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CHUYN 1 :

PHNG PHP LP CNG THC CA

HP CHT HU C

I. Lp cng thc phn t hp cht hu c khi bit cng thc n gin nht
Phng php gii
- Bc 1 : t cng thc phn t ca hp cht hu c l : (CTGN)n (vi n N* )
- Bc 2 : Tnh bt bo ha ( ) ca phn t.
+ i vi mt phn t bt k th 0 v N .
+ i vi cc hp cht c nhm chc cha lin kt nh nhm CHO, COOH, th
s lin kt nhm chc (v gc hirocacbon cng c th cha lin kt ).
- Bc 3 : Da vo biu thc chn gi tr n (n thng l 1 hoc 2), t suy ra CTPT
ca hp cht hu c.
Lu : Gi s mt hp cht hu c c cng thc phn t l CxHyOzNt th tng s lin kt v
vng ca phn t c gi l bt bo ha ca phn t . Cng thc tnh bt bo ha :
=

x(4 2) + y(1 2) + z(2 2) + t(3 2) + 2 2x y + t + 2

( 0 v N)
=
2
2

Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Hp cht X c CTGN l CH3O. CTPT no sau y ng vi X ?
A. C3H9O3.
B. C2H6O2.
C. CH3O.
D. Khng xc nh c.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc phn t (CTPT) ca X l (CH3O)n (n N* ).
2n 3n + 2 2 n
bt bo ha ca phn t =
=
0.
2
2
V bt bo ha ca phn t N nn suy ra n = 2.
Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C2H6O2.
p n B.
V d 2: Hp cht X c CTGN l C4H9ClO. CTPT no sau y ng vi X ?
A. C4H9ClO.
B. C8H18Cl2O2.
C. C12H27Cl3O3.
D. Khng xc nh c.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc phn t ca X l (C4H9OCl)n (n N* ).
8n 10n + 2 2 2n
bt bo ha ca phn t =
=
= 1 n 0 .
2
2
V bt bo ha ca phn t N nn suy ra n = 1.
Vy cng thc phn t ca X l C4H9OCl.
p n B.
V d 3: Axit cacboxylic A c cng thc n gin nht l C3H4O3. A c cng thc phn t l :
A. C3H4O3.
B. C6H8O6.
C. C18H24O18.
D. C12H16O12.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc phn t ca X l (C3H4O3)n (n N* ).
Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

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6n 4n + 2 2 + 2n 3n
2n
=

0 n 2.
2
2
2
2
V bt bo ha ca phn t N nn suy ra n = 2.

bt bo ha ca phn t =

Vy cng thc phn t ca X l C6H8O6.

p n B.
3n
Gii thch ti sao
: Mt chc axit COOH c 2 nguyn t O c mt lin kt . Vy
2
3n
. Mt khc, gc hirocacbon ca phn t
phn t axit c 3n nguyn t O th c s lin kt l
2
axit cng c th c cha lin kt .

II. Lp cng thc n gin nht, cng thc phn t hp cht hu c khi bit
thnh phn phn trm v khi lng ca cc nguyn t; khi lng ca cc
nguyn t v khi lng phn t ca hp cht hu c
Phng php gii
- Bc 1 : Lp t l mol ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c :
%C %H %O %N m C m H m O m N
(1)
:
:
:
=
:
:
:
12
1 16 14
12 1 16 14
- Bc 2 : Bin i t l trn thnh t l ca cc s nguyn n gin nht (thng ta ly cc s
trong dy (1) chia cho s b nht ca dy . Nu dy s thu c vn cha phi l dy s nguyn
ti gin th ta bin i tip bng cch nhn vi 2 ; 3 ;), suy ra cng thc n gin nht.
- Bc 3 : t CTPT = (CTGN)n
n.MCTGN = M (M l KLPT ca hp cht hu c) n CTPT ca hp cht hu c.
nC : n H : nO : nN =

Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Mt cht hu c A c 51,3% C ; 9,4% H ; 12% N ; 27,3% O. T khi hi ca A so vi
khng kh l 4,034.
a. Xc nh CTGN ca A.
b. Xc nh CTPT ca A.
Hng dn gii
a. Xc nh CTGN ca A :
51,3 9, 4 27,3 12
:
:
: = 4, 275 : 9, 4 :1, 706 : 0,857 = 5 :11: 2 :1
12
1
16 14
Vy cng thc n gin nht ca A l C5H11O2N.
b. Xc nh CTPT ca A :
t cng thc phn t ca A l (C5H11O2N)n. Theo gi thit ta c :
(12.5 + 11 + 16.2 + 14).n = 4,034.29 n = 1
Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C5H11O2N.

Ta c : n C : n H : n O : n N =

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

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V d 2: Cht hu c A cha 7,86% H ; 15,73% N v khi lng. t chy hon ton 2,225 gam A
thu c CO2, hi nc v kh nit, trong th tch kh CO2 l 1,68 lt (ktc). CTPT ca A l (bit
MA < 100) :
A. C6H14O2N.
B. C3H7O2N.
C. C3H7ON.
D. C3H7ON2.
Hng dn gii
Ta c : n C = n CO2 =

1, 68
0,9
= 0, 075 mol mC = 0,9 gam %C =
.100 = 40, 45% .
22, 4
2, 225

Do : %O = (100 40,45 15,73 7,86)% = 35,96%.

40, 45 7,86 35,96 15,73
nC : n H : n O : n N =
:
:
:
= 3,37 : 7,86 : 2, 2475 :1,124 = 3 : 7 : 2 :1
12
1
16
14
Cng thc n gin nht ca A l C3H7O2N.
t cng thc phn t ca A l (C3H7O2N)n. Theo gi thit ta c :
(12.3 + 7 + 16.2 + 14).n < 100 n < 1,12 n =1
Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C3H7O2N.
p n B.
V d 3: Mt hp cht hu c Z c % khi lng ca C, H, Cl ln lt l : 14,28% ; 1,19% ;
84,53%. CTPT ca Z l :
A. CHCl2.
B. C2H2Cl4.
C. C2H4Cl2.
D. mt kt qu khc.
Hng dn gii
14, 28 1,19 84,53
Ta c : n C : n H : n Cl =
:
:
= 1:1: 2
12
1
3, 35
cng thc n gin nht ca Z l CHCl2.
t cng thc phn t ca A l (CHCl2)n (n N* ).
2n 3n + 2 2 n
bt bo ha ca phn t =
=
0.
2
2
V bt bo ha ca phn t N nn suy ra n=2.
Vy cng thc phn t ca Z l : C2H2Cl4.
p n B.
V d 4: Cht hu c X c M = 123 v khi lng C, H, O v N trong phn t theo th t t l vi
72 : 5 : 32 : 14. CTPT ca X l :
A. C6H14O2N.
B. C6H6ON2.
C. C6H12ON.
D. C6H5O2N.
Hng dn gii
72 5 32 14
Ta c : n C : n H : n O : n N =
: : : = 6 : 5 : 2 :1 .
12 1 16 14
Cn c vo cc phng n ta thy CTPT ca X l : C6 H5O2N.
p n D.

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

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III. Lp cng thc phn t ca hp cht hu c da vo kt qu ca qu trnh

phn tch nh lng.
Cch 1 : T cc gi thit ca bi, ta tin hnh lp CTGN ri t suy ra CTPT.

Phng php gii

- Bc 1 : T gi thit ta tnh c nC, nH, nN mC, mH, mN. p dng nh lut bo ton khi
lng cho cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c (hchc), suy ra mO (trong hchc)= mhchc - mC - mH - mN
n O (trong hchc)
- Bc 2 : Lp t l mol ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c :
n C : n H : nO : n N (1)

- Bc 3 : Bin i t l trn thnh t l ca cc s nguyn n gin nht (thng ta ly cc s

trong dy (1) chia cho s b nht ca dy . Nu dy s thu c vn cha phi l dy s nguyn
ti gin th ta bin i tip bng cch nhn vi 2 ; 3 ;), suy ra cng thc n gin nht.
- Bc 4 : t CTPT = (CTGN)n
n.MCTGN = M (M l KLPT ca hp cht hu c) n CTPT ca hp cht hu c.

Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Khi t chy hon ton mt amin n chc X, thu c 16,80 lt kh CO2 ; 2,80 lt N2 (cc
th tch o ktc) v 20,25 gam H2O. CTPT ca X l :
A. C4H9N.
B. C3H7N.
C. C2H7N.
D. C3H9N.
Hng dn gii
Ta c :
16,8
20, 25
= 0, 75 mol; n H = 2.n H 2O = 2.
= 2, 25 mol;
22, 4
18
2,8
= 2.
= 0, 25 mol.
22, 4

n C = n CO2 =
n N = 2.n N2

n C : n H : n N = 0, 75 : 2, 25 : 0, 25 = 3 : 9 :1 .

Cn c vo cc phng n ta thy CTPT ca X l C3H9N.

p n D.
V d 2: Oxi ha hon ton 4,02 gam mt hp cht hu c X ch thu c 3,18 gam Na2CO3 v
0,672 lt kh CO2. CTGN ca X l :
A. CO2Na.
B. CO2Na2.
C. C3O2Na.
D. C2O2Na.
Hng dn gii
Ta c : n Na = 2.n Na 2CO3 = 2.

3,18
6, 72 3,18
= 0, 06 mol; n C = n CO2 + n Na 2CO3 =
+
= 0, 06 mol
106
22, 4 106

4, 02 0, 06.23 0, 06.12
= 0,12 mol n C : n H : n O := 0, 06 : 0, 06 : 0,12 = 1:1: 2
16
Vy CTGN ca X l : CNaO2.
p n A.
Trn y l nhng v d n gin. Ngoi ra c nhng bi tp tm cng thc phn t ca hp
cht hu c ta phi p dng mt s nh lut nh : nh lut bo ton nguyn t, nh lut bo ton
khi lng. i vi nhng bi tp m lng cht phn ng v lng sn phm thu c l nhng
i lng c cha tham s, khi ta s dng phng php t chn lng cht chuyn bi tp
phc tp thnh bi tp n gin.
n O (hchc) =

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

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V d 3: t chy hon ton m gam mt amin X bng lng khng kh va thu c 17,6 gam
CO2, 12,6 gam H2O v 69,44 lt N2 (ktc). Gi thit khng kh ch gm N2 v O2 trong oxi chim
20% th tch khng kh. X c cng thc l :
A. C2H5NH2.
B. C3H7NH2.
C. CH3NH2.
D. C4H9NH2.
Hng dn gii
17, 6
12, 6
Ta c : n C = n CO2 =
= 0, 4 mol; n H = 2.n H 2O = 2.
= 1, 4 mol .
44
18
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi oxi suy ra :
2.n CO2 + n H2O
n O2 ( kk) =
= 0, 75 mol n N2 (kk) = 0, 75.4 = 3 mol.
2
69, 44
Do : n N( hchc) = 2.(
3) = 0, 2 mol n C : n H : n N = 0, 4 :1, 4 : 0, 2 = 2 : 7 :1
22, 4
Cn c vo cc phng n ta thy cng thc ca X l C2H5NH2.
p n A.
V d 4: t chy hon ton 1,47 gam cht hu c X (ch cha C, H, O) bng 1,0976 lt kh O2 (
ktc) lng dng va th sau th nghim thu c H2O, 2,156 gam CO2. Tm CTPT ca X, bit t
khi hi ca X so vi khng kh nm trong khong 3< d X < 4.
A. C3H4O3.
B. C3H6O3.
C. C3H8O3.
D. p n khc.
Hng dn gii
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :
m X + mO2 = mCO2 + mH2O mH2O = 0,882 gam
2,156
0,882
= 0, 049 mol; n H = 2.n H2O = 2.
= 0, 098 mol
44
18
1, 47 0, 049.12 0, 098
n O (hchc) =
= 0, 049 mol
16
n C : n H : n O = 0, 049 : 0, 098 : 0,049 = 1: 2 :1 CTGN ca X l : CH2O
n C = n CO2 =

t cng thc phn t ca X l (CH2O) n. Theo gi thit ta c :

3.29 < 30n < 4.29 2,9 < n < 3,87 n=3
Vy CTPT ca X l C3H6O3.
p n B.
V d 5: t chy hon ton 1,88 gam cht hu c A (cha C, H, O) cn 1,904 lt O2 (ktc) thu
c CO2 v hi nc theo t l th tch 4 : 3. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca A. Bit t khi
ca A so vi khng kh nh hn 7.
A. C8H12O5.
B. C4H8O2.
C. C8H12O3.
D. C6H12O6.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit: 1,88 gam A + 0,085 mol O2 4a mol CO2 + 3a mol H2O.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :
m CO2 + m H 2 O = 1,88 + 0, 085.32 = 46 gam
Ta c : 44.4a + 18.3a = 46 a = 0,02 mol
Trong cht A c:
nC = 4a = 0,08 mol ; nH = 3a.2 = 0,12 mol ; nO = 4a.2 + 3a 0,085.2 = 0,05 mol
nC : nH : nO = 0,08 : 0,12 : 0,05 = 8 : 12 : 5
Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

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Vy cng thc ca cht hu c A l C8H12O5 c MA < 203

p n A.
V d 6: Phn tch x gam cht hu c X ch thu c a gam CO2 v b gam H2O. Bit 3a = 11b v
7x = 3(a + b). T khi hi ca X so vi khng kh nh hn 3. CTPT ca X l :
A. C3H4O.
B. C3H4O2.
C. C3H6O.
D. C3H6O2.
Hng dn gii
n gin cho vic tnh ton ta chn : b = 18 gam a = 66 gam, x = 36 gam.
Ta c :
66
18
36 1,5.12 2
n C = n CO2 =
= 1,5 mol; n H = 2.n H2O = 2. = 2 mol; n O(hchc) =
= 1 mol.
44
18
16
n C : n H : n O = 1,5 : 2 :1 = 3 : 4 : 2
Cn c vo cc phng n ta thy CTPT ca X l C3H4O2.
p n B.
V d 7: t chy hon ton m gam ancol X, sn phm thu c cho i qua bnh ng dung dch
nc vi trong d thy khi lng bnh tng thm p gam v c t gam kt ta. Cng thc ca X l
m+p
(Bit p = 0,71t ; t =
):
1, 02
A. C2H5OH.

B. C3H5(OH)3.

C. C2H4(OH)2.

D. C3H5OH.

Hng dn gii

m+p
= 100 gam
1,02
p = 71 gam ; m = 31 gam
Gi cng thc tng qut ca ancol R l CxHyOz
Phng trnh phn ng :
Chn t =

Cx H y Oz + (x +
CO2

y z
)O

4 2 2

xCO 2 +

y
H O (1)
2 2

+ Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O

(2)

Theo phng trnh (2) n C = n CO = n CaCO = 1 mol

2

Khi lng bnh tng ln: p = m CO + m H O

2

m H O = 71 44 = 27 gam n H O = 1,5 mol

2

V n H O > n CO nn ancol X l ancol no

2

31 (12 + 1,5.2)
= 1 mol
16
Vy ta c x : y : z = nC : nH : nO = 1 : 3 : 1
nO =

t cng thc phn t (CTPT) ca X l (CH3O)n (n N* ).

2n 3n + 2 2 n
bt bo ha ca phn t =
=
0.
2
2
V bt bo ha ca phn t N nn suy ra n = 2.
Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C2H6O2 hay CTCT l C2H4(OH)2.
p n C.
6 Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

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V d 8: Hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon A v B c khi lng a gam. Nu em t chy hon ton

132a
45a
X th thu c
gam CO2 v
gam H2O. Nu thm vo X mt na lng A c trong X ri
41
41
165a
60,75a
t chy hon ton th thu c
gam CO2 v
gam H2O. Tm cng thc phn t ca
41
41
A v B. Bit X khng lm mt mu dung dch nc brom v A, B thuc loi hirocacbon hc.
Hng dn gii
Gi s a = 41 gam
Khi t chy X: n CO =
2

132
45
= 3 mol ; n H O =
= 2,5 mol
2
44
18

165
60,75
1
A: n CO =
= 3,75 mol ; n H O =
= 3,375 mol
2
2
2
44
18
1
Vy khi t chy A ta thu c: n CO = 0, 75 mol ; n H O = 0,875 mol
2
2
2

Khi t chy X +

V n CO < n H O A l hirocacbon no
2

Gi cng thc ca A l CnH2n + 2

Phng trnh phn ng :
2n CO2 + 2(n+1) H2O
2CnH2n + 2 + (3n + 1) O2

nH O
2

Ta c

n CO

2(n + 1) 0,875
=
n=6
2n
0, 75

Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C6H14

Khi t chy B ta thu c s mol ca H2O v CO2 l :
n CO = 3 0, 75.2 = 1, 5 mol nC = 1,5 mol
2

n H O = 2, 5 0,875.2 = 0, 75 mol n H = 1,5 mol

2

nC : nH = 1,5 : 1,5 = 1 : 1
Vy cng thc n gin nht ca B l CH, cng thc phn t ca B l CnHn
Theo gi thit B khng lm mt mu dung dch nc brom B ch c th l aren CnH2n-6
s nguyn t H = 2.s nguyn t C 6
Hay n = 2n 6 n = 6
Vy cng thc ca B l C6H6.
Ch : i vi nhng dng bi tp : t chy (oxi ha) hon ton mt hp cht hu c X.
Cho ton b sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2 th :
+ Khi lng bnh tng = tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O.
+ Khi lng dung dch tng = tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O khi lng ca kt ta
CaCO3 hoc BaCO3.
+ Khi lng dung dch gim = khi lng ca kt ta CaCO3 hoc BaCO3 tng khi
lng ca CO2 v H2O.

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

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V d 9: t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X th kh. Sn phm chy thu c cho hp th ht

vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 thy c 10 gam kt ta xut hin v khi lng bnh ng dung dch
Ca(OH)2 tng 16,8 gam. Lc b kt cho nc lc tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 d li thu c
kt ta, tng khi lng hai ln kt ta l 39,7 gam. CTPT ca X l :
A. C3H8.
B. C3H6.
C. C3H4.
D. Kt qu khc.
Hng dn gii
Cc phn ng xy ra :
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
(1)
0,1
mol:
0,1

2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2

(2)
x
mol:
2x

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + CaCO3 + H2O

(3)
mol:
x
x
x

Theo cc phng trnh phn ng v gi thit ta c :

10 + 197x + 100x = 39,7 x = 0,1 mol
Tng s mol CO2 sinh ra t phn ng t chy X l : 2.0,1 + 0,1 = 0,3 mol
Khi lng bnh tng = m CO + m H O = 16,8 gam m H O = 16,8 0,3.44 = 3, 6 gam
2
2
2
n H = 2.n H2O = 0, 4 mol n C : n H = 0,3 : 0, 4 = 3 : 4

Vy CTPT ca X l C3H4.
p n C.
V d 10: t chy hon ton mt hp cht hu c X cn 6,72 lt O2 (ktc). Sn phm chy gm
chy hp th ht vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 thy c 19,7 gam kt ta xut hin v khi
lng dung dch gim 5,5 gam. Lc b kt ta un nng nc lc li thu c 9,85 gam kt ta
na. CTPT ca X l :
A. C2H6.
B. C2H6O.
C. C2H6O2.
D. Khng th xc nh.
Hng dn gii
Cc phn ng xy ra khi cho sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 :
(1)
CO2 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + H2O
2CO2 + Ba(OH)2 Ba(HCO3)2
(2)
(3)
Ba(HCO3)2 BaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Theo (1) : n CO

(p )

= n BaCO = 0,1 mol

3

Theo (2), (3): n CO (p ) = 2.n Ba(HCO ) = 2.n BaCO = 0,1 mol

2
3 2
3
Tng s mol CO2 sinh ra t phn ng t chy hp cht hu c l 0,2 mol.
Theo gi thit khi lng dung dnh gim 5,5 gam nn ta c :

19,7 0,2.44 m H O = 5,5 m H O = 5,4 gam n H = 2.n H O = 0,6 mol.

2

p dng inh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi oxi ta c :

n O(hchc) = 2.n CO2 + n H2O 2.n O2 (b ) = 2.0, 2 + 0,3 0,3.2 = 0,1 mol

n C : n H : n O = 0, 2 : 0, 6 : 0,1 = 2 : 6 :1
Vy CTPT ca X l C2H6O.
p n A.
8

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

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Cch 2 : p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t

Phng php gii

- Bc 1 : T gi thit ta c th xc nh c thnh phn nguyn t trong hp cht, ring i
vi nguyn t oxi c nhng trng hp ta khng th xc nh chnh xc trong hp cht cn tm c
oxi hay khng, trong nhng trng hp nh vy ta gi s l hp cht c oxi.
- Bc 2 : t cng thc phn t ca hp cht : CxHyOzNt . Lp s chuyn ha :
CxHyOzNt + O2 CO2 + H2O + N2
- Bc 3 : p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t tm s nguyn t C, H, O, N trong hp
cht, suy ra cng thc ca hp cht CxHyOzNt
n C(Cx H yOz N t ) = n C(CO2 )
x =

y =
n
n
=
H(C x H yOz Nt )
H(H 2 O)

n N(Cx HyOz Nt ) = n N( N2 )
z =
n
t =
+ n O(O2 ) = n O(CO2 ) + n O(H2 O)
O(C x H yOz Nt )

Lu :
- Nu khng tnh c z h trn th ta tnh z bng cng thc: z =

M 12x y 14t
16

(M l khi lng phn t ca hp cht hu c)

- t c cng thc phn t ca hp cht th iu quan trng nht l ta phi xc nh c
thnh phn nguyn t ca hp cht v cc hp cht khc nhau s c thnh phn nguyn t khc
nhau.

Cc v d minh ha
V d 11: Khi t 1 lt kh X cn 6 lt O2 thu c 4 lt CO2 v 5 lt hi H2O (cc th tch kh o
cng iu kin nhit , p sut). CTPT ca X l :
A. C4H10O.
B. C4H8O2.
C. C4H10O2.
D. C3H8O.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
CxHyOz

+
O2
CO2
+
H2O
(1)
lt:
1
6
4
5
p dng inh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi cc nguyn t C, H, O ta c :
1.x = 4.1
x = 4

y = 10
1.y = 5.2
1.z + 6.2 = 4.2 + 5.1 z = 1

Vy cng thc phn t ca X l C4H10O.

p n A.

V d 12: t chy hon ton 10 ml mt este cn dng ht 45 ml O2, thu c V CO2 : V H2O = 4 : 3.
Ngng t sn phm chy thy th tch gim 30 ml. Cc th tch o cng iu kin. Cng thc ca
este l :
A. C8H6O4.
B. C4H6O2.
C. C4H8O2
D. C4H6O4.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit suy ra : V H2O = 30 ml ; V CO2 = 40 ml
Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

S phn ng :
CxHyOz + O2 CO2 + H2O
ml :
10
45
40
30
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t cho cc nguyn t C, H, O ta c :

10.x = 40.1
x = 4

y = 6
10.y = 30.2
10.z + 45.2 = 40.2 + 30.1 z = 2

Vy este c cng thc l : C4 H6O2

p n B.
V d 13: t chy 1 lt hi hirocacbon vi mt th tch khng kh (lng d). Hn hp kh thu
c sau khi hi H2O ngng t c th tch l 18,5 lt, cho qua dung dch KOH d cn 16,5 lt, cho
hn hp kh i qua ng ng photpho d th cn li 16 lt. Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht trn bit
cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit , p sut v O2 chim 1/5 khng kh, cn li l N2.
A. C2H6.
B. C2H4.
C. C3H8.
D. C2H2.
Theo gi thit, ta c : VCO2

Hng dn gii
= 2 lt ; VO 2 (d) = 0,5 lt ; VN 2 = 16 lt VO 2 (ban u) = 4 lt.

S phn ng :
CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O + O2 d
lt:
1
4
2
a
0,5
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi cc nguyn t C, H, O ta c :

1.x = 2.1
x = 2

y = 6
1.y = a.2
4.2 = 2.2 + a + 0.5.2
a = 3

Cng thc ca hirocacbon l C2H6.

p n A.
V d 14: Cho 0,5 lt hn hp gm hirocacbon v kh cacbonic vo 2,5 lt oxi (ly d) ri t. Th
tch ca hn hp thu c sau khi t l 3,4 lt. Cho hn hp qua thit b lm lnh, th tch hn hp
kh cn li 1,8 lt v cho li qua dung dch KOH ch cn 0,5 lt kh. Th tch cc kh c o trong
cng iu kin. Tn gi ca hirocacbon l :
A. propan.
B. xiclobutan.
C. propen.
D. xiclopropan.
Theo gi thit, ta c : VH2O

Hng dn gii
= 1, 6 lt ; VCO 2 = 1, 3 lt ; VO 2 (d) = 0,5 lt.

S phn ng :
(CxHy + CO2) + O2 CO2 + H2O + O2 d
lt:
a
b
2,5
1,3
1,6
0,5
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi cc nguyn t C, H, O ta c :

a.x + b.1 = 1,3

x = 3
a.y = 1, 6.2
y = 8

b.2 + 2, 5.2 = 1,3.2 + 1, 6.1 + 0,5.2

a = 0, 4
a + b = 0, 5
b = 0,1
Cng thc ca hirocacbon l C3H8.
10

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

p n A.
IV. Lp CTPT ca hp cht hu c da trn s thay i p sut trc v sau khi t chy
hon ton hp cht hu c trong bnh kn (kh nhin k).

Phng php gii

- Bc 1 : t cng thc phn t ca hp cht hu c. Chn lng cht hu c phn ng (nu
bi cha cho bit, thng chn s mol ca hp cht hu c l 1 mol), suy ra lng O2 cn cho
phn ng t chy hon ton hp cht hu c (da vo phn ng).
- Bc 2 : Vit phng trnh phn ng chy. Cn c vo phng trnh phn ng suy ra s mol
cc cht phn ng; s mol cht d v s mol sn phm to thnh.
- Bc 3 : Tnh tng s mol kh trc v sau phn ng. Lp biu thc lin quan gia s mol kh
v p sut, nhit ca bnh cha c phng trnh lin quan n s nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t trong hp cht. T tm c s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t, suy ra cng thc phn
t.

Lu : Mi quan h gia s mol kh v p sut, nhit khi thc hin phn ng trong bnh kn
c th tch khng i :
n1 =

p1V
pV
n
pT
; n2 = 2 1 = 1 2
RT1
RT2
n2 p2 T1

Nu T2=T1 th ta c :

n1 p1
=
n 2 p2

Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: X mch h c cng thc C3 Hy. Mt bnh c dung tch khng i cha hn hp kh X v O2
d 150oC, c p sut 2atm. Bt tia la in t chy X sau a bnh v 150oC, p sut bnh
vn l 2atm. Cng thc phn t ca X l :
A. C3H8.
B. C3H4.
C. C3H6.
D. A hoc B hoc C.
Hng dn gii
n gin cho vic tnh ton ta chn s mol ca X l 1 mol.
Phng trnh phn ng :
y
y
to
C3 H y + (3 + )O 2
3CO 2 +
HO
4
2 2

(1)

y
y
(3 + )
3
4
2
o
150 C nc th hi v gy p sut ln bnh cha. V trc v sau phn ng nhit khng
i, p sut khng i nn s mol kh trong bnh cng khng thay i, suy ra :
Tng s mol kh tham gia phn ng = Tng s mol kh v hi thu c

mol:

y
y
1 + (3 + ) = 3 +
y = 4
4
2
Vy cng thc phn t ca X l C3H4.
p n B.

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

11

Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

V d 2: Np mt hn hp kh c 20% th tch ankan A (CnH2n+2) v 80% th tch O2 (d) vo kh

nhin k. Sau khi cho n ri cho hi nc ngng t nhit ban u th p sut trong kh nhin
k gim i 2 ln. Cng thc phn t ca ankan A l :
A. CH4.
B. C2H6.
C. C3H8 .
D. C4H10.
Hng dn gii
n gin cho vic tnh ton ta chn s mol ca A l 1 mol v ca O2 l 4 mol (V ankan
chim 20% v O2 chim 80% v th tch).
Phng trnh phn ng :

b:

3n + 1
to
nCO2 + (n + 1)H2 O
) O2
2
4

p:

C n H2 n+ 2 + (

3n + 1
)
2

(n+1)

(1)
: mol
: mol

3n + 1
n
(n+1)
: mol
)
2
V sau phn ng hi nc ngng t nn ch c O2 d v CO2 gy p sut nn bnh cha.
Tng s mol kh trc phn ng : n1 = 1 + 4 = 5 mol

sp:

4- (

3n + 1
) + n = (3,5 0,5n) mol
2
Do nhit trc v sau phn ng khng i nn :

Tng s mol kh sau phn ng : n2 = 4 - (

n1 p1
p
5
=

= 1 =2n =2
n 2 p2
3,5 0,5n 0,5p1
Vy A l C2 H6.
p n B.
V d 3: Trong mt bnh kn cha hi este no, n chc, mch h A (CnH2nO2) v mt lng O2
gp i lng O2 cn thit t chy ht A nhit 140oC v p sut 0,8 atm. t chy hon
ton A ri a v nhit ban u, p sut trong bnh lc ny l 0,95 atm. A c cng thc phn t
l :
A. C2H4O2.
B. C3H6O2.
C. C4H8O2.
D. C5H10O2.
Hng dn gii
n gin cho vic tnh ton ta chn s mol ca A l 1 mol th t gi thit v phng trnh
phn ng ta thy s mol O2 em phn ng l (3n 2).
Phng trnh phn ng :
C n H 2n O2 + (

b:

p:

3n 2
to
)O 2
nCO 2 + nH 2 O
2
3n - 2

3n 2
)
2

(1)
: mol
: mol

3n 2
)
n
n
: mol
2
140oC nc th hi v gy p sut ln bnh cha.
Tng s mol kh trc phn ng : n1 = 1 + 3n 2 = (3n 1) mol

sp:

12

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

3n 2
) + n + n = (3,5n 1) mol
2
Do nhit trc v sau phn ng khng i nn :

Tng s mol kh sau phn ng : n2 = (

n1 p1
3n 1
0,8
=

=
n=3
n 2 p2
3,5n 1 0, 95
Vy A l C3 H6O2.
p n B.
V d 4: Trn mt hirocacbon X vi lng O2 va t chy ht X, c hn hp A 0oC v
p sut P1. t chy hon ton X, thu c hn hp sn phm B 218,4oC c p sut P2 gp 2 ln
p sut P1. Cng thc phn t ca X l :
A. C4H10.
B. C2H6.
C. C3H6.
D. C3H8.
Hng dn gii
n gin cho vic tnh ton ta chn s mol ca X (CxHy) l 1 mol th t gi thit v phng
y
trnh phn ng ta thy s mol O2 em phn ng l (x + ) .
4
Phng trnh phn ng :
y
y
to
C x H y + (x + )O2
xCO2 +
HO
4
2 2

b:

p:

y
(x + )
4
y
(x + )
4

: mol
x

y
2

y
2
o
218,4 C nc th hi v gy p sut ln bnh cha.

sp:

(1)

: mol
: mol

y
Tng s mol kh trc phn ng : n1 = [1 + (x + ) ] mol
4
y
) mol
Tng s mol kh sau phn ng : n2 = (x +
2
Do nhit trc v sau phn ng thay i i nn :

y
1+ x +
n1 p1T2 p1 (218, 4 + 273)
4 = 0,9 0,2y 0,1x = 1 x = 2
=
=
= 0,9

y
n 2 p2 T1
2p1.273
y = 6
x+
2
Vy A l C2 H6.
p n B.

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

13

Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

V. Bin lun tm cng thc ca hp cht hu c

Phng php gii
C mt s bi tp tm cng thc ca hp cht hu c, khi khai thc ht cc gi thit m
bi cho nhng vn khng tm c s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht. Trong nhng
trng hp nh vy ta phi bin lun tm s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t. Phng php thng
s dng l chn nghim nguyn ca phng trnh c cha hai hoc ba n s. C th nh sau :
- Bc 1 : Cn c vo gi thit suy ra thnh phn nguyn t ca hp cht hu c. t CTPT
ca hp cht hu c l : CxHy, CxHyOz, CxHyOzNt,
- Bc 2 : Lp phng trnh theo khi lng mol ca hp cht : 12x + y +16z + = M (M l
khi lng mol) hoc phng trnh khc c lin quan n s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong
hp cht hu c.
- Bc 3 : Bin lun chn nghim x, y, z, i vi hp cht CxHy, CxHyOz th cn c vo
iu kin 0 ta suy ra y 2x + 2 ; i vi hp cht CxHyNt th y 2x + t + 2.

Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Hirocacbon A c t khi so vi He bng 14. CTPT ca A l :
A. C4H10.
B. C4H6.
C. C4H4.

D. C4H8.

Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit ta c : MA = 14.MHe = 14.4 = 56 gam/mol
t cng thc phn t ca hp cht A l CxHy (y 2x + 2), ta c :
x = 4
12x + y = 56
y = 8
Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C4H8
p n D.
V d 2: Mt hp cht hu c A c t khi so vi khng kh bng bng 2. t chy hon ton A
bng kh O2 thu c CO2 v H2O. C bao nhiu cng thc phn t ph hp vi A ?
A. 2.
B. 1.
C. 3.
D. 4.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit ta c : M A = 29.2 = 58 gam/mol
V khi t chy A thu c CO2 v nc nn thnh phn nguyn t trong A chc chn c C, H,
c th c hoc khng c O2.
t cng thc phn t ca A l CxHyOz (y 2x + 2), ta c :
58 1 12
12x + y + 16z = 58 z <
= 2,8125
16
x = 4
Nu z = 0 12x + y = 58
A l C4H10
y = 10
x = 3
Nu z = 1 12x + y = 42
A l C3H6O
y = 6
x = 2
Nu z = 2 12x + y = 26
A l C2H2O2
y = 2
Vy c 3 cng thc phn t ph hp vi A.
p n C.
14 Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

V d 3: Thnh phn % khi lng ca nit trong hp cht hu c CxHyN l 23,73%. S ng phn
amin bc mt tha mn cc d kin trn l :
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 1.
Hng dn gii
T gi thit suy ra :

x = 3
14
23, 73
=
12x + y = 45
CTPT cua a min la C3 H9 N
12x + y 100 23, 73
y = 9
Vy c hai amin bc 1 l : CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2 ; (CH3)2CH-NH2
p n A.
V d 4: Amin X c phn t khi nh hn 80. Trong phn t X nit chim 19,18% v khi lng.
S ng phn cu to ca X l :
A. 8.
B. 2.
C. 4.
D. 10.
Hng dn gii
t CTPT ca amin X l CxHyNt , theo gi thit ta c :
x = 4
14t
19,18

=
12x + y = 59t y = 11
12x + y 100 19,18
t = 1

CTPT ca amin X l C4H11N. S ng phn ca amin X l 8 :

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - NH2 ; CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH3 ; CH3 - CH - CH2 - NH2 ;
CH3
NH2
CH3
CH3 - C - NH2 ; CH3 - CH2 - NH - CH2 - CH3 ; CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - NH - CH3 ;
CH3
CH3 - CH -NH - CH3 ; CH3 - CH2 - N - CH3
CH3
CH3

V d 4: t chy hon ton 1 mol cht X cn 5,5 mol O2, thu c CO2 v hi nc vi tng s
mol bng 9. CTPT ca X l :
A. C4H10O.
B. C4H10O2.
C. C4H10O3.
D. C4H10.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
+

C x H y Oz

mol:

(x +

y z
)O
4 2 2

(x +

y z
)
4 2

xCO2

y
HO
2 2

(1)

y
2

Theo (1) v gi thit ta c :

y z
x = 4
x + 4 2 = 5,5
y = 10

x + y = 9

z = 2

2
Vy CTPT ca A l C4H10O2.
p n B.

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

15

Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

V d 5: Mt hp cht hu c A gm C, H, O c 50% oxi v khi lng. Cng thc phn t ca A

l :
A. CH2O2.
B. CH4O.
C. CH2O.
D. C3H4O.
Hng dn gii
t CTPT ca A l CxHyOz. Theo gi thit ta c :

x = 1
16z

= 50% 12x + y = 16z y = 4

12x + y + 16z
z = 1

Vy CTPT ca A l CH4O.
p n B.
V d 6: Khi t chy hon ton 15 miligam cht A ch thu c kh CO2 v hi nc, tng th tch
ca chng quy v iu kin tiu chun l 22,4 mililt. Cng thc n gin nht ca A l :
A. CH2.
B. CH4O.
C. CH2O.
D. C3H4.
Hng dn gii
t CTPT ca A l CxHyOz.
Phng trnh phn ng :
C x H y Oz

mol:

(x +

y z
)O
4 2 2

15
12x + y + 16z

xCO2

y
HO
2 2

(1)

15x
7,5y

12x + y + 16z
12x + y + 16z

Theo (1) v gi thit ta c :

x = 1
15x
7,5y

+
= 1 3x + 6,5y = 16z y = 2
12x + y + 16z 12x + y + 16z
z = 1

Cng thc n gin nht ca A l CH2O.

p n C.
V d 7: t chy hon ton 0,01 mol cht hu c X cn va 0,616 lt O2. Sau th nghim thu
c hn hp sn phm Y gm : CO2, N2 v hi H2O. Lm lnh ngng t hi H2O ch cn 0,56
lt hn hp kh Z (c t khi hi vi H2 l 20,4). Bit th tch cc kh u o ktc. Cng thc phn
t X l :
A. C2H5ON.
B. C2H5O2N.
C. C2H7O2N.
D. A hoc C.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit ta thy hn hp kh Z gm CO2 v N2.
M N2 , CO2 = 40,8 gam / mol, n N2 , CO2 = 0, 025 mol, n O2 = 0, 0275 mol
p dng s ng cho ta c :

nN

44 40,8 = 3,2

28
2

40,8

n CO

44

nN

n CO

3,2 1
=
12,8 4

40,8 28 = 12,8

1
4
n N = .0, 025 = 0, 005 mol; n CO = .0, 025 = 0, 02 mol
2
2
5
5

16

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng trnh phn ng :

+

C x H y Oz N t

mol:

0,01

(x +

y z
)O
4 2 2

0,01. (x +

y z
)
4 2

xCO2

0,01x

y
HO
2 2

0,01.

t
N
2 2

(1)

y
t
0,01.
2
2

Theo gi thit v (1) ta c h :

y z
0, 01.(x + 4 2 ) = 0, 0275 y 2z = 3 z = 1

y = 5
x = 2

0, 01x = 0,02

t = 1
x = 2
t

0, 01. = 0, 005
t = 1
2

z = 2

y = 7
hoac
x = 2
t = 1

Vy CTPT ca A l : C2H5ON hoc C2H7O2N.

p n D.

Hin nay ti bin son xong 7 quyn ti liu ha hc n thi i hc,

cc quyn 1 n 5 u c phn tng hp l thuyt.
Quyn 1 : Gii thiu 7 chuyn ha hc 10
Quyn 2 : Gii thiu 3 chuyn ha hc i cng v v c 11
Quyn 3 : Gii thiu 6 chuyn ha hc hu c 11
Quyn 4 : Gii thiu 4 chuyn ha hc hu c 12
Quyn 5 : Gii thiu 4 chuyn ha hc i cng v v c 12
Quyn 6 : Gii thiu cc chuyn phng php gii nhanh
bi tp ha hc
Quyn 7 : Gii thiu 40 luyn thi trc nghim mn ha hc
Cc thy c gio, cc ph huynh hc sinh v cc em hc sinh quan tm
n b ti liu ny hy lin h vi hiu photo Thanh Bnh theo s in
thoi 02103 842 295 hoc a ch email vubinhvtb.@gmail.com. Hoc lin
h vi tc gi theo s in thoi 01689 186 513 hoc a ch email
nguyenminhtuanchv@yahoo.com.vn

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c

17