Bi 2 Cm

C bin
bi
(SENSOR)

2 1 .KHI
2.1
KHI QUT
2.1.1 Khi nim
2 1 2 Phn
2.1.2
h loi
l i cm
bin
bi
2.1.3. ng cong chun ca cm bin

2 1 1 Khi nim
2.1.1
Cm bin l thit b dngg cm nhn
bin i cc i
lng
g vt
l
v cc i lng khng c tnh cht in cn o thnh cc i lng
c th o v x l c.

temperature

sensor

resistance

 Cc i
lng
g cn o ((M):
)
thng khng c tnh cht in (nh nhit , p sut, trng
lng)
tc ng ln cm bin cho ta i lng c trng (S) mang tnh
cht in nh (nh in tch, in p, dng in hay tr khng)
cha ng thng tin cho php xc nh gi tr ca i lng .
c trng (s) l hm ca i lng cn
o (M)
S = F(M)
bin (M)
Ngi ta gi (S) l i lng u ra hoc p ng ca cm bin.
l i lng u vo hay kch thch ( c ngun gc i lng cn
o). Thng qua o c (S) cho php nhn bit gi tr (M)
ch
h tto cm
bin
bi ngi
i ta
t s
dng
d
cc
hiu
hi ng
vt
t l

2 1 2 Phn loi cm bin

2.1.2
Cc b cm bin c phn loi theo c trng
sau y:
Theo nguyn l chuyn i gia p ng kch
thch.
Phn loi theo dng kch thch
Phn loi theo phm vi s dng
Phn loi theo thng s m hnh mch thay th

Theo nguyn l chuyn i gia p ng kch

thch
Hin tng Chuyn
i
v p ng kch thch
- Nhit in; - Quang in; - Quang t
Vt l
- in t; - Quang n hi; - T in
- Nhit t....
- Bin i ho hc ; - Bin i in ho
Ho hc
- Phn tch ph..
- Bin i sinh ho; - Bin i vt l.
Sinh Hc
- Hiu
Hi ng trn c th sng

Phn loi
theo dng
g kch thch
m
thanh

-Bin ppha,, pphn cc;

; -Ph;; -Tc truyn
y sngg

in

-in tch, dng in; -in th, in p

-in
in trng; -in
in dn,
dn hng s in mi

-T trng; -T thng, cng in trng; - t

thm

Quang

-Bin, pha, phn cc,ph; -Tc truyn

-H s pht x, khc x; -H s hp th, h s bc x

-V tr; -lc ,p
p sut; -Gia tc,
tc vn tc
-ng sut, cng; -Moment; -Khi lung t trng
-Vn tc cht lu, nht

Nhit
hi

-Nhit
hi ;
-Thng
h llng; -Nhit
hi ddung, t nhit
hi

Bc x

-Kiu; -Nng lng; -Cng

Theo tnh nng

g ca b cm bin

nhy
chnh xc
phn gii
chn lc
chnh xc
tuyn tnh
Cng sut tiu th
Di tn

tr
Kh nng qu ti
Tc p ng
n nh
Tui th
iu kin la chn
Kch thc,
thc trng lng

Phn loi theo phm vi s dng

Kh nng qu ti
Tc p ng

n
nh
h
Tui th
iu kin la chn
Kch thc
thc, trng lng

Phn loi theo phm vi s dng

Cng nghip
Nghin cu khoa hc
Mi trng
trng, kh tng
Thng tin, vin thng
N nghip
Nng
hi
Dn dng
V tr
Qun s

Phn loi theo thng s m hnh mch

thay th
Cm bin tch cc
Cm bin th ng

2 1 3 ng cong chun ca cm bin

2.1.3.
ng cong chun ca cm bin l ng
cong c biu din s ph thuc vo i
lng in (S) u ra ca cm bin vo gi
tr ca i lng o (m) u vo.

2 1 3 ng cong chun ca cm bin

2.1.3.
ng cong c biu th biu din bng biu
thc i s di dng S = F (M) hoc bng
th sau y:
s

a))

b)
Hinh 1:ng cong chuan cua cam bien

2 1 3 ng cong chun ca cm bin

2.1.3.
Dng ng cong chun
Da vo ng cong chun ca cm bin, ta c th
xc nh gi tr chun Mi cha bit ca M thng
qua gi tr o c Si ca S
d s dng, ngi ta thng ch to cm bin
c s ph thuc tuyn tnh gia i lng u ra
v u vo, phng trnh S = F(M) c dng S =
AM+B vi A,B l cc h s,
ng cong chun
l
ng thng

2.1.4. Cc nguyn tc ch to cm
bin

Hiu ng ha in:

 Hiu ng p in:

 Hiu ng cm ng in t:

 Hiu ng quang in:

 Hiu ng HALL:

Cc nguyn tc ch to cm bin
th ng
Cm bin th ng thng c ch to t
mt tr khng c cc thng s ch yu nhy
vi i lng cn o.
o
Gi tr ca tr khng ph thuc kch thc
hnh hc,
hc tnh cht in ca vt liu ch to
(in tr sut , t thm, hng s in mi)

2 2 Cc loi cm bin thng dng

2.2

22.2.1
2 1 Cm bin nhit
2.2.2 Cc thut ng thng s dng
2 2 3 Cm
2.2.3
C bin
bi tim
i cn
cm
ng

2.2.4 Cm bin tim cn in dung

2.2.5 Cm bin quang
2 2 6 Cc ng dng cm bin trong cng
2.2.6
nghip

2 2 1 Cm bin nhit
2.2.1.

Cp nhit in (Thermocouple)
Nhit in tr kim loi (RTD)
Thermistor
h
i
Bn dn

Cp nhit in

Cp nhit in
u im: Bn,
Bn o nhit cao
Khuyt im: Nhiu yu t nh hng lm sai
s nhy khng cao.
s.
cao
Thng dng: L nhit, mi trng khc
nghit,
hi o nhit
hi nht
h my
nn,

Tm o: -100 0C <1400 0C

Cp
p nhit in
Phn loi

Cp nhit in

c tnh vo ra ca mt s cp nhit in

 T nhng yu t trn khi s dng loi cm

bin ny chng ta lu l khng nn ni thm
dy (v tn hiu cho ra l mV ni s suy hao rt
nhiu)
V tn hiu cho ra l in p ( c cc m v
dng ) do vy cn ch k hiu lp t
vo b khuch i cho ng.
ng

Cp nhit in
Mch o:

Vo = ?

Nhit in tr kim loi

Nhit in tr kim loi

Nguyn
g y l hot
ng:
g Khi nhit
ca cm bin thayy i,, in

tr ca cm bin thay i theo phng trnh:

T o b
bng oC
R(T) l in tr ca cm bin nhit T
R0l in tr ca cm bin 0oC
A, B, C l cc hng s v c xc nh bng cch o in
tr ca cm bin ti cc nhit bit trc

Nhit in tr kim loi

nhit thp, phng trnh chuyn i ca cm bin l
tuyn tnh
Vi l h s nhit ca in tr, tu thuc vo kim loi
nh bng sau:

Nhit in tr kim loi

D
Do t
tnhh cht
ht ca
cc
kim
ki loi
l i dng
d ch
h to
t
cm bin c tnh cht l ho khc nhau nn
t o
tm
ca
cc
cm
bin
bi s dng
d
cc
kim
ki loi
l i
khc nhau cng khc nhau.

Nhit in tr kim loi

Nhit in tr kim loi

Mch o:

Gi Rx = R + R l in tr ca cm bin,
Vi R l in
i tr
t ca
cm
bin
bi 0oC
Chn R1 = R3; R2 = R4

Thermistor

Thermistor
Phn loi:
H s nhit dng PTC- in tr tng theo nhit .
H s nhit
m NTC in
tr gim
g
theo nhit

(thng dng)
Thermistor ch tuyn tnh trong khong nhit nht nh
50-150 0C do vy ngi ta t dng dng lm cm bin

o nhit.
Ch s
dng
d
trong
t
cc
mc ch
h bo
b v,
ngt
t nhit,
hit cc

bc nh ta thng gi l Tt-mt.

Thermistor
Lu khi s dng:
Nn p cht vo b mt cn o
Trnh lm hng v bo v
V bin thin in tr nn khng quan tm chiu
u dy

 Mch o

Bn dn

Bn dn
Cu to:
Cm bin nhit
Bn Dn l nhngg loi
cm bin
c ch to t nhng cht bn dn. (C cc loi nh
Diode, Transistor, IC)
Nguyn l: da trn mc phn cc ca cc lp P-N
tuyn tnh vi nhit mi trng.
u im: R tin,
tin d ch to
to, nhy cao
cao, chng nhiu tt
tt,
mch x l n gin.
Khuyt
y im: Khng
g chu
nhit
cao,, km bn.
Thng dng: o nhit khng kh, dng trong cc thit
b o, bo v cc mch in t.
Tm
o: -50 <150 0C.

Bn dn
Mt s loi thng dng

Bn dn
Lu :
Km bn, khng chu nhit cao (Nu vt ngng
bo v c th lm hng
g cm bin))
Cm bin bn dn mi loi ch tuyn tnh trong mt
gii hn no , ngoi di ny cm bin s mt tc
dng. Ht
sc quan tm n
tm
o ca loi cm bin

ny t c s chnh xc.
Loi
L i cm
bin
bi ny
km
k chu
h ng

ttrong mi
i trng
t
khc nghit: m cao, ha cht c tnh n mn, rung
sc va chm
mnh.

Bn dn
Mch o:

2 2 2 Cm bin quang
2.2.2
Cc nh ngha cn quan tm

Cc nh ngha
Nng lng bc x (Q):
Thng
g lng
g nh sng
g (():
)

Cng nh sng (I):

Cc nh ngha
chi nng lng :

l gc gia P v mt phng cha dA ).

chi o bng oat/steradian.m2

Cc nh ngha
ri nng lng (E) l t s gia lung nng
lng thu c bi 1 phn t b mt va din
tch phn t . ri nng lng c o
bng oat/m2.

Quang tr

Mt q
quangg tr c ggi tr in tr tng
g ng
g vi 2 in
tr ghp song song:
in tr ti Rco
in tr Rcp c xc nh bi hiu ng quang in
do nh sng tc ng.

Quang tr
Gi tr in tr ti ph thuc vo vt liu cu to, dng
hnh hc , kch thc v nhit .
Cc cht PbS , CdS, CdSe c gi tr in tr ti kh
ln : t 104 n 109 nhit 250C.
Cc cht SbIn, SbAs, CdHgTe c gi tr in tr ti
kh nh
h : t 10
n 103 nhit
hit 25 0C.
C
in tr Rcp c xc nh theo biu thc:

Trong a ph thuc vo vt liu ,nhit

nhit v ph bc x
nh sng c gi tr t 0.5 n 1

Quang tr
Gi tr in tr ca quang tr l RC

Thng
g thng:
g Rcp << Rco nn
Ngha l gi tr in tr ca cm bin ph thuc mnh vo
nh sng tc dng, c gi tr gim rt nhanh khi ri
tng ln.

Quang tr
ngg dng:
g
o thng lng nh sng
Kt hp vi ngun sng d vch dn dng cho cc
mobile robot.
c m vch
Pht hin
hi u
b
bng trng
t
iu khin ng ngt Relay theo nh sng

Quang tr

ng ngt rle theo nh sng

D vch dn ng

Photo diode

Cu to: Photo diode l mt tip gip p-n c to bi cc vt

liu nh: Ge, Si (Cho vng nh sng trng thy v gn hng
ngoi), GaAs, InAs, CdHgTe, InSb cho vng nh sng hng

ngoi.

Photo diode
Nguyn l lm vic:
Khi chiu sng ln b mt ca photo diode bng bc
x c bc sng nh hn bc sng ngng < n s
xut hin thm cc cp in t l trng.
cc ht ny c th tham gia vo dn v lm tng
d i
dng
in I ta
t cn
phi
hi ngn
qu trnh
t h ti hp
h ca

chng ngha l phi nhanh chng tch cp in t l

trng di tc dng ca in trng.
Qu trnh ny ch xy ra trong vng ngho v lm tng
dng in ngc.

Photo diode
Ch s dng
g pphotodiode: Ch qquang
g dn v ch
quang th.
Ch quang dn: photo diode c phn cc ngc bi
ngun
sc
in
i ng
E

Ch quang dn c c trng bi tuyn tnh cao,

thi gian hi p ngn v di thng ln

Ch quang dn
Cch mc mch:

Nu tng gi tr Rm s lm gim nhiu. Tng tr ng vo phi

ln gim nh hng ca ni tr diode

Ch quang dn
Cch mc mch:

in tr ti ca diode nh v gn bng (R1 + R2)/K vi K l h s

kh h i
khuch
i tn
t s
lm
l vic.
i
T C2 c nhim v b tr nh hng ca t k sinh C1 vi iu kin
R1 C1 =R2 C2 .
B khuch i s dng dng vo rt nh v suy gim do nhit khng
ng k .

Ch quang th
Trong ch quang th khng c in p
ngoi t vo Diode, Photo diode lm vic nh
mt ngun dng
c im ca ch ny l khng c dng
in ti do khng c ngun phn cc ngoi
nn gim c nh hng ca nhiu v cho
php o quang thng nh

Ch quang th
Trongg ch nyy mch
c th lm vic
ch
tuyn
y tnh
hoc logarit tu thuc vo ti
Nhiu nh
Thi gian hi
p ln v di thng nh

S Logarit

S tuyn tnh

Photo diode
ngg dng:
g Photo diode c th dngg do thng
g lng
g nh
sng, d vch dn ng cho mobile robot, lm du thu trong
cc b iu khin t xa khng dy, c m vch

S mch o dng ngc

ch quang dn

S mch o dng photo

diode ch quang th

Photo Transistor

S phn cc transistor quang

S tng ng

Cu to: Photo transistor l transistor silic loi NPN m vng

Baz c th c chiu sng

Photo Transistor
ng dng:
Transistor c th dng do thng lng nh sng,
d vch dn ng cho mobile robot,
robot lm u thu
trong cc b iu khin t xa khng dy, c m
vch, ch to cc cm bin qquangg trong
g cngg
nghip

2.2.6 Cc ng dng cm bin trong

cng nghip
Pht hin
mu bnh trn bng
g chuyn
y
Phn bit chiu cao ca np
Pht hin
mc sa/nc tri cy
y bn trong
g hp
p
Cm bin pht hin mu
o ng knh ca ng
Kim tra hin tng thng np thic, np nhm
Pht hin np l b lng
Kim mu, pht hin chiu quay ca vin pin
Pht hin lon kim loi

Pht hin mn trong

Pht hin du/vt trn nn

Pht hin dy bng

Pht hin bng nim phong trn np l/hp

Pht hin nhn bng plastic bng trn giy

Pht hin np nhm trn chai nc

Pht hin chai PET

Pht hin mu bnh trn bng

chuyn

Phn bit chiu cao ca np

Pht hin mc sa/nc tri cy

bn trong hp

Cm bin pht hin mu

o ng knh ca ng

Kim tra hin tng thng np thic, np

nhm
h

Pht hin np l b lng

Kim mu, pht hin chiu quay

ca vin pin
Sensor F10 hot ng trn nguyn tc bt hnh
v so vi mu lu. Do ta c th kim tra
sn phm c hnh nh khng ng nh mu
lu (hnh b quay, nghing, sai loi)

Pht hin lon kim loi