CNG N TP HC K I

MN HO HC LP 10 CHNG TRNH NNG CAO

I. Chng I: Nguyn t
A. Nhng kin thc cn nm vng

B. BI TP
Bi 1: Tnh khi lng mt nguyn t oxi theo u, bit khi lng nguyn t oxi l 26.5668.10-27 kg
Bi 2: Nguyn t R c tng s ht c bn l 114 v s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 26.
a. Vit k hiu nguyn t R.
b. Nguyn t R c 2 ng v bn trong t nhin c nguyn t khi trung bnh l 79,91 v thnh phn % s nguyn t ca
ng v c s khi nh l 54,5%. Xc nh s khi ca ng v th hai.
Bi 3: Bit rng nguyn t argon (Ar) c 3 ng v khc nhau, ng vi s khi 36, 38 v A. Phn trm s nguyn t ca
cc ng v tng ng ln lt bng 0,34% ; 0,06% v 99,6%. Xc nh gi tr ca A, bit nguyn t khi trung bnh ca
Ar bng 39,98.
Bi 4: Mt nguyn t X c 2 ng v (1 v 2) c t l s nguyn t l 27/23. Ht nhn X c 35 proton. ng v 1 c 44
ntron. ng v 2 c nhiu hn ng v 1 l 2 ntron. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca nguyn t X.
Bi 5: Nguyn t Y c tng s ht c bn l 36. S ntron trong nguyn t Y hn km s proton khng qu 1.
a. Hy xc nh s proton, notron, electron ca nguyn t Y.
b. Nguyn t Y c kh nng hnh thnh ion bn g? So snh bn knh ca nguyn t Y vi ion tng ng?
c. Hp cht Z c to bi ion tng ng ca nguyn t Y vi X - . Trong Z, nguyn t X chim 74,74% v khi lng.
Xc nh nguyn t Y. Trnh by s hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t Z.
Bi 6: Anion Y- c tng s cc loi ht c bn l 115.
a. Tnh s ht mi loi trong anion Y-. Vit k hiu nguyn t Y.
b. Vit cng thc hp cht vi hiro, hp cht oxit bc cao nht, hp cht hiroxit tng ng ca nguyn t Y. Vit cng
thc electron v cng thc cu to cc cht . Tnh s oxi ho v cng ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht ?
Bi 7: Cho 2 nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn nguyn t l 6+. Nguyn t th nht c tng s ht trong nguyn t l
18. Nguyn t th hai c s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 5.
a. Hai nguyn t c thuc cng mt nguyn t ho hc khng? Gii thch?

b. Vit k hiu nguyn t, c gii thch.

c. Hy tnh t l % s nguyn t ca mi loi nguyn t cho, bit trong t nhin, tn ti ch yu 2 loi nguyn t v
NTK trung bnh ca 2 nguyn t trn l 12,011.
Bi 8: Nguyn t nguyn t A c phn lp ngoi cng l 3p. Trong cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t B cng c
phn lp 3p v phn lp ngoi cng tip theo sau c 2 electron. S electron trn phn lp 3p ca A v B hn km nhau
1.
a. Xc nh v tr nguyn t A, B. Gii thch?
b. A, B l nguyn t phi kim, kim loi hay kh him? So snh tnh phi kim ca 2 nguyn t A, B.
Bi 9: Cho nguyn t A. trng thi c bn, nguyn t ny c 6 electron d.
a. Hy nu c im electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t A.
b. Hy cho bit v tr ca A trong bng tun hon? Gii thch?
c. Hy cho bit A l nguyn t kim loi, phi kim hay kh him? Gii thch?
Bi 10: Hy vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nhng nguyn t c c im sau:
a. C 2 lp electron, lp ngoi cng c 1 electron
e. C 2 lp electron, lp ngoi cng c 3 electron
b. C 3 lp electron, lp ngoi cng c 7 electron
f. C 4 lp electron, lp ngoi cng c 1 electron
c. C 2 lp electron v c 1 electron c thn.
g. C 2 lp electron v c 3 electron c thn.
d. C 3 lp electron v c 1 electron c thn.

II. Chng II: Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc v nh lut tun hon
A. Nhng kin thc cn nm vng
V tr
nguyn t
Chu k

Theo
chiu
THN
tng
dn

Bng
tun
hon

nh
lut
tun
hon

STT
chu k
= S
lp e

Nguyn
tc sp
xp

STT
nhm
= x =
S e
ho tr

Nhm A
(NT s, p)
(bin i
tun
hon
theo
chiu
tng dn
THN)

Cu
to
BTH

c
bit

Nhm

c
bit

S e ho tr =
8,9,10 u xp
vo nhm VIIIB

- C 7 chu k
(A, B ng k
tip trong mt
chu k)

H lantan v
actini xp
ngoi bng
(nguyn t f )

A, B k
tip nhau
trong mt
nhm A:

Cu hnh e
nguyn t

Bin i
tun hon
Bn knh
nguyn t

i lng
vt l

Nng lng
ion ho I1
m
in

Ho
tr
trong hp
cht vi H

RHx (1 x 3)

Hp cht
oxit
bc
cao nht

R2Ox (x: l)
ROx/2 (x: chn)

Hp cht
hiroxit
tng ng

(tr chu k 1)

RH8-x (4 x 8)

R(OH)x

(1 x 3)
(HO)8-xROx 4
(5 x 7)
tr: HNO3
(HO)2RO2
(vi x = 4)

Tnh kim loi-phi kim

Nhm B
l nhm
kim loi
chuyn
tip

Cu hnh
e bin i
phc tp

Cc tnh cht
bin i
phc tp

B.Bi tp
Bi 11: Hy trnh by s bin i: cu hnh electron, bn knh nguyn t, m in, nng lng ion ho, tnh kim loi,
tnh phi kim cc nguyn t thuc chu k hai, ba trong BTH. Gii thch.
Bi 12: Hp cht kh ca nguyn t R vi hiro c cng thc l RH. Trong hp cht oxit bc cao nht, R chim10/17 v
khi lng. Hy xc nh tn nguyn t R.
Bi 13: Hai nguyn t X, Y k tip nhau trong mt nhm A, tng s ht mang in ca 2 nguyn t X v Y l 44. Tn
ca 2 nguyn t X, Y ln lt l g?
Bi 14: E l oxit bc cao nht ca nguyn t X; G l hp cht kh ca X vi H. Ho tr ca X trong G bng ho tr ca X
trong E. T khi hi ca E so vi G bng 2,75. Tng in tch dng ca nguyn t X v nguyn t Y bng 36,846.10 -19C
(1 n v in tch nguyn t c tr s bng 1,602.10-19 C). Y l nguyn t no? Gii thch ngn gn?
Bi 15: 1,2 gam mt kim loi thuc nhm IIA tc dng ht vi clo cho 4,75g mui clorua. Kim loi ny l g?
Bi 16: Cho 0,85 gam hai kim loi nm 2 chu k lin tip nhau v thuc nhm IA vo nc, phn ng kt thc thu
c 0,336 lt kh (KTC) v dung dch X. Thm nc vo dung dch X c 200ml dung dch Y.
a. Xc nh tn hai kim loi.
b. Tnh nng mol/l cc cht trong dung dch Y.

III. Chng III: Lin kt ho hc

A. Nhng kin thc cn nm vng
1. Khi nim v lin kt ho hc Qui tc bt t:
- Lin kt ho hc l s kt hp gia cc nguyn t to thnh phn t hay tinh th bn vng hn.
- Qui tc bt t: nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c khuynh hng lin kt vi cc nguyn t khc t c
cu hnh electron bn vng ca cc kh him vi 8 electron (hoc 2 elctrron i vi heli) lp ngoi cng.
2. Lin kt ion, lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc, lin kt cng ho tr c phn cc
Lin kt ion
Lin kt
Bn cht

Lin kt cng ho tr

LK CHT khng cc
LK CHT c cc
do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion -L s dng chung cc cp electron
mang in tch tri du
(cp electron chung c th do 2 hoc 1 nguyn t b ra)
-Cp
electron
dng -Cp electron dng chung b
chung phn b thng lch v pha nguyn t c m
gia.
in ln hn.

iu kin Xy ra gia nhng nguyn t khc

lin kt
hn nhau v bn cht ho hc

V d

Thng xy ra gia 2
nguyn t cng nguyn
(thng xy ra vi cc kim loi t phi kim
in hnh v cc phi kim in hnh)
Na+h + Cl-h NaClh
H H
H-H

Xy ra gia 2 nguyn t gn
ging nhau v bn cht ho hc
(thng xy ra vi cc nguyn
t phi kim)

H Cl

H - Cl

1,7
0 0,4
0,4 1,7
Hiu
m in
3. Lai ho obitan nguyn t - s xen ph trc, s xen ph bn:
- S lai ho obitan nguyn t l s t hp trn ln mt s obitan trong mt nguyn t c tng y
obitan lai ho ging nhau nhng nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian.
- Cc kiu lai ho thng gp: sp, sp2, sp3
4. Tinh th:

Khi
nim
Lc
LK
c
tnh

Tinh th ion
c hnh thnh t
nhng ion mang in
tch tri du, l cc
cation v anion
Lin kt ion

Tinh th nguyn t
Tinh th phn t
c hnh thnh t c hnh thnh t cc
cc nguyn t
phn t
Lin kt cng ho tr

Lc tng tc phn t

-Tinh th ion bn
- Kh nng chy
- Kh bay hi
- t0nc, t0s cao.

- Tinh th tng i
bn
-t0nc, t0s cao.

- t bn
- cng nh
- t0nc , t0s tng i
thp.

Tinh th kim loi

c hnh thnh t cc ion
kim loi, cc nguyn t
kim loi v cc electron t
do.
Lin kt kim loi
Tnh nh kim, do, dn
nhit, dn in.

5. Ho tr v s oxi ho:
- Ho tr nguyn t trong hp cht ion c gi l in ho tr. Tr s in ho tr bng ca mt nguyn t
bng s electron m nguyn t ca nguyn t nhng hoc thu to thnh ion.
- Ho tr nguyn t trong hp cht cng ho tr c gi l cng ho tr. Cng ho tr ca mt nguyn t
bng s lin kt m nguyn t nguyn t to ra c vi cc nguyn t khc trong phn t.
- S oxi ho ca mt nguyn t trong phn t l in tch ca nguyn t nguyn t nu gi nh lin kt
gia cc nguyn t trong phn t u l lin kt ion.
- Cch xc nh s oxi ho: c 4 qui tc (xem sgk lp 10)
B. Bi tp :
Bi 17: Cho cc hp cht c CTPT sau: Na2O, MgO, Al2O3 ,CO2 , P2O5 , C2H4 , Cl2O7, Na2SO4 , K3PO4 , NH4HCO3.
a. Hy cho bit cc phn t trn thuc loi hp cht ion hay cng ho tr?
b. Vit CTCT cc phn t .
c. Phn t C2H4 c cu to phng. Vy nguyn t C trng thi lai ho g?
Bi 18: Da vo bng m in hoc nh lut tun hon, hy cho bit dy phn t no sau y c sp xp theo
chiu tng dn phn cc ca lin kt trong phn t?
A. NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3, CCl4
B. HF, HCl, HBr, HI
C. CH4, NH3, H2O, HCl
D. NCl3, Cl2O, H2S, NH3
Hy gii thch ngn gn v sao chn phng n ?
Bi 19: Trnh by s hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t sau (ch r loi lai ha, v lai ha v xen ph, nu c)
a. H2 (c v hnh s xen ph AO)
b. Cl2 (c v hnh s xen ph AO)
c. HCl (c v hnh s xen ph AO)
d. H2S v gii thch ti sao gc lin kt HSH 920?
e. CO2 v gii thch ti sao dng hnh hc phn t CO2 thng?
f. BCl3 v gii thch ti sao dng hnh hc phn t BCl3 l tam gic phng?
Bi 20: Vit cng thc cu to cc phn t sau:
a. CO2 v cho bit nu nhit thch hp CO2 tn ti trng thi tinh th rn th thuc loi tinh th g? gii thch?
b. H2O v cho bit nu nhit thch hp H2O tn ti trng thi tinh th rn th thuc loi tinh th g? gii thch?
c. I2 v cho bit nu nhit thch hp I2 tn ti trng thi tinh th rn th thuc loi tinh th g? gii thch?

IV. Chng IV:

A. Nhng kin thc cn nm vng

Phn
ng
khng
oxi
ho
kh

Phn
ng ho
hc

Phn ng to nhit (H < 0)

Phn ng thu nhit (H > 0)

Phng
trnh nhit
ho hc

Phn
ng
oxi
ho
kh

Tt c cc phn ng trao i
Mt s phn ng phn hu
Mt s phn ng ho hp
Tt c cc phn ng th
Mt s phn ng phn hu
Mt s phn ng ho hp

Lp phng trnh ho
hc phn ng oxi ho
kh bng phng php
thng bng electron.
B. Bi tp :
Bi 21: Cho phn ng: Cu + 2AgNO3 t Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Nu phn ng kt thc lng ng phn ng l 6,4 gam. Nhn xt no sau y ng:
0

A. S mol electron Cu nhn l: 0,2 mol

B. S mol electron m Cu nhng l 0,1 mol

C. S mol electron m Ag nhng 0,1 mol

D. S mol electron m Ag nhn l 0,2 mol
Hy gii thch ngn gn v sao chn phng n ?
Bi 22: Lp phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng oxi ho kh sau bng phng php thng bng electron v cho bit
vai tr ca cc cht tham gia phn ng:
a. NaClO + KI
+ H2SO4
I2 + NaCl + .
b. Cr2O3 + KNO3 + KOH K2CrO4 + KNO2 +
c. K2SO3 + HNO3
K2SO4 + NO +
d. As2S3 + HNO3 +
H3AsO4 + NO + H2SO4
e. FeS2 + HNO3
Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2SO4 +
Bi 23: 2 mol kh hiro phn ng ht vi 2 mol kh flo to thnh kh hiro florua to ra mt lng nhit l 577,2 KJ.
Phng trnh nhit ho hc no sau y ng?
1
1
A. H 2 ( k ) F2 ( k ) HF( k ) H = -144,3KJ
B. 2 H 2 ( k ) 2 F2 ( k ) 4 HF( k ) H = 577,2 KJ
2
2
1
1
C. H 2 ( k ) F2 ( k ) HF( k ) H = 144,3KJ
D. H 2 ( k ) F2 ( k ) 2 HF( k ) H = - 577,2 KJ
2
2
Hy gii thch ngn gn v sao chn phng n ?