Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Victoria L. Tinio
Th ng 5/2003
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LI NI U
Mt trong nhiu thch thc m cc nc trong khu vc Chu -Thi Bnh
Dng ngy nay ang phi i mt l vic chun b sn sng cho x hi v chnh
ph ca h trong bi cnh ton cu ho v cch mng thng tin truyn thng. Cc
nh hoch nh chnh sch, doanh nhn, cc nh hot ng ca cc t chc phi
chnh ph (NGO), cc hc gi, v thng dn ang ngy cng quan tm ti nhu
cu xy dng x hi tr nn cnh tranh trong nn kinh t thng tin ang pht
trin.
Nhm cng tc e-ASEAN v Chng trnh pht trin thng tin chu Thi Bnh
Dng ca UNDP (UNDP-APDIP) c chung nim tin rng vi cng ngh thng
tin v truyn thng (ICT), cc nc c th i mt vi cc thch thc ca k
nguyn thng tin. Vi ICT, h c th vn ti mt tm cao mi trong s nghip
pht trin kinh t, x hi v chnh tr. Chng ti hy vng rng trong vic thc
hin bc nhy vt ny, cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, nhng ngi lp k
hoch, nghin cu vin, nhng ngi trin khai k hoch, cc nh bnh lun v
nhng ngi khc s thy cc quyn sch khoa hc thng thc in t (eprimers) v x hi thng tin, kinh t thng tin v t chc x hi ny l b ch.
E-primers c mc ch gip cho ngi c hiu bit r rng v nhng thut ng,
nh ngha, xu hng v nhng vn khc nhau gn lin vi k nguyn thng
tin. E-primers c vit vi ngn ng n gin, d hiu bao gm cc v d,
trng hp tiu biu, cc bi hc thu c v nhng thc hnh tt nht gip cc
nh xy dng k hoch v nhng ngi ra quyt nh trong vic nu ln nhng
vn thch hp v xy dng chnh sch chin lc ph hp trong nn kinh t
thng tin.
E-primers bao gm nhng phn sau:
K nguyn thng tin
Net, Web v C s h tng thng tin
Thng mi in t v kinh doanh in t
Nhng vn v php lut v qui ch trong nn kinh t thng tin
Chnh ph in t
Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng (ICT) v gio dc
Gen, cng ngh v chnh sch: Gii thiu ti cng ngh sinh hc
Cc ti liu trn c th tm thy trn mng qua a ch www.eprimers.org v
www.apdip.net
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Roberto R. Romulo
Ch tch (2000-2002)
Nhm cng tc e-ASEAN UNDP-APDIP
Manila. Philippines
Shahid Akhtar
iu phi vin chng trnh
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
www.apdip.net
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MC LC
............................................................................................................................ 3
MC LC .............................................................................................................................. 4
Gii thiu ................................................................................................................................. 5
I. NH NGHA THUT NG.................................................................................................. 6
Hc in t (e-learning) l g? ................................................................................................. 7
Hc kt hp (blended learning) l g?...................................................................................... 7
Hc m v t xa l g? ............................................................................................................. 7
Mi trng hc ly ngi hc lm trung tm l g? ................................................................ 8
II. TRIN VNG CA ICT I VI GIO DC ................................................................... 8
ICT gip m rng ng n vi gio dc nh th no?........................................................ 9
ICT gip chun b lc lng lao ng nh th no? .............................................................. 9
Lm vic Nhm.................................................................................................................. 11
S dng ICTs c th gip tng cht lng gio dc nh th no? ........................................ 11
ICT lm chuyn i mi trng hc tp sang m hnh Mi trng ly ngi hc lm trung
tm?........................................................................................................................................ 13
III. S DNG ICT TRONG GIO DC ................................................................................. 16
Radio v TV c s dng trong gio dc nh th no? ...................................................... 16
Hi ngh truyn hnh l g v vic s dng trong gio dc ca n l g? .............................. 18
My tnh v Internet c s dng nh th no cho vic dy v hc?............................. 19
Hc v my tnh v Internet c ngha l g? .......................................................................... 19
Hc vi my tnh v Internet th no?................................................................................... 19
Hc qua my tnh v Internet l g? ....................................................................................... 20
My tnh v Internet c s dng trong gio dc t xa nh th no? ................................. 21
Hp tc t xa l g? ................................................................................................................ 23
IV. NHNG VN V S DNG ICT TRONG GIO DC........................................... 24
Vic hc c ng dng ICT c tht s hiu qu khng?......................................................... 25
Chi ph l bao nhiu? ............................................................................................................. 26
C s cng bng i vi tip cn ICT trong gio dc ........................................................... 28
Cc d n ICT tng cng gio dc liu c bn vng?......................................................... 30
V. NHNG THCH THC TRONG VIC LNG GHP ICT VO GIO DC............... 31
S nh hng ca ICT tng cng gio dc cho cc chnh sch v k hoch gio dc l g?
................................................................................................................................................ 31
Nhng thch thc lin quan ti h tng trong vic tng cng gio dc vi ICT l g?....... 32
Nhng thch thc cn c nhn mnh trong lnh vc ngn ng v ni dung l g? ........... 37
Nhng thch thc lin qua ti vic ti chnh cho chi ph s dng ICT l g? ....................... 39
ICT s c s dng l vin n bc gip mt nc ang pht trin loi b nhng vn v
gio dc? ................................................................................................................................ 42
GHI CH ................................................................................................................................... 44
TI LIU THAM KHO ......................................................................................................... 48
V TC GI ............................................................................................................................. 49
Li cm n ................................................................................................................................. 49
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Gii thiu
Ton cu ha v thay i cng ngh tr thnh xu hng pht trin khng ngng
trong sut mi lm nm qua to ra mt nn kinh t ton cu mi ly sc
mnh t cng ngh, nng lng t thng tin v cho li bng kin thc1. S hi
nhp ca nn kinh t ton cu mi ny ngm khng nh mt cch nghim tc
cho tnh cht v mc ch ca cc th ch o to. Trong khi thng tin v qu
trnh tip cn vi thng tin c rt ngn v pht trin theo hm s m th cc
trng hc khng th duy tr c mt con ng d l nh cho vic truyn ti
nhng thng tin bt buc t gio vin n hc sinh trong mt khong thi gian
hn nh. Trc xu hng ny, cc trng hc nn chuyn sang hng khuyn
khch vic hc cch hc i vi hc vin: V d, gip hc vin t c nhng
kin thc v k nng gip cho con ngi c th tip tc vic hc tp trong sut
cuc i2. Theo cch gi ca nh tng lai hc Alvin Toffler Nhng ngi m
ch ca th k 21 s khng phi l nhng ngi khng bit c bit vit m
chnh l nhng ngi khng bit cch hc, cch qun v cch hc li.
Mi quan tm v o to v cht lng o to i hi phi m rng c hi gio
dc cho nhng ngi d b nh hng nht trong qu trnh ton cu ha, gm
nhng nc ang pht trin ni chung v nhng ngi thu nhp thp, n gii, v
nhng cng nhn tay ngh thp ni ring. Nhng thay i mang tnh ton cu
cng gp phn to p lc ln nhng ngi ngi khng ngng mun nm bt v
p dng nhng k nng. T chc Lao ng Quc t nh ngha v yu cu t ra
cho gio dc v o to trong nn kinh t ton cu mi c gi l Gio dc c
s cho tt c mi ngi, Nhng k nng lm vic c bn cho tt c v Hc
tp sut i cho tt c.3
Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng (ICT) bao gm i v v tuyn, cng nh
cc cng ngh k thut s mi hn nh my tnh v Internet c coi l nhng
cng c tim nng mnh m c kh nng to ra nhng thay i v ci cch cho
gio dc. Ngi ta cho rng nu s dng cng c cng ngh thng tin v truyn
thng mt cch hp l c th gip m rng ng tip cn gio dc, tng cng
b tr gio dc nhng ni lm vic lin quan n k thut s ang khng
ngng tng ln v nng cao cht lng gio dc di nhiu hnh thc m mt
trong s l vic gip qu trnh dy v hc tr nn nng ng, hp dn c
lin h vi thc tin cuc sng. Tuy nhin, kinh nghim trong vic gii thiu cc
cng c cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng (CNTT v TT) khc nhau trong cc
lp hc v cc c s gio dc trn khp th gii trong vi thp k qua cho thy
vic bin cc li ch gio dc tim nng ca CNTT v TT thnh hin thc mt
cch y khng phi l qu trnh t nhin m c ch . Vic a cng c
CNTT v TT vo h thng gio dc mt cch hiu qu l mt qu trnh phc tp,
a din, lin quan n khng ch vn cng ngh. Thc t, nu c ngun ti
chnh ban u th c cng ngh l phn d dng nht, cn li l chng trnh
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Hiu bit v vn ho
c sng to
Kh nng thch ng
Kh nng sng to
Kim sot ri ro
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Kh nng hp tc v trao i,
Trao i
Kh nng xc nh th t u tin, lp
k hoch v qun l chng trnh/d
n nhm t c kt qu mong
mun. Kh nng ng dng nhng
iu hc c trn lp v cuc sng
thc t nhm to ra s cc sn phm
c tnh thich ng v cht lng cao.
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Hot ng
- Cc Nhm nh
Hp tc
- Cc c nhn
- Cc nhm ng nht
Sng to
- Hc cch sn xut li
- Hc tp nhng vn hu ch
Hp nht
Cch nh gi
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Ngun:
Learning
Through
the
Web.
Available
Online
ttp://www.decidenet.nl/Publications/ Web_Based_Learning.pdf Accessed 31
May 2002.
Hc tp nng ng. ICT tng cng cc cng c to tnh nng ng trong hc
tp phc v cc cuc thi, tnh ton v phn tch thng tin, do vy cung cp mt
nn tng cho sinh vin a ra cc cu hi, phn tch, v xy dng nhng thng tin
mi. Hc vin bi vy hc v thng qua lm vic v bt c khi no ph hp c
th vn dng vo cuc sng thc t, lm cho vic hc tp t tru tng hn v
tng tnh ph hp vi thc tin vi cuc sng.
Bng cch ny, v i lp vi cch hc theo kiu hc thuc lng, ICT nhn mnh
cch hc theo kiu tng cng s tham gia ca ngi hc. ICT tng cng vic
hc theo kiu tu chn m cc hc vin c th chn nhng vn hoc chn ci
hc khi cn thit.
Hc tp hp tc. Hc tp vi s h tr ca ICT khuyn khch s trao i v hp
tc gia hc vin, gio vin v cc chuyn gia trong cng lnh vc. Mt phn ca
s trao i l v cuc sng thc ti, hc tp vi s h tr ca ICT cung cp cho
cc hc vin c hi lm vic vi cc c nhn t cc nn vn ho khc nhau, qua
nng cao kh nng lm vic nhm v k nng giao tip cng nh nhn thc v
ton cu. Phng thc ny to ra m hnh m vic hc tp c thc hin bng
nhng khong thi gian thch hp ca ngi hc thng qua vic m rng khng
gian hc tp ti khng ch nhng ngi ng la m c nhng ngi ln tui v
nhng chuyn gia cc lnh vc khc nhau.
Hc tp mt cch sng to. Hc tp c h tr s thc y s tn dng nhng
thng tin ang c v to ra c nhng sn phm thc dng hn l s thu nhn
thng tin tha thi
Hc tp mt cch ho hp. Vic hc tp c h tr bng ICT-thc y mt
ch , cc bc tip cn tng hp ti vic dy v hc. Bc tip cn ny loi tr
nhng chia ct mang tnh hnh thc gia cc mn hc khc nhau v gia l
thuyt vi thc hnh, nhng vn hnh thnh nn c im ca lp hc
truyn thng.
Hc tp mang tnh nh gi. Hc tp vi s h tr ca ICT mang tnh chun
on v nh hng ti sinh vin.
Khng ging nh cc cng ngh gio dc tnh, cng ngh gio dc da vo sch
hoc nhng n phm, phng php hc vi s h tr ca ICT ghi nhn nhiu con
ng v nhiu cch c kin thc. ICTs cho php hc vin khm ph, tm ti
hn l ch nghe v nh.
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tip cn ti gio dc- v n c nhiu thnh cng trong cc vic thit lp thng
thng v khng thng thng.24
Nghin cu rng ri trn th gii ch ra rng nhiu d n IRI c mt nh
hng tch cc v kt qu hc tp v v s cn bng trong gio dc. V vi phm
vi kinh t, n chng t l mt chin lc hiu qu v mt chi ph tng i vi
cc s can thip khc. 25
Telesecudarian ca M hi c l mt v d tiu biu khc ca vic dy trc tip
trn lp, ln ny s dng TV. Chng trnh c a ra ti M hi c vo nm
1968 nh l mt chin lc hiu qu v chi ph cho vic m rng hc tp bc tiu
hc ti cc cng ng nh v xa xi. Perraton miu t chng trnh nh sau:
Chng trnh TV c lm tp trung c pht i qua v tinh trn ton nc theo
mt lch trnh (t 8h sng n 2 gi chiu v t 2 gi chiu n 8 gi sng) ti
cc trng hc Telesecundaria, bao trm cc bi hc ging nh mc ph thng
c s ti cc trng thng thng. Mi mt gi tp trung vo mt ch khc
nhau v theo cng mt lch trnh 15 pht trn TV, sau theo sch v theo gio
vin. Hc sinh c dy bi nhiu gio vin trn TV nhng ch c mt gio vin
ti trng hc cho tt c cc mn hc ti mi mt cp.26 S thit k ca chng
trnh thc hin nhiu s thay i qua nhiu nm, thay i t vic gio vin
ni sang nhng chng trnh tng tc v nng ng hn kt ni cng ng
vi chng trnh qua phng php ging dy. Chin lc ny c ngha kt hp
nhng vn cng ng vo trong chng trnh, a ra cho hc sinh mt s gio
dc lng ghp, lin quan ti cng ng ln trong vic t chc v qun l trng
hc v khuy ng hc sinh tin hnh cc hot ng cng ng.27
Nhng nh gi v Telesecundaria c khuyn khch: t l b hc t hn
nhng trng hc thng thng v c ngha hn cc trng k thut.
Ti chu , 44 trng i hc radio v TV Trung Quc (bao gm Truyn
thanh trung tm Trung Quc v Trng i hc TV), Universitas Terbuka ca
Indonesia v Trng i hc m quc gia Indira Ghandi thc hin s dng
rng ri truyn thanh v TV, c cho vic dy trc tip trn lp v cho truyn
thng trng hc, nhm t c nhiu s lng ngi hn. Vi nhng t chc
ny, vic truyn thng thng theo vi nhng ti liu in sn v bng ct st.
Trng i hc ca Nht v hng khng thc hin 160 kho bng TV v 160
bng truyn thanh nm 2000. Mi kho bao gm 15-45 pht bi ging truyn
ton quc mt ln mt tun trong 15 tun. Cc bi ging c thc hin qua trm
pht ca trng i hc t 6 gi sng ti 12 gi tra. Sinh vin cng c a
cho nhng ti liu in sn b xung, ging dy trc din v tr ging trn mng.29
Thng i cng vi cc ti liu in sn, ct st v CD-ROMS, truyn thng trng
hc, ging nh l dy trc tip trn lp, ging nh gio trnh quc gia v pht
trin theo mt lot lnh vc. Nhng khng ging nh ging dy trn lp trc tip,
truyn thng trng hc khng c nh thay th cho gio vin m ch nh l
mt s tng thm ca ging dy truyn thng trn lp. Truyn thng trng hc
th linh hot hn IRI v gio vin quyt nh h s lng ghp cc ti liu truyn
thng vo lp hc nh th no. Cc cng ty truyn thng ln cung cp truyn
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trnh by biu cc khi nhim tru tng, son nhc v cc h thng chuyn
gia.
S dng thng tin v ngun ti nguyn t cc a CD-ROM hay trc tuyn nh
bch khoa ton th, bn v tp bn tng tc, bo ch in t v cc ti liu
tham kho khc.
Cn pi c cc kin thc c bn v cng ngh c th hc bng cng ngh,
l mt qu trnh hai bc trong hc sinh phi hc v cng ngh trc khi h
thc s dng chng hc tp. Tuy nhin, ngi ta ang c gng tch hp hai
bc ny vi nhau.
Hc qua my tnh v Internet l g?
Hc qua my tnh v Internet l s kt hp gia vic hc v chng v hc vi
chng. N bao gm vic hc cc k nng cng ngh ng lc hay khi ngi
hc cn phi hc chng khi h tham gia vo mt hot ng c lin quan n
chng trnh hc.
V d, cc hc sinh cp hai phi trnh by mt bo co v nhng nh hng i
vi cng ng khi gi du la tng trong mt lp hc kinh t u tin c th phi
bt u nghin cu trn mng, s dng cc bng biu v chng trnh d liu
gip h t chc v phn tch nhng s liu h thu thp c cng nh s dng
ng dng son vn bn vit bo co. .
Box 2. y mnh phng php s phm ly ngi hc lm trung tm qua
my tnh
D n CHILD (Pht trin my tnh h tr ging dy) l chng trnh ging
dy tch hp trn my tnh c pht trin t nm 1988 ca Trng i hc
Florida cho cc lp K-5 (tin hc ng v tiu hc). Chng trnh ny tp
trung vo ba mn hc chnh- tp c, tp vit v ton. Mi lp d n c mt
my trm vi t 3 n 6 my tnh. Butzin m t quang cnh ca mt lp hc
d n CHILD nh sau: Gi hc bt u bng vic gio vin dn dt ton b
bi ging- t khi qut n chi tit. Sau 10 pht hng dn trc tip, hc
sinh c hc trn my tnh. Mi my tnh s c mt hot ng lin quan
n chi tit bi ging. Mt s s tp trung vo thc hnh k nng, s khc li
tp trung vo pht trin khi nim.
Cc hot ng trn my tnh bao gm vic hc thc hnh cng nh cc
phng thc hc c hnh v ting. Gio vin ci phn mm bi ging vo
mi trm my tnh theo cc mc tiu bi hc.
Trong khi cc nhm hc sinh lm vic trn my tnh, gio vin i quanh
gip , gii quyt, tip cn v khch l hc sinh lm cc bi tp c giao.
Khi mt hc sinh kt thc bi tp s c chuyn sang my tnh tip theo
nu cn thit. Cui tit hc, tp trung c lp li phn nh v tho lun v
cc bi tp lm.
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Cc gio vin chia hc sinh thnh cc lp K-2 hoc 3-5 v p dng phng
php ging dy ny vi bn tr trong vng 3 nm, iu quan trng l phi
xc nh c phn mm thch hp vi mn hc v gip hc sinh hc theo
ng nhp hc ca chng. Cc gio vin cng c o to mt nm v
c cung cp cc ti liu nghin cu phc v cng tc son gio n v s
dng cng ngh.
Qua mt thp k nghin cu v cc hc sinh d n CHILD cho thy h c
kt qu hc tp cao hn mt cch n nh so vi cc hc sinh cng tui hc
cc lp truyn thng trong cc k thi tiu chun, v nhng nh hng tch
cc ca chng trnh vn tip tc tng ln qua thi gian. Cc hc sinh D n
CHILD cng c nhng thi tt hn i vi trng lp, hc tp v c k
lut hn. D n CHILD c U.S cng nhn l mt chng trnh hiu qu.
Department of Educations National Diffusion Network and has received
funding for nationwide expansion.
Ngun: Butzin, S., D n CHILD: Mt thp k thnh cng cho tr em. C
trc tuyn trn a ch
http:// www.thejournal.com/magazine/vault/A2882.cfmTruy cp ngy 22/6/
2002.
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Tnh hiu qu, chi ph, tnh cng bng v bn vng l bn vn ln lin quan
cht ch vi nhau cn c nhn mnh khi xem xt nh hng tng th ca vic
s dng ICT trong gio dc.
Vic hc c ng dng ICT c tht s hiu qu khng?
Tnh hiu qu gio dc ca ICT ph thuc vo chng c s dng nh th no
v vi mc ch g. V ging nh bt c mt cng c hc tp no hay mt hnh
thc gio dc no khc, ICT khng hiu qu vi tt c mi ngi, mi ni theo
cng mt cch.
Tng cng s tip cn.Tht kh xc nh s lng mc trong ICT
gip m rng s tip cn ti vic gio dc c bn khi m phn ln s can
thip cho mc ch ny u trong phm vi nh v khng c bo co. Mt
ngoi l l d n da trn TV (Telesecundaria) ( c bn ti phn trn),
vo nm 1997-1998 c phc v hn 750.000 sinh vin trung hc c s ti
12.000 trung tm Mehic. Ti Chu v chu Phi, s nh gi cc d n hc
t xa ti mc trung hc c s s dng mt s kt hp cng ngh in, bng v
truyn dn t thuyt phc hn trong khi ti cp tiu hc, c t bng chng rng
cc m hnh theo ICT pht trin.45 Ti mc gio dc cao hn v o to ngi
ln, c mt vi bng chng rng cc c hi gio dc c m ra ti tng c
nhn v nhm, nhng ngi b cn tr trong vic tham gia ti cc trng i hc
truyn thng. Mi mt trong 11 ci gi l trng i hc mega, nhng trng m
v t xa ln nht v c thnh lp tt nht trn th gii (bao gm trng i
hc m ca Anh, trng i hc m quc gia Indira Gandhi, H thng trng
i hc TV Trung quc, Trng Terbuka ca Indonesia v Trng i hc Nam
Phi) c s lng sinh vin vo hng nm hn 100,000, v cng lc, chng c
khong 2.8 triu sinh vin so vi 14 triu sinh vin ng k trong 3.500 trng
i hc v cao ng ti M.46
Nng cao cht lng. nh hng ca gio dc truyn thanh, TV v truyn thng
vi cht lng gio dc c bn vn cn l lnh vc cha c khm ph nhng
nhng nghin cu nh gi rng s can thip ny cng hiu qu nh vic dy ti
cc lp hc truyn thng. 47 Mt trong nhiu d n gio dc tryn thng, d n
hng dn hc qua truyn thanh c phn tch tng th nht. Nhng nghin
cu cung cp nhng bng chng mnh m v tnh hiu qu ca d n trong vic
nng cao cht lng ca gio dc c th hin bng im s tng ln trong
nhng bi kim tra tiu chun cng nh thc y s c mt trn lp. 48
Ngc li, s nh gi v s dng my tnh, Internet v nhng cng ngh lin
quan cho vic hc t xa li khng r rng. Trong bi nghin cu tng th ca
mnh, Russel khng nh rng khng c s khc bit ng k gia nhng im
kim tra ca ngi hc trong nhng kho hc t xa s dng ICT v nhng ngi
hc trc din.49 Tuy nhin nhng khng nh khc nh l vic tng qut ho vn
cha i n quyt nh, ch ra rng mt lng ln cc bi bo v hc t xa vi
ICT khng bao gm nhng nghin cu th nghim hoc cc trng hp in
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hnh.50 Nhng s ch trch khc cho rng t l b hc cao hn nhiu khi s ging
bi c thc hin qua ICT.
Cng c nhiu nghin cu dng nh ng hi s ku ca rng vic s dng my
tnh tng cng v phng i nhng gio trnh hin ti, nh l bin php qua vic
kim tra c tiu chun ha. c bit, nghin cu ch ra rng vic s dng my
tnh nh l tr ging cho vic thc hnh v cho vic a ra nhng bi ging, kt
hp vi s ging dy truyn thng, t c kt qu trong vic tng vic hc
trong nhng bi ging truyn thng v nhng lnh vc k nng c bn cng nh
l im kim tra mt s mn khi so snh vi cch dy truyn thng ring bit.
Sinh vin cng hc nhanh hn, tp trung nhiu hn v hng th hn khi hc
khi h lm vic vi my tnh. 51 Nhng c nhng ngi cho rng nhng iu ny
t c phi chng v trong vi trng hp, nhiu nghin cu cho rng nhng
li ku ca ny da trn s sai lm v phng php lun.
Nghin cu gi rng vic s dng my tnh, Internet v cng ngh lin quan
a ra cho gio vin s o to v h tr ph hp, c th tht s h tr vic
chuyn giao ca mi trng hc tp sang ly ngi hc lm trung tm. Nhng
nhng nghin cu ny b ch trch cho vic thm d v miu t v bn cht v
thiu kinh nghim. Cng khng c nhng bng chng mnh m rng mi trng
hc tp mi thc y hiu qu hc tpk. S tn ti l d liu cht lng da trn
s quan st v phn tch v nhn thc ca gio vin v hc sinh gi mt nh
hng tch cc i vi hc tp.52 Mt trong nhng vn quan trng l c gng
tip cn tnh hiu qu ca my tnh v Internet nh l mt cng c chuyn ti
m nhng bi kim tra tiu chun ho khng th nm bt c nhng li ch m
hy vng t c trong mi trng ngi hc lm trung tm.
Hn th na, t khi cng ngh s dng c lng ghp y vo h thng hc
tp ln hn, rt kh khn tch bit cng ngh khc nhau v xc nh liu
nhng thnh qu c c l do s dng cng ngh hay vi yu t khc hay kt
hp cc yu t li.
Chi ph l bao nhiu?
Ni mt cch rng ri gio dc trn TV v trn my tnh cng nh hc trn mng
th t hn l qua i pht thanh radio.53 Tuy nhin c s phn i liu pht trn
TV r hn my tnh v hc trn mng khng.54 S nh gi r rng v hiu qu
chi ph rt kh thc hin v thiu s liu, khc nhau trong chng trnh, vn
khi qut tng hp v vn xc nh s lng cc kt qu v chi ph c hi gio
dc.55 Ring v my tnh v Internet, Blurton cho rng khi xem xt liu ICT l
mt s thit lp gio dc hiu qu chi ph hay khng, mt kt lut c th khng
kh thi cho nhiu l do khc nhau. Tuy nhin, khi xem xt s la chon ca vic
xy dng nhiu h tng c s vt l, tit kim chi ph c nhn ra qua vic chia
x cc ngun v gi v mt x hi ca vic khng cung cp s truy cp, ICT nh
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b.
c.
d.
e.
Nhng thch thc lin quan ti h tng trong vic tng cng gio dc
vi ICT l g?
H tng cng ngh gio dc ca mt nc t ln hng u ca h tng thng tin
v vin thng quc gia. Trc khi mt chng trnh da trn ICT c a ra,
cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v cc nh ln k hoch phi xem xt cn thn
nhng vn sau:
Trong nhng ni u tin, phng hc v cc to nh sn c cho cc cng
ngh cha? Ti cc nc ni c nhiu trng hc c, vic sa cha m
rng m bo cc ng dy in, l si/lnh v s thng gi, s an
ton v an ninh s cn thit
Mt yu cu c bn l tnh sn c ca in v in thoi. Ti cc nc
ang pht trin, nhiu vng rng ln vn cn cha c ngun cung cp in
ng tin cy v in thoi gn nht cch xa hng dm. Kinh nghim ti mt
s nc Chu Phi ch ra cng ngh khng dy (nh VSAT) nh l mt
kh nng c th cho s nhy vt.74 Mc d hin ti y l mt cch tip
cn rt tn km, cc nc ang pht trin khc vi h tng vin thng yu
km nn nghin cu s la chn ny.
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nghip
Mc ch: Pht trin k nng v nh gi v ph bin cc bin php thc
hnh i mi trong lp hc trong khi a ra nhng vn v x hi v sc
tc.
WorLD cng pht trin cc mu o to cho cc nh hoch nh chnh sch
v qun l ICT gio dc v cc trung tm in thoi.
WorLD hin ti hot ng trn 20 nc Chu Phi, chu M Latin v Nam
. N bt u tri rng chng trnh ca mnh ra ng Nam , ti
Campuchia, Lo, Vit Nam, Indonesia v Philippine vo nm 2003
Ngun: WorLD Chng trnh 2001
Cc nh qun l gio dc: Lnh o ng vai tr quan trng trong lng ghp ICT
vo gio dc
Nhiu d n sng kin ICT vi gio vin hoc hc sinh dn dn b suy yu do
thiu s h tr t trn. Cho cc chng trnh lng ghp ICT tr nn hiu qu v
n nh, cc nh qun l t h phi thnh tho trong vic s dng cng ngh v
h phi c mt s hiu bit rng ri v cc gio trnh cng ngh, cc lnh vc
qun l, ti chnh v x hi ca vic s dng ICT trong gio dc
Cc chuyn gia h tr v cng ngh. Cho d c cung cp bi cc nhn vin
trong trng hc hay nhng nh cung cp dch v bn ngoi hoc c hai, cc
chuyn gia h tr cng ngh cn thit tip tc kh nng pht trin ca vic s
dng ICT trong mt trng hc nht nh. Trong khi cc yu cu h tr k thut
ca mt t chc ph thuc hon ton vo cng ngh g v c p dng v s
dng th no, nhng k nng chung c yu cu s nm trong vic lp t, vn
hnh v bo hnh cc thit b k thut (bao gm c phn mm), qun l mng v
an ton mng. Khng c s h tr k thut kp thi, nhiu thi gian v tin bc
c th b mt do cc li k thut.
V d ti Philippin, mt trong nhng vt cn chnh vi vic s dng lc quan ti
cc trng cp 3 thiu s h tr k thut ng lc. Trong mt s trng hp
lin quan ti cc trng hc ti vng su vng xa, my tnh khng hot ng
c mt hng thng sa cha khi khng c nhng cn b k thut sn c
nhng vng ln cn v my tnh cn phi gi ti thnh ph gn nht cch hng
trm kilomt.80
Chuyn gia pht trin ni dung. Vic pht trin ni dung l mt lnh vc quan
trng thng c b qu xem xt. Hng lot nhng thit b gio dc da trn
ICT hin ti hu nh bng ting Anh (xem phn ngn ng v ni dung di)
hoc t nhng iu lin quan n gio dc ti cc nc ang pht trin (c bit
ti trng tiu hc v c s). C mt nhu cu pht trin ni dung gio dc
thun gc (chng hn nh cc chng trnh pht thanh, ti liu hc tng tc a
phng tin trn CD-ROM hoc DVD, cc kho hc trn web, vv..), chp thun
nhng ni dung hin ti v chuyn ni dung in sang cc phng tin s ho.
y l nhng nhim v m vi cc chuyn gia pht trin ni dung nh thit k
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GHI CH
1US Department of Labor (1999), Cng vic tng lai- Xu hng v thch thc trong cng
vic trong th k 21 Quoted in EnGauge, 21st Century Skills, North Central Regional
Educational Laboratory; available from http://www.ncrel.org/engauge/skills/21skills.htm;
accessed 31 May 2002.
2 Cho vic thuyt phc kin cho s cn thit chuyn i khi nim ca trng hc vi
s thay i x hi theo cng ngh Thornburg, David (2000), Technology in K-12 Education:
Envisioning a New Future; available from http://www.air-dc.org/forum/abthornburg.htm;
accessed 3 July 2002.
3 ,T chc lao ng quc t Hc v o to cho cng vic trong x hi tri thc; available
from http://www.Ilo.org/public/English/employment/skills/recomm/report; accessed 31 May
2002, p. 5.
4 Blurton, C., nh hng mi ca s dng ICT trong gio dc. Available online
http://www.unesco.org/education/educprog/lwf/dl/edict.pdf; accessed 7 August 2002.
5, Xem v d ca Cuban. (1986), Gio vin v nhng chic my: Vic s dng phng hc ca
cng ngh t nhng nm (New York: Teachers College Press).
6 Potashnik, M. and J. Capper, Gio dc t xa: Tng trng v a dng ho; available from
ttp://www.worldbank.org/fandd/english/pdfs/0398/0110398.pdf; accessed 14
August 2002.
7 See Taghioff, Daniel (April 2001), S ng lngVai tr tim nng ca ICT trong pht
trin: trao quyn, ng n v phng php nu nhu cu c p; available from http://
www.btinternet.com/~daniel.taghioff/index.html; accessed 14 August 2002.
8 http://www.open.ac.uk
9 http://www.ignou.ac.in
10The Commonwelath of Learning, Gii thiu vic hc m v t xa;available from
http://www.col.org/ODLIntro/introODL.htm; accessed 14 August 2002.
11 Quoted in Founts, Jeffrey T. (February 2000), Nghin cu v my tnh v gio dc: Qu
kh, hin ti v tng lai ; available from
http://www.gatesfoundation.org/nr/dpwnloads/ed/evaluation/Computer_Research_Summary.pd
f; accessed October 2002, p. 11.
12 World Bank (1998), Bo co pht trin th gii 1998/99. Quoted in Blurton, C.,Nhng nh
hng mi ca s dng ICT trong gio dc
13 EnGauge. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory; available from
http://www.ncrel.org/engauge/skills/21skills.htm; accessed 31 May 2002.
14 Haddad, Wadi D. and Jurich, Sonia (2002), ICT cho gio dc: Tim nng v hiu qu, in
Haddad, W. & Drexler, A. (eds), TCng ngh cho gio dc: Tim nng, gii hn v vin cnh
(Washington DC: Academy for Educational Development and Paris: UNESCO), pp. 34-37.
15 Jung, I., Nhng vn v thch thc ca o to gio vin ti chc trn mng: Kinh
nghim ca Hn quc; available from http://www.irrodl.org/content/v2.1/jung.pdf;accessed 4
August 2002.
16 Carnoy, Martin, et al. (June 2, 2001), Gio dc t xa ti Trung quc: Mt tho lun v lch
s, thch thc v ng dng cho Trung quc vo th k 21; available from
http://ldt.stanford.edu/~yokonaga/portfolio/ed236x/China.jjy.htm; accessed 4 August 2002.
17 http://www.ignou.ac.in. See also Asian Development Bank (1997), Gio dc t xa cho gio
vin tiu hc: Ti liu v chu trnh hi tho khu vc v gio dc t xa (Manila: Asian
Development Bank).
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V TC GI
VICTORIA L. TINIO l gim c hc t xa ca Qu gio dc cng ngh thng
tin v pht trin (FIT-ED), mt t chc phi li nhun ti Malina, Philippines.
Trong kh nng , b thit k v qun l mng li hp tc quc t ca
trng trung hc c s cng ti Philippin c gi l Pilipinas ShoolNet, lm
vic trc tip vi nhng nh hoch ch chnh sch gio dc, qun l trng hc
v gio vin trn khp nc. B Tinio cng lm vic vi Nhm lm vic ca eASEAN v cc t chc quc t v khu vc khc v cc hot ng trong gio dc
trn ICT ti Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, v Brunei Darussalam.
Li cm n
Xin gi li cm n ti Patricia Arinto, Katch Nakpil, Emmanuel Lallana,
Christelle Mariano, Patricia Pascual,v Veni Ilowa v s gip qu bu ca h
trong vic vit v xut bn bi ny
Ti cng cm n Michael Trucano ca Worldlinks v Christopher Spohr ca
Ngn hng pht trin chu nhng ngi m nng lc ca h nh l chuyn gia
trong cng ngh gio dc cho cc nc ang pht trin, cung cp nhng li bnh
lun su sc v gi thc s ng gp cho bi ny.