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M hnh Solow

M hnh Solow
Robert Solow l gio s ca khoa kinh t, hc vin cng ngh
Massachsett, nm 1987, ng c tng gii thng Nobel kinh t v nhng
ng gp xut sc trong l thuyt tng trng v nhng nghin cu thc
nghim v qu trnh tng trng.
Nhng ni dung chnh trong m hnh Solow:
1/ Hm sn xut c li tc khng i theo quy m
Hm sn xut c dng:

(1)

Nu K v L tng gp i th sn lng u ra cng tng gp i. T


phng trnh (1), cho
ta c:
. Cng thc ny cho bit sn lng trn lao ng (y) l mt hm ca vn
trn lao ng. Nu K v L tng theo cng mt t l s khng lm thay i y
(hay Y/L) v f(K/L) = f(k) khng i, y l tnh cht ca hm sn xut c li
tc khng i theo quy m.
y = f(k).

Hm sn xut trn lao ng:

M hnh Solow gi nh hm sn xut trn lao ng c c im quen


thuc l nng sut bin ca vn gim dn. f(k) > 0 v f(k) < 0.
Sn lng trn lao ng
y

th 1
y = f(k)

k
Vn trn lao ng
Vi cung lao ng c nh, vic b tr mt s my mc ban u cho
ngi lao ng lm vic s dn n gia tng sn lng,
. Nhng khi
b tr thm nhiu my mc hn cho nhng ngi lao ng ny th mc tng
sn lng ca tng c my mi s ngy cng nh dn,
. Cho nn
mi mc tng thm vn trn lao ng (k) s gn lin vi mc tng sn lng
trn lao ng nh dn (y).

M hnh Solow
2/ Yu t tit kim
Sn xut to ra thu nhp, thu nhp trn mi lao ng dng tit kim v
tiu dng. Nn ta c,
. Trong , s l t l tit kim t thu nhp;
tit kim trn mi lao ng, s.y v tiu dng trn mi lao ng, c.
S tin tit kim c dng ti tr cho u t, gi s nn kinh t
khng c G, T, NX. Tng thu nhp,
dng trn mi lao ng,

hay

hay

Sn lng trn lao ng

. Vit li di

th 2

y = f(k)
c1
s.f(k)
y1
i1
k
Vn trn lao ng

k1

Khi c u t mi, tr lng vn tng ln nhng ng thi vn cng b


khu hao theo thi gian. Khi , lng vn mi c s bng lng vn mi to
ra t u t, tr i cc khon hao mn. Gi t l khu hao ca vn l , nu
mt lao ng s dng vn l k th khu hao ca mt n v vn trn lao ng
l k. Phng trnh thay i ca vn:
y l phng trnh trung tm ca m hnh Solow, lng vn mi tng
thm
l phn u t mi
tr i khu hao ( ).
u t, khu hao
y

th 3

y = f(k)
s.f(k)

Vn trn lao ng

M hnh Solow
3. Yu t lao ng
Gi nh rng dn s (v lc lng lao ng) tng trng vi t l l n (n
l ngoi sinh).
l lng vn b khu hao v
l lng vn cn cho lng
lao ng mi tng thm. V vy,
cn c gi l mc u t ha
vn. Lng vn mi tng thm
l phn u t mi
tr i lng vn
b khu hao v lng vn cn cho lng lao ng tng thm,
.
Phng trnh thay i ca vn tr thnh:

u t, vn khu hao, vn lao ng mi


y
th 4

Vn trn lao ng

T phng trnh
cho thy rng vic tch ly vn
ph thuc vo t l tit kim, t l tng trng lc lng lao ng v khu
hao. y l phng trnh rt quan trng v th nn tm hiu ngha chnh xc
ca n. Phng trnh ny pht biu rng s thay i vn trn lao ng
c xc nh bi 3 yu t:
i)
c quan h ng bin vi tit kim trn lao ng. Khi tit kim trn
lao ng tng ln, u t trn lao ng cng tng v tr lng vn trn lao
ng k gia tng.
ii)
c quan h nghch bin vi tng trng dn s hay lc lng lao
ng. iu ny c biu th bng gi tr,
. Gia tng lc lng lao ng
c ngha l vn trn lao ng k s gim, lng thay i ca vn trn lao ng
s chnh xc bng vi gi tr nk trong trng hp c s thay i v t l dn
s.
iii) Khu hao lm hao mn tr lng vn. Mi nm, gi tr vn trn lao
ng gim mt lng bng
mn vn,

, do

s quan h nghch bin vi hao

M hnh Solow
Qu trnh m qua nn kinh t gia tng gi tr vn trn lao ng, tc l
k thay i, c gi l pht trin vn theo chiu su. Ngc li, gi tr tit
kim ch cung cp gi tr vn b khu hao v lng vn cn cho lao ng
mi c gi l pht trin vn theo chiu rng, ngha l k khng thay i.
4. Trng thi dng

Trong th 5, ti nhng im dc theo trc honh, khong cch thng


ng gia ng
v
biu th cho s thay i vn trn lao
ng. V pha bn tri im A,
v
, nn gi tr vn
trn mt lao ng (k) tip tc tng ln v di chuyn sang phi dc theo trc
honh cho n khi t nn kinh t t trng thi cn bng ti im A. Xt theo
hm sn xut, s di chuyn sang phi l gia tng sn lng trn lao ng (y,
hay thu nhp trn u ngi). V nhng im bn phi im A,
v
, nn gi tr vn trn mt lao ng (k) s gim v di chuyn
sang tri dc theo trc honh cho n khi t nn kinh t t trng thi cn
bng ti im A, s di chuyn sang tri l s gim xung ca sn lng trn
lao ng hay thu nhp trn u ngi. Ti im A l im giao nhau ca

ng s.f(k) v
nn
, khi
.
Trng thi dng (ti im A) l im cn bng m lng vn gi
nguyn khng i, bi v lng u t mi to ra vn mi mi nm ch
b p phn vn b khu hao v lng vn cn cho lao ng mi tng
thm. Khi vn khng tng th sn lng trn mt lao ng cng s khng tng.
V vy, trng thi dng, lng vn trn mt lao ng l c nh v sn lng
trn mt lao ng cng l c nh.
u t, vn khu hao, vn lao ng mi
y

th 5

y = f(k)

s.f(k)

Vn trn lao ng

M hnh Solow
T gi nh ca m hnh Solow, hm sn xut c c im sut sinh li
gim dn theo vn,
v
, ch ra rng: (1) Cc nc ngho
c tim nng tng trng kinh t tng i nhanh, (2) t l tng trng c xu
hng chm dn khi thu nhp bnh qun u ngi bt u tng v (3) l h
qu ca hai ngha trn y, thu nhp ca nhng nc ngho c th bt u
hi t vi thu nhp ca cc nc giu theo thi gian. T vic trnh by m
hnh Solow qua th 5, gip ta khng nh r hn nhng iu ny. Nhng
im bn tri im A, c t l vn trn lao ng (k) v thu nhp bnh qun u
ngi (y) thp (ngha l mt nc tng i ngho). Trong nhng tnh
hung ny, yu cu pht trin vn theo chiu rng tng i thp cho
nn
c xu hng ln hn
v c k v y u tng trng. Vi
nhng im bn tri im A, dc tng i cao ca hm sn xut nhng
im c k v y thp ng rng, ng vi s gia tng k, s thay i ca y tng
i ln cho nn thu nhp bnh qun u ngi tng trng tng i nhanh.
Khi nn kinh t tng trng di chuyn cng gn n im A tng trng ca y
chm dn cho n khi dng li ti im A. iu ny c ngha l, i vi
nhng nc c t l vn trn lao ng (k) thu nhp bnh qun u ngi (y)
cao hn (c y v k tng i ln), t l tng trng y thng chm hn hn.
Do , khi cc nc di chuyn dc theo cng mt hm sn xut v c cng
trng thi n nh ca y, l nhng gi nh quan trng, cc nc ngho hn
c tim nng tng trng nhanh hn cc nc giu v cui cng s ui kp
n cng mt mc thu nhp trn u ngi ti im A. cng l d on
quan trng trong m hnh Solow l s hi t thu nhp u ngi trn ton
cu; tuy nhin, nhng kt lun ny li khng ng vi nhng quan st trong
thc t rng, tc tng trng thu nhp bnh qun trn u ngi vn ln
hn tc tng trng dn s (n). Kt lun ny s tr nn ng hn khi chng
ta a thm yu t cng ngh vo m hnh (s c phn tch phn sau).
Mt iu quan trng l trng thi dng tc tng trng sn lng
trn mt lao ng (y) bng khng nhng tc tng trng tng sn lng,
s bng tc tng ca dn s,
.
Trn th 5, ta thy ti

ta c

. Ti im ny:

- u t ch va b p phn vn b khu hao v lng vn cn cho


lao ng mi tng thm.
- Khi lng vn trn mt lao ng s gi nguyn khng i,
Ngha l vn khng tng ln na.
- Ch c mt trng thi dng duy nht k*
vn trng thi dng.

c gi l tr lng

M hnh Solow
- trng thi dng,

nn

gi nguyn khng i.

Trong cc m hnh tng trng, cn bng di hn c gi l trng thi


dng (steady state). y l s cn bng m ti mt s bin chng ta ang
xem xt s khng i, trong khi mt s bin khc c th thay i nhng vi
tc khng i. Hy tng tng nu c mt bn nc m tc nc chy
vo bng vi tc nc chy ra th mc nc trong bn s n nh trng
thi dng.
5. S thay i t l tit kim v t l dn s trong m hnh Solow
5.1 S thay i t l tit kim.
Gi s ngi dn tiu dng t hn v t l tit kim trung bnh tng (s
tng v mt l do ngoi sinh no ). T l tit kim cao hn s dn dn u t
nhiu hn. u t nhiu hn to ra lng vn mi nhiu hn v nn kinh t s
t trng thi dng mt mc vn k* mi cao hn. ng vi mc k* cao hn l
mc sn lng trng thi dng cao hn.
u t, vn khu hao, vn lao ng mi
y
th 6


y = f(k)

y1*
s1.f(k)

y0*

s0.f(k)
A

k0*

k1*

k
Vn trn lao ng

Trong th 6, s gia tng


n
s lm dch chuyn dng
thnh
m khng lm dch chuyn ng
v
. S tng
t l tit kim c ngha l tit kim trn lao ng (u t trn lao ng) by
gi ln hn so vi
, cho nn k tng dn. Nn kinh t di chuyn n
trng thi cn bng di hn mi ti im B, trong qu trnh ny, vn trn lao
ng tng t n v sn lng trn lao ng tng t n . Tuy
nhin, iu cn lu l tt c nhng gi tr gi nguyn khng i u c
biu th di dng gi tr trn mt lao ng. Cho d sn lng trn lao ng l
hng s, tng sn lng Y vn tip tc tng trng vi t l tng dn s hay t
l tng trng lc lng lao ng. Ni cch khc, tng thi dng, GDP (Y)
6

M hnh Solow
tng trng vi cng t l n, nhng GDP trn u ngi (y) gi nguyn khng
i hay thu nhp trn u ngi khng i. Nn kinh k thot u tng trng
vi t l nhanh hn t l tng trng trng thi n nh n (chnh l t l tng
dn s hay lc lng lao ng hng nm), cho n khi nn kinh t di chuyn
n im B; im ny, t l tng trng di hn tr li bng vi t l tng
dn s hng nm.
Nh vy, t l tit kim cao hn dn n nhiu u t hn, tr lng vn
trn lao ng cao hn v mc thu nhp (hay sn lng) trn lao ng cao
hn. Tit kim cao hn cng dn n s gia tng tm thi ca t l tng
trng kinh t khi trng thi dng di chuyn t A n B. Tuy nhin, s gia
tng t l tit kim khng dn n s gia tng lu di ca t l tng trng
kinh t di hn, n vn mc n.
Trng thi hong kim
Nu t l tit kim cao c th dn n mt trng thi dng tt hn theo
ngha l mc thu nhp trn lao ng cao hn, vy c phi t l tit kim cng
cao cng tt?
C mt nghch l v tiu dng vo tit kim: Tit kim cng nhiu th t
phn ca thu nhp dnh cho tiu dng cng nh. Khi cc h gia nh tiu dng
t i c ngha l h ang th hng t hng ha v dch hn cho bn thn v
cc doanh nghip cng bn c t sn phm hn trong ngn hn. Nh vy,
sn lng trong ngn hn b gim xung. Cc gi tr s khc nhau dn n cc
im dng khc nhau. Lm sao ta bit u l im dng tt nht?
u t, vn khu hao, vn lao ng mi
y
th 7

Vn trn lao ng
V c s nh i gia tiu dng v tit kim, nguyn tc vng (Golden
Rule) pht biu rng: im dng tt nht l im m tiu dng trn lao

M hnh Solow
ng l cao nht. Tiu dng u ngi,
nhp u ngi,
v tit kim u ngi,

, l s chnh lch gia thu


:
.

Khi nn kinh t cn bng trng thi dng:


v

nn
. Trong th 7, tiu dng

trn lao ng, t gi tr ln nht khi:


.

5.2 S thay i t l tng dn s


Biu Solow cng c th c s dng nh gi tc ng ca s
thay i t l tng dn s hay lc lng lao ng. S gia tng t l tng trng
dn s t n0 n n1 lm quay ng pht trin vn theo chiu rng sang tri t
tr thnh
, trong khi cc hm sn xut v tit kim
khng i v nn kinh t s t trng thi dng sm hn.
u t, vn khu hao, vn lao ng mi

th 8


y = f(k)

s.f(k)

A
B

Vn trn lao ng

V by gi c nhiu ngi lao ng hn nn tit kim trn lao ng


tr nn nh hn v khng cn gi cho vn trn lao ng khng
i. Do , k bt u gim v nn kinh t chuyn sang trng thi dng mi,
im B. V c nhiu lao ng hn nn vn trn lao ng gim t thnh
v sn lng hay thu nhp trn mt lao ng cng gim t thnh . Nh
vy, trong m hnh Solow, s gia tng t l tng trng dn s dn n thu
nhp bnh qun u ngi thp hn. Tuy nhin, cn lu rng t l tng
trng trng thi dng mi ca ton b nn kinh t tng t
ln thnh
, im B. Ni cc khc, vi t l tng trng dn s cao hn, Y cn tng
nhanh hn gi cho y khng i. Tnh hung tng t c th c s dng
xc nh tc ng ca s gia tng t l khu hao, . S gia tng t l khu

M hnh Solow
hao dn n gim k v y v mt mc thu nhp trn lao ng tri thi dng
thp hn. S khc bit gia tng t l tng dn s v tng t l khu hao l
ch tng t l khu hao khng dn n thay i t l tng trng di hn ca
Y, n vn bng n. Ngc li, gim t l tng trng dn s lm quay ng
sang phi v lm cho nn kinh t t trng thi dng tr hn, dn n
s gia tng ca vn trn lao ng v mc thu nhp trn lao ng. Trong tnh
hung t l tng trng dn s gim xung, lc u nn kinh t tng trng
vi t l nhanh hn t l tng trng trng thi dng mi, n (chnh l t l
tng dn s t l thp hn), cho n khi nn kinh t di chuyn n trng thi
dng mi. im ny, t l tng trng di hn tr li bng vi t l tng dn
s hng nm, n.
Nh vy, gim t l tng trng dn s dn n tr lng vn trn lao
ng cao hn v mc thu nhp (hay sn lng) trn lao ng cao hn. Bn
cnh , khi t l tng trng dn s thp hn, nn kinh t t trng thi dng
tr hn dn n s gia tng tm thi ca t l tng trng kinh t. Tuy nhin,
gim t l gia tng dn s khng dn n s gia tng lu di ca t l tng
trng kinh t di hn, n vn mc n.
6. Yu t cng ngh trong m hnh Solow
M hnh Solow nh m t cho n gi l mt cng c hu hiu phn
tch mi quan h gia tit kim, u t, tng trng dn s, sn lng v tng
trng kinh t. Tuy nhin, mt kt lun lm ta khng yn tm ca m hnh c
bn l mt khi nn kinh t t c mc thu nhp tim nng di hn, tng
trng kinh t ch n thun tng xng vi tng trng dn s ch khng c
c hi cho s gia tng bn vng trong thu nhp bnh qun. Mt m hnh c th
gii thch nh th no v s tng trng thu nhp bnh qun u ngi u n
ca nhiu nc trn th gii t nm 1820 n nay? Cu tr li ca m hnh
Solow l thay i cng ngh. Theo tng ny, l do then cht khin Php,
c, Anh, M v cc nc thu nhp cao khc c th duy tr tng trng thu
nhp bnh qun u ngi trong nhng qung thi gian rt di l v tin b
cng ngh cho php sn lng trn lao ng tip tc tng trng.
Tin b cng ngh c ngha l chng ta c th sn xut ra nhiu sn
lng hn vi cng mt lng vn v lao ng. Tin b cng ngh c th lm
tng nng sut tng hp ca c vn v lao ng (TFP Total Factor
Productivity), hoc tin b cng ngh ch tp trung vo nng cao hiu qu lao
ng hoc tp trung vo nng cao hiu qu vn. Nhng y chng ta ch xt
trng hp cng ngh nng cao hiu qu lao ng.

M hnh Solow
a vo m hnh kh nng nn kinh t c th sn xut nhiu sn
lng hn vi cng gi tr vn v lao ng nh c, ta s iu chnh hm sn
xut ban u i cht v gii thiu mt s bin mi. Ta s gi hiu qu lao
ng l E (efficiency). Gi s mt ngi lao ng c k thut c th lm
c bng 3 ln mt lao ng khng c k thut th thc t sc lao ng ca
anh y s tng ng vi 3L v hm sn xut tr thnh Y = F(K, 3L). C
ngha l vi s lao ng nh c nhng sc lao ng hiu dng tng gp 3
ln. Trng hp tng qut, hm sn xut s c dng:
Theo cch xc lp hm s ny, cng ngh c a vo mt hnh sao
cho n trc tip lm cho yu t lao ng c tt hn (hiu qu hn, nng sut
cao hn), nh th hin qua vic nhn E vi L. Loi tin b cng ngh ny
c gi l nng cao lao ng. Khi cng ngh c ci tin (E tng), hiu qu
v nng sut ca lao ng tng v cng mt gi tr lao ng by gi c th sn
xut c nhiu sn lng hn. Tch s
c gi l gi tr n v lao
ng hiu dng. Bn cnh tch s
o lng c gi tr lao ng v hiu
qu ca lao ng trong qu trnh sn xut, s gia tng tin b cng ngh (E)
hay tng s lng lao ng (L) u lm tng gi tr lao ng hiu dng v do
lm tng tng sn lng (Y). V d, mt vn phng bn bo him c th
tng lc lng lao ng hiu dng thng qua b sung thm ngi lao ng
mi hoc c th b tr cho mi ngi lao ng mt chic my tnh nhanh hn
hay in thoi di ng tt hn. Tuy nhin, E tng khc vi L tng, v s gia
tng tng thu nhp nh cng ngh mi khng cn phi chia s vi nhng
ngi lao ng b sung. Do , thay i cng ngh cho php sn lng (hay
thu nhp) trn mt lao ng tng ln.
Trong m hnh Solow, cng ngh c xem l bin ngoi sinh, ngha l
c xc nh c lp vi tt c cc bin v cc thng s nu trong m hnh.
Solow khng m t chnh xc thay i cng ngh din ra nh th no hay bn
thn qu trnh tng trng c th nh hng n n nh th no.Tuy nhin, bt
k n xut pht t u, cng ngh mi r rng b sung cho kh nng gia tng
sn lng ca cc yu t sn xut. Theo ngha ny, thay i cng ngh c
gi l lc tri cho trong m hnh Solow.
biu th thay i cng ngh trong m hnh Solow, ta cn sa i cc
k hiu. Trong khi trn y l k hiu y v k l sn lng v vn trn mt lao
ng, by gi ta cn biu th cc bin ny theo sn lng v vn trn lao
ng hiu dng. Vic thay i ny n gin l thay v chia Y v K cho L
c y v k, by gi ta chia cho
. Nh vy:
Sn lng trn mt lao ng hiu dng ( ) c nh ngha l:

10

M hnh Solow
Vn trn mt lao ng hiu dng (

) c nh ngha l:

Thm na, hy gi s l trnh cng ngh tng u n hng nm vi


t l l g v lc lng lao ng tng trng vi t l n. Khi tng trng ca
lao ng hiu dng
l
(v
th
). Ngha
l, nu dn s (hay lc lng lao ng) tng trng thm 2%/nm v cng
ngh tng trng thm 1%/nm th lao ng hiu dng tng thm 3%/nm.
Hm sn xut c th c vit l
v tit kim trn lao ng
hiu dng c biu th l
. By gi lao ng hiu dng tng trng
vi t l (n+g), phng trnh thay i ca vn tr thnh:

Thu nhp trn lao


ng hiu dng

th 9

y = f( )

s.f( )

Vn trn lao ng hiu dng

Nh bit, tin b cng ngh c ngha l chng ta c th sn xut ra


nhiu sn lng hn vi cng mt lao ng (hiu qu hn, nng sut cao hn)
nn gi tr mi
ln hn gi tr ban u
, cho thy rng
cn c nhiu vn hn gi cho sn lng trn lao ng hiu dng khng i.
Vn c mt trng thi dng, ti im ny tit kim trn lao ng hiu dng
bng vi gi tr u t mi cn thit b p cho s thay i quy m lc
lng lao ng, khu hao v thay i cng ngh nhm gi cho vn trn lao
ng hiu dng khng i. Trong m hnh Solow vi s thay i cng ngh,
mc vn trn lao ng hiu dng trng thi cn bng ( ) c xc nh bi
im A trong th 9, giao im ca ng pht trin vn theo chiu rng
hiu dng
v ng tit kim hiu dng
. trng thi
dng:

11

M hnh Solow
Lu , trng thi dng, sn lng trn lao ng hiu dng l khng i
ch khng phi l sn lng trn lao ng.
- Vn trn lao ng hiu dng khng i hay
- Sn lng trn lao ng hiu dng khng i hay

.
.

- Sn lng trn lao ng (thu nhp bnh qun u ngi, GDP u


ngi) tng trng vi t l bng t l tng trng cng ngh l .
- Tng sn lng (hay tng thu nhp, GDP), Y tng trng vi t l bng
tng t l tng trng ca dn s v t l tng trng ca cng ngh l
.
Nh vy, m hnh Solow gii thch c s tng trng u n ca thu
nhp bnh qun u ngi mt s nc l do tc tng trng cng ngh, .
Cn tc tng trng tng sn lng Y l do tng trng dn s v tng
trng cng ngh kt hp,
. Do , khi ta a thm yu t cng ngh
vo m hnh, by gi m hnh c thm kh nng l nn kinh t t c tng
trng bn vng ca thu nhp trn u ngi vi t l g. C ch ny mang li
mt cch gii thch hp l hn cho cu hi ti sao cc nc cng nghip
dng nh chng bao gi t n trng thi dng vi sn lng trn lao ng
hay thu nhp bnh qun u ngi khng i.
ngha ca m hnh tng trng Solow:
Cc nc ngho c tim nng tng trng nhanh. Khi thu nhp bnh
qun ca quc gia tng ln, tng trng c xu hng chm li. Nu c chung
nhng tnh cht quan trng, cc nc ngho c tim nng ui kp cc nc
giu.
Tng t l tit kim lm cho nn kinh t tin n trng thi dng tr hn
v dn n s gia tng thu nhp u ngi mt mc cao hn trong ngn hn.
Tuy nhin, s gia tng t l tit kim khng dn n s gia tng ca t l tng
trng kinh t di hn v khng nng cao thu nhp u ngi thng xuyn.
Gim t l tng trng dn s s nng cao thu nhp bnh qun u ngi
trong ngn hn nhng khng dn n s gia tng ca t l tng trng kinh t
di hn v khng nng cao thu nhp u ngi thng xuyn.
Tip thu cng ngh mi l yu t quyt nh duy tr tng trng bn
vng v gii thch c s tng trng u dn ca thu nhp bnh qun u
ngi mt s nc l do tc tng trng cng ngh.
u im ca m hnh Solow:
Linh hot hn v t l ca cc bin yu t sn xut (vn v lao ng).

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M hnh Solow
Hiu sut bin gim dn theo vn c ngha thc t v chnh xc hn.
Tp trung vo qu trnh di chuyn v trng thi dng.
Nhc im ca m hnh Solow:
Khng phn tch c cc nh hng khc c tc ng n trng thi dng
(n nh kinh t v chnh tr, gio dc v y t tt, chnh ph hiu qu, m ca
thng mi, v tr a l thun li).
M hnh ch bao gm mt khu vc, nn n khng lm r c vai tr ca
s phn b gia vn v lao ng gia cc lnh vc sn xut khc nhau nh (nng
nghip v cng nghip). Mi nn kinh t u sn xut mt tp hp cc hng
ho v dch v khc nhau, tng hng ho v dch v nh vy u s dng nhng
cch kt hp khc nhau ca vn v lao ng (v cc loi cng ngh khc nhau),
c nng sut v tim nng tng trng khc nhau.
M hnh Solow xem cc yu t sau y l c cho trc: T l tit
kim, tng trng cung lao ng, trnh k nng ca lc lng lao ng v t
l thay i cng ngh. Nhng gi nh ny gip n gin ho m hnh, nhng
cng chnh v th m ta khng hiu c nhiu v cc yu t c bn xc nh
nhng thng s ny v chng c th thay i nh th no trong qu trnh pht
trin.

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