Bi ging Vt l i cng

Tc gi: PGS. TS Ngc Un

Vin Vt l k thut
Trng H Bch khoa H ni

Ti liu tham kha:

1. Physics Classical and modern
Frederick J.
Keller, W. Edward Gettys,
Malcolm J. Skove
McGraw-Hill, Inc. International Edition 1993.
2. R. P. Feymann
Lectures on introductory Physics
3. I. V. Savelyev
Physics. A general course, Mir Publishers 1981
4. Vt l i cng cc nguyn l v ng dng,
tp I, II, III. Do Trn ngc Hi ch bin

Cc trang Web c lin quan:

http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/
http://nsdl.exploratorium.edu/
Bi ging c trong trang:
http://iep.hut.edu.vn
load bi ging v in thnh ti liu cm tay,
khi nghe ging ghi thm vo!

Bi m u
Ti liu hc : Vt l i cng: Dng cho khi
cc trng H k thut cng nghip (LT&BT)
Tp I : C, nhit hc. Tp II: in, T, Dao
ng & sng. Tp III: Quang, Lng t, VL
nguyn t, ht nhn, cht rn.
Cch hc: Ln lp LT; mang theo ti liu cm
tay, nghe ging, ghi thm vo ti liu.
V nh: Xem li bi ghi, hiu chnh li cng ti
liu -> Lm bi tp.
Ln lp BT bt u t tun SV ln bng,
thy kim tra v lm bi nh. -> im QT h
s 0,3.

 Th nghim: c ti liu TN trc, kim tra

xong mi c vo phng TN, Sau khi o c
s liu phi trnh thy v c thy chp nhn.
Lm t 1: T tun
Ti liu: Lin h BM VLDC tng 2 nh D3.
 Hon chnh bi ny mi c lm tip bi sau
Cui cng phi bo v TN
 Nu SV khng qua c TN, khng c d
thi.
Thi: 15 cu trc nghim (my tnh chm) + 2
cu t lun, rc phch (thy ngu nhin chm)
Mi ngi 1 . im thi hs 0,7
im qu trnh h s 0,3.

1. i tng v phng php vt l hc

Nghin cu cc dng vn ng ca th gii
vt cht, th gii t nhin
ng-ghen: vn ng bao gm mi bin i
xy ra trong v tr t dch chuyn n gin n
t duy.
Vt l hc l mn khoa hc t nhin nghin
cu cc dng vn ng tng qut nht ca th
gii vt cht: nhng c trng tng qut, cc
quy lut tng qut v cu to v vn ng ca
vt cht

Cu to vt cht:
Vi m: phn t, nguyn t ~ 10-10m.

- -

~ 10-10m

- -

Na

in t me=9,1.10-31kg,
-e=-1,6.10-19C
Th gii vi m, v m;
Vt cht tn ti: lng rn kh & Trng

Cc bc nghin cu:
1. Quan st bng gic quan hoc my mc.
2. Th nghim nh tnh, nh lng.
3. Rt ra cc nh lut vt l: thuc tnh, mi
lin h.
4. Gii thch bng gi thuyt.
5. H thng cc gi thuyt ->Thuyt vt l
6. ng dng vo thc tin
==> Phng php qui np
Phng php din dch: cc tin ->m
hnh->nh l, l thuyt-> So snh vi kt
qu thc nghim.

Vt l l c s cho cc ngnh khoa hc khc.

S pht trin ca cc ngnh khc to iu kin
cho VL pht trin
Nhng vn cn gii
quyt:
Nng lng

Vt liu mi
Cng ngh mi
Tin hc pht trin xm nhp v h tr
cc ngnh khoa hc khc

Nc lnh

nh

Cch nhit
Nc nng

700

Mc ch hc Vt l:
- Kin thc c bn cho SV hc cc mn khc
- T duy, suy lun khoa hc
- Xy dng th gii quan khoa hc
To ca
2. Cc i lng vt l: thuc
vc rt r
tnh ca mt i tng VL
r
r
i lng v hng: gi tr, m r = rx . i + ry . j + rz .k
z
dng
r
r x
r
r ry
i lng hu hng: im
r
r
rz
k r
t, phng, chiu, ln
r0
r=

2
rx

2
ry

2
rz

Cc php tnh i lng vc t: Hon ton

nh trong gii tch vc t v i s
Php cng

rx
ry
rz

r r r
c=a+b

cx= ax + bx
r
r
cy = ay+ by
cz = az+ bz
r
r
Tch v hng a.b = ab cos

r
c
r
a

r r 2
2
2
c = (a + b) = a + b + 2ab cos

r
b

r
b

r
a

Tch c hng

r r r
c =axb

r r
c =| a b |= ab sin

r
c
r
a

r
b

r
c

r
b

r r r r r r Qui tc tam
r r r
a x( b x c) = b.(a.c) - c.(a.b) din thun
Cc php o hm, vi phn, tch phn i vi
cc i lng bin thin

i lng v hng bin thin theo thi

gian:

= ( t )

' ( t ) =
= lim
t
t

r
a

i lng vc t binr thin

r theo thi gian

r Fx=Fx(t)
F Fy=Fy(t)
Fz=F
(t)
z
r

F = F( t ) r
r
r
F
dF
= lim
F' ( t ) =
t
dt

dF dFx r dFy r dFz r

i+
j+
k
=
dt
dt
dt
dt

n v, th nguyn ca cc i lng vt
l: Qui nh 1 i lng cng loi lm n
v o: H SI (system international)

n v c bn
K hiu
di
L
Khi lng
M
Thi gian
t
Cng dng in I
sng
Z
Nhit tuyt i T
Lng cht
mol
n v ph: Gc phng
Gc khi

v
mt (m)
kg
s
A
candela (Cd)
Kenvin (K)
mol
rad
steradian(sr)

Th nguyn: Qui lut nu ln s ph thuc

n v o i lng vo cc n v c
bn
m i

ThNg = L M t I Z T mol
l

lc

r
r
m
F = ma N = kg. 2
s
N=L1 M1t-2.(...)0

4. Phng php xc nh sai s ca cc php

o vt l:
Php o: So snh i lng ny vi i lng
cng loi c chn lm n v
Php o trc tip: c kt qu ngay trn thang
o
Php o gin tip: Xc nh i
lng cn o thng qua cc
php o trc tip cc i lng
lin quan trong cc hm vi i
lng cn o.

V
A

U
R=
I

Kt qu o bao gi cng c sai s :

Sai s h thng: Lun sai v mt pha
--> chnh dng c o
Sai s ngu nhin: Mi ln o sai s
khc nhau --> o nhiu ln
Sai s dng c: chnh xc ca dng
c gii hn
Sai s th i: Do ngi o --> Nhiu
ngi o, loi cc gi tr qu lch

4.1.Cch xc nh sai s ca php o trc tip

A -i lng cn o, Gi tr thc l a.
a1 ,a2, a3, ... an l cc gi tr o trong n ln
o
sai s: a1=|a1-a|, a2=|a2-a|, ..., an=|an-a|
n

1
1
1
a = a i + a i = a + a i
n i =1
n i=1
n i =1
n

1
a a = a i
n i =1

1
a i = 0 a = a

lim
n n i =1

Sai s tuyt i ca mi ln o:

| a a | a

1
a = a i
n i=1

a i =| a a i |

| a a | a a + a

l sai s tuyt i trung bnh

n

1
a i 0 a a

n i=1
Sai s tuyt i ca php o : a = a + a dc
a dc l sai s dng c.
a
%
Sai s tng i ca php o : =
a
Nu s ln o ln

V d: o ng knh tr
Ln o
D(mm)
1
21,5
2
21,4
3
21,4
4
21,6
5
21,5
D = 21,48
Trung bnh

Di(mm)
0,02
0,08
0,08
0,12
0,02
D = 0,064

Sai s dng c ca thc D dc = 0,1mm

Sai s tuyt i ca php o :
D= 0,064+0,1=0,164mm 0,16mm

D = D D = ( 21,48 0,16) mm

Sai s tng i ca php o :

0,16
D
=
%=
= 0,00745 = 0,75%
D
21,48

Qui tc lm trn sai s: Ch cn 2 ch s

c ngha. Phn b i < 1/10 gc
Tt c cc ch s u c ngha tr cc s 0
bn tri s khc 0 u tin:
0,230 v 0,0203 u c 3 ch s c ngha.

0,00745 ==> 0,0075 = 0,75%.

v 0,0005 < 0,00745/10
Gi tr trung bnh ca ca i lng cn
o phi vit qui trn n ch s c ngha
cng bc thp phn vi ch s c ngha
cui cng ca gi tr sai s qui trn

D = D D = ( 21,48 0,16) mm

Cch xc nh sai s ca dng c o in:

- Cp chnh xc ghi trn adc= . amax
1,5
thang o;
100mA
0
amax Gi tr ln nht ca
mA
thang o
adc= . amax=1,5%.100mA=1,5mA
i vi cc in tr mu v in dung mu:
adc= .a
a l gi tr o c trn dng c, - cp
chnh xc ca thang o ln nht ang c
s dng.

Hp in tr mu 09999,9
c =0,2 i vi thang 1000 ;
Gi tr o c a=820,0
=>adc= .a=0,2%.820,0=1,64 1,7
i vi cc dng c o hin s:
adc= .a+n.
l cp chnh xc;
a l gi tr o hin th;
l phn gii;

n-ph thuc vo thang o v dng c do

nh sn xut qui nh.
ng h 2000digit DT890 c =0,5; n=1
cho dng 1 chiu; Umax=19.99V;
phn gii:
=Umax/2000=19,99/20000,01V;
S o hin th U=15,78V
Udc= .a+n.=
0,5%.15,78V+1.0,01V=0,0889V 0,1V

4.2. Cch xc nh sai s ca php o gin

tip: F=F(x,y,z)
F- i lng o gin tip; x,y,z- o trc
tip
F
F
F
dy +
dz
dF =
dx +
x
y
z

F
F
F
F =
x +
y +
z
x
y
z

F
F
F
F =|
| y + |
| z
| x + |
x
y
z

Cch xc nh sai s tng i ca php

o gin tip: F=F(x,y,z)
1. Ly Ln hai v:
lnF=lnF(x,y,z)
2. Ly vi phn ton phn:
d(lnF)=dF/F
3. Rt gn biu thc
4. Ly tng gi tr tuyt i vi phn ring
phn v i d ->

F, x, y, z F, x, y, z

x
ln F = ln x ln( x + y)
x+y
dF dx d( x + y)
ydx
dy
=

F
x
x+y
x ( x + y) x + y

V d: F =

yx
F
y

=
+
F x ( x + y) x + y

Sai s ca cc i lng cho trc ly

bng 1 n v ca s c ngha cui cng.
Sai s ca cc hng s , g ... ly n nh
hn 1/10 sai s tng i ca F

o in tr: R=U/I
lnR=lnU-lnI
R U I
dR dU dI

=
+
=

R
U
I
R
U
I
4.3. Biu din kt qu bng th: y=f(x)
y
x

a th v dng tuyn tnh: y= ax+b

Ph thuc gia nhit dung ca kim loi
vo nhit nhit thp:
CKL=T+ T3
C/T

T2

 Bn bc chin lc khi gii bi tp:

1. Khng tm ngay cch tnh p s cui cng.
Hy ch n iu kin u bi.
2. Hy ngh n cc cng thc p dng v iu
kin ca n.
3. Quan st k hnh v, tng phn hnh v.
4. Hy chc chn khi p dng cc cng thc.
Cng c gii bi tp:
1. V v suy ngh cn thn v lc, chn trc to
, ngh n cc gc.
2. Kim tra li: vc t hay thnh phn, Cc yu
t gc: Sin hay Cos, m hay dng