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Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng (ICT)


trong gio dc

Victoria L. Tinio

Th ng 5/2003

Nhm cng tc e-ASEAN UNDP-APDIP

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LI NI U
Mt trong nhiu thch thc m cc nc trong khu vc Chu -Thi Bnh
Dng ngy nay ang phi i mt l vic chun b sn sng cho x hi v chnh
ph ca h trong bi cnh ton cu ho v cch mng thng tin truyn thng. Cc
nh hoch nh chnh sch, doanh nhn, cc nh hot ng ca cc t chc phi
chnh ph (NGO), cc hc gi, v thng dn ang ngy cng quan tm ti nhu
cu xy dng x hi tr nn cnh tranh trong nn kinh t thng tin ang pht
trin.
Nhm cng tc e-ASEAN v Chng trnh pht trin thng tin chu Thi Bnh
Dng ca UNDP (UNDP-APDIP) c chung nim tin rng vi cng ngh thng
tin v truyn thng (ICT), cc nc c th i mt vi cc thch thc ca k
nguyn thng tin. Vi ICT, h c th vn ti mt tm cao mi trong s nghip
pht trin kinh t, x hi v chnh tr. Chng ti hy vng rng trong vic thc
hin bc nhy vt ny, cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, nhng ngi lp k
hoch, nghin cu vin, nhng ngi trin khai k hoch, cc nh bnh lun v
nhng ngi khc s thy cc quyn sch khoa hc thng thc in t (eprimers) v x hi thng tin, kinh t thng tin v t chc x hi ny l b ch.
E-primers c mc ch gip cho ngi c hiu bit r rng v nhng thut ng,
nh ngha, xu hng v nhng vn khc nhau gn lin vi k nguyn thng
tin. E-primers c vit vi ngn ng n gin, d hiu bao gm cc v d,
trng hp tiu biu, cc bi hc thu c v nhng thc hnh tt nht gip cc
nh xy dng k hoch v nhng ngi ra quyt nh trong vic nu ln nhng
vn thch hp v xy dng chnh sch chin lc ph hp trong nn kinh t
thng tin.
E-primers bao gm nhng phn sau:
K nguyn thng tin
Net, Web v C s h tng thng tin
Thng mi in t v kinh doanh in t
Nhng vn v php lut v qui ch trong nn kinh t thng tin
Chnh ph in t
Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng (ICT) v gio dc
Gen, cng ngh v chnh sch: Gii thiu ti cng ngh sinh hc
Cc ti liu trn c th tm thy trn mng qua a ch www.eprimers.org v
www.apdip.net

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Sch khoa hc thng thc E-primers ny do UNDP-APDIP thc hin, nhm to


ra mt mi trng thc y ICT qua vic ci t chnh sch v ng h ti khu vc
chu Thi Bnh Dng v qua nhm cng tc e-ASEAN, mt sng kin ICT v
s pht trin ca mi nc thnh vin ca Hip hi cc quc gia ng Nam .
Chng ti hoan nghnh kin ca cc bn v nhng ch v vn mcm
theo ni dung ca E-primers c th hu dng.
Cui cng, chng ti xin cm n nhng ngi vit bi, cc nh nghin cu,
nhng ngi ng gp kin v nhm cng tc - nhng ngi thc hin v
tham gia ng gp i vi quyn sch E-primers ny .

Roberto R. Romulo
Ch tch (2000-2002)
Nhm cng tc e-ASEAN UNDP-APDIP
Manila. Philippines

Shahid Akhtar
iu phi vin chng trnh
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
www.apdip.net

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MC LC

............................................................................................................................ 3

MC LC .............................................................................................................................. 4
Gii thiu ................................................................................................................................. 5
I. NH NGHA THUT NG.................................................................................................. 6
Hc in t (e-learning) l g? ................................................................................................. 7
Hc kt hp (blended learning) l g?...................................................................................... 7
Hc m v t xa l g? ............................................................................................................. 7
Mi trng hc ly ngi hc lm trung tm l g? ................................................................ 8
II. TRIN VNG CA ICT I VI GIO DC ................................................................... 8
ICT gip m rng ng n vi gio dc nh th no?........................................................ 9
ICT gip chun b lc lng lao ng nh th no? .............................................................. 9
Lm vic Nhm.................................................................................................................. 11
S dng ICTs c th gip tng cht lng gio dc nh th no? ........................................ 11
ICT lm chuyn i mi trng hc tp sang m hnh Mi trng ly ngi hc lm trung
tm?........................................................................................................................................ 13
III. S DNG ICT TRONG GIO DC ................................................................................. 16
Radio v TV c s dng trong gio dc nh th no? ...................................................... 16
Hi ngh truyn hnh l g v vic s dng trong gio dc ca n l g? .............................. 18
My tnh v Internet c s dng nh th no cho vic dy v hc?............................. 19
Hc v my tnh v Internet c ngha l g? .......................................................................... 19
Hc vi my tnh v Internet th no?................................................................................... 19
Hc qua my tnh v Internet l g? ....................................................................................... 20
My tnh v Internet c s dng trong gio dc t xa nh th no? ................................. 21
Hp tc t xa l g? ................................................................................................................ 23
IV. NHNG VN V S DNG ICT TRONG GIO DC........................................... 24
Vic hc c ng dng ICT c tht s hiu qu khng?......................................................... 25
Chi ph l bao nhiu? ............................................................................................................. 26
C s cng bng i vi tip cn ICT trong gio dc ........................................................... 28
Cc d n ICT tng cng gio dc liu c bn vng?......................................................... 30
V. NHNG THCH THC TRONG VIC LNG GHP ICT VO GIO DC............... 31
S nh hng ca ICT tng cng gio dc cho cc chnh sch v k hoch gio dc l g?
................................................................................................................................................ 31
Nhng thch thc lin quan ti h tng trong vic tng cng gio dc vi ICT l g?....... 32
Nhng thch thc cn c nhn mnh trong lnh vc ngn ng v ni dung l g? ........... 37
Nhng thch thc lin qua ti vic ti chnh cho chi ph s dng ICT l g? ....................... 39
ICT s c s dng l vin n bc gip mt nc ang pht trin loi b nhng vn v
gio dc? ................................................................................................................................ 42
GHI CH ................................................................................................................................... 44
TI LIU THAM KHO ......................................................................................................... 48
V TC GI ............................................................................................................................. 49
Li cm n ................................................................................................................................. 49

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Gii thiu
Ton cu ha v thay i cng ngh tr thnh xu hng pht trin khng ngng
trong sut mi lm nm qua to ra mt nn kinh t ton cu mi ly sc
mnh t cng ngh, nng lng t thng tin v cho li bng kin thc1. S hi
nhp ca nn kinh t ton cu mi ny ngm khng nh mt cch nghim tc
cho tnh cht v mc ch ca cc th ch o to. Trong khi thng tin v qu
trnh tip cn vi thng tin c rt ngn v pht trin theo hm s m th cc
trng hc khng th duy tr c mt con ng d l nh cho vic truyn ti
nhng thng tin bt buc t gio vin n hc sinh trong mt khong thi gian
hn nh. Trc xu hng ny, cc trng hc nn chuyn sang hng khuyn
khch vic hc cch hc i vi hc vin: V d, gip hc vin t c nhng
kin thc v k nng gip cho con ngi c th tip tc vic hc tp trong sut
cuc i2. Theo cch gi ca nh tng lai hc Alvin Toffler Nhng ngi m
ch ca th k 21 s khng phi l nhng ngi khng bit c bit vit m
chnh l nhng ngi khng bit cch hc, cch qun v cch hc li.
Mi quan tm v o to v cht lng o to i hi phi m rng c hi gio
dc cho nhng ngi d b nh hng nht trong qu trnh ton cu ha, gm
nhng nc ang pht trin ni chung v nhng ngi thu nhp thp, n gii, v
nhng cng nhn tay ngh thp ni ring. Nhng thay i mang tnh ton cu
cng gp phn to p lc ln nhng ngi ngi khng ngng mun nm bt v
p dng nhng k nng. T chc Lao ng Quc t nh ngha v yu cu t ra
cho gio dc v o to trong nn kinh t ton cu mi c gi l Gio dc c
s cho tt c mi ngi, Nhng k nng lm vic c bn cho tt c v Hc
tp sut i cho tt c.3
Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng (ICT) bao gm i v v tuyn, cng nh
cc cng ngh k thut s mi hn nh my tnh v Internet c coi l nhng
cng c tim nng mnh m c kh nng to ra nhng thay i v ci cch cho
gio dc. Ngi ta cho rng nu s dng cng c cng ngh thng tin v truyn
thng mt cch hp l c th gip m rng ng tip cn gio dc, tng cng
b tr gio dc nhng ni lm vic lin quan n k thut s ang khng
ngng tng ln v nng cao cht lng gio dc di nhiu hnh thc m mt
trong s l vic gip qu trnh dy v hc tr nn nng ng, hp dn c
lin h vi thc tin cuc sng. Tuy nhin, kinh nghim trong vic gii thiu cc
cng c cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng (CNTT v TT) khc nhau trong cc
lp hc v cc c s gio dc trn khp th gii trong vi thp k qua cho thy
vic bin cc li ch gio dc tim nng ca CNTT v TT thnh hin thc mt
cch y khng phi l qu trnh t nhin m c ch . Vic a cng c
CNTT v TT vo h thng gio dc mt cch hiu qu l mt qu trnh phc tp,
a din, lin quan n khng ch vn cng ngh. Thc t, nu c ngun ti
chnh ban u th c cng ngh l phn d dng nht, cn li l chng trnh

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ging dy, kh nng s phm, s sn sng ca cc th ch, trnh ca gio vin,


v s n nh ca ngun ti tr v hng lot cc vn khc.
Bi vit ny nhm gip cc nh hoch nh chnh sch cc nc ang pht trin
xc nh phng hng cho vic s dng CNTT v TT mt cch hiu qu v
thch hp trong h thng gio dc ca h thng qua vic cung cp mt cch khi
qut ngn gn v:
Th nht, nhng ch li tim nng ca vic s dng CNTT v TT trong gio dc
v cc cch ng dng CNTT v TT khc nhau c s dng trong gio dc t
trc n nay.
Th hai, t ra bn vn c bn trong vic s dng CNTT v TT trong gio dc
l tnh hiu qu, chi ph, s hp l v tnh n nh.
Bi vit kt thc vi mt lot tham lun v nm thch thc quan trng m cc
nh hoch nh chnh sch cc nc ang pht trin cn lu khi a ra cc
quyt nh v vic ng dng CNTT v TT vo gio dc, l cc vn chnh
sch v quy hoch gio dc, c s h tng, quy m xy dng, ngn ng v ni
dung, v vn cp.
I. NH NGHA THUT NG
CNTT v TT (hay cn vit l ICT) l g v nhng loi CNTT v TT no c
ng dng ph bin trong gio dc?
ICT l ch vit tt ca Information and Communication Technologies (Cng
ngh thng tin v truyn thng), c nh ngha cho mc ch ca bi vit ny
l mt tp hp a dng cc cng c v ti nguyn cng ngh c s dng
giao tip, to ra, ph bin, lu gi v qun l thng tin.4 Cc cng ngh ny bao
gm my tnh, Internet, cng ngh truyn thng (i v v tuyn), v in thoi.
Trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta thng c bit quan tm n vic lm th
no khai thc mt cch hiu qu nht my tnh v Internet nhm nng cao cht
lng ca gio dc mi cp , mi c s o to v hnh thc o to (chnh
thc v khng chnh thc). Nhng ICT khng phi ch gm cc phng tin k
trn, cc phng tin lu i hn nh in thoi, i v v tuyn, mc d hin
nay t c ch hn l nhng cng c ging dy c lch s lu i hn.5 Chng
hn, i v v tuyn c s dng cho gio dc m v t xa trn 40 nm nay.
Mc d vy gio trnh trn giy vn l r nht, d tip cn nht, do , vn l hnh
thc chnh nhng nc pht trin v ang pht trin. Hin nay, vic s dng
my tnh v Internet vn thi k s khai ti cc nc ang pht trin do c s
h tng hn ch v chi ph truy nhp internet cao. Hn na, ngi ta thng s
dng kt hp cc phng tin khc nhau hn l ch n l mt loi. V d,
Kothmale Community Radio Internet s dng cng ngh my tnh v Internet
pht sng i ting ni, to iu kin cho vic chia s thng tin v cung cp
cc c hi gio dc cho nhng ngi sng nng thn Sri Lanka.7 Trng i
hc M ca Vng quc Anh (UKOU), c thnh lp nm 1969, l mt trong
nhng t chc gio dc u tin trn th gii ch chuyn o to m v t xa, vn

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da ch yu vo cc gio trnh in trn giy c b tr bng i, v tuyn v,


trong nhng nm gn y, l cc chng trnh trc tuyn.8 Tng t nh vy,
Trng i hc M Quc Gia Indira Gandhi n kt hp s dng gio
trnh in, bng ghi m, ghi hnh, pht sng trn i, v tuyn v cc cng ngh hi
ngh t xa.9
Hc in t (e-learning) l g?
Mc d l hnh thc ph bin trong gio dc cao hc v o to hp tc,
e-learning dnh cho vic hc tt c cc cp , chnh thc v khng chnh thc,
l hnh thc s dng mng thng tin Internet, mt mng cc b (LAN) hoc
mng rng (WAN) cho ton b hay ch mt phn ca kha hc, tng tc giao
tip v/hoc to iu kin h tr. Mt s ngi thch s dng thut ng hc trc
tuyn (online learning). Hc trn mng (Web-based learning) l mt tp hp con
ca e-learning v ch vic hc thng qua hnh thc s dng cc trnh Internet
(nh Netscape hay Internet Explorer).
Hc kt hp (blended learning) l g?
Mt thut ng khc gn y c s dng l hc kt hp (blended learning)
ch cc m hnh hc kt hp gia hnh thc lp hc truyn thng v cc gii php
e-learning. V d, hc sinh ca mt lp hc truyn thng c th c giao cc bi
tp trn giy v trn mng, c th tham vn thy gio qua chat, v c ng k
vo mt danh sch th in t ca lp. Hay mt kha o to trn mng c th
c tng cng bng mt s bui ging trc tip trn lp. Kt hp (Blending)
c s dng rng ri l do c s tha nhn rng khng phi tt c cc chng
trnh hc u c th c thc hin tt nht trong mi trng trang thit b in
t, c bit l nhng chng trnh khng cn gio vin ging dy trc tip t u
n cui. Thc t, vn cn phi lu tm l mn hc, mc tiu v kt qu, tnh
cch ca hc vin, v bi cnh hc tp t n s ti a ca cc phng php
ging dy v hng dn.
Hc m v t xa l g?
Hc m v t xa c Commonwealth of Learning nh ngha l mt cch
cung cp c hi hc tp vi c th l gio vin v hc vin b cch bit v thi
gian hoc khng gian; vic hc c cp chng ch bng mt cch no qua
mt t chc hoc mt c quan u quyn; s dng cc phng tin khc nhau, bao
gm giy v in t; cc giao tip hai chiu cho php ngi hc v ging vin c
th trao i; thnh thong c th c nhng bui gp g trc tip; v s phn chia
lao ng c chuyn mn ha trong to dng kha hc v ging dy.10

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Mi trng hc ly ngi hc lm trung tm l g?


Hi ng Nghin cu Quc gia ca M nh ngha mi trng hc ly ngi
hc lm trung tm l c bit coi trng nhng kin thc, k nng, thi v
nim tin m ngi hc mang vo lp 11 ng c ca vic ly ngi hc lm
trung tm ly t mt hc thuyt gio dc c tn l Xu hng to dng, nhn
nhn vic hc nh l mt qu trnh trong cc c nhn to dng trn c s
nhng kin thc v kinh nghim c trc . Kinh nghim cho php cc c nhn
xy dng cc m hnh hay gin m t li cung cp ngha v t chc cho
cc kinh nghim tip theo. Tuy nhin, kin thc khng phi l ngoi kia, c
lp vi ngi hc ngi hc c th nhn mt cch th ng; m kin thc
c to ra thng qua mt qu trnh tch cc trong ngi hc truyn ti thng
tin, to dng nn nhng gi thuyt v a ra quyt nh s dng cc m hnh tr
tu ca mnh. Mt hnh thc ca xu hng to dng c tn l xu hng to dng
x hi nhn mnh vai tr ca thy c gio, cha m, bn b v cc thnh vin khc
trong cng ng trong vic gip ngi hc lm ch nhng khi nim m h s
khng c kh nng t hiu. Cc hc gi ca trng phi xu hng to dng x
hi cho rng vic hc phi l ch ng, thuc v hon cnh v x hi. Hnh thc
hc ny c hiu qu nht trong cc lp hc m gio vin ch nh ngi hng
dn.
II. TRIN VNG CA ICT I VI GIO DC
i vi cc nc ang pht trin, ICT mang li trin vng tip cn v nng cao
cht lng gio dc. N i din cho mt chin lc bnh ng ha y tim
nng cho cc nc ang pht trin.
ICT h tr rt ln cho vic nm bt v thu nhn kin thc, to ra nhng c hi
cha tng c cho cc nc ang pht trin y mnh h thng gio dc, nng cao
nng lc to lp v thi hnh chnh sch, m rng c hi cho kinh doanh v cho
ngi ngho. Mt trong nhng kh khn ln nht m ngi ngho v nhng
ngi sng trong cc quc gia ngho phi chu l b c lp v cng ngh. ICT
ha hn s gim bt cnh c lp v m cho h con ng n vi kin thc
m trc y khng lu l iu khng tng. 12
Tuy nhin, thc t ca khong cch thut s (khong cch gia nhng ngi
c tip cn v iu khin cng ngh vi nhng ngi khng c iu kin) l
kh nng tch hp ICT nhng cp khc nhau, di hnh thc khc nhau
trong gio dc s l mt th thch ln nht cn phi vt qua. Tht bi trong vic
vt qua th thch ny c ngha l lm rng thm khong cch kin thc v o
su thm s bt bnh ng x hi v kinh t ang tn ti.

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ICT gip m rng ng n vi gio dc nh th no?


ICT l mt cng c mnh m, tim nng m rng cc c hi gio dc, c
chnh thc v khng chnh thc, cho c dn nhng vng su, vng xa v nng
thn vn vn khng c hc hnh v cc l do x hi, vn ha nh ngi thiu
s, n gii, ngi tn tt, ngi gi cng nh cho tt c nhng ngi v l do
kinh t hay do eo hp v thi gian khng th ng k n hc trng.
Bt c lc no, bt c u. C ngi nh ngha c trng ca ICT l kh
nng vt thi gian v khng gian. ICT khin vic hc khng cn thit phi ng
b, hay o to c th khng cn thit trng khp v thi gian gia ging v nghe
ging ca hc vin.
V d, cc gio trnh kha hc trc tuyn c th truy cp c 24h/ngy,
7ngy/tun. Vic ging bi da trn ICT (VD: pht sng chng trnh gio dc
trn i hoc v tuyn) cng khng cn thit phi c tt c cc hc vin v ging
vin ti cng mt a im vt l. Ngoi ra, mt s loi ICT nht nh, nh cc
cng ngh hi ngh t xa, cho php vic nghe ging c th l ng thi gia cc
hc vin nhng a im khc nhau (c ngha l hc ng b).
Tip cn nhng ti nguyn o to t xa. Gio vin v hc sinh khng cn
phi ph thuc hon ton vo sch v cc ti liu in trong cc th vin vi s
lng hn ch na. Vi Internet v World Wide Web, mt ti nguyn gio trnh
hc v hu ht cc mn hc v trn cc phng tin khc nhau c th tip cn
c bt c u, bt c lc no trong ngy vi s lng ngi khng hn ch.
iu ny c bit c ngha i vi nhiu trng hc cc nc ang pht trin,
v thm ch mt s trng cc nc pht trin, nhng nc ch c ngun th
vin khng c cp nht vi s lng hn ch. ICT cng to iu kin tip cn
vi nhng ngun ti nguyn con ngi- nhng chuyn gia, nh nghin cu, gio
s, lnh o doanh nghip, v cc bn b khp th gii.
ICT gip chun b lc lng lao ng nh th no?
Mt trong nhng l do ph bin nht cho vic s dng ICT trong cc lp hc l
chun b tt hn cho th h hc sinh hin ti, khi h lm vic trong mi trng
ICT, c bit l my tnh, Internet v cc cng ngh lin quan, ngy cng tr nn
ph bin. Kin thc c bn v cng ngh hoc kh nng s dng ICT mt cch
c hiu qu v th c xem nh l mt li th cnh tranh trong th trng
cng vic ang ngay cng ton cu ha. Kin thc cng ngh c bn, tuy nhin,
khng phi l k nng duy nht m mt cng vic lng cao trong nn kinh t
ton cu ha i hi. EnGauge ca Phng th nghim gio dc khu vc trung tm
pha bc (North Central Regional Educational Laboratory (U.S.) phn bit ci
g gi l Nhng k nng ca th k 21 bao gm kin thc c bn v k thut s
(kin thc v tnh nng, nhn, khoa hc, cng ngh, thng tin, vn ha v nhn
bit ton cu), t duy sng to, trt t cao hn, giao tip hiu qu, logic v hiu
sut cao. 13 (Xem Bng 1 gii thch tm tt v tng k nng)

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Bng 1. K nng cn thit cho cng vic trong tng lai


K nng trong thi i k thut s
K nng chuyn mn

Kh nng ct ngha v din t vn


trn cc phng tin truyn thng;
gm vic s dng cc hnh nh, s
, biu v cc cng c trc quan
khc cho mc ch nu ny.

Hiu bit v khoa hc

S am hiu c l thuyt ln thc


hnh trong cc kha cnh ca ton
hc v khoa hc.

Hiu bit v k thut

Ni v kh nng s dng cng ngh


thng tin v truyn thng, gm c
cc phng tin thng qua vic s
dng ICTs

Hiu bit v vn ho

Nhn thc v tnh a dng ca cc


nn vn ho

Nhn thc v ton cu

Hiu c cc quc gia, cc cng ty


v cc cng ng trn khp th gii
c quan h vi nhau nh th no.

c sng to
Kh nng thch ng

Kh nng thch ng v qun l mt


th gii c lp v phc tp

S ham hiu bit

Mong mun c bit

Kh nng sng to

Kh nng tng tng to ra


nhng ci mi.

Kim sot ri ro

C kh nng kim sot ri ro

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Suy ngh trt t cao hn

Sng to cch gii quyt vn v


suy ngh mt cch l gic nhm thu
c kt qu vi nhng nh gi xc
ng.

Giao tip hiu qu


Lm vic Nhm

Kh nng lm vic trong mt Nhm

Kh nng hp tc v trao i,

Kh nng lm vic mt cch trn tru,


hiu qu vi ngi khc.

Kha cnh c nhn v x hi

C th nhn bit i vi cch m mi


ngi s dng ICTs hc tp v
cung cp dch v cng

Trao i

C kh nng chuyn ti, tip cn v


hiu c cc thng tin.

Nng sut lao ng cao

Kh nng xc nh th t u tin, lp
k hoch v qun l chng trnh/d
n nhm t c kt qu mong
mun. Kh nng ng dng nhng
iu hc c trn lp v cuc sng
thc t nhm to ra s cc sn phm
c tnh thich ng v cht lng cao.

Ngun: EnGauge. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Available


Online at http://
www.ncrel.org/engauge/skills/21skills.htm. Accessed 31 May 2002.
Tim nng ca ICT nhm cng c qu trnh thu np k nng lm vic rng
buc vic s dng ICT nh mt cng c tng cht lng gio dc, gm c
vic chuyn sang ging dy theo kiu ly hc vin lm trung tm.
S dng ICTs c th gip tng cht lng gio dc nh th no?
Tng cht lng gio dc v o to l mt vn ht sc quan trng, c th l
trong giai on m rng gio dc. ICTs c th nng cao cht lng gio dc bng
nhiu cch: Nng cao ng lc v s tham gia ca ngi hc, bng cch to
thun li cho vic thu nhn cc k nng c bn, v bng cch tng cng o to

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gio vin14. ICTs cn l cng c chuyn giao: khi c s dng hp l ICT c


th gip chuyn sang cch dy v hc theo kiu ly hc vin lm trung tm.
To ng lc cho hc tp. ICTs nh videos, tivi v cc phn mm truyn thng
trong my tnh gm on ch, m thanh, mu sc, hnh nh ng c th c s
dng cung cp nhng ni dung mi v c tnh th thch c th thu ht ngi
hc.
i pht thanh cng tng t nh vy,bng hiu ng m thnh, cc bi ca, cc v
kch v hi kch v cc bui biu din khc nhm bt buc hc vin phi nghe v
tr thnh ngi trong cuc i vi cc bi ging ang c thc hin. Hn th
i vi bt c loi ICT no khc, cc my tnh c kt ni vi nhau thng qua
mng Internet lm tng ng lc cho ngi hc do cc my tnh ny l s kt hp
gia cc phng tin truyn thng, em li c hi kt ni, trao i gia mt
ngi vi cc s kin trn th gii.
To thun li trong vic thu nhn nhng k nng c bn. Vic chuyn ti cc k
nng v khi nim c bn l c s cho nhng k nng mc cao hn, kh nng
sng to c th c to thun li thng qua vic luyn tp v thc hnh. Cc
chng trnh gio dc qua TV, chng hn nh Sesame Street s dng cch nhc
li v nhn mnh dy cc ch theo th t A,B,C, cc con s, cc hnh mu v
cc khi mim c bn khc. Hu ht nhng vic s dng my tnh c nhn nh
hc tp qua my tnh (cn gi l dy vi s h tr ca my tnh) tp trung vo u
th ca cc k nng v ni dung thng qua vic nhc li v nhn mnh mt s
vn . (Xem phn hc tp trn my vi tnh di y)
Tp trung vo vic o to gio vin. ICTs cn c s dng nhm cng c v
tip cn cht lng o to gio vin. V d nh Cyber Teacher Training
Center (CTTC) Hn Quc ang tn dng li th ca Internet cung cp k
nng chuyn mn tt hn cho cc gio vin ng chc. CTTC l mt t chc
ca Chnh ph, c thnh lp nm 1997, vi cc chng trnh t hc, t hng
dn thng qua cc trang Web cho gio vin tiu hc. Cc kho hc ny gm
My vi tnh trong x hi thng tin, Ci cch gio dc, X hi tng lai v
gio dc. Cc bi ging v cc bui hng dn c thc hin trc tuyn, mt
s mn hc cng yu cu hc vin v gio vin phi gp mt15. Trung Quc,
mt chng trnh dy gio vin rt ln da trn i pht thanh v TV c i
pht thnh trung ng Trung Hoa, i hc TV16 v Radio Thng Hi thc hin
trong nhiu nm qua. trng i hc m Indira Gandhi National, s dng
ngten v tinh truyn hnh nh ging dy mt chiu v hi ngh 2 chiu t nm
1996, b sung ti liu v cc bng ghi hnh trong vic o to 910 gio vin v v
hng dn vin t 20 trung tm o to cc huyn ca Bang Karnataka State.
Vic trao i gia gio vin v hc vin c thc hin qua in thoi v Fax17.
Khung 1. Ging dy in t nng cao vic h tr hc vin ti trng i
hc Terbuka, Indonesia

- 13 -

c thnh lp nm 1984, l Trung tm hc tp m v t xa u tin ca


Indonesia, trng i hc Terbuka (i hc m Indonesian) t c thnh
tu ln bng vic to c hi hc tp bc i hc cho ngi dn Indonesia.
Trng o to hn 400,000 sinh vin trn phm vi c nc trong 14 nm qua.
Nhim v ca Trng khng ch m rng gio dc m cn l nng cao cht
lng gio dc v lm cho gio dc gn gi hn vi yu cu thc tin ca qu
trnh pht trin t nc18. Vi nhng n lc nhm nng cao cht lng ging
dy, Trng gii thiu vic s dng Internet v cng ngh kt hp gia
Internet v Fax cho cc sinh vin v ging vin trong 40 kho hc trn tng s
hn 700 kho hc ang thc hin Trng. Nhng phng tin ging dy in
t ny l mt b sung i vi phng php ging dy truyn thng - gm vic
gp mt, th tn thng xuyn, i pht thanh v TV v ang c nh
trng s dng.
Hai cch ging dy in t c s dng l qua email v qua s kt hp gia email v Fax. Sau ny, ging vin gi email ti Cng Fax ni m cc bn fax
gia gio vin v hc vin c chuyn ti t dng Fax sang email. C hai cch
ny cho php hc vin gio vin v hc vin - hc vin trao i c vi nhau,
phng thc fax/Internet l cch tng kh nng tip cn ca hai phng tin do
dch v fax Indonesia r hn l cc ph truy cp Internet, v khng yu cu
hc vin c cc k nng c bn v my tnh v email.
Hai phng thc ny c th nghim trong 2 hc k v kt qu t c l rt
t sinh vin v hc vin tham gia. Thc t ny mt phn l do thiu thi quen lm
vic vi cng ngh v mt phn do s sai lnh c bn v mc ch ca vic ging
dy. Cc gio vin phn nn rng thiu my tnh, thiu thi gian v thiu s tham
gia ca hc vin lm nn ch v lm mt s hng th trong vic ging dy in
t.
Bi vy, trong khi cng ngh Internet v fax c tim nng cng c vic hc tp
trng i hc Terbuka, cc bc thc hnh phi c thc hin cng c t l
ging dy trn my tnh, nng cp k nng v my tnh v email cho c nhn vin
chuyn nghip v sinh vin, cng nhit tnh trong vic s dng hnh thc ging
dy in t v khng phi l khng quan trng, hp tc vi cc trung tm nhm
to ra kh nng truy cp Internet cc im truy cp trn khp t nc
Indonesia.
Ngun: Tian Belawati, et al. Electronic Tutorials: Indonesian Experience;
available from http://www.irrodl.org/content/v3.1/belawati_rn.html; Internet;
accessed 7 August 2002.
ICT lm chuyn i mi trng hc tp sang m hnh Mi trng ly
ngi hc lm trung tm?
Cc nh nghin cu cho rng s dng ICTs hp l c th gy xc tc chuyn m
hnh c v ni dung ln phng php gio dc hc, trung tm ca ci cch gio

- 14 -

dc trong th k 2119. Nu nh c thit k v thc hin ng n, gio dc


c h tr bi ICT c th thc y vic ginh kin thc v k nng nhm to
kh nng cho cc sinh vin c th ko di cng cuc hc tp ca mnh sut i.
Khi p dng ng n, ICTs - nht l my tnh v cng ngh internet gip hnh
thnh mt cch mi tt hn ca vic dy v hc so vi cch trc y l ch c
gio vin v hc vin lm nhng vic h lm. Cch mi i vi hc v dy
ny c cng c bi hc thuyt c chng bi xy dng trong hc tp
cu thnh mt s chuyn i t hnh thc Mt gio vin lm trung tm, vi nhiu
hn ch sang hnh thc m hc vin lm trung tm (xem bng 2: so snh gia
hnh thc truyn thng vi hnh thc mi em li bi ng dng ca ICTs.)
Bng 2. Tng quan ca m hnh trong cc ngnh so vi x hi thng tin
Lnh vc

t hn (M hnh truyn Hn (M hnh mi)


thng cho x hi thng
tin)

Hot ng

- Cc hnh vi c gio vin - Hnh vi phc thuc vo hc


vin.
m t trc.
- Gii thu cho c lp

- Cc Nhm nh

- Rt t s khc nhau trong cc - Nhiu hot ng khc nhau


hot ng
- Nhp ph thuc vo ngi
- Nhp ph thuc vo hc
chng trnh.

Hp tc

- Cc c nhn

- Lm vic theo Nhm

- Cc nhm ng nht

- Cc nhm khng ng nht

- Mi c nhn v bn thn mnh - Ngi n h tr ngi kia

Sng to

- Hc cch sn xut li

- Hc tp nhng vn hu ch

- p dng cc gii php bit - Tm kim cc gii php mi


vo gii quyt vn
gi quyt vn

Hp nht

- Khng c s lin kt gia L - C s hp nht gia l thuyt


thuyt v thc tin.
v thc tin
- Cc mn hc ring bit
- Trn c s k lut

- C s lin quan gia cc mn


hc

- Cc gio vin hot ng - C lin quan n mt ch


no
ring bit.
- Lm vic theo Nhm v cc
gio vin

Cch nh gi

- Gio vin l ngi nh - Sinh vin l ngi nh hng


hng
- Theo kiu chun on
- Theo kiu tng hp

- 15 -

Ngun:
Learning
Through
the
Web.
Available
Online
ttp://www.decidenet.nl/Publications/ Web_Based_Learning.pdf Accessed 31
May 2002.
Hc tp nng ng. ICT tng cng cc cng c to tnh nng ng trong hc
tp phc v cc cuc thi, tnh ton v phn tch thng tin, do vy cung cp mt
nn tng cho sinh vin a ra cc cu hi, phn tch, v xy dng nhng thng tin
mi. Hc vin bi vy hc v thng qua lm vic v bt c khi no ph hp c
th vn dng vo cuc sng thc t, lm cho vic hc tp t tru tng hn v
tng tnh ph hp vi thc tin vi cuc sng.
Bng cch ny, v i lp vi cch hc theo kiu hc thuc lng, ICT nhn mnh
cch hc theo kiu tng cng s tham gia ca ngi hc. ICT tng cng vic
hc theo kiu tu chn m cc hc vin c th chn nhng vn hoc chn ci
hc khi cn thit.
Hc tp hp tc. Hc tp vi s h tr ca ICT khuyn khch s trao i v hp
tc gia hc vin, gio vin v cc chuyn gia trong cng lnh vc. Mt phn ca
s trao i l v cuc sng thc ti, hc tp vi s h tr ca ICT cung cp cho
cc hc vin c hi lm vic vi cc c nhn t cc nn vn ho khc nhau, qua
nng cao kh nng lm vic nhm v k nng giao tip cng nh nhn thc v
ton cu. Phng thc ny to ra m hnh m vic hc tp c thc hin bng
nhng khong thi gian thch hp ca ngi hc thng qua vic m rng khng
gian hc tp ti khng ch nhng ngi ng la m c nhng ngi ln tui v
nhng chuyn gia cc lnh vc khc nhau.
Hc tp mt cch sng to. Hc tp c h tr s thc y s tn dng nhng
thng tin ang c v to ra c nhng sn phm thc dng hn l s thu nhn
thng tin tha thi
Hc tp mt cch ho hp. Vic hc tp c h tr bng ICT-thc y mt
ch , cc bc tip cn tng hp ti vic dy v hc. Bc tip cn ny loi tr
nhng chia ct mang tnh hnh thc gia cc mn hc khc nhau v gia l
thuyt vi thc hnh, nhng vn hnh thnh nn c im ca lp hc
truyn thng.
Hc tp mang tnh nh gi. Hc tp vi s h tr ca ICT mang tnh chun
on v nh hng ti sinh vin.
Khng ging nh cc cng ngh gio dc tnh, cng ngh gio dc da vo sch
hoc nhng n phm, phng php hc vi s h tr ca ICT ghi nhn nhiu con
ng v nhiu cch c kin thc. ICTs cho php hc vin khm ph, tm ti
hn l ch nghe v nh.

- 16 -

III. S DNG ICT TRONG GIO DC


Cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v lp k hoch gio dc trc ht phi xc nh
mt cch r rng v nhng kt qu ang nhm ti ( c tho lun trn).
Nhng ni dung rng ln ny cn hng dn s la chn v cng ngh c s
dng v cch thc s dng.
Tim nng ca mi cng ngh khc nhau tu thuc vo vic n c s dng
nh th no. Haddad v Draxler nhn dng t nht nm mc cng ngh s
dng trong gio dc: s trnh by, minh chng, thc hnh, tng tc v hp tc.
Mi mt trong nhng ICT khc nhau in, audio/video catset, pht thanh v TV,
my tnh v Internet c th c s dng cho vic trnh by v minh chng,
nhng mc c bn nht trong nm mc. Ngoi tr cng ngh video, vic thc
hnh c th c th hin qua s dng ton b cng ngh. Mt khc, my tnh
ni mng v Internet l nhng ICT cho php vic hc tng tc v hp tc tt
nht; tim nng y ca chng nh l nhng cng c gio dc s vn cha
c nhn ra nu chng c s dng ch cho trnh by v minh chng.
Radio v TV c s dng trong gio dc nh th no?
Truyn thanh v TV c s dng rng ri nh l nhng cng c gio dc t
nm 1920 v 1950 ln lt. C ba cch tip cn chung cho vic s dng truyn
thanh v TV trong gio dc
1) dy trc tip trn lp, ni cc chng trnh truyn thng thay th cho gio
vin tm thi
2) truyn thng trng hc, ni cc chng trnh truyn thng cung cp cc
ngun dy v hc b xung m nhng ci khc khng c
3) chng trnh gio dc chung vi cng ng, cc trm quc gia v quc t
cung cp cc c hi chung v khng thng thng v gio dc
V d ng k nht ca vic dy trc tip trn lp l hng dn truyn thanh
tng tc (IRI). N bao gm vic dy trc tip khong 20-30 v cc bi hc thc
hnh trn lp hc hng ngy. Cc bi hc qua truyn thanh c pht trin vi
mc ch hc c th theo cc mc c bit v mn ton, khoa hc, sc khe v
ngn ng vi cc gio trnh quc gia, vi nh hng thc y cht lng ca
vic dy trn lp v nh l mt s h tr thng thng c cu trc cho cc gio
vin c o to ngho nn ti cc trng khng c ngun lc22. D n IRI
c thc hin ti Chu M Latin v chu Phi. Ti chu , IRI c thc hin
u tin ti Thi Lan vo nm 1980; Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh v Nepal
thc hin d n IRI vo nm 1990.23
S khc nhau gia IRI v phn ln cc chng trnh gio dc t xa l mc ch
ch yu ca n l nng cao cht lng hc tp v khng ch m rng vic

- 17 -

tip cn ti gio dc- v n c nhiu thnh cng trong cc vic thit lp thng
thng v khng thng thng.24
Nghin cu rng ri trn th gii ch ra rng nhiu d n IRI c mt nh
hng tch cc v kt qu hc tp v v s cn bng trong gio dc. V vi phm
vi kinh t, n chng t l mt chin lc hiu qu v mt chi ph tng i vi
cc s can thip khc. 25
Telesecudarian ca M hi c l mt v d tiu biu khc ca vic dy trc tip
trn lp, ln ny s dng TV. Chng trnh c a ra ti M hi c vo nm
1968 nh l mt chin lc hiu qu v chi ph cho vic m rng hc tp bc tiu
hc ti cc cng ng nh v xa xi. Perraton miu t chng trnh nh sau:
Chng trnh TV c lm tp trung c pht i qua v tinh trn ton nc theo
mt lch trnh (t 8h sng n 2 gi chiu v t 2 gi chiu n 8 gi sng) ti
cc trng hc Telesecundaria, bao trm cc bi hc ging nh mc ph thng
c s ti cc trng thng thng. Mi mt gi tp trung vo mt ch khc
nhau v theo cng mt lch trnh 15 pht trn TV, sau theo sch v theo gio
vin. Hc sinh c dy bi nhiu gio vin trn TV nhng ch c mt gio vin
ti trng hc cho tt c cc mn hc ti mi mt cp.26 S thit k ca chng
trnh thc hin nhiu s thay i qua nhiu nm, thay i t vic gio vin
ni sang nhng chng trnh tng tc v nng ng hn kt ni cng ng
vi chng trnh qua phng php ging dy. Chin lc ny c ngha kt hp
nhng vn cng ng vo trong chng trnh, a ra cho hc sinh mt s gio
dc lng ghp, lin quan ti cng ng ln trong vic t chc v qun l trng
hc v khuy ng hc sinh tin hnh cc hot ng cng ng.27
Nhng nh gi v Telesecundaria c khuyn khch: t l b hc t hn
nhng trng hc thng thng v c ngha hn cc trng k thut.
Ti chu , 44 trng i hc radio v TV Trung Quc (bao gm Truyn
thanh trung tm Trung Quc v Trng i hc TV), Universitas Terbuka ca
Indonesia v Trng i hc m quc gia Indira Ghandi thc hin s dng
rng ri truyn thanh v TV, c cho vic dy trc tip trn lp v cho truyn
thng trng hc, nhm t c nhiu s lng ngi hn. Vi nhng t chc
ny, vic truyn thng thng theo vi nhng ti liu in sn v bng ct st.
Trng i hc ca Nht v hng khng thc hin 160 kho bng TV v 160
bng truyn thanh nm 2000. Mi kho bao gm 15-45 pht bi ging truyn
ton quc mt ln mt tun trong 15 tun. Cc bi ging c thc hin qua trm
pht ca trng i hc t 6 gi sng ti 12 gi tra. Sinh vin cng c a
cho nhng ti liu in sn b xung, ging dy trc din v tr ging trn mng.29
Thng i cng vi cc ti liu in sn, ct st v CD-ROMS, truyn thng trng
hc, ging nh l dy trc tip trn lp, ging nh gio trnh quc gia v pht
trin theo mt lot lnh vc. Nhng khng ging nh ging dy trn lp trc tip,
truyn thng trng hc khng c nh thay th cho gio vin m ch nh l
mt s tng thm ca ging dy truyn thng trn lp. Truyn thng trng hc
th linh hot hn IRI v gio vin quyt nh h s lng ghp cc ti liu truyn
thng vo lp hc nh th no. Cc cng ty truyn thng ln cung cp truyn

- 18 -

thng trng hc bao gm Bristish Broadcasting Corporation Education Radio


TV ti Anh v NHK ca Nht. Ti cc nc ang pht trin, truyn thng trng
hc thng c kt qu l mi quan h i tc gia B Gio dc v B thng tin.
Chng trnh gio dc chung bao gm mt lot nhng chng trnh cc
chng trnh mi, cc chng trnh ti liu, cu hi , hot hnh gio dc vvm c th ng dng cc c hi gio dc khng thng thng cho tt c cc dng
ngi hc. Theo mt cch, bt c chng trnh radio hay TV vi gi tr v thng
tin v gio dc c th c xem xt di dng ny. Mt vi v d in hnh c s
tip cn ton cu l chng trnh ca M tn l Sesame Street, knh TV National
Geographic v Discovery v chng trnh truyn thanh Voice of America.
Chng trnh Farm Radio Forum, bt u ti Canada vo nm 1940 v t khi
c a ra nh l mt m hnh tho lun truyn thanh ton cu, l mt v d
khc ca chng trnh gio dc khng thng thng.30
Hi ngh truyn hnh l g v vic s dng trong gio dc ca n l g?
Hi ngh truyn hnh l vic truyn thng in t tng tc gia nhng ngi ti
hai hay nhiu ni khc nhau.31 C bn loi ca hi ngh truyn hnh da trn
bn cht v vic m rng ca cc hot ng trao i v tnh phc tp ca cng
ngh: 1) Hi ngh truyn thanh; 2) Hi ngh truyn thanh minh ho; 3) hi ngh
qua video v 4) Hi ngh qua trang web.
Hi ngh truyn thanh bao gm vic trao i trc tip ca nhng thng ip m
thanh qua mng in thoi. Khi cc on vn bng thng thp v cc hnh nh
nh l biu hay hnh nh c th c trao i cng vi thng ip m thanh,
loi ny c gi l hi ngh truyn thanh minh ho. Cc hnh nh khng chuyn
ng c thm vo dng bn phm my tnh hay vit ra trn mt tm bng hnh
nh hay bng trng. Hi ngh video cho php trao i khng ch m thanh v hnh
nh m cn hnh nh ng. Cng ngh hi ngh video khng s dng ng in
thoi m hoc l v tinh hoc l mng TV (pht thanh/cp). Hi ngh qua trang
web, nh tn ni ln, bao gm vic chuyn ti on vn v hnh nh, m thanh
v cc phng tin truyn thng m thanh qua Internet, n yu cu vic s dng
mt my tnh vi mt trnh duyt v truyn thng c th ng b hoc khng
ng b.
Hi ngh truyn hnh c s dng trong khi nim c thng thng v khng
thng thng nhm h tr vic tho lun gio vin-ngi hc v ngi hcngi hc, cng nh l tip cn cc chuyn gia v nhng ngun lc khc t xa.
Trong vic hc m v t xa, hi ngh truyn hnh l mt cng c hu ch cho vic
cung cp nhng hng dn trc tip v h tr ngi hc, gim thiu vic c lp
ngi hc. V d, mt hi ngh truyn hnh truyn thanh c hnh nh gia Trng
y Tianjin ti Trung Quc v 4 phn vin ca trng nm ngoi Tianjin c
th nghim trong nm 1999 nh l mt phn ca s hp tc nhiu nm gia
trng y Tianjin v Trng y t Ottawa ti tr bi t chc pht trin quc t

- 19 -

Canada. Mng hi ngh truyn hnh truyn thanh hnh nh c mc ch cung cp


vic gio dc tip tc v nng cp hc thc cho cc y t ti nhng phn vin ca
Tianjin ni m s tip cn ti o to y t rt hn ch.32 Mt t chc gio dc cao
khc s dng hi ngh truyn hnh trong chng trnh hc trn mng bao gm
trng i hc m ca Anh, Unitar ca Malaysia, trng i hc m ca Hong
Kong v trng i hc m quc gia Indira Gandhi.
My tnh v Internet c s dng nh th no cho vic dy v hc?
C ba cch tip cn chung ti vic s dng my tnh v Internet gi l
1) Hc v my tnh v Internet, trong kin thc cng ngh l mc ch
cui cng
2) Hc vi my tnh v Internet, trong cng ngh h tr vic hc qua cc
bi ging
3)
Hc qua my tnh v Internet, lng ghp pht trin k nng cng ngh vi
ng dng cc bi ging.33
Hc v my tnh v Internet c ngha l g?
Hc v my tnh v Internet tp trung vo pht trin kin thc cng ngh
c trng bao gm:
C bn: thut ng c bn, khi nim v hot ng
Vic s dng bn phm v my tnh
Vic s dng cng c hiu qu nh l word processing, spreadshead, c s
d liu v cc chng trnh ho
S dng cc cng c nghin cu v hp tc nh phn mm tm kim v
email
Cc k nng c bn trong s dng lp trnh v cc phn mm cho php
nh Logo hay HyperStudio
Pht trin s nhn thc v nh hng ca s thay i cng ngh ti x
hi34
Hc vi my tnh v Internet th no?
Hc vi cng ngh ny c ngha l tp trung vo vic lm th no cng ngh
ny c th l phng tin cho hc tp trong sut chng trnh o to. N bao
gm:
Trnh by, minh ho v thao tc s liu bng tay s dng cc cng c hiu qu
cao.
S dng cc loi hnh ng dng cho cc chng trnh hc chuyn bit nh cc
tr chi gio dc, thc hnh, m phng, hng dn, th vin o, hnh nh ho v

- 20 -

trnh by biu cc khi nhim tru tng, son nhc v cc h thng chuyn
gia.
S dng thng tin v ngun ti nguyn t cc a CD-ROM hay trc tuyn nh
bch khoa ton th, bn v tp bn tng tc, bo ch in t v cc ti liu
tham kho khc.
Cn pi c cc kin thc c bn v cng ngh c th hc bng cng ngh,
l mt qu trnh hai bc trong hc sinh phi hc v cng ngh trc khi h
thc s dng chng hc tp. Tuy nhin, ngi ta ang c gng tch hp hai
bc ny vi nhau.
Hc qua my tnh v Internet l g?
Hc qua my tnh v Internet l s kt hp gia vic hc v chng v hc vi
chng. N bao gm vic hc cc k nng cng ngh ng lc hay khi ngi
hc cn phi hc chng khi h tham gia vo mt hot ng c lin quan n
chng trnh hc.
V d, cc hc sinh cp hai phi trnh by mt bo co v nhng nh hng i
vi cng ng khi gi du la tng trong mt lp hc kinh t u tin c th phi
bt u nghin cu trn mng, s dng cc bng biu v chng trnh d liu
gip h t chc v phn tch nhng s liu h thu thp c cng nh s dng
ng dng son vn bn vit bo co. .
Box 2. y mnh phng php s phm ly ngi hc lm trung tm qua
my tnh
D n CHILD (Pht trin my tnh h tr ging dy) l chng trnh ging
dy tch hp trn my tnh c pht trin t nm 1988 ca Trng i hc
Florida cho cc lp K-5 (tin hc ng v tiu hc). Chng trnh ny tp
trung vo ba mn hc chnh- tp c, tp vit v ton. Mi lp d n c mt
my trm vi t 3 n 6 my tnh. Butzin m t quang cnh ca mt lp hc
d n CHILD nh sau: Gi hc bt u bng vic gio vin dn dt ton b
bi ging- t khi qut n chi tit. Sau 10 pht hng dn trc tip, hc
sinh c hc trn my tnh. Mi my tnh s c mt hot ng lin quan
n chi tit bi ging. Mt s s tp trung vo thc hnh k nng, s khc li
tp trung vo pht trin khi nim.
Cc hot ng trn my tnh bao gm vic hc thc hnh cng nh cc
phng thc hc c hnh v ting. Gio vin ci phn mm bi ging vo
mi trm my tnh theo cc mc tiu bi hc.
Trong khi cc nhm hc sinh lm vic trn my tnh, gio vin i quanh
gip , gii quyt, tip cn v khch l hc sinh lm cc bi tp c giao.
Khi mt hc sinh kt thc bi tp s c chuyn sang my tnh tip theo
nu cn thit. Cui tit hc, tp trung c lp li phn nh v tho lun v
cc bi tp lm.

- 21 -

Cc gio vin chia hc sinh thnh cc lp K-2 hoc 3-5 v p dng phng
php ging dy ny vi bn tr trong vng 3 nm, iu quan trng l phi
xc nh c phn mm thch hp vi mn hc v gip hc sinh hc theo
ng nhp hc ca chng. Cc gio vin cng c o to mt nm v
c cung cp cc ti liu nghin cu phc v cng tc son gio n v s
dng cng ngh.
Qua mt thp k nghin cu v cc hc sinh d n CHILD cho thy h c
kt qu hc tp cao hn mt cch n nh so vi cc hc sinh cng tui hc
cc lp truyn thng trong cc k thi tiu chun, v nhng nh hng tch
cc ca chng trnh vn tip tc tng ln qua thi gian. Cc hc sinh D n
CHILD cng c nhng thi tt hn i vi trng lp, hc tp v c k
lut hn. D n CHILD c U.S cng nhn l mt chng trnh hiu qu.
Department of Educations National Diffusion Network and has received
funding for nationwide expansion.
Ngun: Butzin, S., D n CHILD: Mt thp k thnh cng cho tr em. C
trc tuyn trn a ch
http:// www.thejournal.com/magazine/vault/A2882.cfmTruy cp ngy 22/6/
2002.

My tnh v Internet c s dng trong gio dc t xa nh th


no?
Rt nhiu c s gio dc bc cao t chc cc kho o to t xa bt u s
dng Internet nng cao mc tiu v cht lng chng trnh. Trng i hc
o ca vic cng ngh Monterrey Mexico s dng kt hp cc chng trnh
pht sng li, trc tip, gio trnh in v Internet ging bi cho hc sinh trn
khp Mexico v mt vi nc Chu M Latin. Tng t, Trng i hc o
Chu Phi, bt u t nm 1997 vi ngn sch h tr ca Ngn hng th gii
World Bank, s dng v tinh v cc cng ngh Internet cung cp cc c hi
hc tp t xa cho cc c nhn nhiu nc ni ting Php v ting Anh trn khp
Chu Phi.
Ti trng i hc M Philippines, cc ti liu ca kho hc vn c ch yu
da trn cng ngh in n nhng hnh thc hc trc tuyn tr thnh mt la
chn thun tin thay cho hc trc tip, c bit l i vi cc hc sinh khng
mun hay khng th n cc trung tm o to khc nhau ca trng. Khong
70-90% cc kho o to cp bng ca UPOU a ra o to trc tuyn nh
mt la chn, trong khi mt s kho hc khng cp bng ch thc hin trc tuyn
trn mng.

- 22 -

Nhng ngay c Hn quc, nc c c s h tng vo bc tt nht trn th gii,


v chnh ph dng ng k ti chnh v cc ngun ti nguyn khc h tr cho
cng cuc y tham vng trang b li nn gio dc ca mnh da trn ICT, vn
tn ti nhng thch thc i vi gio dc trc tuyn trn mng. (Xem hp 3.)
Sng kin Internet v trang web cng c pht trin ti cc mc gio dc tiu
hc v c s. Trng trung hc Virtual l mt kt qu n lc ca t hp quc gia
cc trng hc ti M nhm thc y s pht trin v chia x cc kho hc trn
web. Ti Canada, trng m a ra mt lot nhng kho hc cho cc gio vin
lp 12 cng nh hc sinh c th p ng nhng yu cu ca gio trnh Brishtish
Columbia. Vic a ra cc kho hc c thc hin qua s trn ln gia truyn
thng v video trong khi mi vi kho hc c thc hin hon ton trn mng.36
Tuy nhin, s chuyn ng ln nht trong hc tp trn mng, th li khng c
thy trong mi trng gio dc m trong cc thnh phn t nhn. John Chambers,
CEO ca Cisco, d on rng hc tp trn mng s l s ng dng ln nht
tip theo v cc cng ty ang di chuyn rt ro rit p ng iu tin on ny.
Merrill Lynch d on rng vic gio dc cao kt hp v th trng hc lin kt
trn mng ti M s tng t 2.3 triu US$ trong nm 2000 ln 18 triu trong 2003
vi s o to lin kt chim gn 2/3 ln s tng trng ny.37 Tht s, s lng
cc trng i hc lin kt pht trin t 400 ti 1,800 qua 13 nm. Cc trng
i hc lin kt ch yu l nhng t chc ni b trong cc cng ty ln a quc
gia c th s dng hi ngh truyn hnh v Internet cho vic o to nhn vin.38
Nu t l tng trng ny tip tc, s lng cc trng i hc lin kt s vt
qu s cc trng truyn thng vo nm 2010.39 Mt s pht trin song song
trong kinh doanh l s tng trng mt loi cng ty mi, a ra nhng dch v
o to trn mng ti cc cng ty va v nh.40
Hp 3. Trng i hc Hn Quc ln mng
Hn Quc c mt trong nhng h tng ICT tin tin nht th gii. S thm
nhp ca my tnh c m rng v truy cp Internet bng rng ng u
trn ton cu. S thm nhp ca s dng ICT ti x hi Hn Quc nh
hng ti h thng gio dc cao.
Hn Quc hin c 15 trng i hc trn mng a ra ch duy c nhng
kho hc da trn ICT. Nhng trng trong s l Trng i hc Cyber
Korea, Trng i hc Digital Korea v Trng i hc m Open Cyber.
Nhng trng i hc ny chuyn vo vic hc c i v gio dc dy ngh,
mt chin lc c tnh ton nhm ngn cn s cnh tranh khng cn thit
vi cc trng i hc truyn thng lu i- v c ng k u vo tng s
l 17.200 sinh vin vo nm 2002. Cc kho hc bao trm mt lot lnh vc
rng ri bao gm cng ngh, qun l, lut, ngn ng, khoa hc x hi, gio
dc v thn hc. Cc kho hc cng c a ra bi hn 100 cc trng i
hc hai dng Hn Quc. Trng i hc Ewha Woman chng hn a ra

- 23 -

nhng kho hc trn Internet vi cc kho v ngn ng, hc t xa, ngn cn


thuc gy nghin, o to gio vin ti chc v nghin cu v Hn Quc v
ph n cho nhng sinh vin bn a v nc ngoi cng nh nhng ngi
i lm.
S ng dng gio dc o Hn Quc l do k hoch c tnh ton ca
chnh ph. N bt u vo nm 1998 vi vic a ra D n th nghim
trng i hc o (VUTP). Vi 65 trng i hc v 5 cng ty tham d,
VUTP c thit k nhm:
1) to ra mt h thng gio dc o tit kim chi ph m vn gi nguyn
cht lng
2) pht trin v thc hin cc kho hc t xa trn web hoc nhng loi
khc
3) xc nh nhng chnh sch v tiu chun ph hp cho iu hnh mt
trng i hc o v
4) chia x kinh nghim trong giai on th nghim
Nhng t chc tham d th nghim vi nhiu cng ngh khc nhau: truyn
dn qua v tinh, hi ngh truyn hnh, video theo yu cu, mng ni b
intranets v Internet. Da trn kinh nghim ca VUTP, cc tiu ch chi tit
cho thit lp cc trng i hc o Hn Quc c thm vo vi Lut
gio dc c i.
Tuy nhin, hai nm sau d n VUTP, cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v cc
nh gio dc Hn Quc tip tc vt ln vi vn qun l cht lng, xy
dng nng lc, tit kim chi ph, tip cn m v s ng n ca m hnh
ging dy cho nhng ngi hc ln tui.
Ngun SOURCE: Jung, In Sung, Virtual Education at the Tertiary Level:
The Experience of Korea. Available Online http:/
/www.TechKnowLogia.org Accessed 4 July 2002.
Hp tc t xa l g?
Vic hc trn mng lin quan ti nhng sinh vin tham gia vo nhng kho hc
thng thng trn mng c l l ngh chung nht ca vic ng dng Internet
vo gio dc. Tuy nhin, n khng c ngha ch l ng dng. Cc cng c hp tc
trn web nh email, bng nhn tin, ni chuyn qua mng v hi ngh qua web,
kt ni nhng ngi hc vi nhau, vi cc gio vin, cc hc gi v nghin cu
vin v cc ho s, nhng ngi lnh o cc ngnh cng nghip v cc chnh tr
gia- tm li, ti bt c ai c tip cn Internet, c th b xung cho chu trnh hc
tp.
Vic s dng c t chc cc ngun web v cc cng c hp tc cho mc ch
gio trnh c gi l hp tc t xa. Judi Harris nh ngha hp tc t xa nh l
mt s c gng trong gio dc lin kt mi ngi ti nhng ni khc nhau s

- 24 -

dng cng c Internet v cc ngun khc lm vic cng nhau. Nhiu hp tc


gio dc t xa c gio trnh ho, thit k v gio vin v iu phi vi gio
vin. Vic s dng email nhm nhng ngi tham d giao tip vi nhau. Nhiu
hot ng v cc d n hp tc t xa c trang web h tr chng. D n hp tc
t xa tt nht l nhng d n lng ghp y vo trong gio trnh v khng ch
vi nhng hot ng b xung bi ging m trong cng ngh s dng cho php
cc hot ng nu thiu n th khng th thc hin c v cho trao quyn cho
sinh vin tr nn ch ng, hp tc, sng to, hp nht v l nhng ngi hc gi
tr. (xem bng 1)
Hin ti c hng trm d n hp tc t xa c thc hin trn ton th gii v
nhiu hn na hon thnh hoc ang pht trin.
Mt v d l d n Voices of Youth 42 do UNICEF pht trin. N khuyn khch
sinh vin chia x quan im v nhng vn ton cu nh HIV/ AIDS v lao
ng tr em vi nhng thanh nin khc trn ton th gii qua mt din n tho
lun in t. Trang web Voices of Youth cng cung cp thng tin c bn v
nhng ch tho lun khc nhau cng nh l nhng ti liu gip cc gio vin
lng ghp tho lun ca Voice of Youth vi cc hot ng khc trn lp. Chng
trnh quc t Telementor (ITP)43 vi cc chuyn gia tr ging qua email v din
n tho lun. c thnh lp vo nm 1995 vi h tr t HP, ITP cung cp h
tr tr ging trn mng da trn d n ti cc lp t lp 5 n 12 v cc sinh vin
i hc, c bit ti cc cng ng km may mn. Cc tr ging ca ITP gp cc
hc sinh trn mng t nht hai tun mt ln tr li cc cu hi, tho lun nhng
vn chnh, gii thiu nhng ngun hu ch v bnh lun kt qu ca sinh vin.
Mt khc, vai tr ca gio vin l cung cp h tr cho c sinh vin v tr ging t
xa, kim sot qu trnh v theo di qu trnh ca sinh vin.
C l d n hp tc t xa c ni nhiu nht l d n Global Learning and
Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) Program44. GLOBE l mt
chng trnh do chnh ph M ti tr c a ra vo nm 1994 lin kt cc
trng tiu hc v trung hc c s v cc gio vin t hn 10.000 trng ti hn
95 nc vi cc t chc nghin cu khoa hc. GLOBE a cho sinh vin c hi
hp tc vi cc nh khoa hc trong vic thc hin nhng nghin cu khoa hc v
tri t. Cc sinh vin tham d nh k o p sut, nc, t trng v t b mt
ti gn trng hc, theo nh nhng nguyn tc nghim khc ca cc nh khoa
hc GLOBE. Sau h a nhng s liu ny vo c s d liu trn trang web.
D liu c th c truy cp bi cc nh khoa hc, gio vin v cng chng.
GLOBE cng cung cp cho gio vin nhng hng dn v ti liu cho cc hot
ng hc c th t c t kinh nghim ca cc sinh vin. Sinh vin cng c th
ti trang web ca GLOBE xem nhng d liu h v cc sinh vin khc thu
thp c.
IV. NHNG VN V S DNG ICT TRONG GIO DC

- 25 -

Tnh hiu qu, chi ph, tnh cng bng v bn vng l bn vn ln lin quan
cht ch vi nhau cn c nhn mnh khi xem xt nh hng tng th ca vic
s dng ICT trong gio dc.
Vic hc c ng dng ICT c tht s hiu qu khng?
Tnh hiu qu gio dc ca ICT ph thuc vo chng c s dng nh th no
v vi mc ch g. V ging nh bt c mt cng c hc tp no hay mt hnh
thc gio dc no khc, ICT khng hiu qu vi tt c mi ngi, mi ni theo
cng mt cch.
Tng cng s tip cn.Tht kh xc nh s lng mc trong ICT
gip m rng s tip cn ti vic gio dc c bn khi m phn ln s can
thip cho mc ch ny u trong phm vi nh v khng c bo co. Mt
ngoi l l d n da trn TV (Telesecundaria) ( c bn ti phn trn),
vo nm 1997-1998 c phc v hn 750.000 sinh vin trung hc c s ti
12.000 trung tm Mehic. Ti Chu v chu Phi, s nh gi cc d n hc
t xa ti mc trung hc c s s dng mt s kt hp cng ngh in, bng v
truyn dn t thuyt phc hn trong khi ti cp tiu hc, c t bng chng rng
cc m hnh theo ICT pht trin.45 Ti mc gio dc cao hn v o to ngi
ln, c mt vi bng chng rng cc c hi gio dc c m ra ti tng c
nhn v nhm, nhng ngi b cn tr trong vic tham gia ti cc trng i hc
truyn thng. Mi mt trong 11 ci gi l trng i hc mega, nhng trng m
v t xa ln nht v c thnh lp tt nht trn th gii (bao gm trng i
hc m ca Anh, trng i hc m quc gia Indira Gandhi, H thng trng
i hc TV Trung quc, Trng Terbuka ca Indonesia v Trng i hc Nam
Phi) c s lng sinh vin vo hng nm hn 100,000, v cng lc, chng c
khong 2.8 triu sinh vin so vi 14 triu sinh vin ng k trong 3.500 trng
i hc v cao ng ti M.46
Nng cao cht lng. nh hng ca gio dc truyn thanh, TV v truyn thng
vi cht lng gio dc c bn vn cn l lnh vc cha c khm ph nhng
nhng nghin cu nh gi rng s can thip ny cng hiu qu nh vic dy ti
cc lp hc truyn thng. 47 Mt trong nhiu d n gio dc tryn thng, d n
hng dn hc qua truyn thanh c phn tch tng th nht. Nhng nghin
cu cung cp nhng bng chng mnh m v tnh hiu qu ca d n trong vic
nng cao cht lng ca gio dc c th hin bng im s tng ln trong
nhng bi kim tra tiu chun cng nh thc y s c mt trn lp. 48
Ngc li, s nh gi v s dng my tnh, Internet v nhng cng ngh lin
quan cho vic hc t xa li khng r rng. Trong bi nghin cu tng th ca
mnh, Russel khng nh rng khng c s khc bit ng k gia nhng im
kim tra ca ngi hc trong nhng kho hc t xa s dng ICT v nhng ngi
hc trc din.49 Tuy nhin nhng khng nh khc nh l vic tng qut ho vn
cha i n quyt nh, ch ra rng mt lng ln cc bi bo v hc t xa vi
ICT khng bao gm nhng nghin cu th nghim hoc cc trng hp in

- 26 -

hnh.50 Nhng s ch trch khc cho rng t l b hc cao hn nhiu khi s ging
bi c thc hin qua ICT.
Cng c nhiu nghin cu dng nh ng hi s ku ca rng vic s dng my
tnh tng cng v phng i nhng gio trnh hin ti, nh l bin php qua vic
kim tra c tiu chun ha. c bit, nghin cu ch ra rng vic s dng my
tnh nh l tr ging cho vic thc hnh v cho vic a ra nhng bi ging, kt
hp vi s ging dy truyn thng, t c kt qu trong vic tng vic hc
trong nhng bi ging truyn thng v nhng lnh vc k nng c bn cng nh
l im kim tra mt s mn khi so snh vi cch dy truyn thng ring bit.
Sinh vin cng hc nhanh hn, tp trung nhiu hn v hng th hn khi hc
khi h lm vic vi my tnh. 51 Nhng c nhng ngi cho rng nhng iu ny
t c phi chng v trong vi trng hp, nhiu nghin cu cho rng nhng
li ku ca ny da trn s sai lm v phng php lun.
Nghin cu gi rng vic s dng my tnh, Internet v cng ngh lin quan
a ra cho gio vin s o to v h tr ph hp, c th tht s h tr vic
chuyn giao ca mi trng hc tp sang ly ngi hc lm trung tm. Nhng
nhng nghin cu ny b ch trch cho vic thm d v miu t v bn cht v
thiu kinh nghim. Cng khng c nhng bng chng mnh m rng mi trng
hc tp mi thc y hiu qu hc tpk. S tn ti l d liu cht lng da trn
s quan st v phn tch v nhn thc ca gio vin v hc sinh gi mt nh
hng tch cc i vi hc tp.52 Mt trong nhng vn quan trng l c gng
tip cn tnh hiu qu ca my tnh v Internet nh l mt cng c chuyn ti
m nhng bi kim tra tiu chun ho khng th nm bt c nhng li ch m
hy vng t c trong mi trng ngi hc lm trung tm.
Hn th na, t khi cng ngh s dng c lng ghp y vo h thng hc
tp ln hn, rt kh khn tch bit cng ngh khc nhau v xc nh liu
nhng thnh qu c c l do s dng cng ngh hay vi yu t khc hay kt
hp cc yu t li.
Chi ph l bao nhiu?
Ni mt cch rng ri gio dc trn TV v trn my tnh cng nh hc trn mng
th t hn l qua i pht thanh radio.53 Tuy nhin c s phn i liu pht trn
TV r hn my tnh v hc trn mng khng.54 S nh gi r rng v hiu qu
chi ph rt kh thc hin v thiu s liu, khc nhau trong chng trnh, vn
khi qut tng hp v vn xc nh s lng cc kt qu v chi ph c hi gio
dc.55 Ring v my tnh v Internet, Blurton cho rng khi xem xt liu ICT l
mt s thit lp gio dc hiu qu chi ph hay khng, mt kt lut c th khng
kh thi cho nhiu l do khc nhau. Tuy nhin, khi xem xt s la chon ca vic
xy dng nhiu h tng c s vt l, tit kim chi ph c nhn ra qua vic chia
x cc ngun v gi v mt x hi ca vic khng cung cp s truy cp, ICT nh

- 27 -

l mt phng tin cho php vic dy v hc xut hin nh mt s la chn hp


dn v cn thit.56
Mt nhm ln chung trong vic c tnh chi ph ca mt ng dng gio dc ICT
c bit l tp trung qu nhiu vo chi ph c nh ban u- mua thit b, xy
dng hay mua mi cc thit b, vic sn xut nhng ti liu lc u v tng t.
Nhng nghin cu v vic s dng my tnh trong lp hc, chng hn, ch ra rng
vic lp t phn cng v lp t mi cc thit b chim ch 40-60% gi thnh
y ca vic s dng my tnh vi y vng i ca n, hoc tng gi
thnh s hu.57 Thc t, c th thy rng vic mua bn u tin v phn cng v
phn mm l phn tn km nht trong qu trnh, tng s chi ph s hu th ko
di qua thi gian vi chi ph h tr v bo hnh (c bit nh l chi ph bin
i) chim khong 30-50% tng s chi ph phn cng v phn mm.
Chi ph ca pht trin chuyn nghip, mt loi chi ph bin i khc, cng lu
tin qua thi gian. Cho cc cch tip cn da trn my tnh, tng s chi ph s
hu bao gm:
CHI PH C NH
Lp t mi cc thit b
Phn cng v mng
Phn mm
Nng cp v thay th (trong khong 5 nm)
CHI PH BIN I
Pht trin chuyn nghip
Kt ni, bao gm thi gian truy cp Internet v in thoi
Bo hnh v h tr bao gm thit b v cung cp
Nhm xc nh tnh hiu qu ca chi ph, chi ph c nh cn phi phn bit vi
chi ph bin i v s cn bng gia hai chi ph phi c hiu. Nu chi ph c
nh ca mt d n cng ngh cao v chi ph bin i thp, th s c s c s
thun li v chi ph cn bng. y l trng hp vi t s gio dc chung v
pht qua TV. Cc chng trnh nh Sesame Street v Discovery th c tnh hiu
qu chi ph hn vi nhiu khn gi v chi ph sn xut cao c phn b qua s
lng ngi xem ng trong khi khng c chi tiu cho nhn vin h tr ngi
hc. Mt khc, trng hp Telesecundarian Mhic chng t rng nh hng
ca chi ph bin i cao hn lin qua ti h tr ngi hc c th c b p nu
phm vi ca d n ln ti im mi chi ph sinh vin so vi nhng sinh vin
ti cc trng truyn thng. Tng t nh vy, vi d n IRI chi ph hng nm
cho mi sinh vin c tnh gim t US$8,25 cho 100.000 sinh vin ti US$3,12
vi 1.000.000 sinh vin. 58 Hin nhin, nhng phm vi kinh t ny c th t
c ti nhng nc c ng dn.

- 28 -

Cc trng hc m v t xa cng t c tnh hiu qu v chi ph qua cc phm


vi kinh t. Chi ph cho mi sinh vin ca 11 trng m t 5%-50% trung bnh
ca cc trng truyn thng trong nc h.59
Vic gii thiu my tnh hin din chi ph thm vo cho cc trng hc nhng
khng c nhng thun li v chi ph trong giai on ngn. D liu v vic s
dng my tnh trn mi sinh vin ti cc trng tiu hc v c s thc t a ra
tnh khng hiu qu v chi ph. V d ti Chile, chi ph cho hc sinh tiu hc
khong gia US$22 v US$83 vi chi ph cho vic s dng my tnh yu cu t
10% n 37% chi ph ca ngn sch tiu hc.60 Ti M, u t vo my tnh
chim khong 1.3% tng chi ph trng hc, vi chi ph hng nm cho mt sinh
vin khong US$70.61 Perraton v Creed gi rng nhng mc chi ph ny h tr
cho vic phn i vic a my tnh vo lp hc, c bit cho cc trng tiu
hc, ni khng c nhng kin mnh m rng cc gio trnh cn u t trong
my tnh. Ti trng trung hc c s, s dng tin vo my tnh c th c cn
bng bng cc gio trnh nhng iu ny s to ra s tng trng ng k trong
tng chi ph trng hc.62
Mt kha cnh khc ca chi ph l a im hoc ai s tr cho iu ny, Trong cc
d n lin quan ti kt ni my tnh ti Internet, hoc l trng hc hoc l sinh
vin hoc c hai chu chi ph bin i lin quan ti cc hot ng nh bo dng,
chi ph dch v Internet v chi ph in thoi. Ngc li, vi chng trnh radio,
ngi hc phi tr chi phicho mt radio v mt b pin.
C s cng bng i vi tip cn ICT trong gio dc
Vi s khc nhau ln trong tip cn ti ICT gia cc nc giu v ngho v gia
cc nhm khc nhau trong nc, c s lo lng rng vic s dng ICT trong gio
dc s m rng s ngn cch tn ti gia cc ng kinh t, x hi, vn ho, a
l v gii.
L tng, mt ngi mun c hi cng bng tham gia. Nhng tip cn cho
nhng ngi tham gia khc nhau- nh l ngi s dng v ngi sn xut- th
tng trng lng bng cc ngun ca h. y, s khc nhau u tin l vic
thng xuyn ti sn xut, cng c li v thm ch khunh i. V th, mt s
thch thc rt ln tip tc i mt vi cc nh chnh sch gio dc quc t: lm
th no nh ngha c vn v cung cp s tr gip cho pht trin.63
Vic gii thiu ICT trong gio dc, khi c thc hin m khng c s cn nhc
k cng, c th li hu qu hn na cho nhng ngi km thun li. Chng
hn ph n c t s tip cn ti ICT v t c hi cho o to lin quan ti ICT hn
so vi n ng v khng c kin thc v thiu gio dc, thiu thi gian, thiu s
nng ng v ngho i.64 Cc cu b dng nh hn cc c b trong vic tip
cn ti my tnh trng hc v ti nh. Khng c g ngc nhin v cc cu b c
xu hng thch lm vic vi my tnh hn cc c b.65 Nh hip hi M v cc
trng i hc cho n bo co, cc c gi thu hp c ngha khong cch v
gii nhng cng ngh by gi nh l mt cu lc b ca cc cu b mi ti cc

- 29 -

trng cng ca chng ta. Trong khi cc cu b lp trnh v gii quyt cc vn


vi my tnh th cc c gi s dng my tnh cho word processing66
Trong vic nh gi chng trnh ti 4 nc chu Phi, Worldlink, 67 mt t chc
thc y cc hot ng kt hp t xa quc t theo cc d n cho cc hc sinh v
gio vin trung hc ti cc nc ang pht trin, tm ra rng mc d nhng n
lc thc hin cho chng trnh c a ra cho c hai gii, vic mt cn bng
gii trong tip cn vn tn ti Uganda v Ghana. Hn th na, trong khi cc c
gi hng li nhiu hn t chng trnh trong vic thc y kt qu hc tp v
k nng giao tip, cc cu b c kh nng luyn k nng cng ngh nhiu hn.
Mt tp hp yu t v kinh t, t chc v vn ho x hi to nn nhng s khc
bit ny T l sinh vin vi my tnh cao v chnh sch n trc phc v trc
khng u i cc c gi (c bit cc cu b ng hn ti mc trung hc), cc c
gi c gi gii nghim sm hn v trch nhim vi cc cng vic trong nh hn
ch thi gian tip cn ca h, v thi gia trng a phng cho php cc cu b
thng tr mi trng phng my tnh.68 Cc bin php ngh gii quyt vn
gii ny bao gm khuyn khch cc trng hc pht trin chnh sch S dng
cng bng ti cc phng my tnh, tin hnh cc phin hp v nhy cm gii
tnh v khuyn khch gim nhng cng vic sau khi hc cho cc c gi c
nhiu thi gian s dng my tnh hn. 69 Cc c gi cng cn c nhng mu vai
tr n tnh nhm hng h vo vic tham gia trong cc hot ng ti cng
ngh.70
Cung cp s tip cn ti ICT ch l mt kha cnh ca nhng n lc nhm gii
quyt vn cng bng gii. Nhng s ch v cng bng cn phi c thc
hin m bo rng cng ngh th ang thc s c s dng bi nhng ngi
hc c nh hng v theo cch phc v tht s nhu cu ca h. Mt chng
trnh h tr gio dc qua ICT minh ho cch tip cn ny l Enlace Quiche: Gio
dc hai ngn ng ti Guatemala qua cc chng trnh o to gio vin.71
Chng trnh tm kim s thit lp v duy tr cc trung tm cng ngh gio dc
song ng cho cc nh gio dc, sinh vin, gio vin, cc bc cha m v cc thnh
vin cng ng khc ti Quiche v cc vng ln cn. Cc nhm k thut cho mi
trung tm gm c ba sinh vin, hai gio vin v ngi qun l trung tm vi t
nht mt sinh vin n v mt gio vin n.
Mt mc ch khc ca Enlace Quiche l to ra nhng ti liu gio dc song ng
qua phng tin a truyn thng c kt vi nn vn ho Mayan v phn nh
cch tip cn theo xu hng to dng hc. Nh l trang web ca d n trch
dn, s minh ho ny m cng ngh c th s dng bit, bo tn, tit l v
thm gi tr vo tri thc bn a. D n minh hoc mt m hnh cho vic rt
ngn khong cch s trong vic c quyn ni dung Internet do cc nhm chu
u v cc nc ni ting Anh v t nng lc bin thnh nhng ngun s ho
c mc ch lin quan v s dng quan trng.
Mt v d khc ca cch tip cn lng ghp ICT trong gio dc l d n hng
dn qua radio Mng C c gi l d n Gobi cho ph n. N cung cp vic
hng dn tri thc v tnh ton quanh cc bi hc v thu ht khong 15.000 ph

- 30 -

n du mc v to ra c hi thu nhp cho h. Ch ca cc chng trnh l cc


k thut nui th, chm sc gia nh (k hoch ho, sc kho, dinh dng v v
sinh), to thu nhp qua vic s dng nhng ngun nguyn liu sn c a
phng v k nng kinh doanh c bn cho mt nn kinh t th trng mi.72
Cc d n ICT tng cng gio dc liu c bn vng?
Mt kha cnh ca cc chng trnh pht trin thng l i l tnh bn vng. Lch
s pht trin lu di ca h tr ch ra rng qu nhiu d n v chng trnh bt
u vi mt s bng n nhng nhanh chng tn ho v nhanh chng b lng
qun.
iu ny ng cho nhiu d n gio dc ICT. Trong nhiu trng hp , nhng d
n ny c khi u bng ngi ti tr th ba nh l cc t chc h tr quc
t- v khng ch thit lp mt c cu trong cc t chc hay cng ng
gio dc lin quan c th theo ui d n ca chnh mnh hay vi mi quan h
i tc vi nhng ngi tham gia khc sau khi ngi ti tr rt khi. Nhng chi
ph v ti chnh khng ch l ro cn duy nht ti s bn vng. Theo Cisler, s
bn vng ca cc chng trnh gio dc ICT c bn thnh t: x hi, chnh tr,
cng ngh v kinh t.73
Tnh bn vng kinh t lin quan ti kh nng ca mt trng hc hay cng ng
ti tr cho mt chng trnh ICT quan thi gian di. Tnh hiu qu l cha kho
nh l vic u t cng ngh cao v trong nhiu trng hp chuyn qu ny sang
nhng nhu cu cn thit khc. Cc nh k hoch cn nhn vo tng chi ph s hu
v xy dng mi quan h i tc sinh li vi cng ng c kh nng ti tr cc
chi ph qua thi gian di. Nhu cu pht trin cc knh khc nhau v ti chnh qua
s tham gia ca cng ng buc s bn vng v kinh t gn hn vi bn vng v
x hi v chnh tr.
Tnh bn vng x hi l mt chc nng ca s tham gia cng ng. Trng hc
khng tn ti nu khng c ai v vi cc d n ICT thnh cng, vic tham d
ca cc bc cha m, lnh o chnh tr, lnh o kinh doanh v nhng thnh phn
tham gia khc l cn thit. Vic i mi c th xy ra khi tt c nhng thnh phn
ny b nh hng bi n, d trc tip hay gin tip, bit chnh xc ti sao mt s
i mi nh vy li c gii thiu, nh hng ti cuc sng ca h nh th no
v phn no h c th tham gia m bo thnh cng ca n. Cc chng trnh
ICT phi phc v nhu cu ca cng ng. V vy vic t vn rng ri vi cng
ng v huy ng l qu trnh quan trng cho tnh bn vng. Ni tm li s hu
cho d n phi c pht trin bi cc thnh phn tham d t c tnh bn
vng.
Tnh bn vng chnh tr lin quan ti vic ban hnh cc chnh sch v vai tr lnh
o. Mt trong nhng s e do ln nht ti cc d n ICT l vic cn tr thay
i. V d nu gio vin t chi s dng ICT trn lp hc, vic s dng ICT kh

- 31 -

c th thc hin, gim s bn vng qua thi gian. Bi v bn cht i mi ca cc


d n ICT, cc nh lnh o phi c s hiu bit ng n v qu trnh i mi,
xc nh nhng yu cu cho vic ng dng thnh cng v hi ho cc k hoch
v hnh ng.
Tnh bn vng v cng ngh lin quan ti vic la chn cng ngh s c hiu qu
qua thi gian lu di. Trong mt mi trng thay i cng ngh nhanh chng,
iu ny l mt vn c bit khn ngoan v cc nh k hoch phi u tranh
vi s e do v li thi cng ngh. Cng mt lc, c xu hng ch c cng
ngh mi nht (c hiu mt phn do c nhng mu ngi bn mun thc y
nhanh chng). Tuy nhin ni chung, cc nh k hoch cn cc h thng th
nghim v kim tra nhiu cng ngh mi nht.
Lut chi l mc ch hc hng s la chn cng ngh v khng phi ngc
li- cng ngh mi nht c th khng phi l cng c ph hp nht t c
nhng mc ch gio dc mong mun. Khi thc hin nhng quyt nh v cng
ngh, cc nh k hoch cn xem xt khng nhng chi ph m cn s sn c ca
cc phn thay th v h tr k thut.
V. NHNG THCH THC TRONG VIC LNG GHP ICT VO GIO
DC
Mc d nhng bi hc gi tr c th hc c t nhng kinh nghim hay nht
trn th gii, khng c mt cng thc cho vic xc nh mc la chn vic
lng ghp ICT vo trong h thng gio dc. Nhng thch thc quan trng m
nhng nh hoch nh chnh sch v nhng ngi ra k hoch, cc nh gio dc,
qun l gio dc v nhng thnh phn khc cn xem xt khi a ra nhng chnh
sch v k hoch gio dc, h tng, ngn ng v ni dung, xy dng nng lc v
ti chnh
S nh hng ca ICT tng cng gio dc cho cc chnh sch v k
hoch gio dc l g?
Nhng n lc nhm tng cng v ci t gio dc qua ICT yu cu nhng mc
ch, hng dn v nhng mc tiu trong phm vi thi gian r rng v c th, s
huy ng ca cc ngun lc cn thit v s cam kt chnh tr ti tt c cc cp
nhn ra nhng sng kin. Mt s nhn t quan trng ca vic ln k hoch cho
ICT c lit k di y:
a. Mt s phn tch nghim ngt trng thi hin ti ca h thng gio dc. S
can thip da trn ICT phi a vo nhng thc hnh v sp xp ca cc t
chc hin ti. c bit, nhng vt ko v vt cn cho vic s dng ICT cn
c nhn din, bao gm nhng iu lin quan n gio trnh v phng

- 32 -

b.

c.
d.

e.

php gio dc, h tng, xy dng nng lc, ngn ng v ni dung v ti


chnh.
Cc chi tit ca mc tiu gio dc ti cc cp gio dc v o to khc
nhau cng nh l cc phng thc s dng ICT khc nhau c th c a
vo trong vic theo ui nhng mc ch ny. iu ny yu cu nhng nh
hoch nh chnh sch mt s hiu bit v tim nng ca ICT khc nhau
khi ng dng trong phm vi cc mc ch khc nhau v mt s nhn thc
v nhng nhu cu gio dc u tin v nng lc ti chnh, ngun nhn lc
v nhng vt cn trong nc v a phng, cng nh l nhng bi hc
thc hnh hay nht trn th gii v nhng bi hc thc hnh ny c th
c ng dng vi cc yu cu c th ca t nc.
Vic xc nh nhng thnh phn tham gia v s hi ho nhng c gng
ca cc nhm khc nhau
S th nghim trong cc m hnh ICT c la chn. Ngay c nhng m
hnh c thit k tt nht hay nhng m hnh c chng minh l hiu
qu trong nhng phm tr khc cn c kim chng trn mt phm vi
nh. Nhng s th nghim ny l cn thit nhm nhn din v sa cha,
nhng li tim nng ca vic thit k hng dn, kh nng c th thc
hin, tnh hiu qu, vv
c th ca cc ngun ti chnh hin ti v s pht trin ca cc chin lc
nhm to ra cc ngun ti chnh h tr vic s dng ICT qua thi gian
di

Nhng thch thc lin quan ti h tng trong vic tng cng gio dc
vi ICT l g?
H tng cng ngh gio dc ca mt nc t ln hng u ca h tng thng tin
v vin thng quc gia. Trc khi mt chng trnh da trn ICT c a ra,
cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v cc nh ln k hoch phi xem xt cn thn
nhng vn sau:
Trong nhng ni u tin, phng hc v cc to nh sn c cho cc cng
ngh cha? Ti cc nc ni c nhiu trng hc c, vic sa cha m
rng m bo cc ng dy in, l si/lnh v s thng gi, s an
ton v an ninh s cn thit
Mt yu cu c bn l tnh sn c ca in v in thoi. Ti cc nc
ang pht trin, nhiu vng rng ln vn cn cha c ngun cung cp in
ng tin cy v in thoi gn nht cch xa hng dm. Kinh nghim ti mt
s nc Chu Phi ch ra cng ngh khng dy (nh VSAT) nh l mt
kh nng c th cho s nhy vt.74 Mc d hin ti y l mt cch tip
cn rt tn km, cc nc ang pht trin khc vi h tng vin thng yu
km nn nghin cu s la chn ny.

- 33 -

Cc nh hoch nh chnh sch cn nhn vo s c mt khp ni ca cc


loi ICT khc nhau trong t nc ni chung v trong h thng gio dc
(ti tt c cc cp) ni chung. Chng hn, mt yu cu c bn cho vic hc
trn mng hay vi my tnh l s truy cp ti my tnh trng hc, cng
ng v cc h gia nh cng nh cc dch v Internet c th chp nhn
c
Nhn chung, vic s dng ICT trong gio dc cn theo vic s dng trong x hi,
ch khng dn u n. Cc chng trnh gio dc s dng cng ngh mi nht
him khi t c thnh cng lu di.
Vic gii thiu mt dng cng ngh vo gio dc v gi cho n hiu qu th r
hn, d dng hn, ni m gio dc ang c hng i trn phm vi pht trin
rng ln ca chnh ph v thnh phn t nhn. TV phc v cho gio dc khi n
theo sau hn l i trc TV cho gii tr; my tnh s dng trng hc c th
c duy tr khi m vic s dng thng mi v t nhn m rng ti mc cn
thit c mt ngnh dch v.75
Nhng thch thc lin quan ti xy dng nng lc l g?
Nhng nng lc khc nhau cn c pht trin thng qua h thng gio dc cho
lng ghp ICT tr nn thnh cng
Gio vin: S pht trin chuyn nghip ca gio vin cn c 5 trng tm: 1) k
nng vi cc ng dng c bit; 2) vic lng ghp vo vo nhng gio n hin
ti; 3) s thay i gio n lin quan ti s dng ICT (bao gm thay i trong thit
k t chc); 4) s thay i trong vai tr ca gio vin v 5) cc l thuyt gio dc
nn tng.76 L tng l nhng iu ny cn c a ra trong cc kho o to
gio vin trc khi dy v xy dng ln v tng cng trong khi dy. Ti mt s
nc nh Singapore, Malaysia v Anh, nhng yu cu tha nhn vic dy hc
bao gm o to trong s dng ICT. Tuy nhin, ICT ang pht trin nhanh chng
cc cng ngh, v ngay c cc gio vin thnh tho ICT nht cn phi tip tc
nng cp k nng ca h v st cnh vi nhng s pht trin mi nht v bi hc
thc hnh hay nht.
Trong khi trng tm u tin nng lc vi nhng ng dng c bit l nhng
bng chng, 4 trng tm khc quan trng ngang nhau, nu khng ln hn.
Nghin cu vic s dng ICT trong vic thit lp gio dc khc nhau qua hng
nm xc nh nh l mt ro cn cho thnh cng s khng c kh nng ca gio
vin hiu ti sao h s dng ICT v h c th s dng ICT chnh xc nh th
no gip h dy tt hn.
Khng may, phn ln s pht trin chuyn nghip ca gio vin trong ICT nng
v vic dy cc cng c v nh v s dng cng c dy. S lo lng ca
gio vin v vic b thay th bi cng ngh hay mt uy lc lp hc khi m qu
trnh hc tr nn trng tm vo ngi hc hn- mt ro cn tha nhn cho p

- 34 -

dng ICT- c th lm gim bt ch khi gio vin c s hiu bit v nh gi ng


s thay i vai tr ca h.
Hp 4: Liu ICT c thay th cho gio vin
Cu tr li nht nh l khng. Thc t, vi s gii thiu ca ICT trong lp
hc, vai tr ca gio vin trong qu trnh hc tr nn quan trng hn. iu
c th v nn thay i l vai tr ca gio vin. Vai tr ca hc sinh, i li
ca c m rng. V khi m ICT c th m ca lp hc ra ngoi th gii,
cng ng cng c th ng vai tr mi trong lp hc.
Khi mt s chuyn hng hc tp t m hnh gio vin l trng tm sang
hc sinh l trng tm, gio vin tr thnh t ting ni uy quyn n nht
hn v nhiu ngi h tr, tr ging v hun luyn vin hn- t nghim
trang trn bc ging sang hng dn bn cnh. Nhim v chnh ca
gio vin l dy hc sinh hi nhng cu hi v a ra nhng vn nh th
no, hnh thnh cc gi thuyt, nh v thng tin v nh gi thng tin tm
c lin quan ti nhng vn a ra. V t khi vic hc vi s tng
cng ca ICT l mt kinh nghim mi cho c gio vin, gio vin tr thnh
ngi ng hc v khm ph nhng iu mi cng vi hc sinh ca mnh.77
Thm vo , khng thng thng khi thy sinh vin trong mt lp hc c
s tr gip ca ICT m nhim c vai tr thng thng v khng thng
thng nh l mt gio vin vi cc sinh vin tr hn, thm ch i khi cn
vi c gio vin ca h. Gio vin v hc sinh t cc trng hc khc nhau,
nhng chuyn gia b mn, cha m, cng ng, lnh o doanh nghip, chnh
tr gia v nhng thnh phn khc cng lin quan trong qu trnh hc nh l
nhng ngi ph bnh, tr ging v i u. H cng bao gm c cng chng
v hy vng l nhng khn gi cho nhng tc phm ca sinh vin c a
ln trang web hay qua cc phng tin truyn thng khc.78
Tt nhin nhiu gio vin min cng s dng ICT, c bit l my tnh v
Internet. Hannafin v Savenyen nhn dng mt s l do cho s min cng
ny: thit k phn mm ngho nn, hoi nghi v tnh hiu qu ca my tnh
trong vic thc y hiu qu hc tp, thiu s h tr qun l, tng thi gian
v n lc cn thit hc cng ngh v s dng n cho vic dy nh th
no, v s s hi mt quyn lc trn lp hc khi m n tr thnh ly ngi
hc lm trng tm.79 Tt c nhng vn ny cn c a ra bng cc
chng trnh pht trin chuyn nghip cho c gio vin trc v trong khi
dy nu trng hc v cc t chc gio dc khai thc c hon ton tim
nng ca my tnh v Internet nh l nhng cng c gio dc.
Vi mc trong khi dy, chng trnh pht trin chuyn nghip gio vin ICT
(TPD) cn di hn, hng ti gio vin v cng linh hot cng tt. Vi nhiu gio

- 35 -

vin km cht lng, lm vic nhiu v tr lng km ti cc nc ang pht


trin, vic p dng hiu qu cc ICT trong vic a ra nhng c hi lin tc
hc iu h cn phi hc da trn cc trng hp c th v kinh nghim, khi h
cn thi gian hc n. Cc h tr v khuyn khch th ch ho cho gio vin
nhm theo ui ICT TPD cng quan trng. N c th trong dng thc y cho
gio vin nhng ngi i mi vi ICT trong lp hc, hay n gin m bo
rng gio vin tip cn y ti cng ngh sau khi o to
Hp 5: World Pht trin tnh chuyn nghip ca gio vin nh lm ng lc
ca s dng ICT cho gio dc
Chng trnh s lin kt th gii cho pht trin (World) bt u ti Uganda
vo nm 1997 di s u ca Ngn hng Th gii. Mc tiu ca n l
gip chnh ph mang li li ch ca Internet v trang Web ti cc trng
cp hai ca t nc. Chng trnh World c ba thnh t: Kt ni, o to
v Qun l, nh gi. Trong khi nhiu t chc quc t v a phng tp
trung vo cung cp cng ngh cho trng hc, World qua hng nm xy
dng mt danh ting n tng nh l ngi cung cp dn u trn th gii
v cc dch v pht trin chuyn nghip cho gio vin, qun l trng hc v
cc nh hoch nh chnh sch ti cc nc ang pht trin trn th gii.
Chng trnh pht trin tnh chuyn nghip cho gio vin ca World, a ra
ch yu bng nhng ngi o to quc t v a phng theo hnh thc
trc din vi vic theo di trn mng, c nm pha:
Pha 0: Kin thc my tnh
Mc ch: Nhm gii thiu nn tng ca cng ngh my tnh v gip ngi
tham gia t c kin thc v k nng my tnh c bn
Pha 1: Gii thiu Internet cho vic dy v hc
Mc ch: Gii thiu khi nim c bn, cng ngh v k nng cn thit cho
gii thiu cng ngh mng v Internet vi vic dy v hc, xng s tho
lun v nhng kh nng mi, pht trin cc d n th in t c bn
Pha 2: Gii thiu cc d n hc phi hp qua in thoi
Mc ch: Gii thiu phi hp gio dc bng in thoi - t cu trc hot
ng ti vic to ra, thit k, thc hin v ph bin cc d n gc
Pha 3: Lng ghp gio trnh v cng ngh
Mc ch: Pht trin k nng v hiu bit v to, kt hp v h tr cc bin
php thc hnh i mi lp hc c th lng ghp cng ngh mng v gio
trnh nh th no
Pha 4: i mi Phng php dy, Pht trin cng ngh v tnh chuyn

- 36 -

nghip
Mc ch: Pht trin k nng v nh gi v ph bin cc bin php thc
hnh i mi trong lp hc trong khi a ra nhng vn v x hi v sc
tc.
WorLD cng pht trin cc mu o to cho cc nh hoch nh chnh sch
v qun l ICT gio dc v cc trung tm in thoi.
WorLD hin ti hot ng trn 20 nc Chu Phi, chu M Latin v Nam
. N bt u tri rng chng trnh ca mnh ra ng Nam , ti
Campuchia, Lo, Vit Nam, Indonesia v Philippine vo nm 2003
Ngun: WorLD Chng trnh 2001
Cc nh qun l gio dc: Lnh o ng vai tr quan trng trong lng ghp ICT
vo gio dc
Nhiu d n sng kin ICT vi gio vin hoc hc sinh dn dn b suy yu do
thiu s h tr t trn. Cho cc chng trnh lng ghp ICT tr nn hiu qu v
n nh, cc nh qun l t h phi thnh tho trong vic s dng cng ngh v
h phi c mt s hiu bit rng ri v cc gio trnh cng ngh, cc lnh vc
qun l, ti chnh v x hi ca vic s dng ICT trong gio dc
Cc chuyn gia h tr v cng ngh. Cho d c cung cp bi cc nhn vin
trong trng hc hay nhng nh cung cp dch v bn ngoi hoc c hai, cc
chuyn gia h tr cng ngh cn thit tip tc kh nng pht trin ca vic s
dng ICT trong mt trng hc nht nh. Trong khi cc yu cu h tr k thut
ca mt t chc ph thuc hon ton vo cng ngh g v c p dng v s
dng th no, nhng k nng chung c yu cu s nm trong vic lp t, vn
hnh v bo hnh cc thit b k thut (bao gm c phn mm), qun l mng v
an ton mng. Khng c s h tr k thut kp thi, nhiu thi gian v tin bc
c th b mt do cc li k thut.
V d ti Philippin, mt trong nhng vt cn chnh vi vic s dng lc quan ti
cc trng cp 3 thiu s h tr k thut ng lc. Trong mt s trng hp
lin quan ti cc trng hc ti vng su vng xa, my tnh khng hot ng
c mt hng thng sa cha khi khng c nhng cn b k thut sn c
nhng vng ln cn v my tnh cn phi gi ti thnh ph gn nht cch hng
trm kilomt.80
Chuyn gia pht trin ni dung. Vic pht trin ni dung l mt lnh vc quan
trng thng c b qu xem xt. Hng lot nhng thit b gio dc da trn
ICT hin ti hu nh bng ting Anh (xem phn ngn ng v ni dung di)
hoc t nhng iu lin quan n gio dc ti cc nc ang pht trin (c bit
ti trng tiu hc v c s). C mt nhu cu pht trin ni dung gio dc
thun gc (chng hn nh cc chng trnh pht thanh, ti liu hc tng tc a
phng tin trn CD-ROM hoc DVD, cc kho hc trn web, vv..), chp thun
nhng ni dung hin ti v chuyn ni dung in sang cc phng tin s ho.
y l nhng nhim v m vi cc chuyn gia pht trin ni dung nh thit k

- 37 -

xy dng, vit ni dung, tc gi cc kho hc a phng tin v pht trin trang


web th cn thit. Ging nh cc chuyn gia h tr k thut, nhng ngi pht
trin ni dung phi l nhng chuyn gia c k nng cao v nu khng s khng
c tuyn dng vo cc trng tiu hc v c s, ngoi tr thit k xy dng.
Nhiu trng i hc vi cc chng trnh gio dc t xa v vi nhng trng p
dng ICT b nhim i ng h tr k thut v pht trin ni dung.
Nhng thch thc cn c nhn mnh trong lnh vc ngn ng v ni
dung l g?
Ting Anh l ngn ng thng tr trn Internet. Khong 80% ni dung trn mng
l ting Anh81. Mt b phn ln cc sn phm phm mm gio dc trn th
trng th gii l bng ting Anh. Vi cc nc ang pht trin ti khu vc Chu
-Thi bnh dng ni m k nng ting Anh khng cao, c bit ti khu vc
nng thn, iu ny c coi nh mt ro cn nghim trng cho vic ti a ho
cc li ch gio dc ca trang Web.
Ngay c nhng nc m ting Anh c coi nh ngn ng th hai (nh
Singapore, Malaysia, Philippin v n ), vic dy v hc nhng ti liu hp vi
cc yu cu quc gia v gio trnh th khn thit v c nhng ni dung mang
ngha bn a, trong cc ngn ng a phng c pht trin. (xem hp 6). iu
ny s m bo rng trang web l mt ni a vn ho v mi ngi vi nhng
nn vn ha khc nhau c mt v tr v ting ni ngang bng trong cng ng th
gii trong vic hc v thc hnh trn mng. c bit ngoi tr nhng vng c
lp, nng thn, cc dn tc thiu s v ph n ni chung. Do , s tp trung cn
c a vo nhng nhu cu c bit ca h.
Hp 6. Ni dung l vua: Cc bi hc t Thi Lan
Ba nm sau khi c bt u vo nm 1995, mng SchoolNet Thi Lan, mt
d n kt hp gia Trung tm cng ngh my tnh v in t quc gia
(NECTEC), T chc in thoi Thi Lan, Chnh quyn truyn thng Thi
Lan v B Gio dc, i mt vi mt thch thc n hon ton khng
mong i. Xy dng mt h tng mng cho gio dc Thi Lan ni 152
trng c c a phng vi Internet, n tm ra rng cc trng hc t khi
s dng Internet nh l mt cng c cho vic dy v hc. N nhanh chng
tr nn r rng rng vic thiu cc ngun gio dc cht lng trn mng
trong ngn ng bn a, ting Thi, khng khuyn khch c vic s
dng Internet gia cc gio vin v hc sinh.
SchoolNetThailand phi m rng cc chng trnh tip cn ph cp
bao gm c vic pht trin ni dung - b tr bng o to- trong ngn ng
ting Thi. Vo thng 9/1998, SchoolNetThailand u quyn cho trng i
hc Kasetstart v Vin Thc y khoa hc v cng ngh o to to ra cc
trang web bng ting Thi ti cc cp c s v ton, vt l, ho hc, sinh

- 38 -

hc, k thut, mi trng v khoa hc my tnh. c gi chung l Th


vin s ho, nhng trang web ny c a ra sau mt nm sau.
SchoolNetThailand cng pht trin mt trang web vi cc ng dng c
gi l B dng c th vin in t cho php cc gio vin to gia nhng
bi dy trn trang web bng ting Thi. Gio vin v hc sinh cng c
a nhng ch dn v vic pht trin trang web. Vo thng 5/2001 Th vin
s ho bao gm 1.113 bi hc, phn ln do cc gio vin lp hc to ra.
B xung vi d n Th vin s ho l vic sn xut nhng ti liu v pht
trin a phng tin c gi l Gio vin Thi 2000 bao gm mt quyn
hng dn in, mt bng video v mt CD-ROM.
Nhng c gng pht trin ni dung ca SchoolNetThailand cng thu li
c t mt chnh sch quc gia dn u bi Vn phng Vn ho quc gia
gi l H thng thng tin vn ho Thi. Chng trnh ny c c nh
thu thp thng tin v vn ho Thi v ph bin thng tin ny qua CD-ROM
v Internet. Hin ti, SchoolNetThailand m rng c gn 4,000 trng
hc trong mng li ca mnh, vi hn 900 trong s c trang web ring
bng ting Thi. Ngi ta hy vng m rng vic cung cp dch v Internet
cho khong 34,000 trng hc trn ton quc trong nhng nm ti v tip
tc dn u trong vic pht trin ni dung bn a Thi Lan.
Ngun: NECTEC (Thng 7/2002).ICT cho xo i gim ngho: V d v
cc chng trnh v d n Thi Lan.
Mt xu hng khuyn khch c pht trin ca mng trng hc quc gia v
khu vc, hay SchoolNets, h tr vic chia x ni dung v thng tin - hng dn
gio trnh, cc ngun hc v dy, ng k cc d n hp tc qua in thoi, danh
b trng hc v gio vin, ti liu dy v gio n, ti liu v chnh sch v
nghin cu, hng dn s dng qun l cng ngh v cng c.
Cc nc nh c, Php, Phn lan, Nht, Canada, Thailand, Ghana, Nam Phi v
Zimbabu u c mng SchoolNets quc gia. Chng trnh Enlaces ti Chu M
latin kt ni cc trng hc t cc nc ni ting Ty ba nha nh Chil,
Paraguay, Costa Rica, Colombia v Peru. Ti ng nam , cc n lc ang c
thc hin nhm th nghim mng SchoolNets ti Philippin, Indonesia,
Campuchia, Lo, Myanmar v Vit Nam, v lin kt nhng nc ny vi mng
SchoolNets quc gia to thnh mng SchoolNet khu vc Asean.
Trong vic hc qua trang web, cc tiu chun k thut v ni dung tr nn vn
sc p. Vic tiu chun ho cho php cc ng dng khc nhau chia x ni
dung v h thng hc. Cc tiu chun k thut trong ni dung, cu trc v cc
dng thc th nghim c a ra cho nn s thao tc gia cc phn c th
tn ti gia cc h thng qun l khc nhau, t c trong vic gim gi thnh.
Cc tiu chun cn phi chung h tr tt c cc hnh thi hc v ni dung.
C th cp n l nhng sng kin thc hin ca H thng qun l cu trc
(IMS), Vic hc phn phi tin tin/Hnh thi hc chia x theo kho

- 39 -

(ADL/SCORM), U ban o to c bn trn my tnh ca ngnh hng khng


(AICC) v D n chu u ARIADNE, khi mt vi tiu chun h a ra c
p dng rng ri.
S d dng trong ni dung gio dc ca trang web c th c lu gi,
chuyn ti, nhn rng v sa i nu ra nhng vn v vic bo v quyn s
hu tr tu. Chng hn, vic xm phm s hu tr tu xy ra khi cc bi ging
c pht trn TV hay trn trang web cng vi cc ti liu c t trc hay khi
hc sinh ghi li nhng bi ging ny vo bng xem sau ?
Trong khi cc trng hc v i hc c th c nhng tho thun u quyn cho
vic s dng nhng ti liu nht nh cho cc mc ch trn lp, nhng tho
thun ny c th khng rng ln h tr cho vic chuyn ti qua vin thng,
ghi bng hay phn pht nhng ti liu lin quan ng sau lp hc.82 T chc
quyn s hu tr tu th gii ca Lin hip quc ang i u trong nhng c
gng quc t trong vic thit lp nhng tiu chun quc t cho bo v quyn s
hu tr tu m khng cng lc ly i vic tip cn v chia x thng tin. Vi gio
vin v hc sinh, mi ngi trong s h l nhng nh xut bn tim nng cc ti
liu a truyn thng trong s hp tc vi cng vic ca nhng ngi khc, thng
tin v o to v vic s dng thiu s v s hu tr tu cn l mt thnh t quan
trng ca cc chng trnh p dng ICT.83
Nhng thch thc lin qua ti vic ti chnh cho chi ph s dng ICT l
g?
Mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht trong s dng ICT trong gio dc l vic
cn bng gia cc mc tiu gio dc vi tnh thc tin kinh t. ICT trong cc
chng trnh gio dc yu cu s u t vn ln v cc nc pht trin cn cn
nhc trong vic quyt nh v m hnh ng dng ICT no s c gii thiu v
nhn ra trong phm vi kinh t. y l mt vn liu nhng gi tr thm vo ca
s dng ICT c hon li c nhng chi ph, lin quan ti chi ph thay th. Theo
mt cch khc, liu vic hc p dng ICT c l chin lc hiu qu nht t
c cc mc tiu gio dc mong mun v nu nh vy, iu g l phng php
v phm vi thc hin c th c h tr trong cc ngun lc ti chnh, nhn lc
v cc ngun khc?
Whyte gi nhng ngun lc v tin tim nng sau cho s dng ICT
1. Cc ngun vin tr
2. Qu cng ch
3. ng gp c nhn, cc hnh thc gy qu
4. Cc hnh thc h tr (thit b, tnh nguyn vin)
5. H tr t cng ng (cc to nh cho thu min ph)
6. Ph hi vin
7. Doanh thu t cc doanh nghip chnh:
- Kt ni (in thoi, fax, Internet, trang web)
- Tip cn trc tip my tnh ti ngi s dng

- 40 -

- Cc dch v vn phng (my copy, my qut, h tr pht thanh)


8. Doanh thu t cc hot ng ph thuc
- Cc dch v kinh doanh (word-processing, spreadsheets, chun b ngn
sch, in, dch v n tip)
- Cc dch v gio dc (gio dc t xa, cc kho o to)
- Cc dch v cng ng (phng hp, cc s kin x hi, thng tin bn a,
chuyn tin t xut khu lao ng)
- Lm vic in thoi v t vn.
- Cc hot ng c bit (khm bnh t xa)
- Bn hng (vn phng phm, tem, lt vt, vv).84
Mi quan h i tc gia thnh phn t nhn v thnh phn cng ti cc d n
th nghim hoc cc d n thc hin ngn l mt chin lc t c tin t cc
B gio dc ti cc nc ang pht trin. Mi quan h i tc ny c th nhiu
dng, bao gm cc ti tr t thnh phn t nhn vi s ng gp ca i tc
chnh ph, ng gp v thit b v ni dung lin quan ti gio dc do cc t chc
ti cc trng cng lp, v vic cung cp s h tr k thut cho vic ln k
hoch, qun l v tng cng ngun nhn lc t mc bt u. Cc t chc a
phng v cc t chc h tr quc t cng ng nhiu c gng trong ICT trong
gio dc ti cc nc ang pht trin.
Tuy nhin vic th nghim ca cc chng trnh ICT l s sng st sau khi tin
ti tr ht. Nhiu chng trnh gio dc ng dng ICT c ti tr bi cc t
chc ti tr hay cc cng ty khng th duy tr bi v chnh ph tht bi vi nhng
ti chnh cn thit hoc cc cng ng a phng khng trong v tr pht trin
ngun cn thit tip tc nhng chng trnh ny. l trng hp ca mt
vi chng trnh Hng dn truyn thanh tng tc khi xng bi USAID. V
vy, chin lc hai phn l cha kho: s h tr ca chnh ph v huy ng cng
ng a phng.
Hp 7: Coke l CNTT: Trch nhim x hi ca cng ty trong k nguyn
thng tin
Mi quan h i tc ICT trong gio dc ca cng ty Coca-Cola vi cc
chnh ph, cc t chc a phng v cc t chc phi chnh ph v nhng
nh gio dc Chu Thi Bnh Dng bt u t 1997 vi vic thit lp
trung tm hc tp Coca-Cola u tin ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, Vit
Nam.Coca-Cola m rng s tip cn ti 4 nc khc trong khu vc l
Philippin, Trung quc, Malaysia v c, mang li nhng c hi hc trn
mng v cc ngun to mi ngn ngi tr tui v cng ng ca h
Vit Nam
i tc: Coca-Cola, B gio dc v o to v Hi thanh nin

- 41 -

Ti tr: US$ 375.000


Chng trnh: 49 trung tm hc tp thit lp ti cc trng c s v trung
tm thanh nin ti 33 tnh thnh. Chng trnh cung cp s tip cn ti
Internet, sch v phn mm gio dc ti sinh vin v gio vin.
c
i tc: Coca-Cola, Microsoft c v Qu Inspire
Ti tr: US$ 184.000
Chng trnh: c a ra vo thng 3 nm 2001. 10 Trung tm mng
Beanbag cho nhng thanh nin km thun li ti khu vc nng thn.
Chng trnh cung cp s truy cp Internet, o to CNTT v cc trang web
a phng cho thanh nin.
Philippin
i tc: Coca-cola, V gio dc v qu cho gio dc CNTT v pht trin
Ti tr: US$ 450.000
Chng trnh: a ra vo 4/2001. 15 trung tm ed.Venture thit lp ti cc
trng trung hc c s ti 6 tnh. Chng trnh cung cp s truy cp Internet
v cc ngun gio dc da trn cng ngh v o to cho gio vin, hc sinh
v nhng nh qun l trng hc. Trung tm c s dng cho vic dy k
nng ICT, ton, khoa hc, Ngn ng v lch s. Trung tm c m cho
vic s dng ca cng ng.
Trung quc
i tc: Coca-Cola v Qu pht trin thanh nin Trung Quc
Ti tr: US$ 400.000
Chng trnh: a ra vo 5/2001. 20 trung tm hc trn mng v cuc
sng c thit lp ti cc trng trung hc c s vng xa trn ton nc.
Chng trnh cung cp s truy cp Internet, ni dung gio dc v o to v
k nng ICT cho gio vin, sinh vin v cc cng ng a phng. Cc
trung tm c s dng cho vic dy ton, ting Trung, ting Anh v lch
s.
Malaysia
i tc: Coca-Cola, B gio dc v Chng trnh pht trin lin hip quc
Ti tr: US$ 360.000
Chng trnh: a ra vo 3/2002. 6 trung tm ICT c thnh lp ti cc
trng trung hc c s ti cc vng nng thn v ven . Chng trnh cung
cp s truy cp Internet khng dy, phn mm gio dc v o to cho sinh
vin v gio vin. Cc trng hc tham gia vic lng ghp o to vi cc
phng lab my tnh vo nhng bi ging hin ti. Trung tm ICT cng gp
i cc trung tm tip cn cng ng.

- 42 -

i din Coca-Cola ca Chu , ng Stuart Hawkins ni: iu ny tht th


v, vic m rng th k 21 vi s gip ca chng ti vi gio dc thanh
nin chu . Chng ti bit rng tm ra cch bn vng lp i khong cch s
l s u tin tht s vi nhiu nc chu v chung ti cam kt gip
phn ca mnh. Chng ti lm iu ny qua mi quan h i tc vi cc
chuyn gia v lnh o a phng. Chng ti cng tp trung vo vic xy
dng mi s hu cng ng a phng vo tng sng kin t vic thc
hin. iu ny gip m bo tnh bn vng qua thi gian.
Vn tn ti c thy l liu mi d n cp quc gia ny s tht s c
tng lai nu khng c Coca-Cola. Vin cnh cho d n Malaysia dng
nh tt-xy dng trong thit k chng trnh l s chuyn giao mi s hu
v trch nhim vn hnh vi chnh ph Malaysia sau mt nm. Ti
Philippin, 15 trung tm hc t xa vi trng hc ang thc hin mt s s
xm nhp hng ti tnh bn vng thng qua s tham gia ca cng ng v
xy dng nng lc, mc d vin cnh cho th ch ho vn khng r rng.
Ngun: Coca-Cola Chu , Bng biu d n. 8/2002
ICT s c s dng l vin n bc gip mt nc ang pht trin loi
b nhng vn v gio dc?
Nu c mt chn l xut hin trong lch s tng i tm tt ca vic s dng
ICT trong gio dc, n s l th ny: khng phi l cng ngh m l bn s
dng n th no. Ni theo cch khc:
Vic bn s dng cng ngh th no th quan trng hn nu bn s dng ton b
n v tr khi ngh ca bn v s thay i trong nh trng i cng vi vic m
rng lin tc ca ICT trong lp hc th vic u t cng ngh ca chng ta s tht
bi phung ph tim nng ca n.85
Cng ngh khng nn iu khin gio dc, hn th, cc mc tiu gio dc v
nhu cu cng nh nn kinh t iu khin vic s dng cng ngh. Ch vi cch
ny cc t chc gio dc ti cc nc pht trin c th a ra mt cch hiu qu
nhng nhu cu chnh cho ngi dn, nhm gip ngi dn ni chung p li
nhng thch thc v c hi to ra bi nn kinh t ton cu. T , ICT khng th
t chng gii quyt nhng vn gio dc ti th gii ang pht trin nh l
nhng vn gc r v i ngho, mt cn bng x hi v s pht trin khng
cn i. iu m ICT nh l mt cng c gio dc c th lm, nu nh chng
c s dng cn thn l to ng lc cho cc nc ang pht trin m rng s
tip cn v nng cao cht lng gio dc.
S cn trng yu cu s xem xt cn thn nhng vn tng tc m lm c s
cho vic s dng ICT trong trng hc- chnh sch v chnh tr, pht trin h
tng, nng lc con ngi, ngn ng v ni dung, vn ho, cng bng, chi ph v
cc bi ging v phng php s phm.

- 43 -

- 44 -

GHI CH
1US Department of Labor (1999), Cng vic tng lai- Xu hng v thch thc trong cng
vic trong th k 21 Quoted in EnGauge, 21st Century Skills, North Central Regional
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accessed 31 May 2002.
2 Cho vic thuyt phc kin cho s cn thit chuyn i khi nim ca trng hc vi
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Envisioning a New Future; available from http://www.air-dc.org/forum/abthornburg.htm;
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3 ,T chc lao ng quc t Hc v o to cho cng vic trong x hi tri thc; available
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2002, p. 5.
4 Blurton, C., nh hng mi ca s dng ICT trong gio dc. Available online
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5, Xem v d ca Cuban. (1986), Gio vin v nhng chic my: Vic s dng phng hc ca
cng ngh t nhng nm (New York: Teachers College Press).
6 Potashnik, M. and J. Capper, Gio dc t xa: Tng trng v a dng ho; available from
ttp://www.worldbank.org/fandd/english/pdfs/0398/0110398.pdf; accessed 14
August 2002.
7 See Taghioff, Daniel (April 2001), S ng lngVai tr tim nng ca ICT trong pht
trin: trao quyn, ng n v phng php nu nhu cu c p; available from http://
www.btinternet.com/~daniel.taghioff/index.html; accessed 14 August 2002.
8 http://www.open.ac.uk
9 http://www.ignou.ac.in
10The Commonwelath of Learning, Gii thiu vic hc m v t xa;available from
http://www.col.org/ODLIntro/introODL.htm; accessed 14 August 2002.
11 Quoted in Founts, Jeffrey T. (February 2000), Nghin cu v my tnh v gio dc: Qu
kh, hin ti v tng lai ; available from
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12 World Bank (1998), Bo co pht trin th gii 1998/99. Quoted in Blurton, C.,Nhng nh
hng mi ca s dng ICT trong gio dc
13 EnGauge. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory; available from
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14 Haddad, Wadi D. and Jurich, Sonia (2002), ICT cho gio dc: Tim nng v hiu qu, in
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(Washington DC: Academy for Educational Development and Paris: UNESCO), pp. 34-37.
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nghim ca Hn quc; available from http://www.irrodl.org/content/v2.1/jung.pdf;accessed 4
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s, thch thc v ng dng cho Trung quc vo th k 21; available from
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17 http://www.ignou.ac.in. See also Asian Development Bank (1997), Gio dc t xa cho gio
vin tiu hc: Ti liu v chu trnh hi tho khu vc v gio dc t xa (Manila: Asian
Development Bank).

- 45 18 International Center for Distance Learning, UniversitasTerbuka/Indonesian OpenLearning


University; available from http://www-icdl.open.ac.uk/instResult.ihtml?inst_id=5777&p=1;
accessed 14 August 2002.
19 See for example Bransford, J. (ed.) (1999), Mi ngi hc nh th no: b c, suy ngh,
kinh nghim v trng hc (Washington, DC: National Research Council).
20 Haddad, Wadi D. & Alexandra Drexler (2002), S nng ng ca cng ngh cho gio
dc, in Haddad, W. & Drexler, A. (eds.) Technologies for Education: Potentials,Parameters,
and Prospects (Washington DC: Academy for Educational Development and Paris: UNESCO),
p. 9.
21 Perraton, H. and C. Creed, ng dng cng ngh mi v h thng hiu qu trong gio dc
c bn; available from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001234/12348 2e.pdf; accessed
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ti nhng khn gi rng ri ca vic gio dc c bn. Mc d s tho lun ca h hn ch vi
mc gio dc ny, cch tip cn truyn thng h xc nh cng c th c ng dng vi cc
mc gio dc
22 Ibid, p. 13.
23 TechnKnowLogia, Bn ang ni vi ti? Hng dn qua radio tng tc; available from
http://www.techknowlogia.org/TKL_active_pages2/CurrentArticles/
main.asp?IssueNumber=2&FileType=PDF&ArticleID=46; accessed 29 May 2002.
24 Bosch, A., Hng dn qua radio tng tc cho ng dng ton hc trn th gii;
available from
http://www.techknowlogia.org/TKL_active_pages2/CurrentArticles/main.asp?FileType=HTM
L&ArticleID=255;accessed 15 August 2002, p. 45.
25 Ibid, pp. 46-49.
26 Perraton, H. and C. Creed, ng dng cng ngh mi
27 UNESCO, Telesecundaria, Mexico; available from
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2002, p. 2.
28 Perraton, H. and C. Creed, ng dng cng ngh mi
29 Iwanaga, M., Hin ti v tng li ca a truyn thng cho hc m Nht;available
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31 Rao, V. Rama, Hi ngh truyn thng m thanhMt phng php cng ngh cho hc
tng tc; available from http://www.clrec.org/rama; accessed 14 August 2002.
32 Edwards, N. Pht trin v lng ghp ca cng ngh trang web trong vic hc t xa ca cc
y t ti Trung Quc: Mt nghin cu th nghim; available from
http://www.clerc.org/edwardsn; accessed 9 June 2002.
33 Richmond, Ron. Lng ghp cng ngh trong lp hc: Mt vin cnh v ging dy. SSTA
Research Centre Report #97-02; available from http:// www.ssta.sk.ca/research/technology/972.htm#BIBLIOGRAPHY; accessed 30October 2002.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 Dirr, R., S pht trin ca s sp xp t chc mi trong hc trn mng,
in The Changing Faces of Virtual Education; available from
http://www.col.org/virtualed/virtual2pdfs/Virtual2_complete.pdf; accessed 7 August 2002.
37 Moe, M. and H. Blodget, Trang web tri thc. Cited in A. Bates, Cuc cch mng tip tc
v nng lc ICT: nh hng cho gio dc, in Glen M. Farrell (ed.), Nhng b mt thay i

- 46 ca gio dc mng; available from


http://www.col.org/virtualed/virtual2pdfs/Virtual2_complete.pdf; accessed 7 August 2002.
38 Bates, A. Cuc cch mng tip din v kh nng ca ICT: ng dng trong gio dc, in
Glen M. Farrell (ed.), Nhng b mt thay i ca gio dc mng available from
http://www.col.org/virtualed/virtual2pdfs/Virtual2_complete.pdf; accessed 7 August 2002.
39 Web-based Education Commission, Quyn nng ca Internet cho vic hc; available from
http://www.ed.gov/offices/AC/WBEC/FinalReport/WBECReport.pdf; accessed 12 April 2002.
40 Ibid.
41 Harris, Judi, Bc u tin trong hp tc; available from
http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~jbharris/Virtual-Architecture/Articles/First-Steps.pdf; accessed 6
March 2002, p. 1.
42 http://www.unicef.org/voy
43 http://www.telementor.org
44 http://www.globe.org
45 Perraton, H. and C. Creed, p dng cng ngh mi, p. 38-39.
46 Potashnik, M. and J. Capper. (1998).Gio dc t xa, p. 42, 44.
47 Hannafin, R.D., & Savenye, S. (1993). Cng ngh trong lp hc
48 Perraton, H. and C. Creed, P dng cng ngh mi, p. 38-39.
49 Russel, T.L (1999). Khng c hin tng khc nhau ngha (5th ed.). Raleigh NC: North
Carolina State University.
50 Merisotis, Jamie P. and Ronald A. Phipps (1999, May/June), S khc nhau l g? Kt qu
cu vic dy t xa so vi dy truyn thng trn lp, in Change, pp.13-17.
51 Fouts, J. (February 2002). Nghin cu v my tnh v gio dc: Qu kh hin ti v tng
lai; available from
http://www.gatesfoundation.org/nr/downloads/ed/evaluation/Computer_Research_Summary.pd
f; accessed 30 October 2002.
52 Ibid.
53 Blurton, C., nh hng mi ca vic ng dng ICT trong gio dcp 21.
54 See for example, Blurton, C., nh hng mi ca vic ng dng ICT trong gio dc and
Perraton,H. and C. Creed, P dng cng ngh mi
55 Blurton, C., nh hng mi ca vic ng dng ICT trong gio dc, p. 20.
56 Ibid., p. 24.
57 Consortium for School Networking, em TCO vo lp hc: Hng dn ca mt nh qun
l trng hc cho vic lp k hoch tng gi thnh ca cng ngh mi; available from
http://ctap.fcoe.k12.ca.us/ctap/dhs3.4/tco2class.pdf; accessed 3 February 2002, p. 10.
58 Adkins, D. (1999), Chi ph v ti chnh in Dock, A. and Helwig, J. (eds.), IHng dn
tng tc qua radio: nh hng, tnh bn vng v nhng nh hng tng lai (Washington
DC:World Bank Human Development Network Education Group, Education and Technology
Team/USAID Advancing Basic Education and Literacy Project, Education Development
Center). Cited in Perraton, H. and C. Creed, P dng cng ngh mi , p. 40.
59 Potashnik, M. and J. Capper. (1998). Gio dc t xa, p. 44.
60 Perraton, H. and C. Creed, p dng cng ngh mi , pp. 40-41.
61 Orivel, F. (2000), Ti chnh, chi ph v kinh t, in J. Bradley and C. Yates (eds.), Gio
dc c bn t xa: Bo co th gii v gio dc v hc t xa, Vol. 2 (London: Routledge).
62 Ibid, p. 41.
63 Hernes, G. (2002), Cc xu hng ang xut hint trong ICT v thch thc vi cc k
hoch gio dc in Haddad, W. and A. Drexler (eds.), Cng ngh trong gio dc: Tim nng,
v vin cnh (Washington DC: Academy for Educational Development and Paris: UNESCO),
p. 25.

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Appendix to Commonwealth of Learning, Ro cn ti cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng vi
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accessed 14 September 2002, p. 44.
65 Mark, J. ng sau s tip cn cng bng: Cng bng gii trong hc vi my tnh;
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accessed 23 October 2002.
66 AAUW Education Foundation (14 October 1998), Khong cch cng ngh gii pht trin
trong khi khong cch trong ton hc v khoa hc thu hp [Press Release]; available from
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ICT trong gio dc, p.44.
67 http://www.world-links.org
68 Gadio, C.M. (November 2001), Khm ph nh hng ca gii ca cc chng trnh
World Links: Tm tt kt qu tm c ca vic nghin cu c lp do 4 nc chu Phi tin
hnh; available from http://www.world-links.org/english/assets/gender_study_summary.pdf;
accessed 6 December 2002, p. 1.
69 Ibid., p. 2.
70 Haddad, W. and S. Jurich (2002). ICT cho gio dc: Tim nng v hiu lc, p. 52.
71 http://www.enlacequiche.org.gt/english/vision.htm
72 D n ph n Gobi Mng c; available from
http://www.unesco.org/education/educprog/lwf/doc/portfolio/case1.htm; accessed 16 January
2003.
73 S. Cisler, K hoch cho bn vng: Lm th no gi d n ICT ca bn tip tc;
available from http://www2.ctcnet.org/ctc/Cisler/sustain.doc; accessed 4 August 2002.
74 Hawkins, R., 10 bi hc cho ICT v gio dc ti th gii ang pht trin; available from
http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cr/pdf/gitrr2002_ch04.pdf; accessed 7 August 2002, p. 40.
75 Perraton, H. and C. Creed, p dng cng ngh mi , p. 41.
76 MacDougall, A. and D. Squires (1997), Khung cho xem xt k nng giao vin trong
chng trnh pht trin IT. Cited in Blurton, C., nh hng mi ca s dng ICT trong gio
dc, p.29.
77 World Links for Development. Phase II: Telecollaborative Learning Projects. Training
Manual, June 2001,
78 Ibid.
79 Hannafin, R.D., and S. Savenye. (1993), Cng ngh trong lp hc: Vai tr mi ca gio
vin v s cn tr vi n in Educational Technology, 33 (6), 26-31.
80 Tinio, V. (2002), Kho st s dng ICT trong cc trng trung hc cng Philippine:
Nhng tm kim ban u
81 Anzalone, Stephen, ICTs h tr vic hc trong lp cc nc SEAMEO: Vi chi ph
no?. Paper prepared for SEAMEO conf. In BKangkok, March 26-9, 2001.
82 Salomon, K., Mt bi hc v hc t xa v vn s hu tr tu;
available from http://www.teletrain.com/copyrigh.htm#3.student%20Waivers;
accessed 4 August 2002, p.5.
83 Blurton, C., nh hng mi ca s dng ICT trong gio dc, p. 35.
84 Whyte, A., nh gi cc trung tm in thoi cng ng. Hng dn cho cc nh nghin
cu. cited in S.Cisler, Ln k hoch cho bn vng
85 Thornburg, D., Cng ngh trong gio dc lp 12 , p. 1.

- 48 -

TI LIU THAM KHO


Bates, A.W. 2000. Managing Technological Change: Strategies for University
and College Leaders. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Brown, J.S. and P. Duguid. 2000. The Social Life of Information. Boston MA:
Harvard Business School Press.
Carlson, S. and C. T. Gadio. 2002. Teacher Professional Development in the
Use of Technology, in Haddad, W. and A. Drexler (eds). Technologies for
Education: Potentials, Parameters, and Prospects. Washington DC: Academy
for Educational Development and Paris: UNESCO.
Cuban, L. 2002. Oversold and Underused: Computers in the Classroom.
Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Daniel, J. 1996. Mega Universities and Knowledge Media:Technology Strategies
forHigher Education. London: Kogan Page.
Haddad, W. 1994. The Dynamics of Education Policymaking: Case Studies of
Burkina Faso, Jordan, Peru, and Thailand. EDI Development Policy Case
Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 10. Washington DC: The World Bank.
Steffe, L. P. and J. Gale.1995. Constructivism in Education. Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Rusten, E. and H. Hudson. 2002. Infrastructure: Hardware, Networking,
Software, and Connectivity, in Haddad, W. and A. Drexler (eds). Technologies
for Education: Potentials, Parameters, and Prospects. Washington DC:
Academy for Educational Development and Paris: UNESCO.

- 49 -

V TC GI
VICTORIA L. TINIO l gim c hc t xa ca Qu gio dc cng ngh thng
tin v pht trin (FIT-ED), mt t chc phi li nhun ti Malina, Philippines.
Trong kh nng , b thit k v qun l mng li hp tc quc t ca
trng trung hc c s cng ti Philippin c gi l Pilipinas ShoolNet, lm
vic trc tip vi nhng nh hoch ch chnh sch gio dc, qun l trng hc
v gio vin trn khp nc. B Tinio cng lm vic vi Nhm lm vic ca eASEAN v cc t chc quc t v khu vc khc v cc hot ng trong gio dc
trn ICT ti Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, v Brunei Darussalam.

Li cm n
Xin gi li cm n ti Patricia Arinto, Katch Nakpil, Emmanuel Lallana,
Christelle Mariano, Patricia Pascual,v Veni Ilowa v s gip qu bu ca h
trong vic vit v xut bn bi ny
Ti cng cm n Michael Trucano ca Worldlinks v Christopher Spohr ca
Ngn hng pht trin chu nhng ngi m nng lc ca h nh l chuyn gia
trong cng ngh gio dc cho cc nc ang pht trin, cung cp nhng li bnh
lun su sc v gi thc s ng gp cho bi ny.

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