\n--lm-b-\m-Wv a-\p-jy.-.tcm-Kw.-.A-]-I-Sw.-.th-Z-\.-.

a-c-Ww
Xm-m-\m-hm-
Zp-:J-`m-c-.-.sS-j-\n-m- Zn-h-k- A-]q-w.a-t\m-tcm-K-hn-Z-Kv--cp-sS ]-Sn-hm-Xn- Xn-pw Xn-c-pw h-np-p.- ]-co--bn-se c-v am-n-s Ip-d-hv t]m-epw k-ln-m-\mhm-sX B--l-Xy sN-p- Iu-am-c-. ssN-\-bn- -am-{Xw- -Hm-tcm
c-v an-\n-n-epw H-cm ho-Xw B--l-Xy sN-p-p.- C-y-bn Hmtcm h-j-hpw 1,50,000 tm-fw t] B--lXy sN-p-p.- tI-c-fn Hm-tcm- Zn-h-k-hpw 32 B--l-Xy-I \-S-p-p.hm--Iy-n-s H--s-S-epw t\m-hp-I-fpw.-.-s]-cp-Ip- hr--k-Z\-.-.-H-fn-tm-Sp- Ip-n-I-fp-sS-bpw kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS-bpw F-w h-np-p.-.Zm-cn-{Zyw Im-c-Ww Hm-tcm Zn-h-k-hpw tem-I-v 22,000 Ip-n-I a-cnp-t]m-Ip-p.- kw-c--I-cn-m--Xn-s t]-cn sX-cp-hn-te-v h-ens-dn-b-s-Sp--h-cp-sS F-w h-n-p-p. -{]-Ir-Xn-Zp-c--.-.-. kp\m-an.-.-. sh--sm-w.-.-. h-c-.-.-.-sIm-Sp-m-v.-.-. X-I-cp- ]-cn-n-Xn
k-p-e\
- w.-..- h
- n-p- Hm-tkm ]m-fn-I.-..- Im-em-h
- m {I-aa
- m-
- ...h-n-p- Nq-Sv.-.-. D-cp-Ip- a-p-a-e-I.-.-.-B-h-n-p- `q-I-.-.-.1

A-[m-n-I-X-bp-sS Iq--c-m-Wv tem-I-an-v.- a-\-n-s\ th-Z-\nn-p-, I-p-I-sf Cu-d-\-Wn-bn-p-, lr-Z-b--sf \-Sp-p-, Dd--hpw kz--X-bpw sI-Sp-p- lo-\-hpw {Iq-c-hp-am-b {]-h--\ sIm-v ho-p-ap-p-I-bm-Wv ]-{X-m-fp-I-fn-v. A-Xp hm-bn-p \- a-\p-jy-cp-sS lr-Z-b--fpw.-.-a-\p-jy-s\-p ]-n F-m-Wv Fm-h-cpw tNm-Zn-p--Xv ?
N-Xn-bpw h--\-bpw Po-hn-X-n-s Hpan ta-J-e-I-fn-epw ]n-Snap-dp-p-p.-.-.- I-cm-dp-I ]m-en--s-Sp-n-.-.-.-am-bw I-e-cm- D-- hn-c-fw.-.-.- I--h-S-sa--Xv X-n-n-s ]-cym-b-am-bn am-dp-p. Af-hn-epw Xq--n-epw Ir-{Xn-a- hym-]-Iw.- sNe-h-gn-m-\m-Im-
D--- h-W--S-em-kp-I-fn s]m-Xn-v hn--\ \-S-pp.- hm-p--h-\pw hn-p--h-\pw A-dn-bmw,]-n--s-Sp-p-sh-v.cm-jv-{So-b-n-s t]-cn, ]m-n-bp-sS t]-cn, A-Xn-n-bp-sS
t]-cn, kz-n-s t]-cn, t{]-a-n-s t]-cn, s]-n-s t]-cn,
{]-m-\-n-s t]-cn, a-X-n-s t]-cn.-.-.-a-\p-jy-a-\-:km-n-sb
a-c-hn-n-p- `-bm-\-I-hpw ar-Ko-b-hp-am-b F-{X-sb-{X sIm-e-]m-X-I.-.-! a-X-\n-b-a--tf-bpw a-\p-jy-Xz-t-bpw a-dn-I-S-v.-.-. A-k-ln-jvWp-X-bpw A-cm-P-I-Xz-hpw h-f-n.-.-.- `o-Xn-bpw hn-tZz-j-hpw ]-S-n..-.- B-fn--p- `o-I-c-X.H-c-]w B-izm-kw tX-Sn sN-p- a-X-nt-bpw B-o-b-X-bptSbpw tI-{- `q-cn-`m-K-hpw Nq-j-W-n-s {]-Xn-cq-]--fm-Wv. Bm-hn-s tam--sa- e-y-n-\v th-n F-{X a-X--, F-{X XXz-kw-ln-X-I.-.-H-tc a-X-n X-s tN-cn Xn-cn-hp-I.-.-Pm-Xn, hKw, h-Ww, `m-j.-.k-Xyw {]-Nc
- n-n-p-h
- s
- c Xn-cn-d
- n-bm {]-bm-ks
- -Spw-hn-[w kwL-S-\m a--c-.-. ssZ-hw H-t-bp-q-sh-v hm-Zn-p--h t]mepw ssZ-h-a-m--h-sc hn-fn-p {]m-n-p-p.-hr-Ym-hn-em-Ip- Azm-\-, {]-Xo--I. A--X-bp-sS-bpw ]m-c--cy-hm-Z-n-sbpw a-d-hn A--hn-izm-kn-I s]-cp-Ip-p. I-Wn, ssI-\o-w, ssIt\m-w, Zp-a-{-hm-Zw, e--Ww t\m-, hm-kv-Xp, [-\m-K-a-\ b{w, P--\--{X--p-I.-.
H-tc a-X-n X-s ]-c-kv-]-c hn-cp--am-b B-Nm-c-. tZ-iwam-dp-tm, Im-ew am-dp-tm, ]p-tcm-ln-X am-dp-tm tIm-ew
am-dp- B-Nm-c-.-. -D--h-cp-sS a-c-W-n t]m-epw e-- Nne-h-gn-t-n h-cp- A-\m-Nm-c--fp-sS N--e-I. a-\p-jy-ssZ-h-fp-sS kz-w \m-Sm-bn am-dp-I-bm-Wv `m-c-Xw. Xp-Wn-bp-Sp-m-, Ip-fnm-, {`m--n-s e--W- t]m-epw Im-Wn-p--h ssZ-h-ambn, ssZ-h-n-s G-P-kn-I-fm-bn hm-gv--s-Sp-p.-hn-Zym-`ym-k-hpw
2

hn-h-c-hp-ap-s-v hm-Zn-p--h t]m-epw h-e-bn Ip-cp-p-p. \msf-sb-p-dn- a-\p-jy-s B-i--I-sf Nq-j-Ww sN-bv-Xv X-Sn-v sImgp-p- tPym-y-am.-.- hm-c-^-e-hpw Zn-h-k-^-e-hpw {]-kn-o-I-cnv tPym-y-am-cp-sS Ip-X-{--v Iq-p-\n-p- am-[y-a-.
{]-h-N-\- sX-m-sW-v 100 {]m-h-iyw sX-fn-bn-n-pw ]n-d-sI Iq-Sp hn-izm-kn-I (?)
{]-Xn-k-n-I-fpw {]-bm-k--fpw ]-e-Xpw A-\p-`-hn-p--h-cmWv \mw.-.-.-D--cw In-m-, a-\-n-\p-n ]q-gv-n-sh- H-cp ]m-Sv
tNm-Zy-. a-\p-jy-s {]-iv-\--pw, {]-Xn-k-n-I-pw tNmZy--pw A--ap-tm? ]-cn-lm-c-ap-tm? {]-Xn-hn-[n-bp-tm?
D--c-ap-tm? F-n--s\ H-cn--se-n-epw Po-hn-Xn tNm-Znm--h-cm-bn B-cm-Wp-m-hp-I.-.Po-hn-X-s-p-dn-pw Po-hn-X-e-y-s-p-dn-pw Xm--v IrXy-hpw hy--hp-am-b D-m-gv-N-bp-sS A-dn-hp \-Ip- G-Xm-\pw
h-cn-I-fm-Wv Cu sIm-p-]p-kv-X-I-n. Z-b-hm-bn A-]-k-a-bw, a-tbm-sS Cu h-cn-I-fneq-sS I-S-v t]m-Iq.-.-. \n--fp-sS sI-p-I Agn-s
- -t-mw. `
- m-c
- C-d
- n-sh-s
- -t-mw.-. D-c
-
- I-sn-tb-mw.-.-Im-gv-N-m-Sp-I Xn-cp--s-t-mw.-.Xp-S-m-epw.-.-.-.-

B-cm-Wv a-\p-jy.-.-? F-n-\m-Wo Po-hn-Xw.-.-?

a-\p-jy A-h-s\-s Xn-cn--dn-bp-I F--Xm-Wv am--n-s
Xp-S-w. ]-s Zu-`m-Ky-I-c-sa-p ]-d-bmw Po-hn-X-sa-m-sW-pw,
B-cm-Wv a-\p-jy-s\-pw \n-h-Nn-p-n-S-p X-s `q-cn-`m-K-n-\pw
A-_-w kw-`-hn-p-I-bm-Wv. ]p-\-P---fn-eq-sS ap-- ]m-]-tam
kp-Ir-X-tam A-\p-`-hn-m-\p--sX-pw, hn-izm-kw sIm-v P--]m]w I-gp-In-f
- b
- p-hm-\p- A-hk
- c
- s
- a-pw, ]-ca
- m-h[
- n B-kz-Zn-p sImv a-c-W-tm-sS A-h-km-\n-m- t]m-Ip- {]-l-k-\-sa-pw Fmw Po-hn-X-s ]-e-cpw hymJym-\n-m {i-an-p.-F-m Po-hn-X3

s Ip-dn-pw Po-hn-X e-y-s Ip-dn-pw Ir-Xy-hpw hy--hp-am-b

D--cw \-Ip- B-Z-i kw-ln-X-bm-Wv C-kv-emw.
a-p Po-h-Pm-e--fn \n-v hy-Xy--am-bn k-Xy-hpw A-k-Xy-hpw
Xn-cn--dn-bm-\p- hn-th-N-\-_p-n-bpw, sX-pw i-cn-bpw H-cp t]m-se
{]-h-n-m-\p- kzm-X-{y-hpw \-I-s-, ]-S--h-s k-hn-tij kr-n-bm-Wv a-\p-jy. hn-izm-k-hpw I-a--fpw sIm-v D--Xt\m \n-Ir-jv-S-t\m B-Im I-gn-hp--h, hn-a-eo-I-c-W-n-eq-sS imiz-X kz-Kw e-`n-m t]m-Ip `m-Ky-hm, A-s-n a-en-\o-I-cW-n-eq-sS im-iz-X \-c-Iw e-`n-m t]m-Ip \n-`m-Ky-hm, AXm-Wv a-\p-jy. a-\p-jy Po-hn-X-n-se G--hpw h-en-b {]-Xn-k-nbm-Wv a-c-Ww.-.-. a-c-W-sa-- bm-Ym-y-n-\v ap-n ]-I-p \nm--h B-cm-Wp-m-hp-I.-.-? ]-W-hpw ku-I-cy-hpw A-[n-Im-chpw D-m-bn-cp-m-epw a-c-Ww I-S-p h-cn-I X-s sN-pw. a-c-Wtm-sS A-h-km-\n-m- A-\--hpw A-\-iz-c-hp-am-b H-cp Po-hn-Xn-te-p- {]-th-in-I am-{X-am-Wv C-l-tem-I Po-hn-Xw F--Xm-Wv
C-kv-em-an-s Im-gv-N-m-Sv.
A-tm \mw \n--sf hr-Ym kr-jv-Sn--Xm-sW-pw, \-psS A-Sp--te-v \n- a-S--s-Sp-I-bn-s-pw \n-
I-W-m-n-bn-cn-p-I-bm-tWm? (Jp-B23:115)
\n--fn B-cm-Wv Iq-Sp-X \-m-bn {]-h-n-p--h
F-v ]-co-n-p-hm th-n a-c-W-hpw Po-hn-X-hpw
kr-jv-Sn--h-\m-Ip-p.-.-.-(Jp-B67:2)
A-tm B H-cp A-Wp-hn-s Xq-w \-a sN-bv-Xn-cpp-thm A-h-\-Xv Im-Wpw.-B H-cp A-Wp-hn-s Xq-w
Xn-a sN-bvX
- n-cp-p-thm A-h A-Xpw Im-Wpw. (Jp-B
99:7,8)
.-.-.-sF-ln-I-Po-hn-Xw H-cp Xm-m-en-I hn-`-hw am-{X-am-Wv.
Xo--bm-bpw ]-c-tem-Iw X-s-bm-Wv kv-Yn-c-hm-k-n-\p `-h-\w. (Jp-B 40:39)
h-h
- \
- pw ]-ct- em-Is
- Ir-jn-bm-Wv D-t-in-p-s
- X-n
A-h-s Ir-jn-bn \mw A-h-\v h--\ \-Ip--Xm-Wv.
h-h
- \
- pw C-lt- em-Is
- Ir-jn-bm-Wv D-t-in-p-s
- X-n
\mw A-h-\v A-Xn \n-v \-Ip--Xm-Wv.-A-h-\v ]-c-temI-v bm-sXm-cp hn-ln-X-hpw D-m-bn-cn-p--X-. (JpB 42:20)
4

B-cm-Wv a-\p-jy F- tNm-Zy-n-\pw hn-ip- Jp-B Xr-]vXn-I-c-am-b D--cw \-Ip-p.Iq-Sn-t-p-m-b H-cp _o-P-n \n-v Xo--bm-bpw
\mw a-\p-jy-s\ kr-jv-Sn-n-cn-p-p. \mw A-h-s\ ]-co-np-hm-\m-bn-v. A--s\ A-h-s\ \mw tI-hn-bp--h-\pw
Im-gv-N-bp--h-\p-am-n-bn-cn-p-p.-Xo--bm-bpw \mw A-hv h-gn Im-Wn-p-sIm-Sp-n-cn-p-p. F-n-v H-p-In
A-h \-n-bp--h-\m-Ip-p. A-s-n \-n-sI--h-\m-Ipp. (Jp-B 76:2,3)
F-m \n-`m-Ky-a-S--h-cm-I-s A-h \-c-I-n-em-bncn-pw.-(Jp-B 11:106)
F-m ku-`m-Kyw kn-n--h-cm-I-s, A-h kz-K-nem-bn-cn-pw. (Jp-B 11:108)

a-c-W-tm-sS F-mw A-h-km-\n-p-p-sh-n .-.-.?

\o-Xn- e-`n-m- ]m-h--v
F-hn-sS \o-Xn-e-`n-pw ?
P-\n-pw ap-t a-cn-v t]m-b-h-v
B-cv Po-h-Xw \-Ipw ?
tcm-K-n P-\n-v tcm-K-n X-s
a-cn-v t]m-b-h-v kp-J-Po-hn-Xw
F-hn-sS e-`n-pw ?
k-aq-l-n-\v th-n Po-hn-v, A-h-v
th-n--s a-cn-p-I-bpw sN-bv-X-h
F-v t\-Sn ?
F-n-\v Po-hn-X-n \-a am-{Xw
sIm-p \-S--Ww ?
Xn-a-I-fn \n-pw Ip--Ir-Xy--fn
\n-pw F-n-\v am-dn \n--Ww ?
]n-Sn-In-m- Ip--hm-fn-I-v
B-cv in- \-Ipw ?
I-pw I-c-fp-am-bn-cp- ]n-tm-a-\-I
\-jv-S-s- am-Xm-]n-Xm--v A-h-sc
Xn-cn-v \-Im B-v I-gn-bpw ?
[o-c-c--km-n-I F-m-Wv
a-c-Ww sIm-v t\-Sn-b-Xv ?
5

ssZ-h-ap-tm.-.?
C-cp-p km-a-{Kn-I-p ap-I-fn sIm-Spw Im--Sn-m bm-Zr-nI-am-bn H-cp hn-am-\w D-m-Ip-tam.-.-? Im-n-se a-cw H-gp-In h-v, Xm-t\
H-cp I- D-m-hp-tam.-.-? Ip-c--s I-n t]-\ \-In-bm, H-cp
a-lm-Im-hyw cq-]w sIm-p-tam.-.-?
F-n ]n-s.-.-. A-\--hpw A-m-X-hpw A-h-W-\o-b-hp-am-b
Cu a-lm-{]-]--hpw, I-n-Pz-en-p- kq-cy-\pw, sXm-n t]m-se
kp-c-n-X-am-b `q-an-bpw, A--c-n-p- ssP-h ssh-hn-[y--fpw, Ap-X--fp-sS A-p-X-am-b a-\p-jy-\pw, hn-{i-a-an-m-sX an-Sn-p- \p-sS lr-Z-b-hpw, A-Xo-h k-o--am-b Po-h-tIm-i--fpw, F-mw.-.
F-mw.-.-. bm-Zr-n-I-am-bn, kz-bw cq-]-s-p F-pw, F-n-s\-sbms-tbm, F-mw kw-`-hn-p-p-sh-pw, bm-sXm-cp _p-n-bpw C-h-v
]n-n {]-h-n-p-n- F-pw hn-th-I-ap--h hm-Zn-p-tam.-.-?
13.-73 _n-y h-j-s ]-g--ap-s-v hn-iz-kn--s-Sp-, CXp-h-sc I-s-n-b {]-]--n-s A-w, `q-an-bn \n-v 4650
tIm-Sn {]-Im-i h-jw A-I-se-bm-W v F--dn-bp-tm-gm-Wv {]-]-ns hn-im-e-X-bpw k-o-W-X-bpw \-ap-v t_m-[y-s-Sp-I.`q-an-bn \n-v 149.-6 an-y In-tem-ao- A-I-se-bm-bn-p t]mepw \-ap-v k-ln-m-\m-hm- Nq-Sv \-Ip- kq-cy. `q-an-bp-sS 13
e-w C-c-n h-en--ap--s{X kq-cy-\v. a-Wn-q-dn 1669 In-tem-ao th-K-X-bn kz-bw I-d-p-tm X-s, H-cp sk-n 30 Intem-ao- th-K-X-bn kq-cy-s\ Np-p-I-bm-Wv `q-an. `q-an-bp-sS I-dw \n-e-p-t]m-bm Zn-h-k---Iw Po-h-Pm-e- \-in-v t]mIpw. 20 e-w ap-X 10 tIm-Sn h-sc k-ky--P-p Pm-e- `q-anbn D-s-v I-W-m--s-Sp-p. 500 cq-]-bn Xm-sg am-{Xw hn-e
h-cp- cm-k-]-Zm-- sIm-m-Wv a-\p-jy i-co-cw \n-n-n-p-Xv. \-p-sS i-co-c-n-s 80 % hpw P-e-am-W-s{X. Hm-tcm an-\p-nepw 750 an-o en- c-w X-e-tm-dn-eq-sS I-Sv t]m-Ip-p. 10
6

sk- v c--tbm-w \n-e-m \-p-sS t_m-[w \-jv-S-am-Ipw. a-kvXn-jv-I-n-se c--p-g-ep-I-v am-{Xw 500 A[nIw In-tem ao \o-f-ap-v. lr-Z-bw ]-v sN-p c-w H-cp Zn-h-kw 19000 Intem-ao- k--cn-p-p. lr-Z-bw H-cp h-jw 10 e-w _m-c cw ]-v sN-p-p. 20 In-tem-ao- Im Hm-Sn-p-Xn-\p- Duw H-cp Zn-h-kw lr-Z-bw D-Xv-]m-Zn-n-p-p. Cu hm-N-Iw hm-bn-v
Xo-cpw ap-v \n--fp-sS i-co-c-n 10 tIm-Sn tIm-i- a-cn-p-Ibpw ]-I-cw ]p-Xn-b-h \n-n--s-Sp-I-bpw sN-p-p. Np-cp-n-]-dm, {]-]--n-se A-Xn-kq-v-a I-Wn-I ap-X `o-am-Im-c-am-b
\--{X k-aq-l- h-sc ]T-\ hn-t[-b-am-p-tm H-cp {k-m-hns km-n-[yw \-ap-v t_m-[y-s-Sm-Xn-cn-n-, _p-n-bn-m--h-m-sX ssZ-h-s \n-tj-[n-m-\m-hn- F--Xm-Wv bm-Ym-yw.H-cp Xp-n sh-w t]m-epw kr-jv-Sn-m I-gn-bm--h, H-cp sam-pkq-Nn-t]m-epw X-\n-sb D--m-hp-I-bn-s---dn-bp---h,A-h-cpw A-h-c-Sp- {]-]--hpw X-\n-sb D-m-bn F-v ]-d-bp--Xv F-{X-am-{Xw
A-]-lm-ky-w! H-cp Xp-n C-{n-b-n \n-pw, H-cp tIm-i-n \npw Xp-S-n A-t\-Im-bn-cw hn-hn-[ kz-`m-h--fp- tIm-i--fn-tep- h-f--bn, k--]----Xo-X-am-b hym-]v-Xn-bpw th-K-hpap- {K-l--fn, \n-km-c Po-hn-I-fm-b tX-\o--bp-tS-bpw D-dp-n-tbpw t]m-epw {]-h--\ ssh-Z-Kv-[y--fn, I-S-en-s A-Km-[-X-bnep- a-y--fp-sS D-]-Po-h-\-n, Im-n-epw,a-g-bn-epw, sh-bn-en-epw,
am-dn-am-dn h-cp- cm--I-ep-I-fn-epw E-Xp-t`-Z--fn-epw H-cp {k-jv-Sm-hns ssh-`-hw Im-Wm- I-gn-bm--h I--S-n-cp-m-p-I-b-t?

BIm-i`
- q-an-If
- p-sS kr-jvS- n-n-epw, cm-]I
- e
- p-If
- p-sS am-
- nepw, a-\p-jy-v D-]-Im-c-ap- h-kv-Xp--fp-am-bn I-S-en-eqsS k--cn-p- I--en-epw, B-Im-i-v \n-v A-m-lp
a-g sNm-cn-p X-n-v \n-Po-hm-h-kv-Y-bv-p ti-jw `q-anv A-Xp ap-tJ-\ Po-h \-In-b-Xn-epw, `q-an-bn F-mX-cw P-p-h-K--sf-bpw hym-]n-n--Xn-epw, Im-p-I-fp-sS
K-Xn-{I-a-n-epw, B-Im-i-`q-an-I-n-S-bn-eq-sS \n-b-{n-v
\-bn--s-Sp- ta-L-n-epw Nn-n-p-P-\--v ]e Zr-jv-Sm---fp-ap-v; Xo-. (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 2:164)

ssZ-hn-I \n-b-a- a-\p-jy-\p B-h-iy-ap-tm?

sX-p sN-p--h-v A-h-cp-sS-Xm-b \ym-bo-I-c-W--fp-v. kv-{Xo[-\w hm-p--h-v, a-Zyw I-gn-p--h-v, ]-en-i-v ]-Ww \-Ip-h-v, B--l-Xy sN-p--h-v F-n-t\-sd kz-w a--sf K`-]m-{X-n sh-p X-s sIm-e-sN-p--h-v t]m-epw A-h-c-h-cpsS \ym-b
- f
- pw, Im-cW
-
- f
- pw t_m-[n-n-m-\p-v. C-hn-sS-bm-Wv \a Xn-a-I a-\p-jy-\v kz-bw Xo-cp-am-\n-m-\m-hn-s- k-Xyw \mw
Xn-cn--dn-tb--Xv. lr-Z-b an-Sn-p-I-sf \n-b-{n-p--h-p am-{X-ta lrZ-b-hn-Im-c--sf i-an-n-p- \n-b-a- \-Im-\m-hq F-pw a-kvXn-jv-I-n-se \m-Uo-hyq-l--sf hy-h--s-Sp-n-b-h-p am-{X-ta
\-p-sS Nn--tbbpw _p-n-sb-bpw Xr-]v-Xn-s-Sp-p- \n-b-a-
\-Im-\m-hq F-pw B-m-hn-s\ \-In-b-h\v am-{X-ta B-o-b
\n-b-a- kr-n-m-\m-hq F-pw \-ap-v t_m-y-X D-m-IWw.
A-tXm-sSm-w X-s, kz-w Xm-]-cy--p th-n th-Z-{K--fn-epw a-X \n-b-a--fn-epw sh-w tN-p- ]p-tcm-ln-X-amtm, a-Zy-hpw, hy-`n-Nm-c-hpw, Nq-Xm--hpw h-cp-am-\ am-K-am-bn Im-W-p k--m-cp-I-tm k-aq-l-n-s ]p-Xn-b X-e-ap-d-sb t]m-epw
\n-b-{n-m-\m-hm- km-aq-ly ]-cn-jv-I-m--tm, H-cp \q-mp t]m-epw B-bp-s-p--Xn-\p ap-v X-I--Sn- "C-k'-tm tem-Im-h-km-\w h-sc-bp- a-\p-jy-s {]-iv-\- ]-cn-l-cnp--Xn-t\m Po-hn-X-n-s ap-gp-h ta-J-e-bn-te-p-ap- [m-nI k-Zm-Nm-c \n-b-a- \n-t-in-p \--Ip--Xn-t\m km-[y-a-s-
k-Xy-hpw \mw a-\-n-em--Ww.{]-]--n-se k-I-e N-cm-N-c--sf-bpw kr-jvSn-p-I-bpw A-htbm-tcm-n-\pw A-h-bp-sS {]-Ir-Xw \-Ip-I-bpw sN-bv-X {k-m-hv, a\p-jy-p \-In-b am-K-Z-i-\-am-Wv C-kv-emw.-Hm-tcm Im-e-L--fn-epw {]-hm-N-I-am-cn-eq-sS-bpw, th-Z-{K---fn-eq-sS-bpw a-\p-jy a\-p-I-sf kw-kv-I-cn-p- \n-b-a- A-h-Xo-W-am-bn. ssZ-hn-I
am-K-Z-i-\--fp-sS Po-hn-p- ]-Xn-p-I-fm-bn {]-hm-N-I k-aq-ln-\p- am-Xr-I Im-Wn-p. tb-ip {In-kv-Xp-hn-\p ap-v {In-kv-Xp-a-X-an-,
{io_p--\v ap-v _p-a-X-an-, B-Nm-cy-am-v ap-]v ln-p a-Xhp-an-. F-m C-kv-em-am-I-s tem-I-v ]n-d-p ho-W H-m-a-s
a-\p-jy ap-X, tem-Im-h-km-\-n-\p ap-]v P-\n-m-\n-cn-p- Ah-km-\ a-\p-jy h-sc-bp--h-cp-sS a-X-am-Wv. k-q- ssZ-hn-I
Z-i-\-am-Wv C-kv-em-w. Im-e-L--n B-h-iy--sf ]q-o-I-cnp- B-Z-i-am-Wv C-kv-em-w. C-kv-em-an-I X-Xz-kw-ln-X-I-fn Fs-n-epw \yq-\-X-I kXykambn Nq-n-m-Wn-m C-t
8

h-sc H-cm-pw km-[y-am-bn-n-. k-q- \o-Xn-bp-sS B-Z-i-amWv C-kv-em-w. cm-Pm-hn-\pw {]-P-pw C-kv-em-an H-tc aX\n-b-a-
am-{Xw. a-\p-jy-cp-sS ssI-I-S--ep-I-v hn-t[-b-am-Im-sX, A-m-lp
X-s kw-c--Ww G-s-Sp- hn-ip- th-Z-{K--am-Wv Jp-B.
a-\p-jy-v ap-gp-h Im-cp-Wy-am-bpw lr-Z-b--fn-se th-Z-\-Ipw Po-hn-X {]-Xn-k-n-I--pw ]-cn-lm-c-am-bpw A-h-X-cn-n--s-
Cu ssZ-hn-I am-K-Z-i-\-n \n-v sX-n-tm-b-tm- a-X hn-izmkw hn-Ir-X-am--s-p. H-cp a-X-n-\v ]-I-cw ]p-tcm-ln-X-am tkzO {]-Im-cw a-X--fp--m-n.-]p-tcm-ln-X-am Nq-j-W-n-s Bcq-]--fm-bn.- ssZ-hw A-m--h, s-sew-Kn-Im-h-b-h- ap-X \nm-c Po-hn-I h-sc -B-cm-[n--s-p. ss]-im-Nn-I t{]-c-W-bm kzw a--sf _-en \-Ip- A-h--bp-m-bn. a-X hn-izm-kw h-
hy-h-km-b-am-bn am-dn; F-n-\pw G-Xn-\pw ]-Ww F- Zp-c-h-. a-Xn-s t]-cn ]p-Xn-b B-Nm-c- cq-]-s-p.- h-o-b-X-bpw Xo-{hhm-Z-hpw a-X-n-s t]-cn {]-N-cn--s-p..-.-.-F-n-v F-s ]- \n-p- am-K-Z-i-\w \n--v
h-s-p-tm F-s B am-K-Z-i-\w ]n-]-p--hcm-tcm A-h-v `-b-s-tS--Xn-. A-h Zpx-Jn-t-n-hcn-I-bp-an- (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 2:38)
C-kv-emw (ssZ-h-n-\p- B-Xv-am--Ww) A-m--Xn-s\
B-sc-n-epw a-X-am-bn B-{K-ln-p- ]-w A-Xv A-h\n \n-v H-cn--epw kzo-I-cn--s-Sp--X-. ]-c-tem-In A-h \-jv-S-m-cn s]--h-\p-am-bn-cn-pw.
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 3:85.-)

hn-ip- Jp--B am-\-h-v am-K-Zo-]w

F-{X F-{X {K---fm-Wv a-\p-jy- k-aq-l-n-m-bn- A-h-X-cn-n-s--Xv. F-m-n \n-pw hy-Xn-cn--am-b H-cp k-hn-ti-j {K-am-Wv hn-ip- Jp-B. a-\p-jy-s ssI-I-S--ep-I-fn-m-sX, A-hX-cn-n- A-tX cq-]-n \n-e-\n-p-, ssZ-hn-I-sa-v kz-bw Ah-Im-i-s-Sp- G-I th-Z-{K--am-Wv hn-ip- Jp-B.Xo--bm-bpw \m-am-Wv B DZvt_m-[-\w A-h-X-cn-n--Xv.
Xo--bm-bpw \mw A-Xn-s\ Im-p-kq-n-p--Xp-am-Wv.
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 15:9)
9

Jp-B \-a-bm-sW-p ]-d- G-sX-n-epw Im-cyw Xn-a-bmsW-tm, Xn-a-bm-sW-p ]-d- Im-cyw \-a-bm-sW-tm C-t
h-sc sX-fn-bn--s-n-n-. Po-hn-X-n-s F-m km-l-N-cy--fn-epw
{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-b \n-b-a \n-t-i--fm-Wv Jp-B ap-tm-v sh-p-Xv.Xo--bm-bpw Cu Jp-B G--hpw i-cn-bm-b-Xn-te-v hgn Im-Wn-p-I-bpw, k-I-- {]-h-n-p- kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-v h-en-b {]-Xn-^-e-ap-v F- k-tmj-hm- A-dn-bn-p-I-bpw sN-p-p.
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 17:9)
Jp-B {]-Xn-]m-Zn-p- N-cn-{X-kw-`-h- k-Xy-k--hpw Ie-n-m--Xp-am-Wv.-1400 h-j- ]n-n-Sp-tm-gpw A-d-_n `m-j-bnse G--hpw D--X \n-e-hm-cw ]p-e-p- km-ln-Xy {K--am-Wv
Jp-B. Jp-B-\n-se {]-h-N-\- A--cw-{]-Xn ]p-e--Xn-\p
N-cn-{Xw km-n-bm-Wv.- ]p-e-cm-\n-cn-p- {]-h-N-\- kw-`-hn-p-I
X-s sN-pw.- 23 h-j--n-S-bn, ]-e L---fn-em-bn hy-Xy km-l-N-cy--fn A-h-X-cn-n--s-n-pw Jp-B-\n bm-sXmcp A-_--f-- pan-s-p am-{X-a-, 1500 h-jw ap-]v im-kv-{X tem-Iv \n-e-\n-n-cp- A-_- P-Un-e-am-b B-i-b--fn-sem-p-t]m-epw
Jp-B-\n C-Sw ]n-Sn-n-p-an-. B-[p-\n-I im-kv-{X-n-s sX-fn-bn-s- im-kv-{X k-Xy--fp-am-bn G-p-ap-p- H-cp ]-cm-a-iw t]mepw Jp-B-\n C-.A-h Jp-B-\n-s\--n Nn-n-p-n-t? A-Xv A-m-lp
A-m--h-cp-sS ]- \n-p--Xm-bn-cp s-n A-h-cXn [m-cm-fw ssh-cp-yw I-s-p-am-bn-cp-p.
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 4:82)
G-sXm-cp hy-n-bn-eq-sS-bm-tWm Jp-B A-h-X-cn-n--s--Xv
A-t-lw am-\y-\pw k-Xy-k--\pw i-{Xp- t]m-epw Aw-Ko-I-cn-
hy-n-Xz-hp-am-bn-cp-p.-.-.Xo--bm-bpw \n--v A-m-lp-hn-s Zq-X-\n D--aam-b am-Xr-I-bp-v. A-Xm-b-Xv A-m-lp-sh-bpw A-y-Zn-\s-bpw {]-Xo-n-p sIm-n-cn-p-I-bpw, A-m-lp-sh [mcm-f-am-bn Hm-an-p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp h-cp--h-v .
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 33:21)

10

hn-ip- Jp-B-\n-\v Xp-ey-am-b H-cp A-ym-b-sa-n-epw sIm-ph-cm-\p- Jp-B\

- n-s sh-p-hn-fn-v 1400 h-j
- f
- m-bn D-c
- w \I-s-n-n-.-.-.( \-_n-tb, ) ]-d-bp-I: Cu Jp-B t]m-sem-v sIm-v
h-cp-X
- n-m-bn a-\p-jy-cpw Pn-p-If
- pw H-n-p-tN-m-epw
Xo--bm-bpw A-Xp-t]m-sem-v A-h sIm-v h-cn-I-bn-.
A-h-cn Nn-e Nn-e-v ]n-p-W \-Ip--Xm-bm t]mepw.
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 17:88)

Jp-B ssZ-hn-Iw X-s

\n-s \m-Y tX-\o--bv-v C-{]-Im-cw t_m-[-\w \-IpI-bpw sN-bv-Xn-cn-p-p: a-e-I-fn-epw a-c--fn-epw a-\p-jy
sI-n-bp-b-p--h-bn-epw \o ]m-n-S--fp-m-n-smp-I. ]n-s F-m-X-cw ^-e--fn \n-pw \o `-n-v
sIm-p-I. F-n-v \n-s-c-n-Xm-hv ku-I-cy-{]-Z-am-bn Hcp-n--n-p- am-K--fn \o {]-th-in-v sIm-p-I.
A-h-bp-sS D-Z-c--fn \n-v hy-Xy-kv-X h-W--fp- ]m\o-bw-]p-d-v h-cp-p. A-Xn a-\p-jy-v tcm-K-i-a-\w Dv.-Nn-n-p- B-fp-I-v Xo--bm-bpw A-Xn Zr-jvSm--apv. (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 16:68,69)
tX-\o--I-sf Ip-dn-v hn-h-cnp- ta h-N-\--fn A-hsb-p-dn-v kv{- Xo-enw-K cq-]a
- m-Wv
D-]t- bm-Kn-p-X
- v. {In-bm-]Z-
- ns (Verb) L-S-\ t\m-n Im-hv (subject) kv-{Xo-tbm ]pcp-j-t\m-F-v Xn-cn--dn-bm Ad-_n `m-jb
- n km-[y-am-hpw.-tX\o-
- q-n-se G-Xm-s-m tPmen-If
- pw \n-l
- n-p-X
- v s]
tX-\o-I
- f
- m-sW-v I-s-n-bXv 1973 , Im thm {^n-kvIv F- P-a im-kv{- X-\
- mbn-cp-p. tX-\o--I-sf Ip-dn-p ]T-\w A-t-l-n-\v s\mt_ k-m-\w t\-Sn-sm-Spp.11

]--X--sf B-Wn-I-fm-n- F- {]-tbm-Kw.

A-Sp- Im-e-v am-{X-am-Wv ]--X--v B-g-n th-cp-Ifp-s-v I-s-n-b-Xv.- `q-an-bp-sS D-]-cn-X-e ]m-fn-I-sf C-f-Im-sX,
]--X- B-Wn-I-t]m-se kw-c-n-p-p. 60 In-tem-ao- hsc B-g-n ]--X--v th-cp-I-fp--s{X.-.-.-

.-.`
- q-an \n-s
- f-bpw sIm-v C-fI
- m-Xn-cn-p-hm-\m-bn A-Xn
D-d-p-\n-p- ]--X- A-h kv-Ym-]n-n-cn-p-p.\n--v h-gn I-s-p-hm th-n \-Zn-I-fpw-]m-X-Ifpw (A-h G-s]-Sp-p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-cn-p-p.-)
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 31:10)
`q-an-sb \mw H-cp hn-cn-m-n-bn-t? ]--X--sf B-Wn-Ifm-p-I-bpw (sN-bv-Xn-t?) (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 78:6,7)

kqcy\pw N{\pw
kq-cy-\m-Wv sh-fn--ns t{km-X-s-pw-N-{
kq-cy-{]-Im-iw {]-Xn-^-en-np-I am-{X-am-sW-pw I-sn-bX
- v Jp-B\
- n-s A-hX
- c-W-n-\v \q-m-p-I-v
ti-j-am-Wv.- Jp-B-\n kqcy-s\-p-dn-v ]-cm-a-in-n-Ss-mw A-Xv {]-Im-i t{km-X-m-sW-pw N-{-s\--n ]-d-n-S12

s-mw A-Xv tI-h-e-sam-cp sh-fn--am-sW-pw hy--am-p-p.

N-{-s\ A-hn-sS H-cp {]-Im-i-am-n-bn-cn-p-p.- kq-cy-s\
H-cp hn-f-p-am-n-bn-cn-p-p. (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 71:16)

Jp-B-\n-s hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-hpw ssZ-hn-Iw.ssZ-hn-I t_m-[-\-m {]-hm-N-I \-In-b hm-m-ep- \nt-i--fpw {]hr-n-I-fpw au-\m-\p-hm-Z--fp-am-Wv Jp-B-\n-s hni- Z o- I - c - W - a m- b kp- - v . HmaXmbn JpB\n\pw ]noSv
kpn\pw Ckveman {]amWsa \nev Htc m\amWp
Xv. Jp-B t]m-se A-Xn-s hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-am-b kp--pw- -a\p-jy-cp-sS- -ssI-I-S--ep-I-fn \n-v -ap-Iv-X-am-bn- kw-c-n--sSp-p. Zp-hym-Jym-\-n-\v ]-gp-Xp-I-fn-m- th-Z-{K--am-Wv hn-ip-
Jp-B.- Jp-B-\n-s A-h-X-c-W-n-\-\p-k-cn-v Po-hn-Xw {I-a-sSp-n-sb-Sp-, {]-hm-N-I-\n-\n-v t\-cn-v a-Xw ]Tn-, H-cp am-Xr-Im
k-aq-l-hpw Jp-B-\n-t\m-sSm-w h-f-p-h-p.-Jp-B-\n-s {]-Y-a
kw-t_m-[n-X-cm-Wv {]-hm-N-I A-\p-N-c-am-cm-b kz-lm-_n-I.-C-kvem-an-s D--a X-e-ap-d-bm-b kz-lm-_-v a-\-n-em-p-I-bpw {]-hn-p-I-bpw sN-bv-X-Xn-v hn-cp--am-b bm-sXm-cp Im-cy-hpw Jp-B\n \n-v hy-Jym-\n-s-Sp-m-h-X-.

X-\n-v k-am-Kw hy-Iv-X-am-bn--gn- ti-j-hpw B-scn-epw ssZ-h-Zq-X-\p-am-bn F-Xn-v \n-p-I-bpw, k-Xyhn-izm-kn-I-fp-tS-X-m- am-Kw ]n-p-S-cp-I-bpw sN-p-
]-w A-h Xn-cn- h-gn-v X-s \mw A-h-s\ Xn-cnp-hn-Sp--Xpw, \-c-I-n-en-v \m-a-h-s\ I-cn-p--Xp-am-Wv.
A-sX-{X tam-i-am-b ]-cy-h-km-\w!
( hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 4:115)

13

A--s\ \mw A-Xv Hm-Xn--m- B Hm-v \o ]n-p-Scp-I.-]n-o-Sv A-Xv hn-h-cn-p-X-c-epw \-p-sS _m-[y-X-bmIp-p.
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 75:18,19)
ap-jv-Sn Np-cp-n ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw hn-fn-m-\pw, D-tm-n-b B-i-b-
{]-N-cn-n-m-\pw- th-W-sa-n \-sm-cp B-Iq--s H-n-s-Sp-m\pw F-fp--am-Wv. hn-ip- Jp-B-\n-s Hm-tcm A--c-hpw Po-hn-Xn ]-I-n, Jp-B-\n-s B-Z-iw 100 % {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-sWv tem-I-n-\v sX-fn-bn-v sIm-Sp- H-cp am-Xr-Im k-aq-l-s, tIh-ew 23 h-j- sIm-v {]hmNI\v hm-s-Sp-m-\m-bn F-Xv N-cn-{X-n Xp-y-X-bn-m- H-cp a-lm hn--h-am-bn-cp-p. A-Xp
sIm-v, ]-co-n-p hn-P-bn- H-cp B-Z-i kw-ln-X F- \n-e-v Ckv-em-an-s-bpw hn-ip- Jp-B-\n-s-bpw B-Z-iw \n--v k-ss[cyw ]n-p-S-cmw.-.a-\p-jy-tc, \n--fp-sS c-n-Xm-hn- \n-p- k-Zp-]tZ-i-hpw, a-\-p-I-fn-ep- tcm-K-n-\v i-a-\-hpw \n-p h-p-In-n-bn-cn-p-p. k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-I-v am-K-Zi-\-hpw Im-cp-Wy-hpw (h-p-In-n-bn-cn-p-p.-)
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 10:57)

BtcmSv {]mnWw?
tI-c-f-n-s G-sX-n-epw H-cp ]p-g-bn ap-n-Xm-gp- H-cp bm{Xm h-n.-.-. k-lm-b-n-\pw {]m--\-p-am-bn F-{X F-{X hn-fn-Ifm-Wv A-Xn \n-p-b-cp-I.
ap-l--Zv \-_n.-.-.-?
tb-ip {In-kv-Xp.-.-?
{io-Ir-jv-W.-.-?
_o-hn.-.-.-? X-.-.-?
_m-_.-.-? A-.-.-? Pnv..? aev...?
]p-Wym-f.-.-? {]-hm-N-I-am.-.-?
a-lm-m-.-.-? am-em-J-am.-.-?
C-h-m-pw ssZ-h
- n-s hn-[n-sb X-S
p-\n-m-\m-hn- F-Xm-Wv bm-Ym-yw. ]n-s-sb-n-\v \mw A-h-tcm-Sv {]m-n-Ww.
(\-_n-tb,) \n-\-v A-m-lp h- tZm-j-hpw h-cp-n-shp-I-bm-sW-n A-Xv \o-w sN-p-hm A-h-\-m-sX
a-m-cp-an-. \n-\-v A-h h- Kp-W-hpw h-cp-p-I-bm-sW14

n-tem A-h G-sXm-cp Im-cy-n-\pw I-gn-hp--h-\-s{X.

(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 6:17)
A-h-v \-p-sS-`m-j t]m-epw A-dn-bn-.-ap-l--Zv \-_n kw-kv-IrXw kw-km-cn-n-p-tm.-.?- tb-ip-{In-kvX
- p a-eb
- m-fw tI-n-p-m-hp-tam..?
{io-Ir-jv-W-\v A-d-_n ]-cn-N-b-ap-tm.-.-? Ch \psS {]m\
tIptam? \-p-sS {]m--\ C-h-v a-\-n-em-hp-tam?
.-.-.-.-.-Xo--bm-bpw A-m-lp a-\-p-I-fn-ep--Xv A-dn-bp--h\m-Ip-p. (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 5:7)
]m-]n-I-fm-b \mw F-s\ ssZ-h-tm-Sv {]m-n-pw, ip-]m-iI-cp-m-bm s]-s-v Im-cyw km-[n-m-at- m F-sm-s-bm-Wv \ymb- F-n, G--hpw A-dn-bp- ssZ-h-n-te-v a-[y--cpw ip]m-i-I-cpw th- F- Im-cyw Hm-p-I, Nn-n-p-I.- \-p-sS {]iv-\- \-t-m A-dn-bp--h-\n-te-v AYhm \psS {kjvSm
hntev ]-cn-N-b-s-Sp--ep-I B-h-iy-an--tm.Xo--bm-bpw a-\p-jy-s\ \mw kr-jv-Sn-n-cn-p-p. A-hs a-\-v a-{n-p sIm-n-cn-p--Xv \mw A-dn-bp-I-bpw
sN-p-p. \mw (A-h-s) I-WvT-\m-Un-sb-m A-h-t\mSv A-Sp--h-\pw B-Ip-p.- (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 50:16)
kz-w {]-iv-\- t]m-epw ]-cn-l-cn-m-\m-hm-sX a-cn-p t]m-bh-cm-Wv a\pjy krjvSnpmnb ]-e -ssZ-h--fpw- F--XmWv bm-Ym-yw. k-Xy-km-bn _m-_ sF. kn. bp hn In-S--tm
`--m B-tcm-Sm-Wv {]m-n--Xv F- tNm-Zy-n-\v A-h-v D-c-an-m-Xm-b-Xv A-Xp sIm-m-Wv. am-{X-hp-a- hn-fn-v {]m-n-s-Sp- a-l-p-- \-s t]m-ep-, ]- a-\p-jy- am-{X-am-bn-cpp. a-\p-jy a-\p-jy-t\m-Sv {]m-n-p- Zm-cp-Wm-h- Iq-Sn-bmWv _-lp-ssZ-h hn-izm-k-n-s A-\--c-^-ew. am-{X-hp-a- \m-sfF-v kw-`-hn-p-sa- A-dn-hv A-m-lp-hn-v am-{X-am-Wv D--Xv. AZr-iyw A-dn-bm- a-lm-m--v \-p-sS \m-sf-bp-sS {]-iv-\-
]-cn-l-cn-m-\m-hp-sa--Xv an-Yym [m-c-W-I am-{X-am-Wv. A-am-\p-jnI-X-I-fp--h-tcm-Sv {]m-n-m-sa--Xm-Wv a-sm-cp \ym-bw. {]-hm-NI-Xz-n-s A-S-bm-f- am-{X-am-Wv A-am-\p-jn-I-X-I A-Y-hm apAv-Pn-k-v. A-h D-t-in-p-tm-g-, ssZ-h-n-s hn-[n--\p-kr-Xam-bn am-{X-ta A-p-X- kw-`-hn-q. A-am-\p-jn-I-X-I {]m-\-v sX-fn-sh-n Pm-e-hn-Zy-m-tcm-Spw am-{n-I-tcm-Spw \-ap-v {]mn-m-sa-v ]-d-tb-n-h-cpw.15

A-m-lp-hn-s\ A-dn-bp-I
{]-Xn-k-n-I-fp-sS H-cp-]m-Sv tNm-Zy--v D--c-am-Wv ssZ-h hnizm-kw. c-l-ky-n-epw ]-c-ky-n-epw \- \ne\nm icnbmb
ssZ-h hn-izm-kw sIm-v km-[y-am-Ipw. H--s-S-en-s {]-Xn-k-n-bn Xp-W-bpw X-W-ep-am-Wv ssZ-hw. G-sXm-cp hn-izm-kn-bp-sS a-\-nepw A-h B-cm-[n-p-I-bpw {]m-n-p-I-bpw sN-p- ssZ-h--p-dw F-m h-kv-Xp--sf-bpw kr-jv-Sn-p-I-bpw ]-cn-]m-en-p-I-bpw
sN-p- H-cp-h-\p-s- hn-izm-k-ap-v. {k-jv-Sm-hpw kw-c--I-\p-am-

b B {]-]--\m-Y-\v C-kv-emw ]-d-bp- t]-cm-Wv A-m-lp. A-mlp F- A-d-_n ]-Z-n-\v B-cm-[-\-I b-Ym--n A-lnp--h F-m-Wv A-w. {k-m-hv am-{X-am-Wv ssZ-h-sa- A-dnhv hn-izm-k-n-se H-cp-]m-Sv k-o-W-X-I ]-cn-l-cn-p-p-v. H-cp
ssZ-hw H-cp P-\-X F- G-I-am-\-hn-I-X-bp-sS k-t-i-am-Wv G-IssZ-h-hn-izm-kw. G-sX-n-epw Pm-Xn-bp-tS-tbm, a-X-n-t-tbm, tZ-in-t-tbm h-K-n-t-tbm am-{X-am-b kpNnX ssZ-h-s-b- Ckv-emw ]-cn-N-b-s-Sp-p--Xv. am-\-kn-I-hpw im-co-cn-I-hp-am-b \n-`b-Xz-hpw, A--hn-izm-k--fp-sS N--e-s-n \n-v tam-N-\-hpw,
]u-tcm-ln-Xy-n-s sI-p-]m-Sp-I-fn \nv c--bpw I--v k-q- {]-Xn-^-e-hpw im-iz-X-am-b kz- hm-k-n-\v \n-an-hp-am-Ip- B-Z-i-am-Wv G-I-ssZ-h hn-izm-kw.
a-X
- -n-Sb
- n `n-X
-
- f
- p-m-Ip-X
- n-s {]-[m-\I
- m-cW
- w ssZh-s-p-dn- sX-m-b k--- kr-n--s-p F--Xm-Wv.
ssZ-h-n-s k--sb Ip-dn-tm Kp-W-hn-ti-j-W--sf Ip-dn-tm Ah th-Z-{K---fn-eq-sS A-dn-bn-p X--X-m-sX a-sm-pw A-dnbm \-ap-v hgnbn. ssZ-hn-I-sa-v D-d-p- t{km-X-p-I-fn \nm-bn-cn--Ww a-X-n-s A-Sn-m-\ in-e-I \mw a-\-n-em-t-Xv. ssZ-h hn-izm-kw sX-m-bn a-\-n-em--s-Sp-tm _-lp-ssZh-Xzw I-S-p h-cp-p.- A-m-lp A-m--h-tcm-Sp- {]m--\, D-dpv, G-e-v, Zp-a-{-, A-m-lp A-m--h-p- t\-, Am-lp A-m--h-cp-sS t]-cn k-Xyw sN-, i-Ip-\w t\m-,
16

am-c-Ww, tPym-yw, A-m-lp A-m--h-p- _-en, e--Ww

t\m- Xp-S-n _-lp-ssZ-h-Xz-n-s ap-J- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.A-h-v ]p-d-sa \n- hn-fn-v {]m-Xv-Yn-p--h-smpw \n-s
- f k-lm-bn-m km-[n-p-Ib
- n-.-kz-tZ-l
- v X-s-bpw A-h k-lm-bw sN-p-I-bn-.(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 7:197)
. (\-_n-tb,) ]-d-bp-I: Rm \n--sf-tm-se-bp- H-cp a\p-jy am-{X-am-Ip-p.-\n--fp-sS ssZ-hw-G-I-ssZ-hw am{X-am-sW-v F-\n-v t_m-[-\w \-I-s-Sp-p.-.-.
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 18:110)
(\-_n-tb,) ]-d-bp-I;B-Im-i--fn-epw `q-an-bn-epw D--hcm-cpw A-Zr-iy-Im-cyw A-dn-bp-I-bn-; A-m-lp-h-m-sX. X F-m-Wv D-bn-s-gp-t-]n--s-Sp-I F-pw Ah--dn-bn-.
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 27:65)
Xm-\-m-sX bm-sXm-cp B-cm-[y-\p-an-m--h-\m-b A-m-lphm-W-h. cm-Pm-[n-Im-c-ap--h-\pw ]-c-a-]-cn-ip--\pw k-am[m-\w \-Ip--h-\pw A-`-bw \-Ip--h-\pw ta-t\m-w
h-ln-p--h-\pw {]-Xm-]n-bpw ]-c-am-[n-Im-cn-bpw a-l-Xz-ap-h-\pw B-Ip-p A-h. A-h ]-p-tN-p--Xn \ns-mw A-m-lp F-{X-tbm ]-cn-ip-!
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 59:23)
{k-jv-Sm-hpw \n-am-Xm-hpw cq-]w \-Ip--h-\p-am-b-A-mlp-h-s{X A-h. A-h-\v G--hpw D--a-am-b-\m-a--fp-v.
B-Im-i--fn-epw `q-an-bn-ep-ap-h A-h-s -a-l-Xz-s {]Io-n-p-p. A-h-\-s{X {]-Xm-]n-bpw bp-Iv-Xn-am-\pw.
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 59:24)
A-m-lp A-h-\-m-sX ssZ-h-an-. F-s-pw Po-hn-n-cnp--h. F-mw \n-b-{n-p--h.- a-b--tam D-d--tam
A-h-s\ _m-[n-p-I-bn-.-A-h-s-Xm-Wv B-Im-i-`q-an-I-fnep--sX-mw.- A-h-s A-\p-hm-Z-{]-Im-c-a-m-sX A-h-sb-Sp- ip-]m-i \-S-m-\m-cp-v ? A-h-cp-sS ap-nep-Xpw A-h-v ]n-n-ep--Xpw A-h A-dn-bp-p. A-hs A-dn-hn \n-v A-h C-Nv-On-p--X-m-sX ( a-smpw ) A-h-v kq-v-a-am-bn A-dn-bm I-gn-bn-. A-hs A-[n-Im-c-]oTw B-Im-i-`q-an-I-sf ap-gp-h D-sIm-p-Xm-Ip-p. A-h-bp-sS kw-c--Ww A-h-v H-pw `m-c-ap-X-. A-h D--X-\pw a-lm-\p-a-s{X.- (-Jp-B: 2:255)
17

\n--fn \n-v hn-iz-kn-p-I-bpw k-I-- {]-hn-p-I-bpw sN-bv-X-h-tcm-Sv A-m-lp hm-Kv-Zm-\w sN-bv-Xncn-p-p; A-h-cp-sS ap-p--h-v {]m-Xn-\n-[yw \-In-bXv t]m-se-X-s Xo--bm-bpw `q-an-bn A-h A-h-v
{]m-Xn-\n-[yw \-Ip-I-bpw, A-h-v A-h Xr-]v-Xn-s-v
sIm-Sp- A-h-cp-sS a-X-n-s Im-cy-n A-h-v Ah kzm-[o-\w \-Ip-I-bpw, A-h-cp-sS `-b-m-Sn-\v ti-jw
A-h-v \n-`-b-Xzw ]-I-cw \-Ip-I-bpw sN-p--Xm-sWv. F-s-bm-bn-cn-pw A-h B-cm-[n-p--Xv. F-tm-Sv
bm-sXm-pw A-h ]-p-tN-p-I-bn-. A-Xn-\v ti-jw Bsc-n-epw \-n-tI-Sv Im-Wn-p- ]-w A-h X-s-bmIp-p [n-m-cn-I.
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 24:55)

{]m--\ {k-m-hn-t\m-Sv am-{Xw; F-p-sIm-v.-.-?

kr-n-p--h A-h am-{Xw (Jp-B 35:40)
a-cn-m--h A-h am-{Xw (Jp-B 2:255)
F-s-pw D--h A-h am-{Xw (Jp-B 2:255)
A-Zr-iyw A-dn-bp--h A-h am-{Xw (Jp-B 6:59)
A-\p-{K-l- A-h-\n \n-p am-{Xw (Jp-B 2:22)
Po-hn-n-p--h A-h am-{Xw (Jp-B 10:31)
am-K-Z-i-\w \-Ip--h A-h am-{Xw(Jp-B 20:50)
D-]-{Z-h- \o-p--h A-h am-{Xw (Jp-B 10:106)
lr-Z-b--fn-ep--Xv A-dn-bp--h A-h am-{Xw (Jp-B 35:38)
\-tm-Sv G--hpw A-Sp--h A-h am-{Xw (Jp-B 50:16)
F-mw Im-Wp--Xpw tI-p--Xpw A-h am-{Xw(Jp-B 58:1)
a-cn-n-p--h A-h am-{Xw (Jp-B 10:104)
k-m-[n-]-Xyw A-h-\p am-{Xw (Jp-B 23:84)
{]-Xn-^-e Zn-h-k-n-s D-S-a- A-h am-{Xw (Jp-B 1:4)

18

hn-izm-k Im-cy--
hn-izm-kw Ir-Xyhpw k-q-W-hp-am-Im-sX bm-sXm-cm-fp-sS-bpw aXw ]q-n-bm-hp-I-bn. k--tem-I ]-cn-]m-e-I\m-b Am-lp-sh
ap-d-{]-Im-cw A-dn-bp-I-bpw a-\-n-em-p-Ibpw sNp-I F--Xm-Wv
hn-izm-k Im-cy--fn {]-Y-a-hpw {]-[m-\-hp-am-bXv. Ah-s k-hntij kr-n-Ifm-b a-e-p-I-fn-epw, tem-I-n-se k-I-e k-aq-l-ntepw \n-tbm-Kn-X-cm-b {]-hm-N-I-am-cn-epw, a-\p-jy-Ip-e-n-s hntam-N-\-n-\m-bn A-h-X-cn-n--s- th-Z-{K---fn-epw, ]-c-tem-In-epw H-cp ap-kvenw hn-iz-kn-t--Xpv. A-tXm-sSmw, \-abpw
Xn-a-bpam-b G-sXm-cp Im-cyhpw Am-lp-hn-s hn-[n {]-Im-cw am{X-ta kw`-hn-q F- hn-izm-khpw hn-izm-k Im-cy--fn D-sSpp.

{]hmNIm
ssZ-hn-I-am-K Z-i-\- a-\p-jy-cn F-n-p--Xn-\v th-n
A-h-cn \n-v- X-s {]-tXy-Iw sX-c-s-Sp-v \n-tbm-Kn--s-hcm-Wv {]-hm-N-I-am. tem-I-n-se ap-gp-h k-aq-l--fn-te-pw {]hm-N-I-am \n-bp--cm-bn-p-v. F-m {]-hm-N-I-m-cpw A-Sn-m-\]-c-am-bn {]-t_m-[-\w sN-bv-X-Xv H-tc k-t-i-am-bn-cp-p. B-Zw (A)
ap-X ap-l--Zv \-_n (k) h-sc-bp- ap-gp-h {]-hm-N-I-am-sc-bpw
bm-sXm-cp hn-th-N\
- h
- pw Im-Wn-m-sX hn-iz-kn- ap-nw-If
- p-sS _m[y-X-bm-Wv. {]-hm-N-I ]-c--c-bn-se A-h-km-\-s I-n-bm-Wv apl--Zv \-_n (k). ap-l--Zv \-_n (k) sb ssZ-h-am-tbm, ssZ-hm-hXm-c-am-tbm, ssZ-h-]p-{X-\m-tbm C-kvemw K-Wn-p-n-. ap-l--Zv
\-_n-tb c-n--tW.-.- F-p {]m-n-p--h C-m-an-I hr-n \n-v ]p-d-v t]m-Ipw. a-X-hn-j-b--fn-ep- {]-hm-N-I-s hmpw {]-h-n-bpw Aw-Ko-Im-c-hp-am-Wv kp--v. -N-cn-{X-n H-cmfp-sS-bpw Po-hn-Xw C-{X-bpw kq--va-hpw im-kv-{Xo-b-hp-am-bn tc-J-sSp-n-bn-n-.- ]q--Im-e ]-n-X-am-cp-sS Xo-{h-{i-a--fp-sS `m-K-ambn l-Zo-kp-I-fpw a-\p-jy-cp-sS ssI-I-S--ep-I C-m-sX kw-c-n-s-p.{]-hm-N-I-\n D--a am-Xr-I.{]-hm-N-I hn-tam-N-I.
{]-hm-N-I km-Iv-jn.
k-tm-j-hm--bp-am-bn \n-tbm-Kn--s-p.{]-hm-N-I Xm-o-Xp-Im-c.
{]-hm-N-I -Wn-p--h.
19

{]-hm-N-I hn-f-v.
{]-tem-`-\--fn-m- {]-t_m-[-\w.
{]-tIm-]-\--fn-m- {]-t_m-[-\w.\-_n-tb, Xo--bm-bpw \n-s \mw H-cp km-n-bpw ktm-j-hm- A-dn-bn-p--h-\pw, Xm-o-Xp-Im-c-\pw Bbn-sm-v \n-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-p.- A-m-lp-hn-s D--c-h\p-k-cn-v A-h--te-v -Wn-p--h-\pw, {]-Im-iw \Ip- H-cp hn-f-pw B-bn-sm-v k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-I-v
A-m-lp-hn- \n-v h-en-b Hu-Zm-cyw e-`n-m-\p-v Fv \o A-h-sc k-tm-j-hm- A-dn-bn-p-I.
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 33:45,46,47)

Ia-
{k-m-hn-s \ntZ-i{]-Im-cw am-{X-ap--Xm-Wv C-kvem-anse I-a-. ]p-tcm-ln-X-am-tm, a-X-]-n-X-amtm
C-kv-em-an Ia-tfm B-Nmc-tfm \n-an-m A-[n-Im-can. ]-n-X-\pw ]m-a-c\pw C-kv-em-an H-tc I-a- am{Xw. a-X-\n-tZ-i-anm- I-a- \-c-I-n-te-m-bn-cnpw
a-\p-jy-sc \-bn-pI. I-a--fn-eq-sS a-\-k-am-[m\hpw ]m-]-hnap-n-bpw C-kv-em-w eyw sh-pp. B-cm-[-\-bp-sS t]cn Hcp \nepw Nq-j-W-anm-- B-Z-i-am-Wv C-kvemw
Am-lp-hm-sX B-cm-[y-\n-s-pw, ap-l-Zv \_n (k)
Am-lp-hn-s Zq-X\
- m-sW-p-ap-Xn\v Rm kmnbmsW
kzbw {]-Jym-]-\-am-Wv C-kv-em-an-se a-X-I-a--fn H-m-atXv. A-p t\c-s \-a-kv-Im-c-hpw, k--n \nn-X
]-cn-[n F-p-tm ]m-h--v \tI hn-ln-Xam-b km-pw, d-a-Zm-\n-se H-cp -amk-s ]-I-en A-\p-jvTn-t-
{h-X-hpw, B-tcm-Kyhpw k-pw D--h Po-hn-X-n H-cn-se-nepw \n-h-ln-t- l-v I-a-hp-am-Wv C-kv-em-an-se
a-p \n-_- I-a.
\n- - f p- s S apJ Ingtmtm ]Snmtdmtm
XncnpI FX ]pWyw, Fm Amlphnepw,
AyZn\nepw, aepIfnepw, thZ{Knepw,
{]hmNIamcnepw hnizknpIbpw, kznt\mSv
{]nbapmbnpw AXv _ppw, A\mYIpw,
20

AKXnIpw, hgnt]mpw, tNmZnp hcphpw,

ASnatamN\npw \IpIbpw, {]mXv Y \ (
\akvImcw ) apd{]Imcw \nhlnpIbpw, kImv
\IpIbpw, Icmdn Gs]m AXv \ndthpIbpw,
hnjaXIfpw ZpcnXfpw t\cnSptmgpw, bpcwKpw
a ssIsmpIbpw sNbvXhcmtcm AhcmIpp
]pWyhmam. AhcmIpp kXyw ]menh. Ah
XsbmIpp ( tZmj_m[sb ) kqnh. (hnip
Jp-B 2:177)

hnPbnp kwLw
Fw _n _n F-kv ]p-kv-X-I-- hm-bn-v ]Tn--Xv sIm-v am{Xw H-cp i-kv-{X-{In-b \-S-m-\m-hp-tam.-.-? {Sm-^n-Iv \n-b-a- ap-gph a-\:]mT-am-n-bm \-sm-cp ss{U-h-dm-hm I-gn-bp-tam.-.-? Fn ]n-s, A-d-_n `m-j-bn I-gn-hpw {]m-K-Xv-`y-hp-ap- H-cm,
Jp-B-\pw l-Zo-kpw hm-bn--Xp sIm-v am-{Xw a-X-n-s {]m-tbmKn-I cq-]w ]q-W-am-bn D-sIm-m-\m-hp-sa-v ]-d-bp--Xv hn-Uv-Vn-am-Wv.

H-cp hm-N-I-n \n-v t]m-epw \-ap-v ]-c-kv-]-c hn-cp--am-b H-\-h-[n hn-i-Zo-I-c-W--fpw hym-Jym-\--fpw \n-n-s-Sp-m-\m-hpw
. A-Xp-sIm-m-Wv tb-ip {In-kv-Xp-hn-s-bpw ss_-_n-fn-s-bpw h-gnbn-se-p hm-Zn-p- {In-kv-Xym-\n-I tI-c-f-n am-{Xw \q-dn-e[n-Iw hn-`m-K--fm-bn hn-L-Sn-p \n-p--Xv. Xn-I-pw hy-Xy-kv-Xhpw ssh-cp-ym-[n-jvTn-X-hp-am-b, B-i-b--fp-sS Iq-m-bv-a am-{X-am-Wv
ln-p-Xzw F-v ]-d-b-s-Sp--Xpw, H-cp \q-m-n-s t]m-epw N-cn-{Xan-m- I-yq-Wn-kw B-Z-i s]m-cp--an-m- c-m-bn-c-n-e-[n21

Iw {Kq-p-I-fm-bn th ]n-cn--Xpw, a-X-hpw ssZ-h-hpw B-h-iy-an-sv hm-Zn-p- bp-n-hm-Zn-I t]m-epw A-t\-Iw {Kq-p-I-fn-em-bn hnL-Sn-v \n-p--Xpw Hm-tcm-cp--pw i-cn-sb-v tXm-p--Xv -A
h X-s hym-Jym-\n-s-Sp-p-p F--Xp sIm-v Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.
ap-nw k-ap-Zm-b-n-s I-Y-bpw hy-Xy-kv-X-a-. G-I-ssZ-hm-cm-[\-bp-sS B-Z-i-n ]--bm-b _-lp-ssZ-h-Xz-n-s sIm-Sn-b-S-bmf- I-S-p h-cp-p.-Hm-tcm-Zn-h-k-hpw P-\n-p-ho-gp- \q-X-\ B-Nmc-,Kp-W-Imw--bn-m-- -kw-L-S-\m-a--c-, hy-n tI-{oIr-X-am-b H--t\-Iw Xz-co-J-v {]-m-\-, k-am-[m-\-n-s a-Xam-b C-kv-em-an-s t]-cn-kw-Lw tN-cp- `o-I-c-hm-Zn-I, A-t\-Iw
hy-n-I-fn-epw ]-n-X-am-cn-epw am{Xw A-[n-jvTn-X-am-b hynKX
Nn-m-[m-c-I, F-m-h-cpw ]-d-bp-p, R--fm-Wv k-Xy-n-s hm--sf-v. A-m-lp A-m--h-tcm-Sv {]m-n-m ]p-tcm-lnX-am-v Jp-B-\n \n-v sX-fn-hv .-.-? 14 h-jw ]-g--ap- BNm-c-n-\v 1400 h-jw ]-g--ap- l-Zo-kn \n-v sX-fn-hv.-.-?ss__n k-Xy-sa-v sX-fn-bn-m {In-kv-Xym-\n-I-v Jp-B h-N\w sX-fn-hv.-.-.-? ap-kv-enw-I-f-m- Jm-Zn-bm-\n-I t]m-epw sX-fn-hv \nc-p--Xv Jp-B-\n \n-v.-.-?F-m-h-pw {]-am-Ww Jp-B.-.- Fm-h-pw sX-fn-hv l-Zo-kp-I.- \-ap-s-v sN-m-\m-hpw F-m-Wv
]-e-cp-sS-bpw kw-i-bw.-

k-Xy-n-s h-gn H-p-am-{Xw.-.-.h-gn Im-Wn-p-I am-{X-a-,h-gn i-cn-sb-v ]-cn-tim-[n-m-\p- am\-Z-w-Iq-Sn a-\p-jy-v \-In F--Xm-Wv a-v B-Z-i--fn \nv C-m-an-s\ th-Xn-cn-p- G--hpw kp-{]-[m-\ L-S-Iw. B-Im-ip \n-v H-cp {K- cq-]-n A-h-X-cn-n--s--X- C-m-an-se
{]-am-W-. B-h-iy-n-\pw k--`-n-\p-w k-aq-l-n-s h-f-p-a-\p-k-cn-v \n-b-a--fpw \n-t-i--fpw A-h-X-cn--s-Sp-I-bm-Wpm-b-Xv. H-tcm h-N-\-n-s-bpw {]m-tbm-Kn-I cq-]w kw-i-b-an-m-
hn-[w {]-hm-N-I X-s A-\p-N-c-am-v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-p \-Ip-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. hn-ip--Jp-B-\n-s Po-hn-p- ]-Xn-m-bn-cp- {]hm-N-I-s\ A--cm--n ]n-Xp-S- A-\p-N-c-hr--am-bn-cp-p
kz-lm-_-v. a-X-n F--s\, F-s-mw hn-iz-kn--W-sa--Xn\pw, G-Xv cq-]-n F-s-mw A-\p-jvTn--W-sa--Xn-\pw A-h-cmWv \-ap-v am-Xr-I. {]-hm-N-I-\n \n-v t\-cn-v a-Xw ]Tn- kz-lm_-n-\v C-mw D--X m-\w \-Ip-p. P-\--fn D--a-cm-Wh, A-m-lp Xr-]v-Xn-s--hcm-W-h, A-h-tcm-sSm--sa-m C-\n
22

B-p-am-hn-, A-h-cp-sS am-w k-Xy am-w.-,A-h-cp-tS-X-m- am- h-gn-tI-Sv. A-h a-\-n-em-n-b-Xv t]m-se {]-am-Ww a-\-n-emp-I. A-h hn-iz-kn--Xv t]m-se hn-iz-kn-p-I, A-h B-N-cn--Xv
t]m-se a-Xw B-N-cn-p-I F--Xm-Wv hn-P-bn-p- kw-L-n
D-s-Sm \mw sN-t--Xv.C-X-s{X F-s t\-cm-b ]m-X. \n- A-Xv ]n-p-S-cp-I.a-p-am-K- ]n-]--cp-Xv. A-h-sbm-s A-h-s(A-mlp-hn-s) am-K-n \n-v \n--sf-Nn-X-dn-v I-f-bpw. \n kq-v-a-X ]m-en-m thn A-h \n--v \In-b D-]-tZ-i-am-W-Xv. (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 6:153)
X-\n-v k-am-Kw hy-Iv-X-am-bn--gn- ti-j-hpw B-scn-epw ssZ-h-Zq-X-\p-am-bn F-Xn-v \n-p-I-bpw,k-Xyhn-izm-kn-I-fp-sS-X-m- am-Kw ]n-p-S-cp-I-bpw sN-p-
]-w A-h Xn-cn- h-gn-v X-s \mw A-h-s\ Xn-cnp-hn-Sp--Xpw, \-c-I-n-en-v \m-a-h-s\ I-cn-p--Xp-am-Wv.
A-sX-{X tam-ia
- m-b ]-cy-hk
- m-\w!(hn-ip-- J
- p-B: 4:115)
ap-lm-Pn-dp-I-fn \n-pw A-km-dp-I-fn \n-pw B-Zy-ambn ap-tm-v h--h-cpw, kp-Ir-Xw sN-bv-Xp-sImv A-h-sc
]n-p-S--h-cpw B-tcm A-h-sc--n A-m-lp kw-Xr-]v-X\m-bn-cn-p-p.- A-h-s\--n A-h-cpw kw-Xr-]v-X-cm-bn-cn-pp. Xm-gv-`m-K-v A-cp-hn-I H-gp-In-sm-n-cn-p- kzK-tm-p-I A-h-v A-h H-cp-n-sh-p-I-bpw sN-bvXn-cn-p-p. F-s-pw A-h-c-Xn \n-Xy-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cnpw. A-Xs
- {X a-l
- m-b `m-Kyw. (hn-ip-- J
- p-B: 9:100)
\n- Cu hn-iz-kn--Xv t]m-se A-h-cpw hn-iz-kn-n-cpm A-h t\-am-K-n-em-bn--gn-p. A-h ]n-ncn-v I-f-bp-I-bm-sW-n-tem A-h-cp-sS \n-e-]m-Sv I-nam-Xv-k-cyw am-{X-am-Ip-p.-.-.- (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 2:137)

A-lv-ep-p--n h P-am-A-:
C-kv-em-an-I {]-am-W--fp-sS-bpw Ahv A\pkrXambn Pohn
D--a k-aq-l-n-s-bpw am-K-n \n-v ap-kv-enw-I A-I-v t]mb-tm I-n-I-fpw {Kq-p-I-fp-ap-m-bn. {]-am-W- I-n Xm23

]-cy {]-Im-cw hym-Jym-\n--s-p.-_p-n-bpw bp-n-bpw {]-am-W-sf a-dn-I-S-p.-a-X-hn-cp- B-i-b--v a-X-n-\n-v sX-fn-hv D-cn--s-p.-A-t\-Iw I-n-I-fn \n-v k-Xy-n-s I-n-sb thXn-cn--dn-bm -A-lv-ep-p--n h P-am-A- -F- km-t-Xn-I iw B-Zy-Im-e ]-n-X-am D-]-tbm-Kn-p h-p. A-lv-ep-p- =
kp--n-s B-fp-I, A-P-am-A = {]-kv-Xp-X kw-Lw A-Y-hm
kz-lm-_-v. kp--n-s-bpw kz-lm-_-n-s-bpw I-n F-mWv Cu ]-Z-n-s A-w. ap-Km-an-I (k-e-^p-I) a-Xw a-\-nem-n-b-Xp t]m-se D-sIm-p-I F- Cu co-Xn-im-kv-{Xw (a-l-Pv
) k-e-^o a-l-Pv F-pw A-dn-b-s-Sp-p.-

h-gn ]n-cn--tm F-p kw-`-hn-p.-.-?

ssl--h hn-izm-k-n-bpw A-n-bm-cm[-\-bp-sS-bpw aq-

`m-h-am-b \n-e-hn-f-v Pm-d--fn {]-Xn-jvTn--s-p. t\--bpw ]q-chpw th-Xn-cn-v a-\-n-em-Im-\m-hm- hn-[w B-Z-i- e-bn-p
tN-p.24

A-\m-Nm-c
- f
- psS 'ap-n--Sn'I-fn
ap-kv-enw-I I-an-gvp ho-Wp. ]p-WyI- c - a m- b kz- e mpw Zn-Iv-dp-I-fpw
]ptcmlnXmh hy-h-km-b-amn am-n.
ip-a
- m-b a-eb
- mfw ]Tn-m ap-kvenw-I-p ]m-Snsv ]Tn- n- - s tXm-sS F-m-hn-[
A- d n- h p- I - f n \npw k- a p- Z m- b w
AIsp. Bcys\-gp-v l-dm-amn-b-Xn-s\ C-pw
\ym-bo-I-cn-p-I-bmWv ]u-tcm-ln-Xyn-s ]n-X-e-ap-dm.-

Cw-o-jv \-cI
-
- n-se `m-jb
- m-sW-v
A-h hn-[n-sb-gp-Xn.- A--s\ B-[p-\nI hn-Zym-`ym-k cw-K-p-\n-v ap-kv-enw
k-ap-Zm-bw ]papXte ]n-tm-p t]mbn. A-Xn-s\ \ym-bo-I-cn-p-I-bm-Wv Cv A-h-cp-sS ]n-Km-an-I

25

ap-ke
v- nw k-aq-lw A-
hn-izm-k
- n-te-v B-]X
- np.- _-lp-ssZ-h B-cm-[-Isc I-S-n-sh-pw hn-[w ]--p-I-fn \n-v A-\p{K- l w tXSpXvhsc
sbn \npp Ah.

apkvenwIv kzm-X-{y
k-a-c-n ]-s-Sp-m ]m-Sns-pw thm-n-pw k-m
k-o-kn-se tk-h-\--fp-samw \n-jn-a
- m-sW-pw hm-Zn-p.

ap-kv-enw k-tlmZ-cn-am-cp-sS s]m-pw

]-W-hpw hm-n ]Wn-Xp-b-n-b ]n- I - f p- s S I- h m- S A-h-p apn sIm-n-b-S-p.-

C- k v- e m- a ns\
"X-_e
v- o-Kv ' \-S
- p-h-cp-sS {K--fn-t]m-epw sI-pI-Y-I-fpw I--Y- I - f pw I- S - p- h p.-

sh-f-fn-bm-gv-N-I-fn-se D-Zv-t_m-[\ {]-kw-K- hn-izm-kn-I-v Xncn-bm- `m-j-bn-ep- ]p-kv-X-I ]mcm-b-Ww am-{X-am-bn A-[:]-Xn-p

26

km{am-Py-Xz-n-s D-]--fm-b P- Zn-\m-tLm-jhpw N-c-a Zn-\m-N-c-W--fpw aX-n-s t]-cn h-c-hv tN-s-p.-.-

A--c-n-\v ]-p ]p-Wy-san-epw hm-Kv-Zm-\w sN--s- hn-ip Jp-B-\n-\v ]-I-cw am-e-I-fpw

au-en-Zp-I-fpw "Ip-^n'm-p-I-fpw ]n-m-p-I-fpw cw-Kw I--S-n.

- a-\p-jy ssZ-h--v ap-n ]m-Z-tk-h sN-m ap-kv-enw \ma-[m-cn-I Hm-Sn-sb-p- th-Z-\n-n-p- Im-gv-N-I.-.27

C-kv-emw I-i\-am-bn hn-e-n-b

_-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[\-bp-sS hn-f\
- n-ea
- mb Z-K-I-fpw i-hIp-So-c--fpw C-kvem-an-s Nn--fm-bn hm-gv--sp.

t\-bpw ]q-chpw ]-n-s-cp-mfpw a-X-n-s t]-cn h-gn-ap-Sn-I-fm-hp- A-]-lm-ky-X-I. Nq-Xm-w ap-X ssew-Kn-I-X h-sc
hn-]-\--c-p-I-fm-Wn-hn-sS...
hn-i-p-I-bpw
th-Z-\n-p-I-bpw P\n-p-I-bpw a-cn-pI-bpw sN-p- tIh- e a- \ p- j y- s c Xs ssZ-h-am-p-
_p-n iq-\y-X-I

ssZ-hn-s\m-cp ]p-{X-\p-mbn F- th-Z-\n-n-p--Xpw

lr-Z-b-sf \-Sp-p--Xpamb {]-NmcWw. Iw-]yq- Dmn-b F-n-\n-b, A-Xns {]- i v - \ - ]cnlcnm Iw-]yq--dm-bn P-\n-W-sa- hn-Nn-{X hm-Zw...
28

Ckv e manI {]am

W ]TnpXn
\npw ]utcm
lnXyw kapZmbs
hnen.
hnip
JpB\n \npw
lYokpIfn \n
pw Ah _lpZqcw
AIpamdn. amn
s Fm hmXnepI
fpw CXphgn sImnb
Ssp.

a-X-n-se hn-izm-k-]-c-hpw I-a-]-c-hp-am-b G-sXm-cp hn-j-b-hpw

{]-am-W--fn n-c-s-p-sh-v D-d-p h-cp-p-I F--Xm-Wv kXy-am-K-n F-n-t-cp--Xn-\p- h-gn. {]-am-W--fn n-cs-p F-p t_m-[y-am-bm a-p Xm-]-cy--sf-mw am-n sh-v AXv ]n-Xp-S-cm-\p- hn-\-b-ap--h-p am-{X-ta kz-K-n-te-p-
Cu h-gn-bn F-n-t-cm `m-Kyw e`n-q.
Cu am-K-n-em-hp-I F--Xv tI-h-ew kw-L-S-\m ]--]m-Xn-Xztam, k-p-Nn-X-Xz-tam A-.-C-Xv \-p-sS kz-K-hpw \-c-I-hpw Xo-cp-am\n-p- hn-j-b-am-Wv.-B-b-Xn-\m D-kv-Xm-Zp-am-tcm-Sv \n--v ss[cy-]q-w tNm-Zn-mw G-sXm-cp a-X Im-cy-n-\pw Jp-B-\n sXfn-hp-t-m F-v.-.-?
l-Zo-kn sX-fn-hp-t-m F-v.-.-.-? D-s--m-Wv D--c-sa-n ho-pw tNm-Zn-mw.-.-.29

Cu sX-fn-hp {]-Im-cw kz-lm-_n-I {]-h-n-n-cp-tm F-v.-.-?

a-X-n-se s\-pw ]-Xn-cpw Cu tNm-Zy-n-\p ap-n th-Xn-cn-bpw.k-Xyw a-\-n-em-bn-pw Im- Im-c-W-h-am-cp-sS am-Kw a-Xn-sbpw, A-dn-hn-m- ]m-a-c-\m-Wp Rm F-pw, ]-n-X ]p-tcm-lnX-am-sc A--am-bn ]n-]--W-sa-pw hm-Zn-p--h-tcm-Sv JpB ]-d-bp--Xv Iq-Sn hm-bn-p-I.
A-m-lp A-h-X-cn-n--Xv \n- ]n-]-n Po-hn-p-I Fv A-h-tcm-Sv B-sc-n-epw ]-d-m, A-, R--fp-sS
]n-Xm- kzo-I-cn--Xm-bn I--tX R- ]n-]-p-Ibp-q F-m-bn-cn-pw A-h ]-d-bp--Xv. A-h-cp-sS ]nXm- bm-sXm-pw Nn-n-v a-\-n-em-m--h-cpw t\h-gn I-s-m--h-cp am-bn-cp-s-n t]m-epw (A-h-sc
]n ]-p-I-bm-tWm?) (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 2:170)
k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-I-tf, ]-Wv-Un-X-am-cn-epw ]p-tcm-ln-X-amcn-epw s]- [m-cm-fw-t] P-\--fp-sS [-\w A-\ym-b-am-bn
Xn-p-I-bpw,A-m-lp-hn-s am-K-n \n-v (A-h-sc)XS-bp-I-bpw sN-p-p.-kz-W-hpw sh-n-bpw \n-t-]-amn-sh-p-I-bpw, A-m-lp-hn-s am-K-n A-Xv sN-eh-gn-m-Xn-cn-p-I-bpw sN-p--h-cm-tcm A-h-v th-Z-\tb-dn-b-in--sb--n k-tm-j-hm- A-dn-bn-p-I.
(hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 9:34)
F-s DZv-t_m-[-\-s hn-v h--h-\pw Xn-cn-p-I-f-bp-
]-w Xo--bm-bpw A-h-v C-Sp-n-b H-cp Po-hn-X-am-Wpm-bn-cn-p-I.-Db
- n-s-gp-t-]n-s \m-fn A-hs
- \ \mw
A--\m-b \n-e-bn F-gp-t-]n-v sIm-v h-cp--Xpam-Wv.
(-hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 20:124)

\-thm-m-\-n-s H-cp \q-m-v

]-sm--Xmw \q-m-n-s Xp-S-w, ap-nw k-ap-Zm-b-n-s N-cn{Xw Nn-e th-Z-\-I am-{X-am-Wv \-ap-v \-Ip--Xv. Zp-_-e-am-b hnizm-k B-Nm-c-.- t\--I-fpw D-dq-kp-I-fpw a-p a-X hn-cp- BtLm-j--fpw hym-]-Iw. G-Io-Ir-X-am-b t\-Xr-Xz-an-. ]-c-kv-]-cw Ie-ln-p- \m-p {]-am-Wn-am-cpw a-l-v Im-c-W-h-am-cpw.-. ]p-tcm-lnX-am ]-d-bp--sX-tm A-Xm-bn-cp-p a-Xw.- A-h-cp-sS \n-e-]m-SpI k-aq-l-n Zp-kzm-[o-\-ap-m-n. tcm-K--v Nn-In- A]q-w.- a-{-hm-Z-hpw ]n-m-W-sa-gp-pw tcm-K-Nn-In--m-bn D-]30

tbm-Kn-p-h-p.-_-lp-ssZh-Xz-n-s {]-Xo-I--fmb D-dp-v G-e-v N-c-Sv XpS-n-b-h hym-]-Iw. am-e-Ifpw au-en-Zp-I-fpw a-X-ns `m-K-am-bn {]-N-cn-n-s-p. Jp-B ]m-cm-bWw t]m-epw Iq-en \-In
sN-n-p- A-h-.kv-{Xo-I-v A--cw
]Tn-m-t]m-epw A-hI
- mi-an-m-bn-cp-p. kv-{Xo-[\w hym-]-Iw, a-l \Ip-- k-{-Zm-bw D-mbn-cp-n-. Jp-B-]c
- n-`mj \n-jn--am-bn-cp-p. ]cn- ` m- j - s - S p- n- b JpB {]-Xn-I \-in-n-s-Sp-I-bpw ]cn`mjsSpnb ]-n-X-am _-ln-jv-Ir-X-cm-hp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp.a-X {]-`m-j-W- ]m-Xn-cm-hn-se I-Y-I-fpw ]m-p-I-fpw D-dp-Zn-Ifp-am-bn A-[:-]-Xn-p. h-b-fp-I [-\-k-m-Z-\-n-\p- am-w am{Xw.-\- a-e-bm-fw ln-p--fp-sS `m-j-bm-b-Xn-\m ]Tn-m-h-X-sv ]-n-X-am D-Zv-tLm-jn-p. C-kv-em-an-I {]-am-W--fp-am-bn bmsXm-cp _--hp-an-m-sX Po-hn-t--n-h-cp-- G-sXm-cp k-aq-l-hpw
F-n-s-Sp- Zu-`m-Ky-I-c-am-b A-h--bp-sS Nn-{X-am-Wn-Xv.A-Xn Z-b-\o-b-am-bn-cp- ap-nw ssI-c-fn-bp-sS Cu `q-an-I-bn \nm-Wv tI-c-f ap-nw \-thm-m-\ {]-h--\--v Xn-cn sIm-fps-Xv. hy-Iv-Xn-I-fn Xp-S-n kw-L-i-n-I-tf-s-Sp- tI-c-f
ap-kv-enw \-thm-m-\w B-Z-i-]-c-am-b H-cp [o-c t]m-cm--n-s Ncn-{X-am-Wv.-C-y-bn G--hpw Iq-Sp-X ap-kv-enw-I-fp- kw-m\w
tI-c-f-a-, ]-s cm-Py-n-\v ap-gp-h am-Xr-I-bm-b, a-X-]-c-hpw `uXn-I-hp-am-bn sI-p-d-p- H-cp k-aq-l-am-bn tI-c-f ap-kv-enw-I-sf amn-sb-Sp-p-Xn \-thm-m-\ \m-b-I h-en-b ]-v h-ln-p.-hnizm-k-n-s A-Sn--d-bn X-s \-thm-m-\w ]-Sp-p-b-nb-Xn-\m ]-cn-h--\w k-aq-l-n-s \m-\m `m-K--tf-bpw kv-]in-p. a-X-]-c-am-bpw hn-Zym-`ym-k-]-c-am-bpw cm-{o-b-am-bpw km--nI-am-bpw k-aq-lw ap-tm-p-Ip-Xn-p. k-n-Zv k-\m-D- a-n X-,
31

P-am-ep-o au-e-hn, h-w A-p Jm-Zn au-e-hn, sI Fw au--ehn,

sI Fw ko-Xn km-ln-_v, Nm-en-e-I-v Ip--l--Zv lm-Pn, C sI
au-e-hn, C. sam-bv-Xp au-e-hn Xp-S-n-b-h \-thm-m-\ in-n-Ifn Nn-e am-{X-am-Wv. 1921 cq-]o-Ir-X-am-b tI-c-f ap-kv-enw sF-Iykw-L-n-s cq-]o-I-c-W-n-\p ti-jw, 1924 tI-c-f-n-se ap-gph ap-nw ]-n-X-m-sc-bpw D-sIm-n-p sIm-v tI-c-f Pw-C-p D-e-a F- kw-L-S-\ cq-]o-Ir-X-am-bn. 1950 B-Wv _-lp-P\--m-bn tI-c-f \-Zv-h-p ap-Pm-ln-Zo cq-]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv.{]-t_m-[-\-n {]-hm-N-I-am-cp-sS am-w ]n-p-S-c-W-sa-v
\n-_--ap- ap-Pm-ln-Zp-I hn-izm-k cw-K-s hn-a-eo-I-c-W-amWv {]-Y-a Zu-Xy-am-bn G-s-Sp--Xv. hn-izm-kw ]-hn-{X-am-hm-sX Hcm-fp-sS-bpw bm-sXm-cp I---fpw kzo-I-cn--s-Sp-I-bn- F--Xn\m a-X {]-t_m-[-\-n-s Im-pw- Im-X-ep-am-bn-cn--Ww Xu-lo-Zv
F-v {]-m-\w F-m-e-pw I-i-\ \n-e-]m-Sv kzo-I-cn-p-p. P\--fp-sS C---tfm A-`n-{]m-b--tfm ]-cn-K-Wn-m-sX "k-Xyw
]-d-bp-I A-Xv F-{X I-bv-]p--Xm-bm-epw' F--Xm-Wv {]-m-\n-s \-bw, C--ap--h-v kzo-I-cn-mw.-.-A-s-n \n-cm-I-cnmw.-.-.GsX-nepw kw-L-S-\-bn-te-tm, t\-Xm--fn-tetm A,
Am-lp-hn-tepw Ah-s a-Xn-te-p-am-Wv ap-Pm-ln-Zv {]-m\w P-\-sf -Wn-p--Xv. {]-m-\-nepw kw-L-S-\-bnepw GXp hen-b t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp-mepw a-X-n-s\-Xncm-b \n-e-]m-Sp-I kzoI-cn-m Ah-sc D-]-tZ-in-m\pw Xn-cp-m-\pap- B--h-am-Wv
ap-Pm-ln-Zp-I F-m-epw Im-Wn-n-p-Xv. a-Xw ]m-en-p--Xnepw
{]-t_m[-\w sN-p--Xnepw IWniamb \n-e-]m-Sp-I kzo-I-cn-p-Xn-\m-em-Wv {]-m-\-n \npw ]-e-tm-gm-bn hy-n-Ifpw kwL-fpw th-]n-cn-p t]m-bXv.

a-c-W-n-\p ti-jw.-.h-n-p h-cp- B-tKm-f Xm-]-\w.- a-en-\-am-bn-sm--n-cn-p-

sh--hpw hm-bp-hpw {]-Xn-tcm-[n-m-\m-hm- am-dm tcm-K-.-\n-b{n-m-\m-hm- {]-Ir-Xn Zp-c--.- tem-Iw \m-i-n-te-v Ip-XnpI-bm-tWm F-v kw-i-bn-m-hp- H--\-h-[n Im-c-W--n-S-bnem-Wv a-\p-jy-s Po-hn-Xw.
{]-]-w H-cp-\m X-I--a-cpw. {]-Im-i-t-m th-K-X-bn
{]-]-w hn-I-kn-p-sIm--n-cn-p-p F-v im-kv-{Xw.-h-en-sbm-cp _eq-Wn Im-v \n-d-p -sIm--t--bn-cp-m F-m-Wp-m-hp-I.-.-? {]32

]- hn-Im-k-n-s A-h-km-\w, F-mw X-I--Sn-bp- H-cp s]m-ns-dn-tbm k-tm-N-tam im-kv-{Xw Im-tXm-p-p. a-c-Ww Po-hn-Xn-s A-h-km-\-a-. A-\-iz-c-am-b A-\--am-b a-sm-cp Po-hn-Xn-te-p- {]-th-in-I am-{X-am-Wv a-c-Ww.B-Im-iw ]n-f-cp-tm, A-Xv A-Xn-s c-n-Xm-hn-\v Io-gvs]-Sp-I-bpw sN-p-tm- A-Xv (A--s\ Io-gv-s]-Sm)
I-S-s-n-cn-p-p-Xm-\pw.-`q-an \o--s-Sp-tm A-Xn-ep-Xv A-Xv (]p-d-t-v)C-Sp-I-bpw,A-Xv Im-en-bm-bn-o-cp-Ibpw sN-p-tm A-Xn-s c-n-Xm-hn-\v A-Xv Io-gv-s]-SpI-bpw sN-p-tm- A-Xv (A--s\ Io-gv-s]-Sm) I-S-sn-cn-p-p Xm-\pw. (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 84:1,2,3,4,5)
A-tm \mw \n--sf hr-Ym kr-jv-Sn--Xm-sW-pw, \-psS A-Sp--te-v \n- a-S--s-Sp-I-bn-s-pw \n-
I-W
- m-n-bn-cn-p-Ib
- m-tWm.-..- ?- (hn-ip-- J
- p-B: 23:115)
G-sXm-cp tZ-l-hpw a-c-Ww B-kz-Zn-p--Xm-Wv. \n--fpsS {]-Xn-^-e- D-bn-s-gp-t-]n-s \m-fn am-{Xta \n--v ]q--am-bn \-I-s-Sp-I-bp-q. A-tm
B-cv \-c-I-n \n-v A-I-n-\n--s-Sp-I-bpw kz-Kn {]-th-in-n--s-Sp-I-bpw sN-p-p-thm A-h-\m-Wv
hn-P-bw t\-Sp--Xv. sF-ln-I- Po-hn-Xw- I-_-fn-n-p- H-cp
hn-`-h-a-m-sX a-sm-p-a-. (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 3:185)

\-ap-sm-cp kz-]v-\-ap-v. ]m-h-s--h-\pw ]-W-m-c-\pw H-cpt]m-se \o-Xn e-`n-p- H-cp tem-Iw.-th-Z-\-bpw Zp-cn-X--fpw A--epI-fp-an-m- H-cp Po-hn-Xw.-]n-Sn-In-m- Ip--hm-fn-I-sf ]-c-ky hnNm-c-W sN-p- H-cp Zn-h-kw.-]p-d-sa Nn-cn-p-I-bpw D-n ]-I-bpw
hn-tZz-j-hpw sh-p ]p-e-p-I-bpw sN-p--h-cp-sS I-]-S ap-J-
h-en-p-Io-dp- H-cp k--`w.-A-\p-`-hn- th-Z-\-I-v Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-amb H-cp ]-cn-lm-cw.-B-cp-a-dn-bm-sX, A-dn-b-W-sa-m-{K-ln-m-sX sNbv-X \--I-v A-ln-p- H-cp Aw-Ko-Im-cw.
33

a-\p-jy a-\-n-se kz-]v-\--sf-mw Cu tem-I-v X-s ]qo-I-cn-p-I km-[y-a-. h-c-p-W-n-b `q-an-bn a-g s]-p-tm
ho-pw sN-Sn-I D-m-hp-sa-n, a-c-W k-am-\-am-b D-d--n \v \-ap-v ho-pw D-W-cm-\m-hp-sa-n, a-cn-p a-m-b-Xn-v ti-jhpw \mw ]p-\-P-\n-p-I X-s sN-pw.-B-m-hv am-{X-a- \-p-sS
i-co-c-hpw ]p-\:-kr-n--s-Spw.
D-bn-s-gp-t-]n-s \m-fp-sIm-v Rm-\n-Xm k-Xyw sNp-p. Ip--s-Sp-p- a-\-n-s\-sm-pw Rm k-Xyw
sN-bv-Xp ]-d-bp-p.-a-\p-jy hn-Nm-cn-p-p-tm; \mw Ah-s F-p-I-sf H-cp-an-p-Iq-p-I-bn-s-v? A-sX, \mw Ah-s hn-c-p-p-I-sf t]m-epw i-cn-s-Sp-m I-gn-hp-h-\m-bn-cn-s. (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 75:1,2,3,4)
Ip--hm-fn-I-pw A-[--Im-cn-I-pw Xo-cm Zp-J-hpw, kp-IrXw sN-bv-X-h-v k-am-[m-\-hpw \-Ip--Xm-bn-cn-pw ]p-\-cp-m\w. Ip--hm-fn-I A-v `-b-hn-lz-e-cm-Ipw ap-e-Ip-Sn-p- Ip-p-sf am-Xm- a-d-v t]m-hpw.-H-c-Wp-thm-fw Xn- t]m-epw {]-Z-inn--s-Spw.- \-p-sS A-h-b-h- \-ap-s-Xn-cm-bn km-n ]-d-bpw._-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-I hn-Nm-c-W t]m-ep-an-m-sX \-c-I-n-te-v h-ens-dn-b-s-Spw.-I-]-S hn-izm-kn-I \-c-I-n-s A-Sn--n-te-v ]nSn-v h-en--s-Spw.-]-c-kv-]-cw D-]-{Z-hn- ar-K--v t]m-epw {]m-bn-w \-I-s-Spw.- hn-fn-p {]m-n-n-cp- ssZ-h- ssI-shSn-bpw. lm.-.-F-{X `-bm-\-I-c-am-bn-cn-pw A-Xv.F-m sN-In-S-S-n-p- B i-_v-Zw h-m A-Xm-bXv a-\p-jy X-s k-tlm-Z-c-s\ hn-v Hm-Sn-tm-Ip- Zn-hkw.-X-s am-Xm-hn-s\-bpw ]n-Xm-hn-s\-bpw. X-s `m-cy-sbbpw a--sf-bpw A-h-cn-s- Hm-tcm a-\p-jy-\pw X-\n-v
a-Xn-bm-hp--{X (Nn-m) hn-j-bw A-v D-m-bn-cn-pw.- Av Nn-e ap-J- {]-k--X-bp--h-bm-bn-cn-pw Nn-cn-p-h-bpw k-tm-jw sIm-p--h-bpw sh-sd Nn-e ap-J-fm-I-s A-v s]m-Sn ]p-c-n-cn-pw.-A-h-sb Iq-cn-cp-v aq-Snbn-cn-pw A-q--cm-Ip-p A-hn-izm-kn-I-fpw A-[--Imcn-I-fp-am-bn-p--h. (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 80:33..-42)
kp-Ir-Xh
- m-am-cm-Is
- A-v k-tm-j
- n-em-bn-cn-pw. Ah-cp-sS ap-J- {]-Im-i ]q-cn-X-am-bn-cn-pw.-F-m `-b-fn \n-pw kp-c
- n-Xc
- m-bn-cn-pw.-am-em-Ja
- m A-hs
- c kzm34

K-Xw sN-pw.-G--hpw h-en-b B kw-{`-aw A-h-v `o-Xn Dm-p-I-bn-. B \-a-bpw sIm-v h-tm A-h-\v (Av) A-Xn-s\-m D--a-am-b-Xv D-m-bn-cn-pw.- A-v `b-hn-lz-e-X-bn \n-v A-h kp-c-n-X-cm-bn-cn-p-I-bpw
sN-pw. (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 27 : 89)
\n--v hm-Kv-Zm-\w sN--s-n-cp- \n--fp-tS-Xm-b Znh-k-am-Wn-Xv F-v ]-d-v sImv a-e-p-I A-h-sc
kzm-K-Xw sN-p--Xm-Wv. (hn-ip-- -Jp-B: 21:103)

\-c-Iw.-.k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-I-tf, kz-tZ-l--sf-bpw \n--fp-sS _-p-sf-bpw a-\p-jy-cpw I-p-I-fpw C--\-am-bn-p- \-c-ImKv-\n-bn \n-v \n- Im-p-c-n-p-I.-A-Xn-s tat\m--n-\v ]-cp-j-kz-`m-h-ap--h-cpw A-Xn-i-Iv-X-am-cp-amb a-e-p-I-fp-m-bn-cn-pw. A-m-lp A-h-tcm-Sv I-]n-Im-cy-n-A-h-t\m-S-h A-\p-k-c-W-t-Sv Im-Wn-p-I-bn. A-h-tcm-Sv I-]n--s-Sp--Xv F-pw A-h {]-h-np-I-bpw-sN-pw (hn-ip- Jp-B: 66:6)
.-.-.-a-\p-jy-cpw I-p-I-fpw C--\-am-bn I-n--s-Sp- \-cIm-Kv-\n-sb \n- Im-p kq-n-p-sIm-p-I. k-Xy-\ntj-[n-I-p-th-n H-cp-n-sh--s--Xm-Ip-p A-Xv. (hnip- Jp-B: 2:24 )
C-S-Xp-]--m, F-m-Wo C-S-Xp-]--m-cp-sS A-h-kvY! Xp-f-p I-b-dp- D-jv-W-Im-v, Np-p-Xn-f-p- sh-w.
X-Wp-p--tXm, kp-J-Zm-b-I-tam A-m- I-cn-p-I-bp-sS
X-W.-.-. (hn-ip- Jp-B: 56:41,42,43,44 )
A-Xn-\-Sp-v ( \-c-I-n-\-Sp-v ) h-cm--h-cm-bn \n-fn B-cpw X-s-bn-.-\n-s c-n-Xm-hn-s J-Wv-Un-X-hpw
\-S-n-em--s-Sp--Xp-am-b H-cp-Xo-cp-am-\-am-Ip-p A-Xv . ]no-Sv [-\
- n-jvT ]m-en-h
- s
- c \mw c-s
- -Sp-p-Ib
- pw,A{I-an-I-sf ap-p-Ip-n-b-h-cm-bn-sm-v \mw A-Xn hn-tp-I-bpw sN-p--Xm-Wv.-(hn-ip- Jp-B: 19:71,72)
35

B-m-Wv \-c-Iw.-.z

A-m-lp-hn ]-p tN-p--h-v

z A-m-lp-hn-s\ [n--cn-p--h-v
z {]-hm-N-I-s\ [n--cn-p--h-v
z hn-[n hn-izm-k-s I-f-hm-p--h-v
z \-a-kv-Im-cw D-t]-n-p--h-v
z A-lv-ep-p--n-t\m-Sv
F-Xn-cm-hp- I-n-I-v
z Zo _-en-\-tI--n h-n-pw
ln-Pv-d t]m-Im--h-v
z \-_n-bp-sS t]-cn I-f-hv
]-d-bp--h-v
z A-l-m-cn-I-v
z N-Xn-bpw Ip-X-{-hpw sN-p--h-v
z l-dm-am-b-Xv `-n-p--h-v
z h-kv-{Xw h-en-n-g-p-- ]pcpjmv
z a-\-q-w sIm-e-sN-bv-X-h-v
z A-t\ym-\yw hm-tfm-p--h-v
z ]-tcm-]-{Z-hw sN-p--h-v
z ]-en-i `p-Pn-p--h-v
z P-\--fp-sS [-\w
A-\ym-b-am-bn `-n-p--h-v
z A-\m-Y-I-fp-sS kz-v Xn-p--h-v
z cq-]--fp-m-p--h-v
z A-{I-an-I-tfm-Sv ]-w tN-cp--h-v
z \--X sh-fn-hm-p- kv-{Xo-I-v
z ar-K--sf t{Zm-ln-p--h-v
z B-m--X-bn-m-sX
hn-m-\w tX-Sp--h-v
z B--l-Xy sN-p--h-v
z kz-w [-cn-p- ]p-cp-j-am-v
z a-Zy-]m-\n-I-v
z ]-d-bp--Xv {]-h-n-m-
{]-t_m-[-I-v
z A-b-hm-kn-sb
D-]-{Z-hn-p--h-v...
............................
36

kz-Kw.-.kz-W-n-s X-fn-I-I-fpw ]m-\-]m-{X--fpw A-h-v Nppw sIm-p \-S--s-Spw. a-\-p-I sIm-Xn-p--Xpw Ip-I-v B-\--I-c-hp-am-b Im-cy- A-hn-sS D-m-bncn-pw.- \n- A-hn-sS \n-Xy-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cn-p-I-bpw sNpw (43:71)
hn-iz-kn-p-I-bpw k-I-- {]-h-n-p-I-bpw sNbv-X-h-sc, Xm-gv-`m-K-p-Iq-Sn \-Zn-I H-gp-Ip- kz-K-tmp-I-fn Xo--bm-bpw A-m-lp {]-th-in-n-p--Xm-Wv.A-h--hn-sS kz-W-h-f-I-fpw ap-pw A-Wn-bn--s-Sp-Xm-Wv. ]-m-bn-cn-pw A-h-v A-hn-sS-bp- h-kv-{Xw
(22:23)
A-\-iz-c Po-hn-Xw \-I-s- Nn-e Ip-n-I A-h-n-S-bneq-sS Np-n \-S-p-sIm-p-an-cn-pw. A-h-sc \o I-m
hn-X-dn-b-ap-p-I-fm-Wv A-h-sc-v \o hn-Nm-cn-pw (76:19)
A--s\-bm-Ip-p ( A-h-cp-sS A-h-kv-Y. ) hn-im-e-am-b
t\-{X--fp- sh-fp- kv-{Xo-I-sf A-h-v C-W-I-fm-bn\-Ip-I-bpw sN-pw (44:54)
Xo--bm-bpw kz-K-hm-kn-I A-v Hm-tcm-tPm-en-bn-embn-sm-v kp-J-a-\p-`-hn-p--h-cm-bn-cn-pw (36:55)
A-h-cpw A-h-cp-sS C-W-I-fpw X-W-ep-I-fn A-ew-Ir-X-amb-I-n-ep-I-fn Nm-cn-bn-cn-p--h cm-bn-cn-pw (36: 56)
A-Xn-\-I-v A-h-cp-sS {]m-Xv-Y-\ A-m-lp-th, \n-\-v
kv-tXm-{Xw F-m-bn-cn-pw. A-Xn-\-I-v A-h-p- A`n-hm-Zyw- k-am-[m-\w! F-m-bn-cn-pw.-A-h-cp-sS {]m-Xv-Y\-bp-sS A-h-km-\w tem-I-c-n-Xm-hm-b A-m-lp-hn-\v kvXp-Xn F-m-bn-cn-pw. (10:10)

37

\-c-I-hpw kz-K-hpw `q-an-bn X-s F-n...?

\o-Xn-sb-hn-sS.-.-?
\q-dv t]-sc sIm- sIm-e-]m-X-In-sb `u-Xn-I \n-b-a--v F-{X
X-h-W Xq-n-sm-m-\m-hpw.B-m--X-v Aw-Ko-Im-c-sa-hn-sS.-.-?
B-m--am-bn ]-Wn-sb-Sp-p- H-cp sXm-gn-em-fn,ap-X-em-fn ImWp-tm am-{Xw ]-Wn-sb-Sp-p--Xm-bn \-Sn-p- a-sm-cm.
c-p t]-pw H-tc i--fw.kp-J Po-hn-Xw F-hn-sS.-.-?
am-dm-tcm-K-hp-am-bn P-\n-p-I-bpw tcm-K-n X-s a-cn-p-I-bpw
sN-p-p Nn-e.k-Xyw F-v ]p-d-v h-cpw.-.-?
\n-b-a ]m-e-I-cpw \n-b-a tIm-S-Xn-I-fpw F-{X {i-an-n-pw ]n-Sn-In-m B-bn-c--W-n-\v Ip--hm-fn-I
\--bpw Xn--bpw Xp-ey-am-hp-tam.-.-?
\--I-fn am-{Xw Po-hn-p-p Nn-e. a-p Nn-e-cm-I-s Xn--I-fn
X-s-bpw. F-m-h-pw H-tc Po-hn-Xw.-.-H-tc `q-an.-. H-tc ku-I-cy.\o-Xn-]q--I-am-b a-c-W-sa-hn-sS.-.-?
Ip--hm-fn-I-pw A-[--Im-cn-I-pw kp-J a-c-Ww.-km-aq-ly
\m-b-I-pw t\-Xm--pw Xq-p-a-c-hpw sh-Sn-bp--bpw.B-cv in- \-Ipw.-.-?
F-m-h-pw A-dn-bmw A-h-cm-Wv Ip-w sN-bv-X-sX-v.-I--h-cp-v, km-n-I-fp--v, ]-s kzm-[o-\-hpw -ip-]m-i-bpw h-gn Ip-hm-fn-I am-\y-cm-bn \-S-p-p.-

38

hn-S-]-d-bpw ap-]v.-.\-tm-Sv k--Xw tNm-Zn-m-sX, F-tm-sg--dn-bm-sX I-S-p h-cp A-Xn-Yn-bm-Wv a-c-Ww. a-c-W-n-\p ap-v ssZ-h-s Ip-dn-pw, a-cWm-\--c Po-hn-X-s Ip-dn-pw hy--am-b Nn-e Im-gv-N-m-Sp-I cq]-s-Sp-n-sb-Sp-p-I-bpw, A-Xn--\p-kr-X-am-bn Po-hn-Xw {I-a-s-Spp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-s-n Xo-cm-\--n-em-bn-cn-pw \-p-sS bm-{X
A-h-km-\n-p-I. a-c-W-n--p-dw t]m-epw \-p-sS k-l-Po-hn-I
th-Z-\n--cp-tX F- kv-t\-l-n-s, Kp-W-Imw--bp-sS ]-cn-Wn-Xcq-]-am-Wv Cu h-cn-I-fn. hn-m-\-n-s a-lm-k-ap-{Z-s H-cp
sIm-p t]-S-I-n-sem-Xp--p-Xns ]-cn-an-Xn-I G-sd-bp-.-v-F-mepw {k-m-hn-s a-X-s-Ip-dn-v H-cp D-Im-gv-N \-Im Cu sImp-]p-kv-X-I-n-\v km-[y-am-bn F-p hn-Nm-cn-p-p.hm-bn--dn-, tI--dn- Im-cy- a-\-n-cp-n \q-dp h-w Btem-Nn-p-I. kw-i-b- Xo-m C-\n-bpw A-h-k-c--fp-v. kXy-sa-p t_m-[y-s-Sp-p-sh-n [o-c-am-bn D-sIm-p-I
Cu k-t-iw A-dn-bm--h-v F-n-p sIm-Sp-p-I F- D-c-hm-Zn- \n--l-W-n-s `m-Kw Iq-Sn-bm-Wv C-Xv. Cu Zu-Xyw
Ip-sd-sb-n-epw \n--ln--s-p F-p X-s-bm-Wv hn-iz-kn-p-Xv. Xo-cp-am-\n-t--Xv \n--fm-Wv.-.-.-\n- am-{Xw.-kzo-I-cn-m-ep-
Kp-W--fpw \n-cm-I-cn-m-ep- Zp-c---fpw \n- am-{X-am-Wv A-\p`-hn-t--n h-cn-I.A-m-lp-hn-s {]o-Xn-bpw ]-c-tem-I c--bp-a-m-sX \n--fn \np H-cp ]p-n-cn t]m-epw R- Xn-cn-p {]-Xo-n-p-n-.-kv-t\l-n Nm-en-s-gp-Xn-b Cu A--c- \-ap-s-Xn-sc ]-c-tem-Iv km-n \n-m-Xn-cn--s F-v B-{K-ln-p-I.a-\p-jy-cm-cm-sW-pw Po-hn-X-sa-m-sW-pw ]-co--W--sf-n\m-sW-pw a-\-n-em-n {k-jv-Sm-hn-s\ am-{Xw B-cm-[n-v ssZ-hn-I
{]-am-W- am-{Xw A-h-ew-_n-v D-pw ]p-d-hpw ip-o-I-cn-v ]-ctem-I \--v th--n A-zm-\n-v ]-co--W--fn hn-P-bn-v Xr-]vXn-b-S- B-m--fm-bn {k-jv-Sm-hn-te-v Xn-cn-v t]m-Ip-hm {i-anp-I.-A-Xn-\p-th--n ]m-Sp-s]-Sp-I, {]m-n-p-I,
\m-Y A-\p-{K-ln--s.-.. Bao

39

Published by:
General Convenor

Ekp complex, Kallai road, Kozhikkode 2. Kerala, India

info@wisdomislam.org