c bit tao cong tnh ms theo cng thc trn vi x
= 0 & = 0.25;
Loai ng ranh
Tr s k
Tr s khi ct thep la
Bo si thep
Thanh co g
ng co b mt kim loai
0.003
0.35
0.40
ng co b mt BT - tao nn bng loi cng
0
0.55
0.65
- tao nn bng loi mm
0.0015
0.55
0.65
ms = 0. 1
bH
R0
khi
bH
R0
(10 - 10)
bH
(10 - 11)
a ; khi bH > a
R0
R0
Trong o
a,b - H s phu thuc vao mac BT, vi BT mac 300: a = 0.6; b = 1.5
bH - ng sut nen trc trong BT ngang mc trong tm cua ct thep cng, co k n
cac hao tn: ch, ms, neo va nh.
Nu BT ng cng trong iu kin c dng h nhit th tbn c tnh theo cng thc trn co
nhn thm h s 0.85;
tbn = 500.a.1000.b
Chng 10
f. Do co ngt cu BT (co):
i vi BT nng, ng cng trong iu kin t nhin ly co theo bang sau (tnh = KG/cm2):
Trong PP cng sau co be hn v trc khi
bung ct thep, BT a co ngot c 1 phn
Mac B tng
M400
M500
M600
g. Do t bin ca BT (tb):
Hao tn do t bin xay ra trong qua trnh BT chu nen lu dai. i vi BT nng:
tb = 2000.k.
bH
R0
bH
0.3
R0
tb = 4000.k.
Trong o
khi
khi
bH
R0
bH
R0
0.6;
k =1 i vi BT ng cng t nhin;
k =0.85 i vi BT c dng h nhit;
bH c ly nh khi tnh hao tn do t bin nhanh.
Chng 10
Va ng sut nen trc trong BT :
b =
N 01
;
Fqd
(10 - 13)
N01 la lc nen khi bt u bung ct thep: N01 = (0 - h1)FH - tbn.Fa ; ( y khi tnh h1 khng k hao
tn do t bin nhanh).
Fq la din tch BT tng ng cua TD: Fq = Fb + na.Fa + nH.FH ;
Giai oan I5: Trc khi s dung cu kin, do co ngot va t bin cua BT, co cac hao tn h2 = co + tb ; Vy ng sut
hao tng cng la h = h1 + h2 ;
ng sut trong ct thep LT: H = 0 - h - nH.b1 ;
Giai oan I6: Cho cu kin chu keo, ng sut do tai trong gy keo thm trong ct thep LT, ng thi lam giam ng
sut nen trc trong BT. Khi ng sut trong BT trit tiu (b = 0) th:
H = 0 - h ;
Giai oan Ia: Tai trong tng, BT chu keo. Khi ng sut trong BT at Rkc, cu kin sp b nt; ng sut trong ct thep
LT luc nay la: H = 0 - h + 2nH.Rkc ;
Trong o
I1
H = 0
H = 0- h- nHb1
I2
H = 0- h
N0
I3
Nn
I4
N0
Ia
b= Rkc
H = HK- ch- nh
b
I6
b= 0
H = HK
b = 0
I5
b1
H = 0- h + 2nH.Rkc
Nn
III
H = 0- h1- nHb
H = RH
Giai oan II: Tai trong tng , khe nt xut hin. Luc nay toan b lc keo do ct thep chu, ng sut keo trong ct thep
tng ln theo tai trong tng t nh cu kin BTCT thng.
Giai oan III: Giai oan pha hoai, khe nt m rng. S pha hoai xay ra khi ng sut trong ct thep at ti gii han
chu keo.
Nhn xet: Vic gy LT ch nng cao kha nng chng nt, han ch b rng khe nt cua cu kin , khng cai thin v
kha nng chu lc.
b =
( 0 h1 ).FH
;
Fqd
Sau o neo ct thep LT vao u cu kin. Luc nay xay ra cac hao tn ng sut h1 = neo + ms ;
ng sut trong ct thep :
H = 0 - h1 - nH.b ;
T giai oan I5 tr i trang thai ng sut bin dang ging nh cu kin cng trc.
Chng 10
Toan b lc keo do ct thep chu, ng sut trong ct thep at ghan chu keo.
(10 - 14)
- iu kin cng :
N Ra.Fa + RH.FH.mH ;
Trong o
- mH la h s xet n iu kin lam vic cua ct thep cng cao khi ng sut cao hn gii han chay
qui c. (Bang tra)
LOAI THEP
mH
Thep A-IV & AT-IV
1.20
Thep A-V , AT-V & si thep cng cao
1.15
Thep AT-VI
1.10
N c - N 02
;
Fa + FH
(10 - 17)
NH R n .F + Ra.Fa ;
Trong o NH -
(10 - 19)
NH = (1.10 - 3000)FH ; (10 - 20)
NH = 1.1(0 - nH. b).FH ; (10 - 21)
Chng 10
H = HK
I6
H = HK
b = 0
H = 0- h
I3
H = HK- ch- nh
Ia
H = HK- ch- nh
I4
b = Rkc
H = 0-h+2nHRkc
H = 0- h1- nHb
H = 0- h- nHb
III
b = Rkc
H = 0-h+2nHRkc
-
Giai oan II: Tai trong tng, khe nt xut hin trong BT vung keo, ng lc trong vung keo do ct thep chu.
Giai oan III: Tai trong tng, khe nt m rng, khi ng sut trong ct thep chu keo va trong BT vung nen at tr
s gii han th cu kin b pha hoai. ng sut trong ct thep FH:
(10 - 22)
H = RH - mt.( 0 - h) ;
Chng 10
Rn
bc
Fa
RaFa
hc
HFH
Mgh
RHFH
-Cng thc c ban:
iu kin cng la:
FH
h0
FH
aH
RaFa
Fa
= 0;
M Rn.b.x.(h0-0.5x) + Rn.(bc-b)hc.(h0-0.5hc) + Ra.Fa.(h0-a) + H.FH.(h0-aH);
Chiu cao vung nen:
Fa
b
(10 - 23)
X = 0 ; R .[b.x + (b -b)h ] = m .R .F
Trong o
(10 - 24)
n
c
c
H
H H + Ra.Fa - H.FH - Ra.Fa;
mH -H s iu kin lam vic cua ct thep cng cao khi ng sut cao hn gii han chay qui c. mH
ly theo tiu chun thit k: mH = m H (m H 1).
0 =
1+
4000
0
1.1
= 0.85 - 0.0008Rn;
A -ng sut trong ct thep LT; Vi thep khng co thm chay (A-IV tr ln), thep si B-II, BP-II, dy
cap: A = RH +4000 - 0 ; i vi thep co thm chay (A-I, A-II, A-III) va thep si B-I, BP-I th
ly A bng cng chu keo tnh toan cua ct thep.
-iu kin han ch:
x 0h0; va
x 2a.
Q Qb =
Trong o
8R k .b.h 02 .q d
10
Chng 10
ng sut nen BT:
Trong o
bH =
N 0 N 0 .e 0H .y
+
;
Fqd
J qd
H, H -ng sut trong ct thep FH & FH (co tnh n ng sut hao h1 khi tnh trong giai oan ep BT,
va k n toan b ng sut hao khi tnh trong giai oan s dung);
a, a -ng sut nen trong ct thep thng Fa & Fa (Khi tnh trong giai oan ep BT ly bng tbn, khi
tnh trong giai oan s dung ly bng tbn + co + tb ;
yH, yH, ya, ya -Khoang cach t truc qua trong tm cua TD tng ng n v tr im t lc trong
ct thep (trong tm cua ct thep) .
- Tnh toan kim tra tng th cu kin giai oan ch tao: Tnh nh cu kin chu nen lch tm thng ma ngoai lc la
lc ep lch tm do ct thep LT gy ra. Trong trng hp ch co FH th lc lch tm xac nh theo (10 - 20) hoc (10 21);
- Ngoai ra con phai kim tra s chu ep cuc b cua BT di cac thit b neo, nu khng u cng th phai gia c
min BT di neo bng cac li thep..
aFa
(0-h)FH
h
Mn
N02
aFa
rl
e0H
Rkc
(0-h)FH
2Rkc
b
rL = 0.8
W0
;
Fqd
11
Chng 10
12