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Mn hc:
X L TN HIU S
MC LC
LI NI U............................................................................................................3
CHNG I. TN HIU RI RC V H THNG RI RC ........................ 4
CHNG II. BIU DIN TN HIU V H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN Z
................................................................................................................................ 34
CHNG III. PHN TCH PH CA TN HIU ........................................... 71
CHNG IV. BIU DIN, PHN TCH H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN
TN S ................................................................................................................. 126
TI LIU THAM KHO
PH LC .............................................................................................................. 148
MT S CHNG TRNH MU DNG PHN MM MATLAB TRONG X L
TN HIU S.
LI NI U
X l tn hiu s (Digital Signal Processing - DSP) hay tng qut hn, x l tn hiu
ri rc theo thi gian (Discrete-Time Signal Processing - DSP) l mt mn c s khng
th thiu c cho nhiu ngnh khoa hc, k thut nh: in, in t, t ng ha, iu
khin, vin thng, tin hc, vt l,... Tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian (tn hiu tng t) cng
c x l mt cch hiu qu theo qui trnh: bin i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s
(bin i A/D), x l tn hiu s (lc, bin i, tch ly thng tin, nn, lu tr, truyn,...)
v sau , nu cn, phc hi li thnh tn hiu tng t (bin i D/A) phc v cho cc
mc ch c th. Cc h thng x l tn hiu s, h thng ri rc, c th l phn cng hay
phn mm hay kt hp c hai.
X l tn hiu s c ni dung kh rng da trn mt c s ton hc tng i phc
tp. N c nhiu ng dng a dng, trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. Nhng cc ng dng
trong tng lnh vc li mang tnh chuyn su. C th ni, x l tn hiu s ngy nay tr
thnh mt ngnh khoa hc ch khng phi l mt mn hc. V vy, chng trnh ging
dy bc i hc ch c th bao gm cc phn c bn nht, sao cho c th lm nn tng cho
cc nghin cu ng dng sau ny. Vn l phi chn la ni dung v cu trc chng
trnh cho thch hp.
Nhm mc ch xy dng gio trnh hc tp cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh in t Vin thng ti khoa Cng ngh thng tin mn hc X l tn hiu s I, II, cng nh lm ti
liu tham kho cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thng tin mn hc X l tn hiu
s, gio trnh c bin son vi ni dung kh chi tit v c nhiu v d minh ha. Ni
dung ch yu ca gio trnh X l tn hiu s I bao gm cc kin thc c bn v x l tn
hiu, cc phng php bin i Z, Fourier, DFT, FFT trong x l tn hiu, phn tch tn
hiu v h thng trn cc min tng ng. Ni dung ch yu ca gio trnh X l tn hiu
s II bao gm cc kin thc v phn tch v tng hp b lc s, cc kin thc nng cao
nh b lc a vn tc, x l thch nghi, x l thi gian tn s wavelet, cc b x l tn
hiu s v mt s ng dng ca x l s tn hiu.
CHNG I
TN HIU RI RC V H THNG RI RC
1.1. M U
S pht trin ca cng ngh vi in t v my tnh cng vi s pht trin ca thut
ton tnh ton nhanh lm pht trin mnh m cc ng dng ca X L TN HIU S
(Digital Signal Proccessing). Hin nay, x l tn hiu s tr thnh mt trong nhng
ng dng c bn cho k thut mch tch hp hin i vi cc chip c th lp trnh tc
cao. X l tn hiu s c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh:
- X l tn hiu m thanh, ting ni: nhn dng ting ni, ngi ni; tng hp ting ni /
bin vn bn thnh ting ni; k thut m thanh s ;
- X l nh: thu nhn v khi phc nh; lm ni ng bin; lc nhiu; nhn dng; th gic
my; hot hnh; cc k xo v hnh nh; bn ;
- Vin thng: x l tn hiu thoi v tn hiu hnh nh, video; truyn d liu; kh xuyn
knh; iu ch, m ha tn hiu;
- Thit b o lng v iu khin: phn tch ph; o lng a chn; iu khin v tr v tc
; iu khin t ng;
- Qun s: truyn thng bo mt; x l tn hiu rada, sonar; dn ng tn la;
- Y hc: no ; in tim; chp X quang; chp CT(Computed Tomography Scans); ni
soi;
C th ni, x l tn hiu s l nn tng cho mi lnh vc v cha c s biu hin bo
ha trong s pht trin ca n.
Vic x l tn hiu ri rc c thc hin bi cc h thng ri rc. Trong chng 1
ny, chng ta nghin cu v cc vn biu din, phn tch, nhn dng, thit k v thc
hin h thng ri rc.
1.2. TN HIU RI RC
1.2.1. nh ngha tn hiu:
Tn hiu l mt i lng vt l cha thng tin (information). V mt ton hc, tn
hiu c biu din bng mt hm ca mt hay nhiu bin c lp.
Tn hiu l mt dng vt cht c mt i lng vt l c bin i theo qui lut ca
tin tc. V phng din ton hc, cc tn hiu c biu din nh nhng hm s ca mt
hay nhiu bin c lp. Chng hn, tn hiu ting ni c biu th nh mt hm s ca
thi gian cn tn hiu hnh nh th li c biu din nh mt hm s sng ca hai bin
s khng gian. Mi loi tn hiu khc nhau c cc tham s c trng ring, tuy nhin tt c
cc loi tn hiu u c cc tham s c bn l ln (gi tr), nng lng v cng sut,
chnh cc tham s ni ln bn cht vt cht ca tn hiu.
Tn hiu c biu din di dng hm ca bin thi gian x(t), hoc hm ca bin tn
s X(f) hay X( ). Trong gio trnh ny, chng ta qui c (khng v th m lm mt tnh
tng qut) tn hiu l mt hm ca mt bin c lp v bin ny l thi gian.
Gi tr ca hm tng ng vi mt gi tr ca bin c gi l bin (amplitude) ca
tn hiu. Ta thy rng, thut ng bin y khng phi l gi tr cc i m tn hiu c
th t c.
1.2.2. Phn loi tn hiu:
4
vi - < n <
(1.1.a)
x(n) c gi l mu th n ca tn hiu x.
Ta cng c th biu din theo kiu lit k. V d:
x = { ..., 0, 2, -1, 3, 25, -18, 1, 5, -7, 0,...}
(1.1.b)
1, n = 0
0, n 0
( n) =
(n) ={...,0,....,0,1,0....,0,...}
(1.2)
(1.3)
(1.4)
(1.5)
(1.5)
(k ) (n) = u (n) u (n 1)
(1.6)
k =
Hnh 1.3 Cc dy c bn
a)
Dy xung n v
b)
Dy hng
c)
Dy nhy bc n v
d)
Dy hm m
e)
Dy tun hon c chu k N=8
f)
Dy hnh sin c chu k N=5
V d: x(n) = sin
hnh1.3(f)
1.2.3.3. Cc php ton c bn ca dy
Cho 2 dy x1 = {x1(n)} v x2 = {x2(n)} cc php ton c bn trn hai dy c nh
ngha nh sau:
1/. Php nhn 2 dy: y = x1 . x2 = {x1(n).x2(n)}
(1.8)
2/. Php nhn 1 dy vi 1 h s:
y = a.x1 = {a.x1(n)}
(1.9)
3/. Php cng 2 dy: y = x1 + x2 = {x1(n) + x2(n)}
(1.10)
4/. Php dch mt dy (Shifting sequence):
- Dch phi: Gi y l dy kt qu trong php dch phi n0 mu mt dy x ta c:
y(n) = x(n-n0), vi n0 > 0
(1.11)
(1.12)
Hnh 1.4:
(a) Dy x(n)
(b) Php dch phi 4 mu tr n tn hiu x(n)
(c) Php dch tri 5 mu trn tn hiu x(n)
8
x(k ) (n k )
(1.13)
k =
y(n) = T{x(n)}
(1.14)
(1.15)
M
1
x(n k )
M 1 + M 2 + 1 k = M
y ( n) =
1
{x(n + M 1 ) + x(n + M 1 1) + ... + x(n) + x(n 1) + ... + x(n M 2 )}
M1 + M 2 + 1
(1.16)
vi M1 v M2 l cc s nguyn dng.
H thng ny tnh mu th n ca dy ra l trung bnh ca (M1 + M2 + 1) mu ca dy
vo xung qu../Anh mu th n, t mu th n-M2 n mu th n+M1 .
1.3.1.2. p ng xung (impulse response) ca mt h thng ri rc
9
(1.17)
M2
, M 1 n M 2
1
(1.1.8)
y ( n) =
(n k ) = M 1 + M 2 + 1
M 1 + M 2 + 1 k = M1
0, n
10
x(k )
(1.20)
k =
x(k )
k =
v y 2 (n) =
{ax (k ) + bx
1
k =
k =
(k )} =
n
{ax (k )} + {bx (k )} = a x (k ) + b x
k =
k =
k =
x(k ) th
k =
(1.22)
11
(1.23)
(1.25)
(1.26)
Cc h thng trong cc v d 1.1; 1.2; 1.3 v 1.6 l cc h thng n nh. H thng tch
ly trong v d 1.5 l h thng khng n nh.
Ghi ch: Cc thuc tnh phn loi h thng trn l cc thuc tnh ca h thng
ch khng phi l cc thuc tnh ca tn hiu vo. Cc thuc tnh ny phi tha mn vi
mi tn hiu vo.
12
1.4. H THNG TUYN TNH BT BIN THEO THI GIAN (LTI: Linear TimeInvariant System)
1.4.1. Khi nim
H thng tuyn tnh bt bin theo thi gian l h thng tha mn ng thi hai tnh
cht tuyn tnh v bt bin.
Gi T l mt h thng LTI, s dng cch biu din pt(1.13) v pt(1.14), ta c th
vit:
vi k l s nguyn.
p dng tnh cht tuyn tnh, pt(1.27) c th c vit li:
y ( n) =
x(k )T { (n k )}
(1.28)
K =
(1.29)
x ( k ) h( n k )
(1.30)
k =
x ( n) x
k =
(n k )
(1.31)
(1.32)
(1.33)
T pt(1.33), ta thy, nu n>0, c x2(n-k) ta dch x2(-k) sang phi n mu, ngc li,
nu n<0 ta dch x2(-k) sang tri |n| mu. T nhn xt ny, Ta c th ra mt qui trnh tnh
tng chp ca hai dy , vi tng gi tr ca n, bng th nh sau:
Bc 1: Chn gi tr ca n.
13
(1.34)
k =
php th.
@ Vi n < 0: Hnh 1.5(a). trnh by hai dy x(k) v h(n-k) torng trng hp n < 0
(vi N = 4 v n = -3). Ta thy trong trng hp ny, cc thnh phn khc 0 ca x(k) v
h(n-k) khng trng nhau, v vy:
y(n) = 0, vi mi n < 0.
(1.35)
@ Vi 0 n < N-1: Hnh 1.5(b). trnh by hai dy x(k) v h(n-k), trong trng ny, ta
thy:
x(k).h(n-k) = ak nn:
y (n) = a K (1.36)
k =0
qK =
k=N
y ( n) =
q N q M +1
,M > N
1 q
1 a n +1
1 a
(1.37)
(1.38)
14
Hnh 1.5 : Cc dy xut hin trong qu trnh tng chp. (a);(b);(c)Cc dy x(k) v h(nk) nh l mt hm ca k vi cc gi tr khc nhau cu n (ch cc mu khc 0 mi c
trnh by ); (d) Tng chp y(n) = x(n) * h(n).
- Vi (N-1) < n: Hnh 1.5(b). trnh by hai dy x(k) v h(n-k), tng t nh trn ta
c:
x(k).h(n-k) = ak
y ( n) =
,n > N 1
(1.39)
k = n N +1
y ( n) =
n N +1
a
1 a
n +1
1 a
= a n N +1
1 a
0, n < 0
1 a n +1
y ( n) =
,0 n N 1
1 a
n N +1 1 a N
, N 1, n
a
1 a
(1.40)
15
(1.41)
x ( k ) h( n k ) =
x ( n m) h( m)
(1.42)
x ( n m) h ( m) = h ( n ) * x ( n )
(1.43)
k =
hay : y (n) =
m =
m =
(1.45)
h1(n)
x(n)
y(n)
(a)
h2(n)
x(n)
h1(n)
y(n)
(b)
x(n)
h1(n)*h2(n)
y(n)
(c)
(1.46)
(1.47)
h( k ) <
(1.48)
k =
th y (n) =
k =
k =
h( k ) x ( n k ) h( k ) x ( n k )
hay : y (n) B x
h( k ) <
k =
h( k ) x ( k ) =
k =
k =
h( k )
h( k )
h( k ) = S
k =
17
(1.49)
Chng minh:
- iu kin : T pt(1.30), y (n) = x(k )h(n k ) , vi iu kin (1.49) ta c th vit
li: y (n) =
x ( k ) h( n k )
(1.50)
k =
x ( n m) h( m)
m =
m < 0 hay n-m > n, suy ra h thng khng c tnh nhn qu.
V vy, iu kin cn v h thng c tnh nhn qu l: h(n)=0 khi
n <0.
V d 1.9: H thng tch lu c nh ngha bi :
y ( n) =
k =
k =
(1.51)
n =
n =0
S = h( n) = a
(1.52)
(1.53)
(1.54)
k =0
r =0
a k ( n) y ( n k ) = br ( n) x ( n r )
a
k =0
y ( n k ) = br x ( n r )
(1.55)
r =0
c gi l h thng c phng trnh sai phn truyn tnh h s hng (LCCDE). Trong
, cc h s ak v br l cc thng s c trng cho h thng.
H thng LTI c LCCDE l mt lp con quan trng ca h thng LTI trong x l tn
hiu s. Ta c th so snh n vi mch R_L_C trong l thuyt mch tng t (c c
trng bng phn trnh vi tch phn tuyn tnh h s hng).
V d 1.12: Xt h thng tch ly, nh ta bit, y l mt h thng LTI, v vy c th
biu din bi mt LCCDE. Thy vy, ta xem li hnh 1.8, trong y(n) l p ng ca h
thng tch ly ng vi tn hiu vo x(n), v y(n) ng vai tr tn hiu vo ca h thng vi
phn li. V h thng vi phn li l h thng o ca h thng tch ly nn:
y(n) - y(n-1) = x(n)
(1.56)
Pt(1.56) chnh l LCCDE ca mt h thng tch ly, vi N=1, a0 =1, a1=-1, M=0 v b0
=1.
19
Ta vit li:
y(n) = y(n-1) + x(n)
(1.57)
T pt(1.57), ta thy, vi mi gi tr ca n, phi cng thm vo x(n) mt tng c tch
ly trc y(n-1). H thng tch ly c biu din bng s khi hnh 1.9 v pt(1.57)
l mt cch biu din qui ca h thng.
a
k =0
y (n k ) = 0
(1.58)
(1.59)
(1.61)
(1.62)
Gii:
Ta bit nghim ca pt(1.62) c dng: yh(n) = (n, thay vo pt(1.62), ta thu c:
n - 3n-1 - 4n-2 = 0
hay
n -2 (2 - 3 - 4) = 0
(2 - 3 - 4) = 0
(1.63)
C1 + C2 = 3y(-1) + 4y(-2)
-C1 + 4C2 = 13y(-1) + 12y(-2)
(1.66)
vi K l mt hng s m ta s tnh.
V d 1.14:
Tm p y(n), vi n 0, ca h thng c m t bi LCCDE bc hai nh sau:
y(n) - 3y(n-1) - 4y(n-2) = x(n) + 2x(n-1)
(1.67)
(1.68)
(1.69)
Tnh cht tuyn tnh ca LCCDE cho php ta cng nghim thun nht v nghim ring
thu c nghim tng qut. Ta c nghim tng qut l:
y(n) = yh (n) + yp (n)
(1.70)
C1 = -1/25 v C2 = 26/25.
1
26
6
(1) n +
(4) n + n(4) n
25
25
5
(1.72)
k =1
r =0
M
ak
b
y (n k ) = r x(n k )
k =1 a 0
r =0 a 0
Hay y (n) =
(1.73)
(1.74)
(1.75)
a N y (n N ) + a k y (n k ) = br x(n k ) ,hay
k =0
N 1
r =0
ak
b
y (n k ) + r x(n k )
k =0 a N
r =0 a N
y (n N ) +
(1.76)
(1.77)
T cc kt qu trn ta tng qut ha thnh cng thc tnh y(n) vi n < 0 nh sau:
y(n) = an+1 c , vi n < 0
(1.78)
(1.79)
Nhn xt:
(1) Ta thc hin th tc qui tnh p ng theo chiu dng v chiu m ca
trc thi gian, bt u vi n = -1. R rng y l mt th tc khng nhn qu.
(2) Khi K=0, tn hiu vo lun c gi tr bng 0, nhng p ng c gi tr l y(n)=an+1
c. Nhng mt h thng tuyn tnh i hi rng, nu gi tr ca tn hiu vo bng 0, th gi
tr ca p ng cng bng 0 (tnh cht ny c chng minh nh mt bi tp). V vy, h
thng ny khng tuyn tnh.
24
(1.80)
l:
y ( n) = br x ( n k )
(1.81)
r =0
(1.82)
Cn nu khng c mc tiu trong khng gian hoc radar khng pht hin c mc
tiu th radar ch thu c nhiu cng, khi :
y(n) = (n)
So snh hai tn hiu x(n) v y(n) ta s pht hin c c mc tiu hay khng, v xc
nh c thi gian tr D = n0Ts, t ta xc nh c khong cch t mc tiu n
radar.
1.6.1. Tng quan cho (CROSSCORRELATION)
Xt 2 dy x(n) v y(n), gi s rng t nht mt trong hai dy c nng lng hu hn,
khi tng quan cho ca x(n) v y(n) c nh ngha nh sau:
rxy (n) =
(1.83)
k =
x(k ) y (k )
k =
rxy(5) = 5 rxy(6) = -3
rxy(4) = -7
v rxy(n) = 0, vi n 7
Vi n < 0, ta dch y(k) sang tri n mu, tnh tch vn(k) = x(k)y(k-n) v sau cng
tt c cc mu ca vn(k), ta thu c:
rxy(-1) = 0
rxy(-5) = 19
rxy(-6) = -9
26
x ( k ) x ( k n)
(1.84)
k =
x 2 (n) < v E y =
n =
( n) <
(1.85)
n =
Ta d dng chng minh c cc tnh cht sau y (Phn chng minh xem nh bi
tp):
(1)
Ex = rxx(0) v Ey = ryy(0)
(2)
rxy(n) = ryx(-n)
27
(3)
(4)
(5)
28
gi mu
Tn hiu
tng t
Tn
hiu
ri rc
Tn hiu lin
tc dng bc
thang
C tn s Fs=1/Ts
29
Twos
-complement
code
011
010
001
000
111
110
101
100
C nhiu kiu bin i D/A khc, nh: ni suy tuyn tnh (linear interpolation), ni
suy bc hai (quadratic interpolation),.... Vi mt tn hiu c bng tn hu hn, l thuyt ly
mu s xc nh mt hnh thc ni suy ti u.
1.7.2.3. Hin tng h danh (Aliasing)
minh ha, ta xt 2 tn hiu tng t hnh sin ln lt c tn s l F1 = 10 Hz v F2
= 50 Hz nh sau:
x1(t) = cos2(10)t v
x2(t) = cos2 (50)t
(1.87)
Hai tn hiu ny cng c ly mu vi tn s FS =40 Hz. Cc tn hiu ri rc tng
ng l:
x1(n) = cos2(10)(n/40) = cos(/2)n
x2(n) = cos2(50)(n/40) = cos(5/2)n
(1.88)
Tuy nhin, v cos(5/2)n = cos(2n + n/2) = cosn/2, nn x1(n) = x2(n). Vy, hai tn
hiu ri rc hnh sin c ly mu t hai tn hiu lin tc cho l khng th phn bit
c. iu ny c ngha l, khi phc hi tn hiu tng t t tn hiu ri rc cos(/2)n, ta
khng th bit tn hiu tng t c khi phc l x1(t) hay x2(t). V x2(t) cho mt kt qu
ly mu ng nh ca x1(t) tn s ly mu FS = 40 samples/second (s trng mu), ta ni
thnh phn tn s F2=50Hz l mt h danh (alias) ca thnh phn tn s F1=10Hz tn s
ly mu 40 samples/second.
Tht ra, khng ch c thnh phn F2 l h danh ca F1 m cc thnh phn tn s Fk =
(F1 + 40k) cng l h danh ca F1 , vi k l mt s nguyn. Tht vy, ta xt tn hiu tng
t c tn s Fk l:
x2(t) = cos2Fkt = cos2(F1+40k) t
(1.89)
Tn hiu ly mu ca n vi cng tc FS = 40Hz l:
xk(n) = cos2(F1+ 40k)(n/40) = cos(2kn + n/2)= cosn/2 = x1(n)
Mt v d v hin tng h danh c minh ha trong hnh 1.17. Trong , 2 tn hiu
tng t hnh sin c tn s ln lt l F1 = 1/8Hz v Fk = -7/8 Hz c cc mu ng dng
31
n =
n
n
) g t
Fs
Fs
(1.91)
n =
n sin 2B(t n / 2 B)
2 B 2B(t n / 2 B)
(1.92)
32
33
CHNG II
BIU DIN TN HIU V H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN Z
2.1 M U:
Chng 1 trnh by cch tnh p ng ca mt h thng trc tip t p ng xung
ca n, bng cch tnh tng chp ca kch thch vi p ng xung. Cch tnh tng chp
trc tip da vo cng thc nh ngha nh lm tn rt nhiu thi gian v cng sc.
Hn na , trong thc t s mu khc khng ca kch thch v p ng xung l rt nhiu
nn ta khng th tnh bng tay. Tuy nhin, phng php tnh tng chp bng th nh
trnh by cho ta mt thut ton ca chng trnh tnh tng chp bng my tnh. Vic
gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng bng phng php qui cng ch c
ngha khi s dng my tnh.
K thut bin i l mt cng c hu hiu phn tch h thng LTI. Bin i Z i
vi tn hiu ri rc c vai tr tng t nh bin i Laplace i vi tn hiu lin tc, v
chng c quan h ging nhau vi bin i Fourier. Tng chp ca hai dy trong min thi
gian s bin thnh tch ca hai bin i Z tng ng trong min bin phc z. Tnh cht
ny s lm n gin ha vic tnh p ng ca h thng vi cc tn hiu vo khc nhau.
Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng cng c gii mt cch d dng hn khi
dng cng c bin i Z.
Nh ta s thy trong cc chng sau, bin i Fourier gia vai tr cha kha trong
trong vic biu din v phn tch cc h thng ri rc. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp
cn phi s dng dng tng qut ha ca bin i Fourier, l bin i Z.
2.2 CC KHI NIM V BIN I Z.
2.2.1. Bin i Z ( THE Z - TRANSFORM):
Bin i z ca mt dy x(n) c nh ngha nh l chui ly tha:
X (Z ) =
x ( n) Z
(2.1)
n =
, vi z l mt bin phc.
Ta c th coi bin i Z nh l mt ton t (operator) m n bin mt dy thnh mt
hm, k hiu Z |.|, ta vit li:
ZT [x(n) ] = X(z)
hay:
(2.2)
x(n)----Z----> X(z)
(2.3)
Bin i Z c nh ngha bi pt (2.1) c gi l bin i Z hai pha (bilateral Ztransform) do bin n chy t - n . Bin i Z mt pha (unilateral Z-transform) c
nh ngha nh sau:
n =
X ( z ) = x ( n) Z n
(2.4)
n =0
34
n =
x(n)(re
) n
(2.5)
n =
n =
x(n)(e
) n
(2.6)
n =
Ta s cp n chng sau.
V bin i Z l hm ca mt bin phc, nn n thng c biu din trn mt phng
phc ca bin z (hnh 2.1). Ta thy, bin i Z ly trn vng trn n v chnh l bin i
Fourier.
x ( n) z
<
(2.7)
n =
35
2/. Cc v zeros :
Mt loi bin i Z thng dng v quan trng l bin i Z m X(z) ca n c dng
l mt hm hu t vi mi z trong ROC, ngha l:
X(z) = P(z)/Q(z)
(2.8)
( n) z
X ( z) =
= z0 =1
(2.9)
n =
n =
u (n) z n = az 1
n =0
(az )
X(z) hi t th:
1 n
<
(2.10)
(2.11)
n =0
Ta thy, ROC l min m z c gi tr sao cho |az-1| < 1 hay |z| > |a|, v trong ROC,
X(z) hi t n:
X ( z ) = (az ) =
n =0
1
z
, vi z > a
=
1
1 az
1 az
(2.11)
36
X ( z) =
1
z
, vi z > 1
=
1
1 z
1 z
(2.12)
X ( z ) = a n u (n 1) z n = a n z n
n =
n =
X ( z ) = a z = 1 ( a z )
n =1
(2.14)
n =0
-1
1
1
z
=
=
1
1
za
1 a z 1 az
(2.15)
(2.16)
Bin i Z s l:
X ( z) =
1 n
n
n
u (n) (3) u (n 1)z
n =
2
1
1
n
X ( z ) = z n ( 3) z n
n =0 2
n =
(2.17)
X ( z ) = z 1 + 1 (3) 1 z
n =0 2
n =0
(2.18)
1
1
+
1
1 + 3z 1
1 z 1
2
5
2z( z + )
4
=
1
( z )( z + 3)
2
(2.19)
Hnh 2.5
Nhn xt:
T cc v d trn ta thy rng: vi cc dy ly tha di v hn, bin i Z ca n c
th c biu din bng t s ca cc a thc bin z hay z-1. Cch biu din ny c bit
thun li.
V d 2.5 :Xt tn hiu :
a n ,0 n N 1
x ( n) =
0, n#
38
c bin i Z l:
N 1
N 1
n =0
n =0
X ( z ) = a n z n = az 1
1 (az 1 ) N
1 zN aN
=
1 az 1
z N 1 z a
(2.20)
N 1
<
n =0
vi k = 0, 1, 2,. . ., N-1.
(2.22)
39
2j C
0, k #1
(2.23)
1
1
X ( z ) z k 1 dz =
x(n) z n+ k 1 dz
2j C
2j C
(2.24)
1
1
k 1
X
(
z
)
z
dz
=
x ( n)
z n + k 1 dz
2j C
2
j
n =
C
(2.25)
1
X ( z ) z k 1 dz = x(k ) (2.26)
2j C
1
X ( z ) z n 1 dz
2j C
(2.27)
1
X ( z ) z n 1 dz = (gi tr thng d ca X(z)zn-1 tt c cc cc ca n trong
2j C
C.
(2.28)
Gi tr thng d (residue) ti mt im cc d0, bc s ca X(z)zn-1 , k hiu l Re s dj , l
0
: Re s dj
1
d j 1
= lim
X ( z ) z n 1 ( z d 0 ) j
( s 1)! dz s 1
(2.29)
i vi cc im cc n, pt(2.29) tr thnh:
Re s dj0 = lim X ( z ) z n 1 ( z d 0 )
(2.30)
s d 0
V du 2.6:
X ( z) =
1
, vi z > a , tm dy x(n) tng ng.
1 az 1
Gii:
ng cong kn C nm trong ROC ca X(z) nn c bn knh ln hn |a|.
- Vi n 0, C bao quanh mt cc duy nht ti z = a, ta c:
41
Re s 1a = lim X ( z ) z n 1 ( z a) = lim z n = a n
s a
s a
kt qu l:
x(n) = an
- Vi n < 0 , c cc kp bc n ti z = 0.
- Khi n = -1, c 2 cc trong C l z = a v z = 0
Re s 1a = lim X ( z ) z n 1 ( z a) = lim z 1 = a 1
s a
s a
1
Re s 01 = lim X ( z ) z n 1 ( z 0) = lim
= a 1
s 0
s a ( z a)
s a
1
Re s 01 = lim X ( z ) z n 1 ( z 0) 2 = lim
= a 2
2
s 0
s a ( z a)
Kt qu l x(-2) = 0
Tnh tip tc vi n = -3, -4, -5, ta thy x(n) = 0, vi mi n < 0.
Vy, kt qu cui cng l: x(n) = anu(n).
2.3 CC TNH CHT CA BIN I Z
Gi s ta c cc cp bin i Z nh sau:
Min hi t Ry ca a X1(z) + b X2(z) nh nht l phn giao nhau gia Rx1 v Rx2. Nu
t hp tuyn tnh a X1(z) + b X2(z) pht sinh cc im zeros kh i mt s im cc th
min hi t Ry c m rng ra (Ta s tr li s kh cc trong phn sau).
V d V d 2.Xc nh bin i Z ca tn hiu:
(a) x(n) = (cosw0n)u(n)
(b) x(n) = (sinw0n)u(n)
Gii:
(a) Tn hiu x(n) c th c biu din bi cc hm m phc theo cng thc Euler:
Ta thy, x(n) l t hp tuyn tnh ca 2 tn hiu e jn u (n) v e jn u (n) , tnh bin i Z
ca hai dy ny, ta c:
e j0 n u (n)
, ROC : z > 1
1 e j0 z 1
1
e j0 n u (n)
, ROC : z > 1
j 0 1
1 e
z
1
1
1
1
vi ROC: z > 1
+
j 0 1
j 0 1
2 1 e z
2 1 e
z
Cui cng ta c:
t y(n)=x(n-k), ta c: Y ( z ) =
x(n k ) z
, i bin m=n-k, ta c:
n =
Y ( z) =
x ( m) z ( m + k ) = z k
n =
x ( m) z
= z k X ( z)
m =
vi k l s nguyn.
ROC ca X(z-1) l
1
1
< z<
Rx
rL
44
x ( n) z
n =
= x(m)( z 1 ) m
m =
p dng pt (2.38) ta c :
1
; vi ROC: z > a
1 az 1
p dng (2.39):
x(n) = na n u (n) X ( z ) = z
dX 1 ( z )
az 1
, vi Rx=Rx1, ngha l z . > a
=
dz
(1 az 1 ) 2
z 1
, vi Rx = z > 1
(1 z 1 ) 2
(2.40)
45
Bin i z ca x(n) l:
46
l kt qu mong mun.
thu c ROC ca X3(z), ta ch rng, nu X1(v) hi t trong min r1L<|v|<r1H v
X2(z) hi t trong min r2L<|z|<r2H, th ROC ca X2(z/v) l: r2L<|z/v|<r2H, v min hi t
ca X3(z) s nh nht l:
R1L.r2L<|z/v|<r2H. r1H
(2.44)
47
Chng minh:
V x(n) l mt dy nhn qu, nn t nh ngha bin i z ta c:
Hm nh
Min hi t
x ( n)
X ( z)
Rx < z < Rx +
y ( n)
Y ( z)
Ry < z < Ry +
a.x(n) + b. y (n)
a. X ( z ) + b.Y ( z )
x(n k )
z k X ( z)
Rx < z < Rx +
a n x ( n)
X (a1 z )
a Rx < z < a Rx +
x ( n)
X ( z 1 )
1
1
< z <
Rx +
Rx
z.
n.x(n)
x ( n) y ( n)
x(n). y (n)
dX ( z )
dz
Rx < z < Rx +
X ( z ).Y ( z )
1
j 2
X ( v ).Y (v).v
.dv
x ( n)
X ( z )
Rx < z < Rx +
rxy (m)
Rxy ( z ) = X ( z ).Y ( z 1 )
Bin i z, X(z)
1
u(n)
1
1 Z 1
z 1
(1 Z 1 ) 2
nu(n)
ROC
Tt c mt phng
z
|z| > 1
|z| > 1
48
anu(n)
1
1 az 1
az 1
(1 aZ 1 ) 2
1
1 az 1
az 1
(1 aZ 1 ) 2
(cos0n)u(n)
1 z 1 cos 0
1 2 z 1 cos 0 + z 2
|z| > 1
(sin0n)u(n)
1 z 1 sin 0
1 2 z 1 sin 0 + z 2
|z| > 1
(ancos0n)u(n)
1 az 1 cos 0
1 2az 1 cos 0 + a 2 z 2
(ansin0n)u(n)
1 az 1 sin 0
1 2az 1 sin 0 + a 2 z 2
nanu(n)
-anu(-n -1)
-n anu(-n -1)
1
,vi z > 1 2
1 1
1 z
2
1
,z >a
1 az 1
b0 + b1 z 1 + b2 z 2 + ... + bM z M
X ( z) =
a 0 + a1 z
+ a2 z
+ ... + a N z
b
k =0
N
a
k =0
z k
z
(2.46)
Bin i z c dng ny thng gp khi nghin cu h thng tuyn tnh bt bin pt (2.46)
c th vit li:
M
z N b z M + b1 z M 1 + b2 z M 2 + ... + bM
X ( z) = M 0 N
=
z a 0 z + a1 z N 1 + a 2 z M 2 + ... + a N
b
k =0
N
a
k =0
z k
z
(2.47)
b0 (1 c k z 1 )
k =1
N
X ( z) =
(1 d
0 k =1
(2.48)
z )
X ( z) =
M N
c z
k =0
+ X ht ( z )
(2.49)
X(z)=
Ak
1 d
k =1
(2.50)
z 1
z = dk
50
1 + 2 z 1 + z 2
1 + 2 z 1 + z 2
=
3
1
1
1 z 1 + z 2 1 z 1 1 z 1
2
2
2
(2.52)
z 2 + 2 z 1 + 1
z 2 + 3z 1 2
5z 1 -1
1 + 5 z 1
X ( z) = 2 +
1 1
1
a z 1 z
2
t X ht ( z ) =
1 + 5 z 1
, ta s khai trin Xht(z) thnh tng ca 2 phn thc n
1 1
1
1 z 1 z
2
gin, cc h s
A1 v A2 c tnh bng cch p dng pt(2.51), nh sau:
A1 =
A2 =
1 + 5 z 1
1 =9
(1 z 1 ) z =
2
1 + 5 z 1
=8
1 1 z = 1
(1 z )
2
X(z) tr thnh : X ( z ) = 2
9
8
+
1 1
(1 z 1 )
(1 z )
2
Tra bng ta c:
2(n)
n
9
1
(1 z 1 )
2
1
u ( n)
2
51
8
(1 z 1 )
u(n)
X(z) b 0 z N 1 + b1 z N 2 + b 2 z N 3 + ... + b M z N M 1
=
z
a 0 z N + a 1 z N 1 + a 2 z N 2 + ... + a N
(2.53)
Sau khai trin X(z)/z thnh tng cc phn thc hu t n gin. Gi s, X(z) c cc
kp bc s ti dj. Pt(2.53) s c trin khai di dng:
N
s
Ak
Cm
X ( z)
=
+
m
z
k = lk j z d k
m =l ( z d j )
(2.54)
s
Ak
Cm
+
X(z)=
1
m
k =lk j 1 d k z
m =l ( z d j )
(2.55)
(1 + z )(1 z )
1
1 2
Vi ROC: z > 1
C1
C2
X ( z)
z2
A
=
=
+
+
z
(z + 1)(z 1)2 z + 1 z 1 ( z 1) 2
Cc h s A v C2 c th tnh c mt cch d dng nh sau:
A = ( z + 1)
X ( z)
1
=
z z = 1 4
52
C 2 = ( z 1) 2
X ( z)
1
=
z z =1 2
X ( z)
A
= ( z 1) 2
+ ( z 1)C1 + C 2
z
z +1
X ( z)
d
3
( z 1) 2
=
dz
z z =1 4
Cui cng X(z) c khai trin thnh cc phn thc hu t n gin, nh sau:
1 1
3 1
1
z 1
X ( z) =
+
+
4 1 + z 1 4 1 z 1 2 (1 z 1 ) 2
p dng phng php tra bng kt hp vi cc tnh cht tuyn tnh, vi phn trong
min z, vi x(n) l mt dy nhn qu, ta thu c:
x(n) = (-1)nu(n) + u(n) + n u(n) = [ (-1)n + + n/2]u(n)
2.4.3. Phng php trin khai thnh chui lu tha (POWER SERRIES EXPANSION)
T nh ngha ca bin i z, ta thy X(z) l mt chui ly tha, trong x(n) chnh l
h s ca z-n . Ta vit li:
n
2
1
1
2
X(z) = x(n) z = ... + x(2) z + x(1) z + x(0) + x(1) z + x(2) z + ... (2.56)
n =
1 1
z )(1 + z 1 )(1 z 1 )
2
1
1
z 1 + z 1
2
2
1
2
1
2
Phng php ny thng c p dng khi X(z) c dng logarit, sin, hyperbolic, hm
m. Ta nhc li cng thc Taylor ca mt hm f(x) ti im x = x0, nh sau:
f ( x) = f ( x 0 ) +
f ( x0 )
f (n) ( x0 )
f ( n +1) (c)
( x x 0 ) + ... +
( x x0 ) n +
( x x 0 ) n +1 (2.57)
1!
n!
(n + 1)!
f ( x0 )
f (n) ( x0 )
f ( n +1) (c)
( x) + ... +
( x) n +
( x) n +1
1!
n!
(n + 1)!
(2.58)
(1) n +1 a x z x
X ( z) =
n
n =1
Vy:
(1) n +1 a
n>0
x(n) =
n0
1
1 1 .5 z
+ 0 .5 z 2
khi: (a) ROC l |z| > 1 (b) ROC l |z| < 0.5
Gii:
(a) T ROC ca X(z) ta thy x(n) l mt dy bn phi. V vy , ta s tm mt khai
trin chui ly tha vi s m m. Bng cch chia t cho mu xp theo s m m dn, ta
c:
So snh vi pt(2.56), ta c:
54
(b) T ROC ca X(z), ta thy x(n) l mt dy bn tri. V vy, ta phi thc hin php
chia sao cho thu c khai trin ly tha dng ca z. Mun vy, ta xp cc a thc t s
v mu s theo th t sao cho ly tha ca z-1 gim dn (tc s m t m dn cho n 0).
Ta thc hin php chia nh sau:
Ta thu c:
2.5 GII PHNG TRNH SAI PHN TUYN TNH H S HNG DNG BIN
I Z MT PHA
2.5.1. Bin i Z mt pha (UNILATERAL Z-TRANSFORM)
nh ngha:
Bin i z mt pha ca tn hiu x(n) c nh ngha pt(2.4), ta nhc li:
55
n =
n =0
n =0
n =0
n
n
Bin i Z hai pha: X ( z ) = x[n]z = (n) z = 1
+
n
n
Bin i Z mt pha: X ( z ) = x[n]z = (n) z = 1
n =
n =0
x[n]z n = (n + 1) z n = z
n =0
n =0
+
n
n
Bin i Z mt pha: X ( z ) = x[n]z = (n + 1) z = 0
Ta thy, v x(n) khng nhn qu, nn bin i z hai pha v mt pha l phn bit
nhau.
Tnh cht:
vi RC [ X ( z )] : Rx < z < Rx +
ZT[x(n)] = X(n)
Th :
Y(z) = ZT[y(n)=x(n-k)] = z kX(z)
[2.60]
Vi RC[Y(z)] = RC[X(z)] , tr im z = 0 nu k >0 v im z = nu k < 0
Chng minh : Theo biu thc bin i Z thun [2.1-1] c :
Y ( z) =
x(n k ).z
= z k
n =
x(n k ).z
( nk )
=z k X (n)
n =
Y ( z) =
Suy ra:
1
1
z2
=
1 az 1 1 z 1 (z 1)(z a )
(z-1)Y(z)=
ROC: z > a
z2
( z a)
2
1
z
=
lim y(n) = lim
z a 1 a
n
z 1
a
1
+
1
1
1 az
1 az 1 z 1
)(
Tm bin i Z ngc bng phng php khai trin thnh cc phn thc hu t n
gin, ta c:
2.6 PHN TCH H THNG LTI TRONG MIN Z
2.6.1. Hm truyn t ca h thng LTI
2.6.1.1. Hm truyn t (hm h thng)
T chng I, ta thy rng mt h thng LTI hon ton c th c trng trong min
thi gian bi p ng xung h[n] ca n, vi tn hiu vo x[n], p ng ca h thng c
tnh bi tng chp:
y[n] = x(n) * h(n)
(2.64)
Y(z) = X(z).H(z)
(2.65)
Y ( z)
X ( z)
(2.66)
K =0
K =0
a K y ( n K ) = bK y ( n K )
(2.67)
Chng ta cng bit rng, t phng trnh sai phn (2.67) ta c th tm c y(n)
theo phng php qui. Nu iu kin ban u ngh c tha mn, h thng s l tuyn
tnh, bt bin v nhn qu.
p dng bin i Z cho c hai v ca pt(2.67) v n tnh cht tuyn tnh, dch
thi gian ca bin i Z, ta
Thu c :
a
K =0
z Y (z) =
b
K =0
z K X ( z)
N
M
K
K
a
z
Y
(
z
)
=
b
z
X (z)
K
K
Hay:
K =0
K =0
(2.68)
H ( z)
Y ( z)
=
X ( z)
K =0
N
K =0
z K
z
(2.69)
58
b
H ( z ) = 0
a0
(1 c K z 1 )
kN=1
(1 d z 1 )
k =1
(2.70)
Mi tha s (1-ckz-1) trong t s gp vo mt zero z=ck. Tng t, mi tha s (1dkz ) trong mu s ng gp vo mt cc z=dk.
C mt mi quan h r rng gia phng trnh sai phn v biu thc i s ca hm
truyn t tng ng. Nh ta thy, trong a thc t s ca pt(2.69) c cng cc h s vi
v phi ca pt(2.67) v a thc mu s ca pt(2.69) c cng cc h s vi v tri ca
phng trnh (2.67). Nh vy, bit hm truyn t ta c th suy ra phng trnh sai phn
v ngc li.
-1
H ( z) =
(1 + z )
1 2
3 1
1 1
1 z 1 + z
2
4
vi ROC: z >
3
4
(2.71)
Suy ra:
Y ( z)
1 + 2 z 1 + z 2
=
1
3
X ( z)
1 + z 1 z 2
4
8
1 1 3 2
1
2
1 + z z Y ( z ) = 1 + 2 z + z X ( z )
4
8
1
3
y (n 1) y (n 2) = x(n) + 2 x(n 1) + x(n 2)
4
8
(2.72)
1
y (n 1) + 2 x(n)
2
B( z )
A( z )
(2.73)
N ( z)
Q( z )
(2.74)
B ( z ).N ( z )
A( z ).Q( z )
(2.75)
L
AK
QK
+
1
1
K =1 1 p K z
K =1 1 q K z
Y ( z) =
(2.76)
(2.77)
K =1
k 1 n
pi .
K =1
K =0
y ( n) = a K y ( n K ) + b K x ( n K )
v bin i Z mt pha ca n l:
N
K
M
Y + ( z ) = a K z K Y + ( z ) + y (n) z n + bK z K X + ( z )
K =1
n =1
K =0
M
Y + ( z) =
bK z 1
K =0
N
K =0
a K z 1 y(n) z n
X ( z ) K =0
z 1
n =1
1 + aK z K
K =0
Vi:
N 0 ( z) = a K z
K =1
N 0 ( z)
A( z )
(2.78)
y ( n) z
n =1
62
y zi (n) = DK ( p K ) n u (n)
(2.79)
K =1
y ( n) = A ( p K ) u ( n) + Q K ( q K ) n u ( n)
,
K
K =1
(2.80)
K =1
y,Ak = Ak+Dk
T nhng g trnh by trn, ta thy rng nh hng ca iu kin u lm thay i
p ng t nhin ca h thng thng qua vic lm thay i cc tha s {AK}, khng c cc
cc mi c a vo vi iu kin u khc 0, hn na khng c s nh hng n p
ng p ca h thng.
V du 2.25: Xc nh p ng vi hm nhy bc n v ca h thng c m t bi
phng trnh LCCDE sau:
y(n)=0,9y(n-1) - 0,81y(n-2) + x(n)
vi cc iu kin u nh sau:
(a)
y(-1) = y(-2) = 0
(b)
y(-1) = y(-2) = 1
Gii:
Hm h thng H ( z ) =
p 2 = 0.9
j
.
3
Hm h thng : H ( z )
P1=
0,9e
1
1 0.9 z 1 + 0.8 z 2
1
1 0,9 z
jx
3
jx
3
+ 0,8 z 2
v P 2 = 0,9e
j
3
X ( z) =
1
1 z 1
1 0,9e
jx
3
je
1 0,9e 3 z 1 1 z 1
Y zi ( z ) =
N 0 ( z)
0,09 0,81z 1
=
A( z ) 1 0,9 z 1 + 0,81z 5
0,26 + j 0,4936
jz
3
1 0,9e z
0,026 + j 0,4936
1 0,9e
jz
3
z 1
(2.81)
Trong , {p K }, k = 1,2,..., N
l cc cc ca h thng v AK l cc tha s ty thuc vo tnh cht ca kch thch v
iu kin u.
Nu pk < 1 vi mi k, th ynr(n) s hi t n 0. Khi n . Trong trng hp ny, ta
gi p ng t nhin l p ng qu (transient respone). Tc gim ph thuc vo
ln ca cc cc. Nu tt c cc cc nh, tc suy gim nhanh. Ngc li, nu c mt
hoc nhiu cc gn vng trn n v, th p ng qu c duy tr trong mt thi
gian di.
p ng p ca h thng c dng:
L
(2.82)
y, {q K }, k = 1,2,..., L
l cc cc trong bin i z ca tn hiu vo v Qk l cc tha s ph thuc
c tnh ca h thng v tn hiu vo. Nu tt c cc cc ca tn hiu nm trong vng
trn n v, yfr(n) gim v 0 khi n ,nh trong trng hp p ng t nhin. Ta khng
nn ngc nhin v tn hiu vo cng l 1 tn hiu qu . Ngc li, khi tn hiu vo l mt
tn hiu nhn qu hnh sin, cc cc s nm trn vng trn n v, v kt qu l p ng p
l mt tn hiu iu ha (sin) khi n0. Trong trng hp ny p ng p c gi l p
ng xc lp (steady-state respone) ca h thng. V vy, duy tr p ng xc lp vi
n0, tn hiu vo cng phi c duy tr trong sut thi gian .
64
V d 2.26: Xc nh p ng qu v p ng xc lp ca h thng c m t bi
LCCDE:
y(n)=0,5y(n-1)+x(n)
x(n) = 10 cos(
Khi tn hiu vo
n
4
)u (n)
Hm truyn t:
1
1 0,5 z 1
1 1
)z
10(1
2
Y ( z) =
j
j
1
1
4
1 0,5 z 1 e z 1 e 4 z 1
6,3
6,78e j 28, 7 6,78e j 28, 7
+
+
j
j
= 1 0,5 z 1
1
4
1 e z
1 e 4 z 1
0
p ng t nhin hay p ng qu l:
ynr(n)=6,3(0,5)nu(n)
p ng p hay p ng xc lp l:
ta thy p ng xc lp tn ti trong sut thi gian n 0 khi tn hiu vo tn ti.
2.6.5. H thng n nh v nhn qu.
Khi thnh lp pt(2.69) t pt(2.67) chng ta gi s rng h thng l LTI, nhng
khng cp n tnh cht n nh v nhn qu. Tng ng, t phng trnh sai phn ta
c th thu c biu thc i s ca hm truyn t, nhng khng thu c min hi t.
iu ny ph hp vi thc t, nh thy trong chng I, l phng trnh sai phn
khng xc nh mt cch duy nht p ng xung ca h thng LTI, khi cha xc nh iu
kin u. V vy, hm truyn t nh phng trnh (2.69) hay (2.70), s c nhiu s chn
la khc nhau cho min hi t tng ng vi cng mt phng trnh sai phn.
Tuy nhin, nu chng ta gi s rng h thng c tnh nhn qu, ngha l h[n] l mt
dy bn phi v v vy ROC ca H(z) phi bn ngoi ca vng trn i qua im cc
ngoi cng.
Nu chng ta gi s h thng l n nh, ngha l p ng xung phi tha mn
h( n) <
n =
(2.83)
65
pt(2.83) ng ngha vi
h(n) < ti
z =1
(2.84)
n =
vy:
iu kin n nh l ROC ca H(z) cha vng trn n v, vy, tng hp li iu kin
h thng n nh v nhn qu l tt c cc im cc phi nm trong vng trn n v.
V d 2.27: Xt mt h thng LTI c LCCDE nh sau:
y ( n)
5
y (n 1) + y (n 2) = x(n)
2
1
5
1 z 1 + z 2
2
(2.85)
1
1 1
1
1 z 1 2 z
2
(2.86)
y(n)=a1y(n-1)+a2y(n-2)+bx(n)
(2.87)
S tng ng vi mt hm truyn t l:
H ( z) =
b
1 a1 z
(2.88)
a 2 z 2
K =1
K =0
y ( n) a K y ( n k ) = b K x ( n k )
M
H ( z) =
K =0
M
(2.89)
z K
1 ak z K
K =1
y(n) = aK y(n k ) +
k =1
b x( n k )
K =0
(2.91)
67
Hnh 2.11 : dng trc tip I , s khi ca h thng c phng trnh sai phn bc N
M
b z k = H ( z ) H ( z )
(2.92)
k
2
1
k
=0
Pt(2.92) cho thy rng ta c th xem h thng nh l gm hai h thng con (phn bn
tri v phn bn phi) mc lin tip nhau. Do tnh giao hon ta c th hon chuyn v tr
ca hai h thng con, ta c cch biu din trc tip II (dirrect form II) nh hnh 2.12.
3. Dng chun tc (Canonic Direct form)
Ta thy cc s hnh 2.11 v 2.12 c (N+M) phn t tr mt mu. tit kim cc
phn t tr, ta c th thc hin s hnh 2.13, gi l dng chun tc (canonic dirrect
form) (gi s N >M)R rng, dng chun tc ch cn N phn t tr (nu N > M) hoc M
phn t tr (nu M > N), ta tit kim c b nh cng nh thi gian dch chuyn tn hiu
trn ng tr so vi dng trc tip I v II.
68
y ( n ) = br x ( n r )
r =0
(2.93)
Ta c s nh hnh 2.14 :
69
70
CHNG III
PHN TCH TN S CA TN HIU
3.1 M U
Phn tch tn s (cn gi l phn tch ph) ca mt tn hiu l mt dng biu din tn
hiu bng cch khai trin tn hiu thnh t hp tuyn tnh ca cc tn hiu hnh sin hay hm
m phc.
Cch khai trin ny rt quan trng trong vic phn tch h thng LTI, bi v i vi
h thng ny, p ng ca mt t hp tuyn tnh cc tn hiu hnh sin cng l t hp
tuyn tnh cc tn hiu hnh sin c cng tn s, ch khc nhau v bin v pha.
Cng c phn tch tn s mt tn hiu l chui Fourier (cho tn hiu tun hon) v
bin i Fourier (cho tn hiu khng tun hon c nng lng hu hn).
3.2 TN S CA TN HIU RI RC
Khi nim tn s ca tn hiu tng t rt quen thuc i vi chng ta. Tuy nhin,
khi nim tn s ca tn hiu ri rc c mt s im cn lu . c bit, ta cn lm r mi
quan h gia tn s ca tn hiu ri rc v tn s ca tnh hiu lin tc. V vy, trong mc
ny ta s khi u bng cch n li tn s ca tn hiu lin tc tun hon theo thi gian.
Mt khc, v tn hiu hnh sin v tn hiu hm m phc l cc tn hiu tun hon c bn,
nn ta s xt hai loi tn hiu ny.
3.2.1. Tn hiu tng t tun hon theo thi gian
Mt dao ng n hi (simple harmonic) c m t bi mt tn hiu tng t (lin
tc) hnh sin:
xa(t) = Acos(t+ ) vi - < t <
(3.1)
Trong , A l bin ; l tn s gc (rad/s); l pha ban u (rad). Ngoi ra, vi k
hiu: F l tn s (cycles/second hay Hertz) v Tp l chu k (second), ta c:
= 2F = 2/Tp
(3.2)
Tn hiu lin tc hnh sin c cc tnh cht sau:
1) Vi mi gi tr xc nh bt k ca F hay Tp , xa(t) l mt tn hiu tun hon. Tht
vy, t tnh cht ca cc hm lng gic, ta chng minh c:
xa(t + Tp) = xa(t).
F c gi l tn s c bn (fundamental frequency) v Tp l chu k c bn
(fundamental period) ca tn hiu lin tc. F v Tp c th c cc gi tr khng gii hn (t 0
n ).
2) Cc tn hiu lin tc hnh sin c tn s c bn khc nhau lun phn bit vi nhau.
3) Khi tn s F tng th tc dao ng ca tn hiu tng, ngha l c nhiu chu k
hn trong mt khong thi gian cho trc.
Ta cng c th biu din mt tn hiu hnh sin bng hm m phc:
xa(t)
=
Aej(T+)
(3.3)
Ta c th thy c mi quan h ny qua cc cng thc Euler:
e j = cos + j sin
j
= cos j sin
e
= e j e j
1 j
j
cos = 2 (e + e )
sin = 1 (e j e j )
(3.4)
71
A j ( t + ) A ( t + )
e
+ e
2
2
(3.5)
Ta thy, tn hiu hnh sin c th thu c bng cch cng hai tn hiu hm m phc
lin hp c cng bin , cn c gi l phasor. Hnh 3.1 biu din bng th trong mt
phng phc, 2 i lng phasor quay quanh gc ta theo hai chiu ngc nhau vi cc
vn tc gc l (rad/s). V tn s dng tng ng vi chuyn ng quay u ngc
chiu kim ng h, nn tn s m tng ng vi chuyn ng quay theo chiu kim ng
h.
thun tin v mt ton hc, ta s dng khi nim tn s m, v vy khong bin
thin ca tn s s l - < F < .
n+
)
72
(3.11)
73
trng hp, khi ta tng tn hiu ri rc hnh sin t n 2, tc dao ng s gim, khi
0 = 2 ta c tn hiu hng ging nh khi
0 = 0. R rng, khi 0 = th tc dao ng cao nht.
A j (n + ) A (n + )
e
+ e
2
2
(3.12)
F
n +)
Fs
(3.14)
74
FS
F
1
1
F S
F
2
2
2TS
2TS
- FS FS
Hay:
TS
(3.19)
(3.20)
TS
Tn hiu ri rc
= 2F
= 2 f
( Radians/sample)
( Radians/sec)
F(hertz)
f (cycles/sample)
-< <
= TS
-< F <
f = F / FS
-1/2 f 1 / 2
- / TS / TS
= / TS
F
F
F S
2
2
F=f.F S
x a (t)=
c s
k k
(t ) = c k e ik0t
(3.23)
S k + N ( n) = e j 2 ( k + N ) f o N = e j 2n S k ( n) = S k ( n)
iu ny c ngha l ch c N hm m phc tun hon phn bit trong tp cc hm m
phc c m t bi pt(3.24) Hn na, tt c cc thnh vin trong tp ny c mt chu k
chung l N samples. R rng, ta c th chn N hm m phc bt k lin tip nhau (ngha l
t k = n0 n k = n0 + N 1) thnh lp mt tp cc quan h hi vi tn s c bn l f0 =
1/N. Thng thng, thun tin, ta chn tp ny tng ng vi n0 = 0, ta c:
S k (n) = e
j 2 knfN
, vi k= 0, 1 , 2 , 3,
(3.25)
N 1
i 2kn / N
x(n) = c k s k (n) = c k e
(3.26)
k =0
76
Hnh 3.4. (a) phn tch (b) tng hp nh sng mt tri dng lng knh
3.3.1. Phn tch tn s ca mt tn hiu lin tc tun hon theo thi gian chui
fourier
Ta bit mt tn hiu lin tc tun hon bt k c th phn tch thnh t hp tuyn
tnh ca cc tn hiu hnh sin hay hm m phc. y, ta ch nhc li mt cch tm
lc.
Xt mt tn hu tun hon x(t) vi chu k c bn l c khai trin bi chui
Fourier nh sau :
X(t) =
Xk=
X
1
Tp
x(t )e
j 2kFp t
(3.27)
(3.28)
Tp
Trong , k = 0, 1,2,3......
Tng qut, cc h s Fourier X k c gi tr phc, c trng cho bin v pha ca
cc thnh phn tn s F = kFp . Nu tn hiu tun hon l thc, th Xk v X-k l cc lin
hp phc, ta c th biu din di dng phasor.
X k = Xk e
j k
v X k = X k e
j k
77
hay:
(3.29)
k =1
y : a0 = X0 (c gi tr thc)
a k = 2 X k Cos k
b k = 2 X k Sin k
(3.30)
x(t )
dt <
(3.31)
Tp
x(t ) dt <
(3.32)
YP
1
Tp
x(t )
(3.33)
dt
Tp
1
Tp
^
x(t ) x (t )dt =
Tp
1
Tp
*
j 2kFt
dt =
x(t ) X k e
k =
Tp
k =
*
k
T p
j 2kFt
x
(
t
)
e
dt
=
Xk
k =
Tp
(3.
34)
Ta thit lp c quan h :
Px=
1
Tp
x(t ) dt =
2
Tp
k =
2
k
(3.35)
x(t) = X k e
j 2kF0t
R rng, nu x(t) bao gm nhiu thnh phn tn s, th chnh l cng sut ca thnh
phn th k ca tn hiu. V vy, cng sut trung bnh tng ca mt tn hiu tun hon
n gin l tng cng sut trung bnh ca tt c cc thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu .
Ph mt cng sut Ph bin Ph pha:
|Xk |2 l mt dy ri rc theo tn s F k = kFp, k = 0, 1, 2, ..., c gi l ph mt
cng sut ca tn hiu tun hon x(t). Ta thy, ph mt cng sut c dng ri rc,
khong cch gia 2 mu k nhau l nghch o ca chu k c bn Tp.
Ni chung, v cc h s ca chui Fourier c gi tr phc nn ta thng biu din
di dng phasor nh sau :
X k = X k e jk
Trong : k = Xk
(3.36)
2
P x = X 0 +2 X k
(3.38)
k =1
2
X0
+2 ( a k2 + bk2 )
(3.39)
k =1
Hnh 3.5. chui xung hnh ch nht tun hon theo thi gian
79
Gii :
Tn hiu tun hon c chu k c bn l Tp, r rng tha mn cc iu kin Dirchlet.
V vy, ta c th biu din tn hiu bng chui Fourier (3.27) vi cc h s xc nh bi
pt(3.28).
V tn hiu x(t) l mt hm chn (ngha l x(t) = x(-t)) nn thun tin, ta chn
gii hn ca tch phn t n(Tp /2) theo pt(3.28).
Tp
Vi k= 0, ta c: X 0 =
1
Tp
x(t )dt =
Tp
1
Tp
Adt = T
(3.40)
Cho k 0 :
Tp
1
Xk =
Tp
Ae
T p
2
j 2kF p
j 2kFp
Ae
A e
2
dt =
=
T p j 2kF p t F p kT p
2
= ASinkFP
jkF p
e
2j
, k = 1,2...
kFp
(3.41)
A sinF
, vi chu k ly mu l: Ts = F p =
TP F
TP
(3.42)
1
= 4 Hz v cc gi tr khc nhau ln lt l : = 0,05Tp; = 0,1Tp v =0,2Tp.
Tp
Ta thy khi tng v gi Tp khng i th cng sut ca tn hiu s tri di ra trn trc
tn s.
Hnh 3.6.b v dy Xk vi khng i v thay i chu k T p, vi Tp = 5;Tp=10 v
Tp=20. Trong trng hp ny khong cch gia hai vch ph gim khi chu k T p tng.
Khi Tp v khng i) tn hiu ch l mt xung ch nht duy nht (khng tun
hon), lc tn hiu khng cn l tn hiu cng sut (power signal) m l tn hiu nng
lng (energy signal), cc h s Fourier Xk0, cng sut trung bnh ca n bng 0.
Ph ca mt tn hiu c nng lng hu hn s c kho st trong phn sau .
Ph mt cng sut ca chui xung ch nht l :
80
Xk
T p
=
A
T p
sin kFp
kF
p
, k = 1,2,3,.....
(3.43)
81
x P (t ) = X k e j 2kF , F p =
P
(3.44)
Tp
vi X k =
(t )e
j 2kF p
dt
(3.45)
T p
2
V x(t) = 0, khi
nn ta c th thay xp(t) bng x(t) v gii hn tch phn trong
pt(3.45) t - n +, ta c:
1
Xk =
TP
(t )e
j 2kF p
dt
(3.46)
x(t )e
j 2Ft
(3.47)
dt
1
X (kFp ) hay
TP
Xk =
1 k
X
T p TP
(3.48)
82
1
Tp
x p (t ) =
k j 2kFPt
e
P
X T
k =
1
TP
x P (t ) =
X (kF )e
j 2Ft
(3.49)
k =
X ( F )e
j 2Ft
dt
(3.50)
x(t) =
X ( F )e
i 2Ft
dt
(3.51)
X(F) =
X (t )e
i 2Ft
dt
(3.52)
X( ) =
X ()e
jt
( 3.53)
1
2
X (t )e
jt
dt
( 3.54)
iu kin bin i Fourier tn ti l tch phn trong phng trnh (3.54) phi hi
t. Tch phn ny s hi t nu :
+
x(t )
dt <
(3.55)
83
x(t )
dt <
(3.56)
j 2Ft
x
(
t
)
X ( F )e dF dt hay Ex =
+
Ex =
*
j 2Ft
X
(
F
)
dt dF
x(t )e
Ex = x(t ) X ( F )e j 2Ft dF dt
*
j 2Ft
X
(
F
)
dt dF
x(t )e
hay
Ex =
Suy ra:
+
Ex =
X (F )
dF
Kt qu l : Ex =
X (t ) dt = Ex =
X (F )
dF
(3.57)
Mt khc, i lng:
Sxx(F) =
(3.58)
X(-F) = - X(F)
(3.60)
Sxx(-F) = Sxx(F)
(3.61)
A
x(t ) =
0
t
t >
Gii :
R rng tn hiu ny l khng tun hon v tha mn iu Dirichlet.
X (F ) =
Ae
j 2F
dt = A
SinF
F
(3.63)
p dng pt(3.52) :
sin
. V vy ph ca
vi k =
1
1
F tp trung hu ht nng lng ca
tn hiu. Khi rng xung gim, di tn chnh m rng ra v nng lng phn b ln
vng tn s cao hn v ngc li.
Ph mt nng lng ca tn hiu xung ch nht l :
2 SinF
S xx ( F ) = ( A )
(3.64)
x P (n) = X P (k )e j 2kn / N
(3.65)
k =0
, vi k = 0, 1, ..., N-1
(3.66)
Pt(3.66) c th c chng minh bng cch da vo cng thc tnh tng ca mt
chui hnh hc, l :
86
N 1 N 1
n =0
n =0 k =0
vi r l mt s nguyn v ly
x p (n)e j 2n / N = X p (k )e j 2 ( k ) n / N
i v tr cc tng v phi :
N 1
N 1
N 1
n =0
n =0
n =0
x P (n)e j 2n / N = X P (k ) e j 2 ( k ) n / N
(3.67)
p dng pt(3.66) ta c :
1
N
N 1
x ( n )e
j 2n / N
, vi r = 0,1,2,,N-1
(3.68)
n =0
x(n) = X P (k )e j 2kn / N
(3.69)
k =0
1
N
N 1
x ( n )e
j 2kn / N
(3.70)
k =0
Nhn xt :
(3.71)
Trong thc t ta thng kho st trong mt chu k ng vi k = 0, 1, 2, ..., N1, tng ng vi di tn c bn 0 k = 2/ < 2.. Bi v, nu kho st trong di tn
- < k = 2/ tng ng vi s gp bt tin khi N l.
V d 3.3:
Hy xc nh ph ca tn hiu : : x(n) = Cos 0 n,khi: (a) 0=
, (b) 0 =/3
87
Gii :
(a) Vi 0 = 2 ta c f0 =
1
2
. V f0 khng l mt s hu t, nn tn hu x(n)
khng tun hon. Kt qu l ta khng th khai trin x(n) bng chui Fourier. Tuy nhin
tn hiu ny c mt ph ring ca n, ph ca n ch gm mt thnh phn tn s duy
nht = 0 = 2
(b) Vi 0 =/3 , ta c f0 =, vy x(n) tun hon vi chu k N = 6.
T pt(3.70) ta c :
X P (k ) =
1 5
x(n)e j 2kn / 6 ,
6 n =0
k = 0, 1, ..., 5
x(n) = cos
2n 1 j 2 6 j 2 6
= (e
+e
)
6 2
1
N
N 1
x ( n)
(3.72)
n =0
Bng cc thao tc ton hc tng t nh khi thit lp quan h Parseval cho tn hiu
lin tc, nhng y tch phn c thay bng tng, ta c quan h Parseval cho tn
hiu ri rc :
Px =
1
N
N 1
n =0
N 1
x ( n) = X P ( k )
2
(3.73)
k =0
Pt(3.73) l quan h Parseval ca tn hiu ri rc tun hon. Ta thy cng sut trung
bnh ca tn hiu bng tng cc cng sut ca ring tng thnh phn tn s.
Ph mt cng sut Ph bin Ph pha:
2
(3.74)
X p (0) = X p ( N )
X p (1) = X p ( N 1)
X p (1) = X p ( N 1)
X p(
N
N
) = X p( )
2
2
X p (
(3.75)
N
) = 0 (Nu N chn)
2
( N 1)
( N + 1)
( N 1)
( N + 1)
X p
Xp
= Xp
= X p
2
2
2
2
(Nu N l)
k =1
M
2
2
= a 0 + a k Cos
kn bk Sin
kn
N
N
k =1
(3.76)
(3.77)
1
N
N 1
x(n)e j 2kn / N =
n =0
1
N
N 1
Ae
j 2
kn
N
, vi k= 0,1,,N-1
n =0
j
2
A
L
Xp(k) = (e N ) =
j 2k
N
N n =0
A
1
, k = 1,2,...N 1
k
N
j 2
N
1 e
89
Ch rng :
1 e
1 e
j 2
kL
N
j 2
k
N
kL
N
k
N
k ( L 1)
N
=e
Do :
kL
k
N
e
e
kL
N
k
N
kL
Sin
N
k
Sin
N
AL
N , k = 0, N ,2 N ...
kL
X P (k ) =
k ( L 1) Sin
j
N , k 0, N ,2 N ...
N
Ae
N
k
Sin
(3.78)
N
2
2
kL
X p (k ) =
2 Sin
A
N , k 0, N ,2 N ...
N
k
Sin
(3.79)
Hnh 3.11 v th ca X P (k ) vi L = 5; N = 10 v A = 1
3.4.3. Phn tch tn s ca tn hiu ri rc khng tun hon bin i fourier
Tng t nh trong tn hiu lin tc khng tun hon, phn tch tn s ca mt tn
hiu ri rc khng tun hon c nng lng hu hn l bin i Fourier.
3.4.3.1. nh ngha bin i Fourier ca tn hiu ri rc
Trong chng 2 ta cp n bin i Fourier ca mt tn hiu ri rc, l
trng hp c bit ca bin i Z, khi bin i Z c ly trn ng trn n v,
ngha l Z = ej. Ta c bin i Fourier ca mt dy x(n) l :
j
X (e ) =
x ( n )e
jn
(3.80)
n =
Nht xt :
Bin i Fourier ca mt tn hiu ri rc v bin i Fourier ca mt tn hiu lin
tc c 2 s khc nhau c bn:
Di tn s ca bin i Fourier ca tn hiu lin tc (hay ph ca n) tri rng
t - n +, trong khi di tn ca bin i Fourier ri rc l [-, ](hay [0,2 ]),
vt ra ngoi di tn ny X() tun hon vi chu k 2 .
90
x ( n )e
Tht vy : X ( + 2k ) =
j ( + 2k ) n
n =
X ( + 2k ) =
Hay
x ( n )e
jn
e j 2kn
n =
x ( n )e
Ta c : X ( + 2k ) =
j n
= X ( )
(3.81)
n =
j
X ( z ) x n 1 dz ta thay z = ej v dz=je d.
2j
x ( n) =
1
2
X (e
) e j n d
(3.82)
x ( n) =
1
2
X (e
)e jn d
(3.83)
X ( ) =
x ( n )e
j n
n =
(3.84)
x ( n )e
jn
<
n =
x ( n) <
(3.85)
n =
V
Mt tn hiu ri rc tha mn iu kin (3.85) (gxi l kh tng tuyt i) l tn
hiu c nng lng hu hn. Thy vy :
Nng lng ca tn hiu ri rc x(n) c nh ngha nh sau :
Ex =
x ( n)
(3.86)
n =
91
Ex =
Ta c:
x ( n)
n =
x ( n) <
n =
x ( n) x * ( n) =
n =
1
x ( n)
n =
2
( )e jn d
1
2
1
*
jn
X
(
)
x(n)e d = 2
n =
X ( )
x ( n) =
2
n =
1
2
X ( )
(3.87)
Phng trnh (3.87) l quan h Parseval cho tn hiu ri rc khng tun hon c
nng lng hu hn.
Ph bin - Ph pha - Ph mt nng lng:
Ni chung, X() l mt hm phc ca tn s. V vy ta c th biu din bi mt i
lng phasor.
X ( ) = X ( ) e j ( )
(3.88)
(3.89)
(3.90)
(3.91)
(3.92)
T pt(3.89) ta cng c :
Sxx(-) = Sxx() (i xng chn)
(3.93)
92
V d 3.5
Xc nh v v ph mt nng lng Sxx() ca tn hiu :
x(n) = anu(n) vi -1 < a < 1, c th : a = 0,5 v a = -0,5
Gii :
Bin i Z ca x(n) l: X(z) =
1
, vi ROC : z> a (3.94)
1 az 1
1
1 ae j
Hay: S xx =
(1 ae
(3.95)
1
)(1 ae j )
1
1 2a cos + a 2
(3.96)
Mt ph nng lng :
Ta thy Sxx(-) = Sxx(), ph hp vi pt(3.93).
Hnh 3.12 v tn hiu x(n) v ph tng ng vi a = 0,5 v a = -0,5. Ta thy vi
a=-0,5 tn hiu bin i nh../Anh hn v kt qu l ph ca n tp trung vng tn s
cao.
V d 3.6:
Xc nh tn hiu x(n), bit rng ph ca n l :
1, c
(3.97)
X ( ) =
0, > c
1
2
1
2
u(n) v x(n) =
u(n)
Gii :
T pt(3.83) ta c :
1
x ( n) =
2
X ( )e
d =
=
d
c Sin c
,n 0
c n
Khi n = 0, ta c :
1
x ( n) =
2
d =
c
, n = 0
x ( n) =
c Sin c n , n 0
c n
(3.98)
Vy:
Cp bin i Fourier c minh ha trong hnh 3.13. Ta thy, x(n) l mt tn hiu
c nng lng hu hn v Ex =.
(3.99)
94
x =
L 1
x ( n) = A = L A <
x =0
X ( ) = Ae jn = A
n =0
1 e jL
1 e j
hay X ( ) = Ae j ( / 2)( L 1)
Sin(L / 2)
(3.100)
Sin( / 2)
Sin
X ( ) =
2
, 0
A
Sin
2
L
Sin
X ( ) = A ( L 1) +
2
Sin
2
(3.101)
(3.102)
95
X ((2 / N )k ) = Ae
j k ( L 1)
N
Sin kL
N
Sin k
N
(3.104)
Tnh cht
K hiu
x(n)
X()
x1(n)
X1()
1 Tuyn tnh
Dch trong
2 min thi
gian
o trc thi
3
gian
Vi phn
4 trong min
tn s
5 Chp
6 Tng quan
Min tn s
x2(n)
a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)
X2()
a1X1() + a2X2()
x(n-k)
e-jkX()
x(-n)
X(-)
n x(n)
x1(n)* x2(n)
X1()X2()
r x 1 x 2 ( l) = x 1 ( l) * x 2 ( l)
R x1x 2 () = X 1 ()X 2 ()
=X1()X2*()
7 Nhn
8
Lin hp
phc
nh l
Parseval
x1(n).x2(n)
x*(n)
X*(-)
(3.105)
x(n) trc tip
vo cng thc phn tch (3.84). Theo tnh cht ny, vic nhn dy x(n) vi
tng
ng vi s dch chuyn trong min tn s ca ph X() mt khong 0. S dch
97
(3.106)
cos 0 n =
1 j 0 n
j n
+ e 0
e
(3.107)
(3.108)
98
Thay pt(3.107) v e-jn = cosn - jsinn vo cng thc bin i Fourier thun
(3.84) ta thu c :
X R ( ) =
n =
(3.109)
(3.110)
1
2
1
2
[X
(3.111)
(3.112)
[X
x(n) cos n
(3.113)
n =
99
XR ( ) =
x(n) sin n
(3.114)
n =
(3.115)
(3.116)
(3.118)
n =1
X(n) =
(X
( ) sin n)d
(3.119)
(3.120)
(chn)
(3.121)
XI(n) =
[X
(3.122)
(l)
(3.123)
n =1
XI () = 0
XI(n)=
(3.124)
( ) sin n d
(3.125)
(chn)
(3.126)
n =1
100
XI(n)=
X I ( ) cos n d
(3.127)
X(n)=
(3.128)
n =1
n =1
n =1
n =1
XR( ) = A1 + 2 cos n = A1 + (e jn + e jn ) = A1 + e jn + e jn
e j e j ( M +1) e j e j ( M +1)
= A1 +
+
=
1 e j
1 e j
=A
1
j ( M + )
2
1
j ( M + )
2
j
Sin M +
2
=A
Sin
2
j
j
j
j ( M +1)
2
e (e e
) e 2 (e j e j ( M +1) )
A 1
+
j
j
j
2
2
e e
e 2
(3.129)
Sin M +
2
X ( ) = A
Sin
2
0, X ( ) > 0
X ( ) =
, X ( ) < 0
(3.130)
(3.131)
X a (F ) =
(t )e j 2Ft dt
(3.133)
( F )e j 2Ft dF
(3.134)
Ch rng, vic tnh ton c thc hin trn tt c cc thnh phn tn s trong
mt di tn v hn - < F < l cn thit cho s khi phc tn hiu tng t, nu tn
hiu c bng tn khng gii hn.
Ph ca tn hiu ri rc x(n) c cho bi :
x ( n )e
X ( ) =
jn
n =
Hay:
X(f ) =
x ( n )e
j 2fn
( 3.135)
n =
Hay
X ( )e
1
2
x ( n) =
jn
X ( f )e
j 2fn
(3.136)
df
1
2
(3.137)
x(n) x a (nTS ) =
j 2n
a
( F )e
F
FS
dF
(3.138)
Suy ra :
1
2
X ( f )e
j 2fn
df =
j 2n
a
( F )e
F
FS
dF
(3.139)
FS
2
F
S
2
j 2n
F j 2n
X ( )e FS dF = X a ( F )e FS dF
FS
(3.140)
103
j 2n
( k +1 / 2 ) Fs
F j 2n Fs
Fs
X
(
)
e
dF
=
X
(
F
)
e
dF
a
a FS
( k 1 / 2 ) Fs
k =
(3.141)
( F + kFs )
FS
=e
j 2n
F
Fs
ta c kt qu l :
1
( k + ) FS
2
1
( k ) Fs
k =
2
FS
2
F
S
2
j 2n
X a ( F )e
F
FS
dF =
FS
2
F
S
k =
2
X a ( F kFS )e
j 2n
F
FS
dF
(3.142)
( k + 12 ) FS
j 2n F
X a ( F kFs ) e Fs dF
1
( k 2 ) Fs
Hay:
F
) = FS X a ( F kFS )
FS
k =
X ( F ) = FS
(3.143)
X [(F k )F ]
k =
(3.144)
(3.145)
Ta c:
FS
F
1
F X ( F ), F 2
S
X a (F ) = S
F
0, F > S
(3.146)
Vi X(F/Fs) l:
X(
j 2n
F
) = x(n)e FS
FS
n =
(3.147)
FS
2
( F )e j 2nFS dF
(3.148)
FS
2
1
a (t ) =
FS
X X a (t ) =
FS
2
F
S
2
1
FS
F
j 2n
FS
x(n)e
n =
n =
FS
x(n) 2FS e
e j 2n dF
j 2 nF (1
n
)
FS
(3.149)
dF
sin (t nT )
TS
X a (t ) = x a (nTS )
n =
(t nT )
TS
1
1
=
FS 2 B
gi l cng thc ni suy l tng (ideal interpolation formula) dng khi phc xa(t)
t cc mu ca n.
sin t
TS
g(t) =
t
TS
Hm:
(3.150)
c gi l hm ni suy, nh cp chng 1.
Cng thc (3.149) l c s cho nh l ly mu c pht biu chng 1,
l:
Mt tn hiu lin tc c bng tn hu hn, vi tn s cao nht l B Hz, c th c
khi phc mt cch duy nht t cc mu ca n m c ly mu vi tc ly mu
l FS 2B mu/giy.
Va ri, ta tho lun v vn ly mu v khi phc cc tn hiu tng t c
bng tn hu hn. Vn ny s nh th no i vi tn hiu c bng tn v hn, ta hy
xt trng hp ny trong v d sau y.
V d 3.9 : S ly mu mt tn hiu c bng tn khng gii hn
Xt tn hiu lin tc:
Ph ca n c cho bi :
Hy xc nh ph ca tn hiu ly mu : x(n) xa(nT)
Gii :
Nu ta ly mu xa(t) vi tn s ly mu l Fs = 1/Ts, ta c :
x(n) = xa(nTS) = e-ATs|n| = (e-ATs)n ; - < n <
Ph ca x(n) tm c mt cch d dng bng cch p dng trc tip cng thc
bin i Fourier. Ta tnh c :
X(
F
1 e 2 aTS
)=
FS
1 2e ATS cos 2FTS + e 2 ATS
106
TS X ( F ); F 2
S
X a' ( F ) =
0; F > FS
x(n)e
j n
(3.151)
n =
X (2k / N ) =
x ( n )e
j 2
kn
N
, k = 0,1,..., N 1
(3.152)
n =
X (2k / N ) = ... +
x ( n )e
j 2
kn
N
n= N
X (2k / N ) =
lN + N 1
x ( n )e
N 1
+ x ( n )e
j 2
n =0
j 2
kn
N
2 N 1
x ( n )e
j 2
kn
N
n= N
kn
N
l = n =lN
X(
km
km
X(
(3.153)
Vi k = 0, 1, 2, ... , N-1
t:
x P ( n) =
x(n + lN )
(3.154)
l =
Tn hiu xp(n) thu c bng php lp tun hon x(n) vi mi on N mu, r rng
n tun hon vi chu k N. V vy, n c th khai trin thnh chui Fourier.
N 1
x P ( n) = X k e
j 2
kn
N
, n = 0,1,2,..., N 1
(3.155)
k =0
Vi cc h s ca chui Fourier c xc nh bi :
Xk =
1
N
N 1
x P ( n )e
j 2
kn
N
; k = 0,1,2,..., N 1
(3.156)
k =0
(3.157)
Do :
x P ( n) =
1
N
N 1
X(
n =0
j 2
2
k )e N ; n = 0,1,2,..., N 1
N
kn
(3.158)
Quan h (3.158) cho php ta khi phc xp(n) t cc mu ca ph X(). Tuy nhin,
n cha cho ta thy kh nng khi phc X() hay x(n) t cc mu ca X().
thit lp cng thc ni suy khi phc X() hoc x(n) t cc mu ca X()ta xt
mi quan h gia x(n) v xp(n).
V xp(n) l s m rng tun hon ca x(n) t pt(3.154), nn ta c th khi phc x(n)
t xp(n) nu khng c s bit h danhhay chng mu trong min thi gian . Xt trng
hp x(n) l mt dy c di hu hn v nh hn chu k N ca xp(n). Trng hp ny
c minh ha trong hnh 3.22 (khng lm mt i tnh tng qut), gi s cc mu khc
0 ca x(n) nm trong khong 0 n L-1 v L N th :
x(n) = xp(n) ; 0 n N-1
V vy x(n) c th khi phc t xp(n) m khng b nhm ln.
Ngc li nu L > N, chiu di ca dy x(n) ln hn chu k ca xp(n) ta khng th
khi phc x(n) t xp(n) bi v c s chng mu trong min thi gian.
Kt lun : Ph ca mt tn hiu ri rc khng tun hon c di hu hn x(n) hay
chnh x(n) c th c khi phc mt cch chnh xc t cc mu ca ph cc tn s,
nu chiu di L ca x(n) nh hn N, N l s mu c ly trong khong tn s 2.
Khi xp(n) c tnh t phng (3.168) v x(n) c khi phc nh sau :
x (n);0 n N 1
x ( n) = P
0; n
(3.159)
109
1
N
2 j 2 N
X
k e
;0 n N 1
N
k =0
N 1
kn
(3.160)
N 1
kn
2 j 2 N jn
k e
e
X N
k =0
N 1
2 1
= X
k
N N
k =0
N 1
e
n =0
j ( 2k / N ) n
(3.161)
1
N 1
Ne
jn
jN
1 1 e
N 1 e j
n =0
N
sin
2 j ( N 1) / 2
=
e
N sin
2
(3.162)
Pt(3.160) c vit li :
110
N 1
X ( ) = X (
k =0
2
2
k ) P(
k)
N
N
(3.163)
X ( ) = a n e jn =
n=0
1
1 ae j
Thay a = 0,8 v = k = , ta c :
Xk = X(
2k
)=
N
1
1 0,8e
j 2
k
N
2k j 2 N
X(
)e
N
k =0
N 1
kn
x(n lN )
(3.164)
l =
(3.165)
(3.166)
112
X ( ) = x(n)e jn ;0 2
n =0
X ( ) = x(n)e jn ;0 2
(3.167)
n =0
113
L 1
X ( K ) = X (2k / N ) = x(n)e
j 2
kn
N
(3.168)
n =0
X ( K ) = x ( n )e
j 2
kn
N
(3.169)
n =0
x ( n) =
1N
L
N 1
X ( k )e
j 2
kn
N
; n = 0,1,2...., N 1
(3.170)
n =0
Xc nh DFT N im ca dy ny vi N L
Gii :
Bin i Fourier ca dy ny l :
L 1
X ( ) = x(n)e jn
n =0
L 1
= e jn =
n =0
jL
1 e
1 e j
L
Sin
( L 1)
2 e j 2
=
Sin
2
1 e
1 e
j 2
kL
N
j 2
kN
L
kL
Sin
k ( L 1)
N j N
=
e
; k = 0,1,..., N 1
k
Sin
N
L; k = 0
X (k ) =
0; k = 1,2,..., L 1
115
x(1)
x N = .
x( N 1)
WN =
1
1
.
.
XN
1
WN
WN2
W N4
.
.
.
.
W N2
WNN 1 W N2( N 1)
X (0)
X (1)
= .
X ( N 1)
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
W NN 1
2 ( N 1)
WN
( n 1)( N 1)
WN
(3.183)
(3.184)
(3.186)
1 *
WN X N
N
(3.187)
1 *
WN
N
(3.188)
(3.189)
k =0
1
N
N 1
x ( n )e
j 2kn / N
, vi k = 0,1, , N-1
(3.190)
n =0
N 1
X ( k )e
j 2
kn
N
, n = 0,1,2,..., N 1
(3.191)
k =0
N 1
X ( k ) = x ( n )e
j 2
kn
N
, k = 0,1,..., N 1
(3.192)
n =0
(3.193)
x ( n )e
i n
(3.194)
n =
x ( n )e
j 2kn / N
, k = 0,1,..., N 1
(3.195)
n =
118
x(n lN )
(3.196)
n =
x ( n) z
n =
X (k ) = X ( z )
z = e j 2 kn / N
x ( n )e
j 2nk / N
, k = 0, 1, 2, , N-1 (1.198)
n =
X ( z ) = x(n) z n = X (k )e j 2kn / N z n =
N
n =0
n =0 N k =0
1 z N N 1
X (k )
X ( z) =
N k =0 1 e j 2k / N z 1
N 1
N 1
k =0
n =0
X (k ) e j 2k / N z 1
(1.199)
1 e jN
N
N 1
1 e
k =0
X (k )
j ( 2k / N )
(1.200)
x(n k lN )
(3.201)
l =
(3.203)
V d: nu k = 2 v N = 4, ta c:
x|(n) = x(n 2,(mod 4))
c th l:
Hnh 3.28 (a) dy x(n) trong hnh 3.27a c xp li trn vng trn
(b) dy x(n) trong hnh 3.27d c xp li trn vng trn
T vic sp xp mt dy c chiu di hu hn theo N im trn vng trn, ta c cc
nh ngha khc v s i xng chn, i xng l v o thi gian ca mt dy.
(3.204)
(3.205)
(3.206)
121
Php o thi gian tng ng vi vic xp x(n) theo ngc chiu kim ng h
trn vng trn (Hnh 3.29.(b)).
Ghi ch: Cc khi nim v php dch vng, tnh i xng vng v php chp vng
c nh ngha cho cc dy trong min thi gian n cng c s dng cho cc dy
trong min tn s ri rc k.
3.6.3.3. Cc tnh cht ca DFT
Trong gio trnh ny, ta s trnh by cc tnh cht ca DFT m khng chng minh.
Nu
trong a1 v a2 l cc hng s bt k c gi tr thc hoc phc.
2/. Tnh cht o thi gian:
122
9/. nh l Parseval
123
(3.220)
(3.221)
X I (k ) = x k (n) cos
+ x I (n) sin
N
N
x =0
(3.222)
N 1
2kn
2kn
(3.223)
x R ( n) =
1
N
x I ( n) =
1
N
k =0
N 1
(3.224)
2kn
2kn
+ X I (k ) cos
N
N
(3.225)
(k ) cos
(k ) sin
k =0
2kn
2kn
X I (k ) sin
N
N
(3.226)
X (k ) = x(n) cos
n =0
2kn
,0 n N 1
N
(3.227)
Ta thy X(k) cng thc v chn. Hn na, v XP(k) = 0, nn cng thc IDFT tr
thnh:
x ( n) =
1
N
N 1
X (k ) cos
k =0
2kn
,0 k N 1
N
(3.228)
Nu x(n) l dy thc v l
124
N 1
X (k ) = j x(n) sin
n =0
2kn
,0 k N 1
N
(3.229)
1
N
N 1
X (k ) sin
k =0
2kn
,0 n N 1
N
(3.230)
Nu x(n) l dy thun o
X R (k ) = x1 (n) sin
N
n =0
(3.231)
N 1
2kn
X I (k ) = x1 (n) cos
N
n =0
(3.232)
X(k)
Phn thc l chn
Phn o l l
Phn thc l l
Phn o l chn
Thc v chn
o v l
o v chn
Thc v l
125
CHNG IV
BIU DIN, PHN TCH H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN
TN S
4.1 CC C TNH CA H THNG LTI TRONG MIN TN S
kho st c tnh ca h thng LTI trong min tn s, ta s bt u bng cch xt
p ng ca h thng i vi cc kch thch c bn, l tn hiu m phc v tn hiu hnh
sin.
4.1.1. p ng tn s ca h thng LTI
Trong min thi gian, mt h thng LTI c c trng bi p ng xung h(n) ca n.
Vi mt tn hiu vo x(n) bt k, p ng ca h thng c xc nh bi cng thc
tng chp :
y(n) =
h(k ).x(n k )
(4.1)
k =
a k . y (n k ) =
k =0
b .x ( n k )
k
k =0
(4.2)
vi cc iu kin u xc nh.
Trong min z, h thng c c trng bi hm truyn t H(z) v p ng y(n) c tnh
thng qua bin i Z, Y(z), ca n :
Y(z) = H(z) X(z)
(4.3)
(4.4)
y(n) =
[ Ae
j (nk )
]h(k )
(4.5.a)
k =
hay:
y(n) = A [
h(k ).e
jk
].e jn
(4.5.b)
k =
4.1.1.1. p ng tn s
Ta thy, tha s trong du ngoc ca phng trnh (4.5.b) l mt hm ca bin tn s .
y chnh l bin i Fourier ca p ng xung h(k) ca h thng. Ta t :
H( ) =
h(k ).e
jk
(4.6)
k =
126
h( n)
<
n =
(4.7)
(4.8)
Vi l mt hng i vi bin n.
Khi x(n) c gi l hm ring ca h thng v tha s c gi l tr ring ca h
thng.
T phng trnh (4.7) ta thy tn hiu hm m phc x(n) = Aej(n chnh l hm ring ca
h thng LTI v H() c xc nh tn s ca tn hiu vo chnh l tr ring tng ng.
V d 4.1 :
Hy xc nh tn hiu ra ca h thng c p ng xung l :
n
1
h(n) = u (n)
2
(4.9)
jx n2
; - < n <
Gii :
p ng tn s :
H ( ) =
Ti tn s: =
h(n)e
jn
1
1
1 e j
2
n =
,ta c :
H( ) =
2
1
1
1+ j
2
(4.10)
.e j 26.6
Tn hiu ra l :
2 j 26.60
y (n) = A
.e
5
n
jx 2
.e
2 j x 2 26.6
y ( n) = A
.e
5
; <n<
(4.11)
127
2
v pha dch
5
l -26,6 0 .
4.1.1.3. p ng bin v p ng pha
Ni chung, H() l mt hm c gi tr phc ca bin tn s. V vy n c th biu din
di dng cc :
H() = H()ej()
(4.12)
H ( )e
jn
(4.13)
1
[x(n + 1) + x(n) + x(n 1)]
3
V v th ca 2 hm ny vi 0 .
Gii :
p ng xung ca h thng l :
1 1 1
h(n) = , ,
3 3 3
1
1
H ( ) = (e j + 1 + e j ) = (1 + 2 cos )
3
3
Kt qu :
Bin :
H ( ) =
1
1 + 2 cos
3
0 :0 <
Pha :
2
3
( ) =
(4.14)
:
2
<
3
Hnh 4.1 v gin bin v pha ca H(), ta thy |H()| i xng chn v ()i
xng l. R rng, t c tuyn p ng tn s H() ta thy h thng trung bnh ng ba
im ny l mt mch lc lm trn (smooth) tn hiu vo, iu ny cng c th hin trong
quan h vo ra. Ni chung cc h thng trung bnh di ng l cc mch lc lm trn.
By gi ta xt p ng ca h thng LTI vi tn hiu vo c dng sin. V tn hiu dng sin
l tng hay hiu ca cc hm m phc. V vy p ng ca h thng LTI i vi tn hiu
vo hnh sin c dng ging nh p ng ca h thng vi tn hiu vo l hm m phc.
Thy vy, nu tn hiu vo l :
x1(n) = Aejn
Tn hiu ra l :
y1(n) = AH()ej()ejn
Nu tn hiu vo l :
x2(n) = Ae-jn
Tn hiu ra l :
129
Nu tn hiu vo l :
x ( n) =
1
[x1 (n) + x 2 (n)] = A cos n
2
Th p ng ca h thng l :
y ( n) =
1
[ y1 (n) + y 2 (n)] = AH()cos [n + ()]
2
Nu tn hiu vo l:
p ng ca h thng l:
x ( n) =
(4.14)
1
[x1 (n) x 2 (n)] = Asin n
2j
y ( n) =
1
[ y1 ( n ) y 2 ( n ) ]
2j
= AH()sin [n + ()]
(4.15)
Nhn xt :
- T cc kt qu trn ta thy i vi h thng LTI, tn hiu vo l tn hiu sin th tn hiu ra
cng l tn hiu sin c cng tn s, ch thay bin v pha.
- p ng tn s H(), tng ng vi n l p ng bin |H()|v p ng pha
(), c trng mt cch y cho tc dng ca h thng vi tn hiu vo hnh sin c tn
s bt k.
V d 4.3 :
130
Gii :
p ng tn s ca h thng c cho trong phng trnh (4.10)
H ( ) =
1
1
1 e j
2
1
1
1
2
=2
2 j 26, 6
, H( ) =
e
2
40
cos n
sin( n 26,6 0 ) +
2
3
5
10
; < n <
V d 4.4 :
Mt h thng LTI c m t bi phng trnh sai phn nh sau :
y(n) = ay(n-1) + bx(n), 0 < a < 1
(a) Xc nh bin v pha ca p ng tn s ca h thng.
(b) Chn tham s b sao cho gi tr cc i ca |H()| l n v, v th |H()| v H()
vi a = 0,9.
(c) Xc nh p ng ca h thng vi tn hiu vo l :
x(n) = 5 + 12 sin
n 20 cos (n +
Gii :
p ng xung ca h thng l :
h(n) = ban u(n)
V |a|< 1, nn h thng l BIBO, v vy H() tn ti
(a) p ng tn s:
V
Suy ra :
V
H ( ) =
b
1 ae j
(1 ae j ) = tan 1
a sin
1 a cos
131
H ( ) =
Do :
b
1 + a 2 2a cos
v H ( ) = ( ) = b tan 1
a sin
1 a cos
b
1 a
=1
iu ny hm rng b = (1 a )
Ta chn b= 1- a, kt qu l :
H ( ) =
( ) = tan 1
1 a
1 + a 2 2a cos
a sin
1 a cos
1 a
H( ) =
= 0,074
2
2
1+ a2
( ) = tan 1 a = 42 0
2
1 a
Cho = H ( ) =
= 0,053
2
1+ a
() = 0
Tn hiu ra ca h thng l :
132
x(n) = Ai cos( i n + i )
; < n<
i =1
y (n) = Ai H ( i ) cos( i n + i + ( i ))
(4.16)
i =1
(4.17)
(4.18)
k =0
Vi y(-1) l iu kin u.
By gi, ta gi s tn hiu vo l hm m phc :
x(n) = Aejn ; n 0
(4.19)
Thay vo pt(4.18), ta c :
n
y (n) = a n +1 y (1) + A a k e jn ( n k )
k =0
= a n +1 y (1) + A
= a n +1 y (1)
1 a n +1 e j ( n +1) jn
e
1 ae j
;n 0
Aa n +1 e j ( n +1) jn
A
e +
e jn
j
j
1 ae
1 ae
;n 0
(4.19)
Ta cng bit rng, h thng n nh nu |a| < 1. Trong trng hp ny, hai s hng c
cha an+1 s gim v 0 khi n
Kt qu, ta tch ra c p ng xc lp (k hiu yxl )
y x1 (n) = lim
y (n) = 1 ae
y x1 (n) = AH ( )e jn
e j
(4.20)
y qd (n) = a n +1 y (1)
Aa n +1 e j ( n +1) jn
e
1 ae j
(4.21)
vi n 0
Ta thy yqd 0 khi n
S hng u tin trong p ng qu (4.21) l p ng tn hiu vo bng khng (zero input response) ca h thng, s hng th hai l p ng qu c sinh ra bi tn hiu
vo hm m.
4.1.3. p ng xc lp vi tn hiu vo tun hon.
Gi s tn hiu vo x(n) l mt tn hiu tun hon c chu k c bn l N v h thng LTI
c tnh n nh. V tn hiu tn ti vi thi gian - < n < . p ng tng ca h thng
mt thi im n bt k bng vi p ng xc lp.
xc nh p ng y(n) ca h thng ta s dng chui Fourier ca tn hiu tun hon,
l :
N 1
x ( n) = X k ( k )e
j 2n
kn
N
;k=0,1,2,,N-1
(4.22)
k =0
Th
y:
j 2n
kn
N
2
y k ( n) = X ( k ) H
N
;k=0,1, ,N-1
kn
j 2
k e N ; k=0,1, ,N-1
(4.23)
2
H
k = H ( )
k ; k=0,1, ,N-1
= 2
N
N
kn
(4.24)
2
k)
N
; k=0,1, ,N-1
(4.25)
Ta thy, h thng LTI c th lm thay i dng sng ca tn hiu vo tun hon thng qua
vic thay i thang bin v s dch pha ca cc thnh phn tn s trong chui Fourier
nhng khng nh hng n chu k (hay tn s) ca tn hiu vo.
4.2. PHN TCH H THNG LTI TRONG MIN TN S
Trong phn trc, phng php trong min tn s c dng xc nh p ng
xc lp ca h thng LTI n nh vi tn hiu vo tun hon, phng php ny c th c
tng qut ha gii cc bi ton tnh p ng trng thi khng ca tn hiu c nng lng
hu hn khng tun hon. Cng c ton hc c dng l bin i Fourier ca tn hiu ri
rc.
4.2.1. Quan h vo-ra trong min tn s.
135
h( k ) x ( n k )
(4.26)
k =
(4.27)
= H ( ) X ( ) e j [x ( ) +n ( ) ]
(4.28)
(4.29)
(4.30)
hay
(4.31)
136
Y ( )e
jn
(4.32)
Syy( ) = H ( ) Sxx( )
2
(4.33)
1
2
x Y ( ) d = 2 x H ( ) Sxx ( )d
2
(4.34)
V d 4.6 :
Cho mt h thng LTI c c t bi p ng xung :
n
1
h( n) = u ( n)
2
1
x ( n) = u ( n)
4
Gii :
p ng tn s ca h thng l (xem v d 4.1): H ( ) =
1
1
1 e j
2
1
1
1 e j
4
Ph ca tn hiu ra l: Y ( ) = H ( ) X ( ) =
1
1 j 1 j
1 e 1 e
2
4
1
5
17 1
cos cos
4
16 2
4.2.2. Tnh hm p ng tn s.
137
h( n)e
jn
(4.35)
n =
k =0
k =0
y ( n) = a k y ( n k ) + bk x ( n k )
(4.36)
H ( z) =
b
k =0
N
z k
1 + ak z
(4.37)
k
k =1
Suy ra:
H ( ) =
b e
jk
k =0
N
1 + ak e
(4.38)
jk
k =1
H ( ) = bk e jn
(4.39)
k =0
bn ; n = 0,1,..., M
(4.40)
h( n) =
0 n
Nu h thng thun cc hay thun qui ngha l bk = 0, k = 1,2, ..., M; H() c dng :
H ( ) =
b0
N
1 + ak e
(4.41)
jn
k =1
(z z1 )(z z 2 )...(z z M )
(z p1 )(z p 2 )...(z p N )
(4.42)
Trong z1, z2 ... zM l M zero khc khng ca H(z) v p1, p2, ... pN l N cc khc khng
ca H(z). G l mt hng s.
138
Hm p ng tn s H() c c bng cch tnh H(z) trn vng trn n v (thay z = ej).
Ta c :
H ( ) = Ge j ( N M )
(e
(e
)(
)(
)(
)(
z1 e j z 2 ... e j z M
p1 e j p 2 ... e j p N
)
)
(4.43)
e j zk = Vk ( )e jk ( )
(4.44)
e j pk = U k ( )e jk ( )
(4.45)
vi
V k ( ) = e j z k ; k ( ) = (e
zk )
(4.46)
V1 ( )...V M ( )
U 1 ( )U 2 ( )...U N ( )
(4.48)
(v bin ca ej(N-M) = 1)
Pha ca H() l tng pha ca cc tha s t s tr cho tng pha ca cc tha s mu
s cng cho pha ca G v cng (N - M). Ta c :
H() = G + (N - M) + 1() + 2() +
... + M() - [1() + 2() + ... + N()]
(4.49)
139
1
1
1
x(n) + x(n 1) + x(n 2)
4
2
4
Gii :
p dng phng trnh (4.39) ta c :
H ( ) =
1 1 j 1 j 2
+ e
+ e
4 2
4
Hay
H ( ) =
1 j j
e ( e + 2 + e j 2 )
4
Suy ra
H ( ) =
1
(1 + cos )e j
2
Kt qu
H ( ) =
1
(1 + cos )
2
(4.50)
140
Hnh 4.5 p ng
bin v pha ca
mch lc Hamming
141
; 1 < < 2
Ce jk
H ( ) =
(4.51)
0
;n khc
y C v k l cc hng s dng
Tn hiu ra ca mch lc c ph l :
Y() = X()H()
= C X()e-jk ;1 < < 2
(4.52)
p dng tnh cht dch trong min thi gian ca bin i Fourier nh sau :
x(n k ) X ( )e jk
y(n) = Cx(n k )
(4.53)
v 2 =
3
4
142
d ( )
d
(4.54)
; c
H ( ) =
(4.55)
0
;ngc li
y c c gi l tn s ct.
- Lc thng cao l tng, c p ng tn s l :
Ce jk
; c
H ( ) =
(4.56)
0
;ngc li
- Lc thng di l tng, c p ng tn s l :
Ce jk
; 1 < < 2
H ( ) =
(4.57)
0
;ngc li
- Lc trit di l tng, c p ng tn s l :
Ce jk
; 1 v c
H ( ) =
(4.58)
0
; 1 < < 2
143
(4.57)
0
c <
p ng xung ca b lc ny l:
c
;n=0
H ( ) =
c sin c n
c n
th ca h(n) vi c =
(4.58)
;n 0
Chng ta cng quan st thy rng, rng ca mi chnh (main lobe) ca h(n) l t l
nghch vi bng tn c ca b lc. Khi bng tn ca b lc tng, p ng xung tr nn
hp hn. Khi c =, b lc tr thnh b lc thng tt (All-pass) v p ng xung tr
thnh xung n v.
h(n n0 )
H ( )e jn0
145
k =0
k =0
y ( n ) = a k y ( n k ) + bk x ( n k )
(4.59)
H ( ) =
b e
k =0
N
jk
1 + ak e
(4.60)
jk
k =0
146
147
PH LC
MT S CHNG TRNH MU DNG NGN NG MATLAB TRONG X L
TN HIU S
Cc chng trnh c vit trong ph lc ny nhm mc ch minh ha v gip sinh
vin lm quen vi ngn ng MATLAB cng nh cc tin ch ca n dnh cho x l tn
hiu s. chng trnh n gin v d dng thy c thut ton ca n, ta s khng
thc hin giao din cho ngi dng v chng trnh c vit theo cch i thoi trc tip
trn ca s lnh (Command Window) ca MATLAB, bng cch dng cc lnh disp v
input. Hu ht cc chng trnh sau y c vit di dng Script v lu vo cc M-file
cng tn ca chng trnh. Sau khi nhp vo mt th mc no ca MATLAB v to
ng dn (nu th mc ny cha c sn ng dn), chy chng trnh, ta ch cn
nhp tn chng trnh vo, trn Command Window, v g Enter. Nu chng trnh c
vit di dng Function, ngi s dng cn nm c cc thng s vo, ra, nhp lnh
ng c php.
1. dsp13
% Nhp vo vector bin thi gian v biu thc ca tn hiu, v cc loi tn hiu: tng
t, ri rc, s.
%--------------------------------------------------t=input('Nhap khoang thoi gian, VD:0:0.1:40, t= ');
y=input('Nhap ham so muon ve co bien t, VD:sin(t/4+1), y= ');
loai=input('(analog,type=1;discrete,type=2;digital,type=3)Type = ');
duong=input('(___,style=1;...,style=2;-.,style=3) stype = ');
if loai==1
DS1=figure('Name','Type of signal','Color','w',...
'NumberTitle','off','Position',[50 50 400 300]);
if duong = =1
plot(t,y,'r-');
elseif duong = =2
plot(t,y,'r:');
elseif duong = =3
plot(t,y,'r-.');
end;
elseif loai= =2
cham=input('(cham den,cham=1;cham trang,cham=2;...
khong,cham=3) cham= ');
DS1=figure('Name','Type of signal', 'Color','w',...
'NumberTitle','off','Position',[50 50 400 300]);
if cham= =1
stem(t,y,'fulled');
elseif cham= =2
stem(t,y);
elseif cham= =3
stem1(t,y);
end;
elseif loai= =3
148
[x,z]=stairs(t,y);
xt(1)=x(1);zt(1)=z(1);
for n=1:length(x)/2-1
ni=2*n+1;
xt(n)=x(ni);zt(n)=z(ni);
end;
cham=input('(cham den,cham=1;cham trang,cham=2;...
khong,cham=3) cham= ');
plot(x,z,'g:');hold on;
if cham= =1
stem(xt,zt,'fulled');
elseif cham= =2
stem(xt,zt);
elseif cham= =3
stem1(xt,zt);
end;
end
axis off;
2. function dsphinh3_26(N,L)
%Ve bien do va pha cua DFT n diem cua day co do dai L.
% Doan hoa minh 2001
%-------------------------------------------------------function dsphinh3_26(N,L)
xn=ones(1,L);
X=fft(xn,N);
X1=abs(X);
theta1=angle(X);
DS2=figure('Name','DFT N diem,'Color','w',...
'NumberTitle','off','Position',[50 50 580 300]);
stem(X1,'filled')
DS2=figure('Name','Type of signal','Color','w',...
'NumberTitle','off','Position',[50 50 580 300]);
stem(theta1,'filled')
3. dsphinh5_16
% Ve dac tuyen cua mach loc thiet ke bang cua so co chieu dai bang 9 va bang 61.
% Do Huy Khoi and Phung Trung Nghia
syms w v;
y=sin((w-v)*9/2)/sin((w-v)/2);
z=int(y,v,-pi/4,pi/4);
z=simple(z)
w=0:0.01:pi;
for n=1:length(w)
149
Ht(n)=subs(z,'w',w(n));
end
H=exp(-j*4.*w)./(2*pi).*Ht;
tHt=abs(H);
Hdb=20*log10(tHt);
DS1=figure('Name','Type of signal','Color','w',...
'NumberTitle','off','Position',[50 50 500 200]);
plot(w,tHt)
grid on
DS1=figure('Name','Type of signal','Color','w',...
'NumberTitle','off','Position',[50 50 500 200]);
plot(w,Hdb,'k')
grid on
syms w v;
y1=sin((w-v)*61/2)/sin((w-v)/2);
z1=int(y1,v,-pi/4,pi/4);
z1=simple(z1)
w=0:0.01:pi;
for n=1:length(w)
Ht1(n)=subs(z1,'w',w(n));
end
H1=exp(-j*4.*w)./(2*pi).*Ht1;
tHt1=abs(H1);
Hdb1=20*log10(tHt1);
DS3=figure('Name','Type of signal',...
'Color','w','NumberTitle','off','Position',[50 50 500 200]);
plot(w,tHt1)
grid on
DS4=figure('Name','Type of signal',...
'Color','w','NumberTitle','off','Position',[50 50 500 200]);
plot(w,Hdb1,'k')
grid on
4.firequiripple
% Thiet ke bo loc FIR thong thap pha tuyen tinh dung thuat toan Remez exchange.
% Do Huy Khoi and Phung Trung Nghia
M=input('Nhap chieu dai cua dap ung xung, M = ');
dx=11; pdx=12;
disp('Chon dieu kien doi xung, neu doi xung thi nhap: dx')
disp('
, neu phan doi xung thi nhap: pdx')
dk=input('Dieu kien doi xung : ');
W=input('Nhap vector trong so,so phan tu bang so dai bang,...
Vd: W=[1.2 1],W= ');
disp('Nhap vector cac tan so c../Anh bang tan,...
mot cap tan so cho moi ')
150
end
elseif dk= =12
for n=1:M
for k=1:U+1
hn(n)=hn(n)+2*G(k)*cos(2*pi*(k-1+1/2)*((n-1)+0.5)/M)/M;
end
end
end
end
hn
om=0:0.01:pi;
if mod(M,2)= =0
Hr=hn(1).*cos(om.*((M-1)/2));
n=1;
while n<=U
n=n+1;
Hr=Hr+hn(n).*cos(om.*((M-1)/2-n+1));
end
Hr=2.*Hr;
else
Hr=hn(1).*cos(om.*((M-1)/2));
n=1;
while n<=(M-3)/2
n=n+1;
Hr=Hr+hn(n).*cos(om.*((M-1)/2-n+1));
end
Hr=2.*Hr;
Hr=Hr+hn(U+1);
end
modunH=abs(Hr);
DS1=figure('Name', 'Dap ung bien do', 'Color','w',...
'NumberTitle','off','Position',[50 50 400 300]);
plot(om,modunH,'k');
grid on
modunHdb=20.*log10(modunH);
DS2=figure('Name','Type of signal', 'Color','w',...
'NumberTitle','off','Position',[50 50 400 300]);
plot(om,modunHdb,'k');
grid on
teta=-om.*(M-1)/2+angle(Hr);
DS3=figure('Name','Dap ung pha','Color','w',...
'NumberTitle','off','Position',[50 50 400 300]);
plot(om,teta,'k');
grid on
153
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
yy = zeros(3*m,n);
yy(2:3:3*m,:) = y;
yy(3:3:3*m,:) = NaN;
cax = newplot;
next = lower(get(cax,'NextPlot'));
hold_state = ishold;
h2 = plot(xx,yy,[col,ls],'parent',cax);
if nargout>0, hh = h2; end
156